Documentation:Open Case Studies/FRST522/2022/Birdwatching ecotourism in Baihualing Village, Yunnan Province, China: history, successes, challenges and recommendations
Summary of Case Study
Yunnan is a province in the southwest of China, extremely rich in natural resources, with a unique climate and geography that creates a peculiar phenomenon of high biodiversity. Yunnan Province is also geographically unique, bordering three countries, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam[1]. It is a multi-ethnic region, with 33.37% of the total population made up of ethnic minorities[2]. In this a context, it becomes a challenge to protect biodiversity while keeping the rights of ethnic minorities over land[1]. Historically, due to the establishment of the Gaoligong National Nature Reserve, many ethnic minorities were forced to move away from the land they had lived for generations and lost access to the forest resources on which they depended for their living[1]. This has led local people to start poaching for their livelihoods, which in turn has negatively impacted biodiversity conservation[1]. This case study demonstrates how local people in Baihualing Village, Baoshan, Yunan Province, China gradually broke away from this vicious circle and embarked on a win-win path of development and biodiversity conservation by developing bird watching ecotourism.
Keywords
Birdwatching tourism; Ecotourism; Baihualing Village; Yunan Province; Community Co-management
Introduction
Location
The Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve (GNR) is located in western Yunnan, China[1]. It is in the central area of the Gaoligong mountains, which comprise the western-most part of the Hengduan Mountain Range, and includes the contiguous ridges west of the Nujiang River and east of the Irrawadi-Nmai Rivers[1].
Geography and Biodiversity
The elevation of GNR ranges from 1800 to 3000 m and is mainly sub-tropical, with predominantly monsoonal broadleaf evergreen forests[1]. The Gaoligong mountains contain more than 27% of amphibian, 36% of reptile, and 61% of mammal and bird species known from Yunnan[1]. GNR was protected primarily for rare species such as the takin (Budorcas taxicolor), hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock), red panda (Ailurus fulgens), and Temminck’s tragopan (Tragopan temminckii)[1].
History
GNR is 1240 sq km and was established in 1983 as a provincial nature reserve and became a national nature reserve in 1986[1]. Over 250,000 people from more than 20 indigenous ethnic groups, such as Lisu, Singpho, and Rawang, live either within or adjacent to these park areas[1]. Communities were moved out of the mountains that are now part of the reserve in the 1950s, three decades before it became a reserve, as part of the nationwide collectivization that occurred at the time[1]. And after the establishment of the reserve in 1986, the reserve began a 10-year-long closed management[2]. This management and conservation model of prohibiting villagers from visiting the reserve conflicted with their prior ancestral and customary rights and as a result production and lifestyle of the surrounding people, and the relationship between the two sides was once very tense[2].
At that time, the local per capita net income was 1456 yuan, which is about one-third of Yunnan's per capita income of 4637 yuan[3]. The poverty resulted in the illegal logging, mining and poaching in nature reserve which is a big threat to the biodiversity[3]. Except the designation of PAs has limited their traditional resource use rights and practices, resulting in underdevelopment and park–people conflict, backward farming techniques, low production efficiency, farming along the traditional way of raising livestock, germplasm degradation and lack of scale efficiency are also causes of poverty[4]. And for now, emerging drivers of change, such as climate change, urbanization, market competition, and globalization, have exerted additional pressures on the communities[2].
More recently, this area has benefited from government-sponsored rural poverty alleviation programs[5]. For example, within the past ten years, villages in the study area have been electrified, with subsidized access, and linked by new and improved roads[1]. And rural tourism development has been promoted as a means of poverty alleviation, as well as socioeconomic transformation in poor rural areas[5]. Extraction is still illegal from the reserve, but much of the forest in the slopes and foothills below the reserve is collective forest, managed by communities, from which extraction is allowed[1].
Tenure arrangements
In China, there are two types of forest land ownership: rural collectives and the state. About 80% of forest land in Yunnan is collectively owned, and the remaining 20% is owned by the state[6].
Policy changes in forest resource tenure in Yunnan province after the founding of the People's Republic of China can briefly be divided into the following phases:
1) The Land Reform of the Early 1950s
The land of the landlords and rich peasants was distributed to all peasants; in the process of the three major reforms soon after, peasant land ownership was transformed into collective land ownership, private ownership of land in the countryside was abolished, and land was taken back into collective village ownership[7].
2) The “Four Fixings” from 1960 to 1962,
The Forest Resource Tenure was first titled[7].
3) The Two Hills System from 1981 to 1984
It was introduced in the early 1980s following the introduction of the Agricultural Family Responsibility System. This policy allocated most of the collectively owned land and some of the state-owned forest land to individual rural households. This policy allocated most of the collectively owned land and part of the state-owned forest land to individual rural households in the form of "freehold mountains," "joint responsibility mountains," and "collective responsibility mountains[7].
4) Wasteland Auctions
This phase of change began in the early 1990s when some counties began auctioning off the rights to use wasteland[7].
5) Implementation of the Rural Land Contract Law beginning in 2002.
This phase began with the implementation of the Rural Land Contract Law. This law was approved in August 2002 and came into effect on March 1, 2003. The law defines household contracts as the basis for rural land, while also allowing other contract approaches, such as user groups and collectives. It distinguishes different contract periods for different types of land: 30 years for arable land; 30 to 70 years for forestry land (longer for some specific forests, for which approval from forest management bureaux under the State Council is required); and 30 to 50 years for grassland (Article 20)[7].
The law also regulates the rights, responsibilities and obligations of different stakeholders, including farming households, villagers' committees, villagers' groups and governments at different levels. These rights, responsibilities and obligations are different from those in previous laws. The law gives much authority to landowners, emphasizing, or example, that villagers' committees and/or villagers' groups, rather than government agencies, decide whether or not to adjust land allocations among households. Within villagers' committees and groups, it is not the leaders who decide on adjustments, but rather the agreement of two-thirds of total households or representative villagers. The law gives landowners more authority to decide tenure arrangements, but it is not clear how it should be implemented. The Yunnan Provincial People' s Congress is currently drafting detailed regulations for implementation[7].
The Development of Bird Watching Tourism
Background
Yunnan is the province with the richest biodiversity in China with 108 nature reserves in the province[8]. The development of ecotourism has great potential. As early as 1996, the Yunnan provincial government proposed to build tourism as an important pillar industry[8]. Yunnan has established a green and dense forest image in China and the world. Yunnan's ecotourism will face new historical development opportunities. The development of ecotourism resources in Gaoligong Mountain Nature Reserve and the protection of ecological environment have an important international significance and the development of ecotourism construction in the reserve has caught up with a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. In the past few years, many groups of tourists from the United States, Britain, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Thailand, Australia, Hong Kong, Taiwan and other countries and regions have visited Gaoligong Mountain for bird watching, scientific research, exploration and other ecotourism activities[8]. Domestic tourists are also coming to form the ecological tourism fever in Gaoligong Mountain.
An Opportunity by Chance
In Hanlong, Baihualing Village, one villager (Mr Hou) played an important role in the development of bird watching and bird photography tourism. He was inspired by a tourist and realized that he could make a lot of money as a guide taking birding tours[9]. His family was among the very first to provide a guide to visiting ornithologists and gained a lot of experience and knowledge in the process[10]. In 2009, with the advent of large numbers of photographers visiting the area, the family started experimenting with new ways like building bird ponds to provide services to the tourists[5]. Bird ponds is a new way of bird watching by creating an artificial environment for feeding and supplying water, while setting up a camouflaged hut[5]. The food resource attracts birds from the surrounding area, while the birdwatcher hides behind the camouflaged hut at a short distance to observe and take photos[5]. Among the birding ponds in Baihualing Village, some "star bird ponds" annual income can reach 100,000 yuan. Their success and practice inspired other villagers to follow[9]. As more villagers joined in, the local village committee organized and helped the village to develop self-governing institutions and mechanisms[2]. With an increase in tourists around 2010, more households started building their own watering points. With each household competing to build its own routes, hides, and watering points, too many were built to be economically profitable[2]. In 2018, with the support of the village committee and local government, villagers decided to form a cooperative to manage the watering points and routes[2].
Nowadays, bird watching enthusiasts can not only watch birds, insects and plants, but also experience agricultural picking, outdoor sports and national songs and dances, history and culture at the same time, and a multifunctional rural tourism industry that integrates wildlife viewing, sightseeing tourism and scientific investigation has taken shape[9].
Affected Stakeholders
The Gaoligong Mountain Farmers' Biodiversity Conservation Association
It is officially established in December 1995 in Baihualing Village with funding from the United Nations University, Global Environment Facility and MacArthur Foundation. It is the first environmental protection organization in China that is officially established as a self-organized, self-managed, self-serving and self-developing organization of farmers[11]. The association has helped the villagers to establish the concept of "protecting Gaoligong Mountain is to protect ourselves"[12]. And in the process, the awareness of ecological environment protection among the association members has increased, not only do they not cut down trees and poach wild animals in the reserve, but also take the initiative to monitor the man-made activities that destroy natural resources[12].
With the continuous development and expansion of the association, the number of members has grown from 51 at its establishment to 151 at present. Under its influence, 28 forest protection and community development co-management committees, one traditional resource co-management committee, one white-browed gibbon co-management committee, one bird-loving association and other regional conservation organizations have been established in villages and communities around the east and west slopes of Gaoligong Mountain National Nature Reserve[12].
With the support of the management of the reserve, the association organizes the promotion of biodiversity and natural resources laws and regulations, organizes members to participate in the work related to ecological protection of the Gaoligong Mountains, hires experts to hold training on practical rural techniques such as breeding and planting, and carries out planning for the planting of economic forests in Baihualing Village[12].
In less than a year after the association was established, with the support of the "Gaoligong Mountain Forest Management and Biodiversity Conservation Project" funded by relevant foundations, 410 mu of mixed agroforestry such as coffee, walnut, chestnut and sweet persimmon were planted in demonstration, 700 mu of fast-growing and productive forest was created, and 500 mu of collective degraded forest land was closed for reforestation. This initiative has played a good role as a model for the later comprehensive development of ecological industries in Baihualing Village[12].
Since 2016, Baihualing Village has held the Gaoligong Mountain International Bird Watching Festival every year organized by the association. During the festival, various bird and wildlife photography competitions are held, a summit forum on "ecological protection and bird protection" is held, and a series of activities such as the appointment of a consultant for biodiversity protection in Gaoligong Mountain are presented[9].
Since 2017, the management committee of Gaoligong Mountain Tourism Resort has provided funds to support villagers to reconstruct bird ponds and create a comfortable bird-watching environment through the implementation of bird-watching point upgrading projects; villagers also organized themselves to set up the Baihualing Inn Union, initially established and standardized the operation service price system, and basically realized the clear price for services such as bird-watching guide, bird-watching catering and bird-watching site rental[9].
In 2020, the village's economic income reached 34.8 million yuan, with a per capita income of more than 12,600 yuan, which is 15 times more than 800 yuan per capita when the association was established[12].
Interested Stakeholders
The United Nations University/Global Environment Facility/MacArthur Foundation
The project "Forest Resource Management and Biodiversity Conservation in the Gaoligong Mountains" funded by the MacArthur Foundation, the United Nations Environment Program and the United Nations University's "Population, Land and Environment" project. The implementation of these international cooperation projects has helped the development of ecotourism in the reserve. The implementation of these international cooperation projects has provided excellent opportunities for ecotourism development in the reserve. The implementation of these projects provides a good foundation for community development and ecotourism development. The implementation of these projects provides a good basis for community development and ecotourism development[13].
The Dutch Government
Forest Conservation and Community Development Project
In 1998, the Dutch and Chinese governments launched the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project on Forest Conservation and Community Development Project. After the end of the first phase of the project in 2004, the Yunnan Forestry Department signed a three-year consolidation agreement with the Dutch Embassy with the support of the Ministry of Commerce and the State Forestry Administration. The Dutch government provided 1.4 million Euros to assist the Yunnan Forestry Department to continue implementing biodiversity conservation and capacity building in order to consolidate the experience and results achieved in the first phase of the project[13].
Through the implementation of the project, a wide range of effects have been achieved：
Standardize the Management of Nature Reserves
It helped to prepare the Yunnan Biodiversity Conservation Project Plan and the Yunnan Wetland Conservation Project Plan, which provided a scientific basis for biodiversity as well as wetland conservation in the province for a period of time in the future. A basic database and website of nature reserves in Yunnan Province were initially established to realize the standardized and informative management of reserves[13].
Improve the Capacity of Conservation Institutions
By purchasing equipment and conducting 10 sessions of technical training for 300 people covering the whole province, the project units have improved the working capacity of grassroots conservation managers, enhanced the management capacity of the institutions, and also promoted exchanges among protected areas[13].
Bring the Partnership Closer
With the support of the project, Yunnan Province has established "Forestry Information Center", "Nature Conservation Monitoring Research Center" and "Wildlife Monitoring Center" in the Provincial Forestry Research and Planning Institute. The management capacity of wildlife protection has been improved. The Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Utilization was newly established in the Provincial Forestry Vocational and Technical College to promote professional training of talents urgently needed in protected areas. Through cooperation and implementation of projects, we have further established links between protected area management institutions, research institutes and universities, integrated technical support resources, and established close partnerships[13].
Promoted the Community Co-management Model
It has actively promoted the establishment of forest co-management organizations in the surrounding areas of protected areas, which have played an important role in resource protection, coordination and management. We have carried out community development demonstration projects, alleviated the contradiction between resource protection and economic development, and strongly promoted the harmonious development of the nature reserve and the surrounding communities. Fifth, it has learned from international advanced experience. Through the implementation of the project, Yunnan Province has learned international advanced techniques and concepts in the organization, management and operation of biodiversity conservation, effectively promoting the management of biodiversity conservation in Yunnan Province[13].
Local Government
Conduct tourism development planning
In 1994, the Landscape Engineering Design Institute of Southwest Forestry College was invited to carry out the master plan of Baihualing Tourism Resort. Approved by the Ministry of Forestry and adopted the Overall Design of Gaoligong Mountain National Nature Reserve[13].
Open the Baihualing Tourism Ecological Zone
In 1994, domestic experts were invited to inspect the tourism resources and determined to start tourism development from Baihualing. 1999, ecological tourism experts from many countries were invited to inspect Baihualing. And the government helped with building bird-watching roads, parking lots and bird-watching bases, beautifying village appearance and upgrading tourist reception points and gradually forming a leisure and ecological tourism industry with bird watching as the main focus, supplemented by accommodations, recreation, touring and shopping[13].
Establish Gaoligong Mountain Forest Travel Agency
In 1995, Yunnan Baoshan Gaoligong Travel Agency was established to receive domestic and foreign scientific research and bird-watching ecotourism groups, laying the foundation for the development of ecotourism in the reserve[13].
Carrying Out Personnel Training
Organize tourism practitioners to attend ecotourism seminars and organize study tours to other nature reserves at home and abroad. Organized training courses on tour guide knowledge and organized tour guides to participate in the national tour guide qualification examination. Trained villagers of Baihualing in conservation knowledge and tourism knowledge to equip them with the ability to become tourist guides[13].
Promote Ecotourism
Produce brochures to promote the reserve and publish a reserve newsletter. Publish articles in major domestic newspapers and magazines to promote the scenic area. Received coverage from domestic and international television, newspapers and other news outlets, increasing the visibility of the reserve[13].
Attract community participation in ecotourism
Attract communities to participate in ecotourism by engaging villagers in paid guide tourism services and investing in the development of tourism communities[13].
Stakeholders Power Analysis
| Stakeholders | Power Analysis | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| The Gaoligong Mountain Farmers' Biodiversity Conservation Association | Low Influence & High Importance | The association is a local community organization run by farmers. It is an affected stakeholder because all its members live in Gaoligong Mountain and have traditional culture relationship with the land. But it doesn't have much influence because it is only a local organization, but local people can manage their issues directly through it. So the association is of high importance. |
| The United Nations University/Global Environment Facility/MacArthur Foundation | High Influence& Low Importance | The university and NGOs have high influence because they can provide a wide range of services and play a humanitarian role, reflecting citizen concerns to governments, monitoring policies and encouraging political participation at the community level. And they can provide analysis and expertise, serve as early warning mechanisms and help monitor and implement international agreements. But their members are not from the local community, so they are of low importance. |
| The Dutch Government | High Influence& Low Importance | The Dutch government has the power to decide on the planning, investment and support for the whole project, so it has a high influence. But its members are not from the local community, so they are of low importance. |
| Local Government | High Influence & High Importance | The local government has the direct power to decide plannings, fundings and policy for local tourism and development, so it has high influence. And it represents the interests of the local people, so it is of high importance. |
Discussion
Aims and Intensions
o Improve the sustainable livelihoods of local communities by providing a major new source of income, creating local employment opportunities
o Reduce local people's dependence on the extractive use of forest resources
o Offer new opportunities and hope for sustaining local livelihoods and biodiversity in conservation priority areas
Success
o From the mode of carrying cameras all over the mountain more than 20 years ago to the construction of professional bird watching ponds, the bird watching industry in Baihualing has gradually matured and formed a one-stop service industry chain of "backpack, bird guide, meal delivery, sales and logistics", transforming into a standardized track.
o The industrial circle formed by more than 20 bird ponds, more than 60 bird guides and more than 20 farm inns in Baihualing Resort received more than 50,000 bird-watching tourists in 2018 alone, achieving a total tourism income of 35 million yuan.
o The per capita income of Baihualing Village has increased from about 3,000 yuan before 2008 to nearly 13,000 yuan in 2017.
o By protecting the nests and setting up camouflage huts nearby, villagers can allow birdwatchers to shoot inside and earn camera fees. Sometimes a nest of a rare species can bring in tens of thousands of dollars in filming income.
o Not only did the villagers have more income, but the concept of ecological protection was further enhanced, and the villagers became an important force for ecological protection in the whole area.
Critical Issues
Ecological problems
Habitat Loss
Some experts point out that in the process of developing ecotourism in the nature reserves or pilot areas, some regions lack ecological concepts and scientific planning, to the extent of destroying the habitat of birds and other wild animals. The development of bird-watching tourism is a systematic project, which should scientifically investigate and evaluate the ecotourism resources for bird watching, appropriately select the development mode, and strengthen the study of the environmental carrying capacity of bird watching ecotourism and the planning of bird-watching routes[9].
Food Security
Procurement management mainly involves the purchase of tourism supporting facilities and bird food, villagers have their own purchase channels, but there are no clear measures in food safety testing and management, and the lack of supervision of bird food may bring potential hazards such as poisoning to birds, and a relevant system needs to be adopted for management[5].
Climate Change
Climate change may lead to unstable migration times, population reductions, and habitat/distribution changes will increase the difficulty of birding activities and even make birders change their choices of destinations that affect bird watching tourism[14].
Development Problems
Lack of Accessibility
Bird watching point traffic infrastructure, parking areas and other construction is not perfect and a series of problems, need to carry out unified planning and improve the road, and strengthen the construction of security facilities around[5].
The development of bird-watching tourism project in Baihualing has been a long time, but the previous way is bird watching in the wild, which has not been developed much due to the relevant laws and regulations of the reserve, the complicated geographical situation and inconvenient transportation. In recent years, the number of birds observed has increased and the difficulty of bird watching has been reduced, the number of tourists has increased significantly and the income of villagers has been improved[15].
Lack of Education
Lack of knowledge, lack of effective labor force, and lack of skills are common in such areas of Yunnan Province and have become bottlenecks that limit the development of rural tourism. For this reason, a government guarantee mechanism is needed to establish a service skills training system for community participants in rural tourism to provide a sustainable and effective guarantee for the improvement of community tourism service practitioners' capacity[15].
Community residents in rural tourism development areas generally have a low level of education, and the teaching materials of tourism courses are difficult and impractical for them. Based on the characteristics of such training, in-depth research can be conducted to design and compile a series of training materials for rural tourism service practitioners, striving for easy-to-understand text and content that meets actual local needs. In addition to the reading book format, it can be edited into video teaching materials, fully using the Internet to form a network course system, and free and open[15].
Lack of Talents
Fewer local college students return to their hometowns to start their own businesses. The government should take policy support and professional guidance to encourage local college students to return to their hometowns to start their own businesses[5].
With the development of tourism precision poverty alleviation projects, the contradiction between the rapidly developing rural tourism and the lack of tourism talents has become increasingly prominent, and there is an urgent shortage of various types of practitioners in tourism development sites. At present, one of the biggest problems to be solved in rural tourism development is the problem of improving the ability of farmers in local communities to participate in tourism practice[15].
Lack of Industry Diversity
There is still a shortage of souvenirs and handmade products. Therefore, more tourism products should be developed, such as handmade products of birds, to increase the economic benefits of tourism[15].
Lack of Diversified Promotion
The tourism promotion of Baihualing is mainly through the bird network information publication, website information publication, etc. Baihualing bird watching tourism in marketing should also be strengthened, can strengthen cooperation with travel agencies and other forms to increase the number of tourists[5].
Imbalanced Development
There are differences in the income obtained from bird-watching tourism, leading to a growing gap between the rich and poor villagers, which to some extent affects the harmony of the community and tends to cause social conflicts and increase the crime rate[5].
Recommendations
For Baihualing village:
o In order to promote the sustainable development of bird watching tourism, Baihualing should ensure the full participation of community residents in tourism activities.
o Geographical location, local leadership, and external support are all important for the success of bird photography in Hanlong.
o Bird watching tourism in Baihualing Village is developed by villagers on their own initiative, without the direct participation of government or enterprises, and is a typical community-led tourism development model.
o The value chain of Baihualing Village bird-watching tourism mainly includes supporting activity links such as infrastructure construction, human resource management, communication management and procurement management, as well as basic activity links such as tourism resource development, tourism product development, tourism marketing and tourism reception services.
For the government:
o It should provide policy support and unified management in infrastructure construction, road traffic, and business management to adjust the benefits to villagers and reduce social conflicts, environmental pollution and other negative problems brought about by unbalanced development.
o It should also strictly control the construction and management of bird ponds and formulate relevant regulations to avoid over-exploitation damages the environment.
o When planning for nature reserves, local livelihoods should be fully considered, especially when delineating the boundaries of the reserves; the government should assess the positive or negative impacts of construction on rural development and consider the effect of reconfiguring town systems at the regional level
For other places:
o Experiences in Baihualing Village offer an excellent heuristic example for sustainable community development, adaptation, and change in conservation priority areas.
o They also contribute to the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals and Aichi targets and thus have value for wider up scaling.
o Bird-watching tours are mainly carried out in ecological areas, with little action in the transformation of scenic spots, little capital investment, and very little damage to the environment, coupled with the fact that tourists have no specific standard requirements for accommodation and food, and the operation is more flexible, so it is a profitable business.
o The effective participation of community residents in rural tourism development areas in tourism services is the key to the effectiveness of rural tourism development.
This conservation resource was created by Course:FRST522. | |
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Allendorf T. D., & Yang J. (2013). "The role of ecosystem services in park–people relationships: The case of Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve in Southwest China". Biological Conservation. 167: 187–193.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Basnet, D., Jianmei, Y., Dorji, T., Qianli, X., Lama, A. K., Maowei, Y., ... & Shaoliang, Y. (2021). "Bird photography tourism, sustainable livelihoods, and biodiversity conservation: A case study from China". Mountain Research and Development. 41(2).CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 He, M. H. (2004). "Gaoligongshan ziran baohuqu longyang guanli suo shixing shequ gongguan de taolun [Exploration on the implementation of community co-management in Longyang Management Office of Gaoligong Mountain Nature Reserve]". Linye diaocha guihua. 29(1): 40–42.
- ↑ Yu, H., Xu, L., Li, S., Li, Y., & Li, J. (2022). "Do protected areas exacerbate rural shrinkage? research on China's Gaoligong Mountain region from an institutional-space perspective". Forests. 13(10): 1567.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Xiao, Q. L., Yang, J. M., & Yue, M. W. (2019). "Jiazhilian shijiao xia Baihualingcun guanniao lvyou fupin moshi yanjiu [Study on the Poverty Alleviation Model of Bird-watching Tourism in Baihualing Village from the Perspective of Value Chain]". Nongye jingji yu keji. 09: 90–93.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ "Interpretation of the three reforms of China's collective forest rights system". Studies on Land Legal System of China. 2009.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Zheng, B. (2006). "Changes and Trends in Forest Tenure and Institutional Arrangements for Collective Forest Resources in Yunnan province, China" (PDF). In FAO: Understanding forest tenure in south and southeast Asia. Forestry Policy and Institutional Working Paper.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Li, Z. B. (2001). "Ecotourism Development in Gaoligong Mountain National Nature Reserve". Ecotourism. 16: 53–56.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Ding, Y. Y. (2019). "Guanniao jingji yituo baohu shengtai [Bird watching economy, ecological protection based on tourism]". Huanjing jingji. 09: 90–93.
- ↑ Jin, M. (2021). "Xiangcun lvyou kaifa zhong shequ lvyou congye nengli tisheng jizhi yanjiu [Study on the mechanism of community tourism practitioners' capacity enhancement in village tourism development]". Yunan kaifang daxue xuebao. 03: 112–117.
- ↑ He, M. H. (2004). "Gaoligongshan ziran baohuqu longyang guanli suo shixing shequ gongguan de taolun [Exploration on the implementation of community co-management in Longyang Management Office of Gaoligong Mountain Nature Reserve]". Linye diaocha guihua. 29(1): 40–42.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Jiang, Z. H. (2021). "Baohu Gaoligongshan jiushi baohu women ziji ——Yunnan Sheng Gaoligongshan nongmin shengwu duoyangxing xiehui chengzhangji [Protecting Gaoligong Mountain is protecting ourselves: The growth of Gaoligong Mountain Farmers' Biodiversity Conservation Association in Yunnan Province]". Huanjing jingji. 23: 42–45.
- ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 Li，Z. B. (2001). "Discussion on Ecotourism Development of National Nature Conservation Zone
in Gaoligong Mountain". Shengtai jingji. 5: 33–35. line feed character in
|title=at position 74 (help) - ↑ Li, N., Yang, C., Qin, X., Sun, J., & Liu, J. (2022). "The impact of climate change on birder destination loyalty: examining changes in bird resources". Current Issues in Tourism. 25(11): 1798–1816.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Jin, M. (2021). "Xiangcun lvyou kaifa zhong shequ lvyou congye nengli tisheng jizhi yanjiu [Study on the mechanism of community tourism practitioners' capacity enhancement in village tourism development]". Yunan kaifang daxue xuebao. 03: 112–117.