Science:Math Exam Resources/Courses/MATH101 A/April 2024/Question 06

MATH101 A April 2024

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Question 06
Evaluate $\int \arctan(2x)\;\mathrm {d} x.$

Make sure you understand the problem fully: What is the question asking you to do? Are there specific conditions or constraints that you should take note of? How will you know if your answer is correct from your work only? Can you rephrase the question in your own words in a way that makes sense to you?

If you are stuck, check the hint below. Consider it for a while. Does it give you a new idea on how to approach the problem? If so, try it!

Hint
When the integrand is not an obvious product of two functions, consider rewriting it as the product of the function itself and 1. This can help in making the right choice for integration by parts.

Checking a solution serves two purposes: helping you if, after having used the hint, you still are stuck on the problem; or if you have solved the problem and would like to check your work. If you are stuck on a problem: Read the solution slowly and as soon as you feel you could finish the problem on your own, hide it and work on the problem. Come back later to the solution if you are stuck or if you want to check your work. If you want to check your work: Don't only focus on the answer, problems are mostly marked for the work you do, make sure you understand all the steps that were required to complete the problem and see if you made mistakes or forgot some aspects. Your goal is to check that your mental process was correct, not only the result.

Solution

Recall the following integration by parts formula for the indefinite integral $$\int u\;\mathrm {d} v=uv-\int v\mathrm {d} u.$$ Integrate by parts by setting $u=\arctan(2x)$ and $\mathrm {d} v=\mathrm {d} x$. Then $\mathrm {d} u={\frac {2}{4x^{2}+1}}\mathrm {d} x$, and $v=x$. Substituting these values in the formula gives, $${\begin{aligned}\int \arctan(2x)\;\mathrm {d} x=x\arctan(2x)-2\int {\frac {x}{4x^{2}+1}}\;\mathrm {d} x.\end{aligned}}$$ For the second integral we can do the following substitution: $$u=4x^{2}+1,\;\mathrm {d} u=8x\mathrm {d} x.$$ Finally, we have $${\begin{aligned}\int \arctan(2x)\;\mathrm {d} x&=x\arctan(2x)-{\frac {1}{4}}\int {\frac {1}{u}}\;\mathrm {d} u\\&=x\arctan(2x)-{\frac {1}{4}}\log |4x^{2}+1|+C.\\\end{aligned}}$$ (Note that the expression $4x^{2}+1$ is always positive, so it would also be correct to remove the absolute value and simply write $\log(4x^{2}+1)$ instead of $\log |4x^{2}+1|$.)