Science:Math Exam Resources/Courses/MATH101/April 2013/Question 01 (c)

MATH101 April 2013

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Question 01 (c)
Short-Answer Questions. Question 1-3 are short-answer questions. Put your answer in the box provided. Simplify your answer as much as possible. Full Marks will be awarded for a correct answer placed in the box. Show your work, for part marks. Evaluate $\int _{1}^{2}{\frac {dx}{x+x^{2}}}$

Make sure you understand the problem fully: What is the question asking you to do? Are there specific conditions or constraints that you should take note of? How will you know if your answer is correct from your work only? Can you rephrase the question in your own words in a way that makes sense to you?

If you are stuck, check the hints below. Read the first one and consider it for a while. Does it give you a new idea on how to approach the problem? If so, try it! If after a while you are still stuck, go for the next hint.

Hint 1
The integrand is a fraction of polynomials. What integration technique is ideal for this situation?

Hint 2
Try partial fractions!

Checking a solution serves two purposes: helping you if, after having used all the hints, you still are stuck on the problem; or if you have solved the problem and would like to check your work. If you are stuck on a problem: Read the solution slowly and as soon as you feel you could finish the problem on your own, hide it and work on the problem. Come back later to the solution if you are stuck or if you want to check your work. If you want to check your work: Don't only focus on the answer, problems are mostly marked for the work you do, make sure you understand all the steps that were required to complete the problem and see if you made mistakes or forgot some aspects. Your goal is to check that your mental process was correct, not only the result.

Solution

Found a typo? Is this solution unclear? Let us know here. Please rate my easiness! It's quick and helps everyone guide their studies. This is a rational function, so we try partial fractions. The integrand's denominator can be factored, then we apply partial fraction decomposition giving $\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {dx}{x+x^{2}}}&={\frac {1}{x(1+x)}}\\&={\frac {A}{x}}+{\frac {B}{1+x}}\end{aligned}}$ Cross multiplying, $\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}1&=A(1+x)+Bx\end{aligned}}$ We can solve this several ways. (1) Setting $\displaystyle x=0$ we get $\displaystyle 1=A$, and setting $\displaystyle x=-1$ we get $\displaystyle 1=-B$, so $\displaystyle B=-1$. (2) Comparing coefficients of the constant term, we get $\displaystyle 1=A$, and then comparing coefficients of the $\displaystyle x$ term, we get $\displaystyle 0=A+B=1+B$, so $\displaystyle B=-1$. (3) We get $\displaystyle A=1$ and $\displaystyle B=-1$ by inspection. Now we solve the integral: $\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int _{1}^{2}{\frac {dx}{x+x^{2}}}&=\int _{1}^{2}{\frac {dx}{x(1+x)}}\\&=\int _{1}^{2}\left({\frac {1}{x}}+{\frac {-1}{1+x}}\right)\,dx\\&=\left(\ln |x|-\ln |1+x|\right){\big |}_{1}^{2}\\&=(\ln |2|-\ln |1+2|)-(\ln |1|-\ln |1+1|)\\&=2\ln 2-\ln 3\end{aligned}}$ The answer $\ln {\frac {4}{3}}$ is equivalent.

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