Documentation:Open Case Studies/FRST522/2024/Community-Based Forestry in Ghana: A Geomatics Engineering Perspective

Summary of Case Study

This case study examines community-based forestry (CBF) in Ghana, highlighting the incorporation of traditional knowledge and geomatics engineering for sustainable management of forests. It emphasizes the development of CBF, beginning with traditional practices and colonial regulations to modern strategies such as Community Resource Management Areas (CREMAs). CBF initiatives focus on enabling communities, improving livelihoods, and preserving biodiversity. Nonetheless, issues like land ownership problems, forest loss, and financial limitations continue to exist. The study uses Mole National Park (a protected area). The Ghana Wildlife Division (GWD), a branch of the Forestry Commission, is the primary administrative body responsible for the management of the park. Even though the tenure is regulated by the state, attempts have been implemented in recent years to integrate aspects of community-based natural resource management. The study likewise investigates the importance of geomatics technologies Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, and LiDAR in tackling these problems by facilitating improved resource mapping, monitoring, and land-use planning.

Keywords

Community-Based Forestry (CBF), Mole National Park, Geomatics Engineering, Community Resource Management Areas (CREMA), Indigenous Knowledge, Biodiversity Conservation, State-Controlled Protected Areas, Conservation Strategies

1. Introduction

Community-Based Forestry (CBF) represents a collaborative approach to sustainable forest management that emphasizes local community involvement in decision-making, resource use, and conservation . By integrating traditional knowledge and ecological practices, CBF seeks to improve forest health and local livelihoods through principles like local empowerment, sustainability, and collaborative management . For example, in Nepal, community-driven forest management has demonstrated the effectiveness of local participation in establishing forest management indicators and criteria . Furthermore, the inclusion of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) in CBF enhances biodiversity conservation and promotes adaptive management practices that are resilient to environmental changes .

Map of Ghana

CBF has proven beneficial in numerous areas, particularly in enhancing local livelihoods, forest conservation, and social cohesion. Initiatives like Village Community Banks (VICOBA) reduce dependency on forest resources by providing alternative income sources, thus alleviating poverty . Moreover, CBF supports carbon sequestration by involving communities in reforestation and conservation efforts, as demonstrated in Bangladesh, where co-management approaches led to significant forest cover increases . Socially, CBF empowers marginalized groups and fosters resilience, contributing to community empowerment and cohesion .

In Ghana, the national forest policy and legal framework increasingly support CBF, emphasizing community ownership and engagement. For instance, Ghana’s REDD+ Strategy aligns social safeguards with local conditions, fostering equitable benefit-sharing and community involvement . Additionally, programs like the Ghana Cocoa Forest REDD+ Programme exemplify successful collaborations between the government, NGOs, and communities, demonstrating how climate-smart practices can reinforce CBF objectives .

However, CBF in Ghana faces obstacles, including limited funding, stakeholder disagreements, the need for scaling solutions, and land tenure problems. Funding limitations arise from challenges like high collateral requirements and poor financial infrastructure, which hinder small and medium-sized enterprises from securing funding . Conflicts over resource use and ineffective governance structures further complicate CBF efforts , emphasizing the need for cross-sector collaboration and innovative financing solutions. In Ghana, where deforestation rates are approximately 2% per year , drivers like agricultural expansion , illegal logging , and mining significantly impact forest health and biodiversity . Challenges in land tenure and resource rights remain, as secure tenure is critical for successful CBF implementation . To address some of these challenges, CBFs promote sustainable practices, such as agroforestry and natural regeneration, which foster ecosystem resilience and reduce reliance on forest resources . Nevertheless, these problems persist.

Several studies have shown that geomatics can help solve some of these problems. For example, geomatics provides tools for mapping forest resources, enabling better monitoring of deforestation rates and illegal activities such as logging and mining . By utilizing geographic information systems (GIS), stakeholders can visualize and analyze land use patterns, which aids in sustainable planning and resource allocation. Geomatics can assist in the accurate mapping and registration of land parcels, which is essential for securing land tenure rights and reducing conflicts over resource use. Spatial data can help identify and resolve disputes by providing clear evidence of land boundaries and usage rights . Geomatics facilitates the creation of collaborative platforms where various stakeholders can share data and insights, fostering cross-sector partnerships essential for effective CBF implementation .

This case study examines the current state of community-based forestry in Ghana, emphasizing the potential benefits of integrating diverse knowledge systems, such as Indigenous knowledge and practices, with geomatics engineering technologies like Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing. It aims to enhance sustainability and forest management while detailing the management and history of an example of community-based forestry (Mole National Park, MNP)

2. The Evolution and Current State of Community-Based Forestry in Ghana

The development of community-based forestry in Ghana has evolved through a complex interplay of traditional practices, state policies, and community involvement. Historically, local communities have engaged in forest management through indigenous practices that emphasize the sustainable use of forest resources. These practices often included the collection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), which play a crucial role in the livelihoods of forest-dwelling residents, providing food, medicine, and income, thereby alleviating poverty .

In the early 20th century, colonial policies began to shape forest management in Ghana, focusing primarily on timber extraction and conservation for water supply. This led to the establishment of state-controlled forest reserves, which marginalized local communities and their traditional practices . The post-independence era saw a gradual shift towards recognizing the importance of community involvement in forest management. The introduction of Community Resource Management Areas (CREMAs) aimed to integrate local communities into the management process, although challenges such as deforestation persisted due to inadequate enforcement and community engagement .

The 1990s marked a significant turning point with the adoption of community-based forest management (CBFM) approaches, which sought to empower local communities and promote sustainable practices. However, the effectiveness of CBFM has been mixed, with issues related to accountability, inclusivity, and community empowerment often hindering its success . The concept of co-management emerged, where local communities collaborated with state agencies, reflecting a more integrated approach to forest governance .

Despite these advancements, the relationship between state and community remains complex, with varying degrees of state capacity influencing the outcomes of community forestry initiatives. While some communities have successfully managed their forests, others continue to face challenges due to weak institutional frameworks and external pressures on forest resources .

3. Integration of Indigenous Knowledge Systems into Forestry in Ghana

3.1. Indigenous Knowledge and Ecological Wisdom

Indigenous communities in Ghana have historically managed forests through a rich tapestry of traditional practices that emphasize ecological wisdom, resource allocation, and conservation. These practices are deeply embedded in cultural beliefs and social structures, showcasing a profound understanding of sustainable resource management. The integration of indigenous knowledge into forest management has been pivotal in maintaining ecological balance and ensuring the health of forest ecosystems.

One key aspect of indigenous forest management is the use of taboos and sacred groves. These practices serve as protective measures against overexploitation, as certain plants and animals are considered sacred and are thus preserved. For instance, the Kwahu people revere totemic animals, which act as ecological custodians, reinforcing the interconnectedness of all living beings and promoting biodiversity conservation . Additionally, the Akyem Abuakwa community employs traditional methods to conserve forest resources, particularly for medicinal purposes, highlighting the dual role of forests in health and cultural practices . Sacred groves, which number between 2,000 and 3,200 across the country, serve as vital ecological and sociocultural reservoirs, safeguarding biodiversity and providing medicinal plants for local communities . These sites are often linked to local religious beliefs, where they are viewed as abodes of ancestral spirits or deities, thus fostering a strong community commitment to their protection . The cultural practices surrounding these groves include taboos against hunting certain species, which not only preserves wildlife but also reinforces community identity and spiritual beliefs .

Furthermore, the Ewe communities utilize a variety of Indigenous knowledge systems that encompass both tacit and explicit knowledge, facilitating the sustainable management of their natural resources . This includes practices such as mixed land use and the establishment of seed banks, which are crucial for maintaining genetic diversity and resilience in the face of environmental changes . The cultural significance of forests is also reflected in the observance of sacred days, which intertwine spiritual beliefs with ecological stewardship, thereby enhancing community engagement in conservation efforts .

Despite the wealth of Indigenous knowledge, challenges remain in its preservation and application. The lack of technological infrastructure and formal policies to support the management of this knowledge can hinder its effectiveness in contemporary environmental governance . Moreover, while Indigenous practices have proven effective in resource conservation, there is a growing need for integration with modern environmental policies to address global challenges such as climate change .

In contrast, some argue that the increasing influence of globalization and modern development practices may undermine traditional ecological knowledge. The encroachment of industrial activities and urbanization poses significant threats to the integrity of indigenous practices, potentially leading to the loss of valuable ecological wisdom. This highlights the importance of fostering a dialogue between traditional and modern approaches to ensure the sustainability of forest ecosystems in Ghana.

3.2. Challenges to Indigenous Knowledge Integration

The integration of Indigenous knowledge (IK) into formal forestry management practices in Ghana faces significant barriers, primarily stemming from modernization and external pressures. Despite the recognized effectiveness of IK in biodiversity conservation, as evidenced by its role in managing sacred biological resources and enforcing conservation norms through traditional practices , the encroachment of modern ideologies and practices poses a threat to these systems. The shift towards formal education and religious influences, such as Christianity and Islam, has led to a decline in adherence to traditional ecological knowledge, undermining its application in contemporary resource management .

One major barrier is the institutional shortfall in recognizing and validating IK within formal governance structures. The lack of integration of IK into national policies and scientific research limits its potential impact on sustainable forest management . Furthermore, the principles of Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) are often overlooked, which diminishes the empowerment of local communities to utilize their knowledge effectively. The challenges are compounded by external pressures, including globalization and environmental degradation, further marginalizing Indigenous practices and knowledge systems .

Additionally, collaborative forest management (CFM) programs often fail to adequately engage local communities, leading to a disconnect between community needs and institutional objectives. This lack of engagement results in diminished community resilience and capacity to adapt to changing environmental conditions . The barriers to effective integration of IK in forestry management highlight the need for a paradigm shift prioritizing local knowledge and community involvement in decision-making processes.

Conversely, while the challenges to integrating IK are significant, there is a growing recognition of its importance in addressing contemporary environmental issues. The potential for IK to complement modern conservation strategies offers a pathway for enhancing biodiversity management and sustainability in Ghana. By fostering collaboration between traditional knowledge holders and formal institutions, a more holistic approach to forest management can be achieved, ultimately benefiting both local communities and the environment.

4. Geomatics Engineering Technologies in Forest Management

4.1. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

GvSIG - Geographic Information System

GIS facilitates the mapping of forest cover through remote sensing and aerial imagery, enabling the creation of vegetation maps and inventories. For instance, studies have shown that GIS can effectively track changes in indigenous forest cover, revealing a 24% decrease between 2000 and 2005, and a further 29% decline by 2014 in urban areas due to development pressures . This capability is supported by advanced technologies such as Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and satellite imagery, which provide high-resolution data for accurate mapping.

Moreover, GIS is instrumental in analyzing land use changes, allowing for the identification of trends and patterns over time. The integration of Markov models with GIS has proven effective in predicting future land use scenarios, demonstrating a declining trend in forest cover due to urbanization and agriculture . This predictive capability is vital for planning and implementing conservation strategies.

In addition to mapping and tracking, GIS supports spatial analysis of forest resources, enabling the assessment of biodiversity, habitat conditions, and resource availability. It aids in the evaluation of timber volumes, grassland conditions, and the detection of encroachment in forested areas . The layered information generated through GIS allows forest managers and conservationists to devise targeted management strategies, enhancing the sustainability of forest ecosystems [1].

4.2. Remote Sensing for Forest Monitoring

A black and orange drone flying over a lush green field. Parrot parrot ar drone parrot ar drone 2.

Satellite imagery allows for systematic monitoring of large forest areas, capturing temporal changes in forest health and productivity. Advanced algorithms analyze dense time series of images to detect changes in forest cover, identify illegal activities and predict deforestation propagation with an accuracy of 0.87 [2]. Drones complement this by providing flexible, high-resolution data collection, capable of utilizing various sensors, including RGB, multispectral, thermal, and LiDAR [3]. Drones also facilitate real-time monitoring through automated image processing, allowing for immediate data analysis and decision-making [4]. Their deployment is particularly beneficial in remote or difficult-to-access areas, where traditional methods may fall short. The integration of drone technology in forest monitoring not only enhances data accuracy but also reduces operational costs and risks associated with manned flights [5].

4.3. LiDAR and 3D Modelling in Forestry

Using LiDAR to compare old-growth forests and planted forests

LiDAR technology has revolutionized the field of forestry by enabling the creation of detailed 3D models of forest landscapes, which significantly enhance forest management practices. By generating high-resolution 3D point clouds, LiDAR facilitates accurate forest volume calculations and supports various management activities, including inventory assessments, road design, and restoration efforts . The integration of airborne and terrestrial LiDAR data allows for comprehensive modeling of forest structures, improving the understanding of ecosystem functions and aiding in effective management planning.

LiDAR's ability to produce digital elevation models (DEMs) is crucial for forest engineering, as it provides reliable data for planning harvesting operations and road construction . Furthermore, voxel-based modeling techniques that combine high-density terrestrial LiDAR with low-density airborne LiDAR have shown promise in simulating realistic forest scenes, allowing for detailed analysis of tree structures and canopy dynamics . This integration enhances the accuracy of forest volume estimations and supports the development of generalized models applicable across diverse forest types .

Moreover, LiDAR technology plays a vital role in forest landscape restoration by monitoring structural attributes and ecosystem functionality, which are essential for assessing restoration outcomes . The ability to penetrate dense canopies allows for precise measurements of vertical profiles and canopy structures, facilitating the identification of different forest cover types and their respective ecological values. Additionally, LiDAR's application in assessing timber assortments is gaining traction, as it provides rapid and accurate depictions of forest structure, which is critical for optimizing harvesting activities and supporting sustainable forest management .

5. Synergies Between Traditional and Modern Approaches (Geomatics)

Combining Indigenous knowledge with geomatics engineering tools can significantly enhance forest management strategies by integrating ecological and cultural dimensions. This synergy allows for a more holistic understanding of forest ecosystems, fostering sustainable practices that respect both scientific and traditional perspectives. The integration of Indigenous knowledge systems with modern geospatial decision support systems (GDSS) can lead to improved decision-making processes that are more inclusive and contextually relevant.

Indigenous knowledge provides critical insights into local ecosystems, as demonstrated in studies involving Māori communities in New Zealand, where traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) was used alongside scientific methods to assess forest health . This cross-cultural monitoring system not only highlighted the ecological state of forests but also incorporated cultural values, such as the concept of mauri, which reflects the life essence of the environment. Similarly, in Tanzania, the lack of integration between GDSS and Indigenous knowledge has been linked to increased natural resource degradation, emphasizing the need for a collaborative approach that values local expertise .

Furthermore, the Zoʻé people's management practices in the Brazilian Amazon illustrate how sociocultural relationships influence forest management and biodiversity. Their ethical principles guide sustainable practices that enhance forest regrowth and floristic diversity, demonstrating the effectiveness of integrating cultural perspectives into ecological management . In India, the acknowledgment of Indigenous knowledge in forest management has been shown to address the conflicts between state policies and tribal practices, suggesting that valuing local expertise can mitigate environmental crises .

Moreover, integrating traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches in watershed management in Indonesia has proven beneficial for both ecological restoration and community welfare. This approach emphasizes the importance of local participation in the design and implementation of management strategies, ensuring that they are culturally appropriate and effective.

While the integration of Indigenous knowledge and modern tools presents numerous advantages, it is essential to recognize potential challenges. For instance, the dominance of scientific paradigms may overshadow Indigenous perspectives, leading to a top-down approach that fails to consider local contexts.

6. Case Example: Mole National Park

Mole National Park - Ghana

Mole National Park (MNP), located in the West Gonja District of Northern Ghana, is Ghana's largest and oldest national park. Spanning approximately 5,198 square kilometers, it lies about 149 kilometers from Tamale, the regional capital, and 15 kilometers from Damongo, the district capital . The park extends across parts of the Northern and Upper West Regions, encompassing a unique savannah ecosystem that includes flat-topped hills, wooded landscapes, and riverine forests . The area's undulating terrain and geological composition, including the Volta Basin and Savannah High Plains, make it ecologically significant .

6.1. Historical Background and Establishment

YouTube Video of Mole National Park Tour

Mole National Park was initially designated in the early 1950s as part of a tsetse fly control program to combat the spread of trypanosomiasis, which hindered livestock rearing . Recognizing the area's rich biodiversity, the government of Ghana later prioritized its conservation . The park was officially declared a national park in 1971, a decision driven by the dual goals of biodiversity conservation and eco-tourism development .

However, the establishment of MNP came at a cost to the local population. Several villages were displaced, and residents were forcefully evicted, with limited compensation . Traditional chiefs and elders were involved in land acquisition negotiations, but ordinary residents were excluded from decision-making processes . This top-down approach created resentment and conflict among the affected communities, who viewed the park's establishment as an infringement on their livelihoods . Historically, such forced displacements mirrored colonial conservation practices, which prioritized wildlife over the rights of Indigenous communities .

6.2. Biodiversity and Ecological Significance

Elephants at Mole National Park

Antelopes at Mole National Park

Mole National Park boasts an impressive array of flora and fauna. Its vegetation predominantly consists of Guinea Savannah woodlands, characterized by shea and dawadawa trees, which play vital roles in local subsistence . The park is home to over 93 species of mammals, including African elephants, leopards, hyenas, buffaloes, and antelopes . It also harbors over 300 bird species and a variety of reptiles, such as crocodiles . These ecological riches have made MNP a prime destination for eco-tourism, research, and recreation .

Mole National Park boasts an impressive array of flora and fauna. Its vegetation predominantly consists of Guinea Savannah woodlands, characterized by shea and dawadawa trees, which play vital roles in local subsistence . The park is home to over 93 species of mammals, including African elephants, leopards, hyenas, buffaloes, and antelopes . It also harbors over 300 bird species and a variety of reptiles, such as crocodiles . These ecological riches have made MNP a prime destination for eco-tourism, research, and recreation .

Despite its relatively undisturbed ecosystem, human activities such as bush burning, wood collection, and farming remain threats . Efforts by park authorities to mitigate these impacts include enforcing bans on charcoal burning and the felling of live trees .

6.4. CREMA Initiatives Around Mole National Park

In Mole National Park (MNP), Community Resource Management Areas (CREMAs) have emerged as vital tools for bridging the gap between conservation and community livelihoods . CREMAs aim to involve local communities in managing and benefiting from the natural resources in and around the park while fostering sustainable practices . They are particularly critical in addressing conflicts over access to non-timber forest products (NTFPs), human-wildlife interactions, and livelihood enhancement.

Mognori CREMA: Mognori, a community located near Mole National Park, provides a practical example of CREMA’s impact . The Mognori CREMA has successfully organized residents to manage resources such as Shea nuts (Vitellaria paradoxa) and Dawadawa (Parkia biglobosa) . Women’s groups supported through CREMA initiatives, collect Shea nuts sustainably, following guidelines that limit overharvesting . They are also encouraged to plant new trees to replace old or dying ones, ensuring a steady supply of these economically and ecologically important resources.

Beyond resource management, the Mognori CREMA has ventured into eco-tourism . It runs a community-based eco-tourism program where visitors experience traditional Gonja cultural practices, such as drumming, dance performances, and guided village tours. Revenue generated is reinvested into community projects, including a local school and boreholes, which address pressing social needs .

While CREMAs have demonstrated potential, they face several challenges in Mole National Park:

Challenges and Strategies for Strengthening CREMAs in Mole National Park

Challenges in CREMAs	Details	Proposed Strategies for Strengthening CREMAs	Examples
Resource Conflicts	Disputes over land and resource rights between CREMAs and traditional authorities disrupt operations. Chiefs worry about losing control over grazing lands .	Build stronger partnerships with chiefs and elders by incorporating traditional norms into management plans.	Larabanga CREMA’s collaboration with elders to protect sacred groves.
Weak Market Linkages	NTFPs are sold at low prices due to limited processing facilities and poor market access .	Establish processing centers for NTFPs in strategic locations to improve product quality and marketability.	Shea butter processing centers in Damongo and Larabanga branded as premium export products.
Gender Inequality	Women, central to NTFP collection and processing, face barriers to leadership within CREMAs, with inconsistent inclusion efforts in decision-making processes .	Create women-led subcommittees and provide targeted training programs on financial management and resource conservation.	Women-led subcommittees in Mognori to empower female leadership in CREMAs.

6.5. Tenure Arrangements of Mole National Park

The tenure arrangements governing Mole National Park (MNP) are rooted in its history of establishment and the legal framework for protected areas in Ghana. The park operates under a state-controlled system, where the government of Ghana holds ownership and management authority . This tenure arrangement aligns with the country's broader conservation and protected area policies, which prioritize biodiversity preservation and eco-tourism development.

6.5.1. Ownership and Management

Mole National Park is public land, fully owned by the government of Ghana. The Ghana Wildlife Division (GWD), a branch of the Forestry Commission, is the primary administrative body responsible for the management of the park . This arrangement designates the state as the custodian of the land and its resources, with the authority to regulate access, enforce conservation laws, and oversee tourism and related activities .

6.5.2. Tenure Type

The tenure type for Mole National Park is not a freehold but rather a protected area designation under government jurisdiction . This status emphasizes the conservation and eco-tourism functions of the park, limiting land use to activities aligned with these objectives. Local communities have no formal ownership rights or land tenure within the park boundaries, and their access to resources is strictly regulated.

6.5.3. Duration and Permanence

The park’s tenure is indefinite, reflecting its designation as a permanent protected area. This status is consistent with international norms for national parks, which prioritize long-term conservation over temporary land use . The legal framework ensures that the land cannot be repurposed for non-conservation uses without significant legislative changes.

6.5.4. Forest Management Agreements and Community Engagement

Although the tenure is state-controlled, efforts have been made in recent years to incorporate elements of community-based natural resource management. Initiatives such as the Community Resource Management Areas (CREMA) program allow local communities to participate in managing buffer zones and benefiting from sustainable resource use . These arrangements, however, do not grant communities ownership rights but instead provide limited access and co-management opportunities under strict oversight by park authorities.

6.5.5. Challenges with Current Tenure Arrangements

• Exclusion of Local Communities: The tenure system has historically marginalized local populations, leading to conflicts over resource access and land use .
• Lack of Compensation: The initial land acquisition did not adequately compensate displaced communities, leaving lasting grievances .
• Limited Participation: While CREMA and similar programs aim to include local communities, they fall short of granting meaningful decision-making power or economic benefits .

6.5.6. Opportunities for Improvement

The tenure arrangements of Mole National Park could be strengthened by adopting more inclusive approaches that balance conservation goals with the socio-economic needs of surrounding communities. This could involve:

• Expanding co-management agreements to include local leaders in decision-making processes.
• Establishing revenue-sharing mechanisms to provide direct financial benefits to adjacent communities.
• Reviewing historical land acquisition agreements to address past injustices and foster better relationships between the park and local populations.

6.6. Administrative Arrangements of Mole National Park

Mole National Park (MNP) in Northern Ghana is governed by a strong framework aimed at fulfilling its twin objectives of conserving biodiversity and promoting ecotourism . The Ghana Wildlife Division (GWD) oversees the administrative operations, which is a sector of the Forestry Commission (FC) . This framework highlights efficient administration, legal enforcement, ecotourism, and community involvement, all while complying with national regulations and global conservation standards.

6.6.1. Management Authority and Governance Structure

The management of Mole National Park is fundamentally overseen by the Ghana Wildlife Division, which acts as the central authority for the park's administration. The GWD is tasked with enforcing conservation regulations, safeguarding wildlife, and making sure that the park’s resources are used sustainably . It operates under the Forestry Commission, which offers strategic guidance and incorporates MNP’s efforts into Ghana's wider environmental and economic development strategies.

The park is maintained by a local team headed by a Park Manager, who supervises daily activities and future planning. This group consists of officers who specialize in different fields like law enforcement, ecotourism, research, and community engagement. The Park Manager is accountable to the Regional Wildlife Office, which acts as an intermediary between the park and the Wildlife Division's headquarters in Accra . This tiered framework guarantees that operational matters at the park level are efficiently relayed to central authorities for strategic choices.

6.6.2. Reporting System

A clearly established reporting system supports the administrative framework of Mole National Park, guaranteeing accountability and transparency. The reporting procedure starts at the park level, where field officers record daily tasks like anti-poaching patrols, biodiversity assessment, and visitor oversight. These reports are gathered and presented to the Park Manager, who integrates them into detailed updates for the Regional Wildlife Office .

At the regional tier, these reports undergo review, and important issues or recommendations are sent to the headquarters of the Wildlife Division. The GWD's national office subsequently examines these submissions to guide policy-making, distribute resources, and carry out interventions. The GWD, in return, provides regular reports to the Forestry Commission that outline the park’s advancements, obstacles, and financial results. This system allows for a smooth exchange of information, supporting informed choices at every level .

6.7. Stakeholders of Mole National Park: Affected and Interested Parties

Mole National Park (MNP) in Northern Ghana is an essential conservation site and eco-tourism hub. Its activities affect a wide range of stakeholders, each having distinct goals and different degrees of influence. These stakeholders can be categorized into two groups: affected stakeholders, who experience direct effects from the park’s creation and administration, and interested stakeholders, whose participation is influenced by their professional, institutional, or leisure aspirations. Analyzing their functions, goals, comparative influence, and real-world instances show the intricacies of overseeing this safeguarded region .

6.7.1. Affected Stakeholders

• Local Communities: Local communities, especially those living close to or displaced from the park, are the stakeholders most directly impacted. Their main goals consist of ensuring livelihoods, obtaining resources, and gaining advantages from park activities. For example, the creation of the park resulted in the involuntary relocation of multiple villages in the 1970s without sufficient compensation. This led to conflicts since activities such as farming, hunting, and gathering vital resources like firewood and shea nuts were limited . Even with recent efforts to engage local communities through programs such as the Community Resource Management Areas (CREMA), their overall influence still remains low to moderate. Chiefs and elders, representing their communities in negotiations, possess somewhat greater influence . For instance, chiefs were involved in discussions about land acquisition for the park’s enlargement, yet numerous regular residents believed they were left out of these proceedings, resulting in feelings of marginalization.
• Traditional Authorities: Traditional leaders, including chiefs and elders, serve important functions as protectors of cultural and ancestral lands. Their goals encompass championing their communities' rights, securing equitable resource access, and maintaining cultural traditions linked to the land. For instance, in conflicts regarding land utilization, customary leaders frequently act as intermediaries between community members and park officials . They possess moderate influence, mainly because they participate in land-related discussions and their capacity to sway community opinions. Nevertheless, their impact can be occasionally symbolic, since ultimate decisions lie with government bodies.
• Local Resource Users: Farmers, hunters, and local artisans depending on the park’s buffer areas for their income encounter considerable difficulties because of the park’s conservation regulations. Their goals emphasize ensuring access to cultivable land, reducing wildlife-induced crop losses, and investigating alternative revenue streams . For instance, elephants in the park often invade local farms, damaging crops and escalating human-wildlife conflict. These resource users possess limited power, since their activities are closely governed by park authorities, and they frequently lack structured representation to champion their interests .

6.7.2. Interested Stakeholders

• Government Agencies: Prominent government bodies, such as the Ghana Wildlife Division (GWD) and the Forestry Commission, are some of the most significant stakeholders. Their aims consist of upholding wildlife regulations, protecting biodiversity, and enhancing eco-tourism as a means of national income. For instance, the GWD manages anti-poaching patrols and biodiversity assessments in Mole National Park, ensuring adherence to conservation regulations . These agencies possess significant authority, overseeing park administration, financial distribution, and the regulatory system.
• Conservation Organizations: Global conservation groups like the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) assist Mole National Park with financial support, technical knowledge, and policy promotion. Their goals encompass safeguarding biodiversity, encouraging sustainable development, and enhancing community involvement. For instance, the WCS has financed research projects to examine elephant migration behaviors in the park, aiding in improved management approaches . Conservation groups possess moderate to significant influence because their financial and technical inputs frequently affect park policies and priorities.
• Tourists: Local and foreign visitors are vital in supporting the park's eco-tourism efforts. Their goals encompass encountering wildlife, utilizing environmentally friendly amenities, and aiding conservation efforts via entrance fees and donations . For example, the safari tours and guided wildlife experiences at Mole National Park are popular destinations that attract visitors globally. Tourists possess a moderate influence since their contentment and expenditures directly affect the park’s income and image.
• Private Sector Actors: Tour operators, local businesses, and hospitality services illustrate the private sector's engagement in Mole National Park. Their goals consist of gaining profits from eco-tourism, improving visitor experiences, and pushing for improved infrastructure to draw in more tourists . For instance, nearby businesses providing lodging and guided excursions gain considerable advantages from the park's events. These actors possess moderate influence, since their economic inputs are crucial, yet their activities are still governed by government regulations and park policies.
• Academic and Research Institutions: Universities and research institutions enhance Mole National Park by expanding understanding of its biodiversity and socio-economic effects. Their goals involve performing ecological research, promoting conservation innovation, and guiding policy choices. For instance, scholars have collaborated with park management to examine human-wildlife conflicts and suggest remedies . These organizations usually possess low to moderate authority since their function is consultative, having restricted direct impact on decisions.

6.7.3. Power Distribution Among Stakeholders of MNP

Power Distribution of Stakeholders

High Importance, Low Influence	High Importance, High Influence
Local Communities (around Mole National Park) Rely on the park for livelihoods (e.g., farming, firewood, and bushmeat). Strong cultural and spiritual connections to the land. Limited representation in decision-making processes. Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) Facilitate local engagement and support sustainable resource use. Limited influence on overarching park strategies.	Forestry Commission & Ghana Wildlife Division Strategic decision-making authority over park management and conservation policies. Control resource allocation and enforcement of regulations. Ensure biodiversity protection and eco-tourism management. Conservation NGOs (e.g., IUCN, WCS) Provide funding, technical expertise, and global visibility for conservation efforts. Influence policies, practices, and funding decisions.
Low Importance, Low Influence	Low Importance, High Influence
Tourists Contribute to eco-tourism revenue but have limited direct involvement in park governance. Primarily interested in wildlife and leisure activities. Academic and Research Institutions Conduct biodiversity research and provide advisory roles in ecosystem management. Minimal operational influence beyond research outputs.	Traditional Authorities (Chiefs/Elders) Act as custodians of cultural heritage and mediate between communities and park authorities. Provide historical land rights advocacy but with limited formal authority in conservation policies. Private Sector (Eco-Tourism Operators, Local Enterprises) Invest in infrastructure development and promote eco-tourism opportunities. Advocate for community partnerships and sustainable tourism development.

6.8. Past and Current Critical Issues at Mole National Park and How Geomatics Can Help Solve the Issues

1. Human-Wildlife Conflict

Human-Wildlife Conflict - Elephants frequently trespass into nearby farms

Problem: Elephants along with other animals frequently trespass into nearby farms, leading to crop destruction and increasing friction between wildlife and human populations .

Geomatics Approach: Leveraging remote sensing and GIS to track wildlife movement behaviors and identify areas of human-wildlife interaction. This information can assist in creating buffer zones and early warning systems to notify communities and oversee wildlife migration .

2. Deforestation and Land Degradation

Problem: The increase in agricultural land and unsustainable methods results in deforestation, diminishing biodiversity and affecting the park's ecosystem .

Geomatics Solution: Utilizing satellite images and LiDAR technology to evaluate changes in forest cover over the years and generate precise maps that emphasize regions of degradation. These can guide reforestation initiatives and conservation plans, supporting efficient land management .

3. Resource Management and Allocation

Problem: Restricted availability of resources for local communities results in economic and social issues, causing possible overuse of park resources .

Geomatics Solution: Utilizing GIS to map and monitor the allocation of natural resources in the park. This can guarantee sustainable utilization by overseeing resource extraction and creating community-oriented resource management strategies (e.g., CREMA) .

4. Infrastructure Development

Concern: The park requires strategically designed infrastructure for tourism that won't damage the ecosystem .

Geomatics Approach: Employing GIS and spatial analysis for the development of infrastructure initiatives such as roads, accommodations, and visitor facilities. This method guarantees that projects are strategically located to reduce environmental effects and aid conservation initiatives .

5. Biodiversity Monitoring

Concern: The varied species of plants and animals in MNP require constant observation to identify changes and avert species loss .

Geomatics Approach: Utilizing drone technology, remote sensing, and GIS to monitor biodiversity hotspots, observe habitat modifications, and pinpoint vital regions needing intervention. This information backs adaptive management strategies aimed at preserving endangered species .

6. Climate Change Impact Assessment

Problem: Climate change is modifying precipitation patterns and temperatures, impacting both fauna and flora .

Geomatics Approach: Integrating climate modeling information with GIS to forecast climate change effects on the park's ecosystem. Geomatics instruments can develop simulation models that forecast upcoming changes, assisting in preparations for climate resilience .

7. Policy Recommendations for Enhancing Community-Based Forestry in Ghana

7.1. Incorporating Indigenous Knowledge into Forestry Policy

Integrating Indigenous Knowledge (IK) into Ghana’s national forestry policy is vital for sustainable forest management. Practices like fire belts and taboos, as used in the Yuoboli Integrated Forest Reserve, have proven effective in conservation . However, formal incorporation of IK into policies remains limited . To address this, community-based institutions could document and validate IK, while training programs can educate policymakers on its value . Policies should also adopt frameworks like the Akwé: Kon Guidelines, which emphasize indigenous rights and knowledge systems, aligning with global environmental policies .

7.2. Technology Support and Funding

To promote geomatics adoption in rural Ghana, partnerships between communities, government agencies, and NGOs are essential, leveraging initiatives like REDD+ for funding and training . Financial incentives such as grants or subsidies can encourage sustainable practices, while integrating geomatics in agriculture has shown to enhance productivity . Resolving land tenure issues by recognizing community rights can further motivate investment in sustainable technologies and foster ownership of forest resources.

7.3. Stakeholder Collaboration in Forestry

Enhancing community-based forestry in Ghana requires strong collaboration among government agencies, NGOs, private sectors, and indigenous communities. Inclusive participation can boost local involvement, as seen in community-based plantation projects that improved forest quality and livelihoods. Models like the Community-Government and Private Partnership (CGPP) can foster equitable resource access and governance . However, challenges like inadequate logistics and low incentives must be addressed to ensure effective and sustainable forest management.

This conservation resource was created by Course:FRST522.