Course:Vancouver Plans evolved from Green Vancouver: Taking bold climate action, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Abstract

This conservation resource was created by Course:FRST370.

This wiki page introduces many action plans evolved from the theme of Green Vancouver: Taking bold climate action. There are six action plans. Each will have its section and outlining the essential things derived from the government websites. The objectives of this wiki page are to provide a brief overview of what has the government of the City of Vancouver done to adapt and mitigate climate change and to develop a more sustainable city.

Keywords: global climate change, climate emergency, city plan, adaptation and mitigation strategy, sustainable development.

Green Vancouver: Taking bold climate action

History and Background

Vancouver is located on the traditional, ancestral, and unceded territory of the xʷməθkʷəy̓əm (Musqueam), Sḵwx̱wú7mesh (Squamish), and Sel̓íl̓witulh (Tsleil-Waututh) Nations.

Musqueam's ancestors have lived in the Fraser River estuary for thousands of years. Today, portions of Musqueam's traditional territory are called Vancouver, North Vancouver, South Vancouver, Burrard Inlet, New Westminster, Burnaby, and Richmond.

The territory of the Squamish People includes the Burrard Inlet, English Bay, False Creek, and Howe Sound watersheds. While historically, the Squamish People had a tradition of dual residencies between the Howe Sound Watershed and the English Bay or Burrard Inlet watershed. The majority of our people live on the North Shore of Vancouver in three communities in West Vancouver and North Vancouver. Approximately 10 percent of our population lives in communities along the Squamish River in Squamish, British Columbia.

The heart of the Tsleil-Waututh community is now centered on Burrard Inlet, between Maplewood Flats and Deep Cove in North Vancouver. The traditional territory encompasses wilderness watersheds northwards to Mount Garibaldi, Coquitlam Lake in the east, and Howe Sound to the west.

In Vancouver, large-scale urban renewal projects have been stalled by economic stagnation, population decline, poverty, modernist office buildings, and public housing development. Many urban planners have expressed concern about the future of urban development in national economic interests and policies. Historically, Vancouver's urban planners aspired to create an auto-centric development that would allow more and more people to drive in and out of the downtown area and make it easier to connect business centers to residential areas. The 200 Plan was proposed from 1960 to 1971. The plan focused on building a freeway that would destroy the historic and preserved parts of the city, but the project was not implemented.

A stated goal of EcoDensity, proposed in 2006 and approved by the Vancouver City Council in 2008. It is to achieve greater urban sustainability through existing dense communities, making Vancouver more environmentally sustainable and affordable, and anchoring its meaning in other widely held concepts of sustainability, such as affordability and livability. However, an initiative calling for the demolition of existing affordable housing and new high-rise condominiums has drawn opposition from DTE activists, and this was due to their fear of displacement and homelessness in the community. This plan does not end well. In 2012 the Greenest City Action Plan was approved by Vancouver City Council. The project includes goals and guidelines for tracking progress and combines sustainability principles under one green standard.

Objectives

The broad objectives of the overall program are to promote sustainable urban development, such as green cities and affordable housing, and to provide plans and strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation.

The Six Action Plans and Strategy

• Climate Emergency Action Plan
• Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
• Green Operations Plan
• Zero Waste 2040
• Green Opportunities for Residents and Businesses
• Greenest City Action Plan
  

Climate Emergency Action Plan

Introduction

The city council approved the climate Emergency Action Plan on November 17, 2020. The plan's main objective is to reduce Vancouver's carbon pollution by 50% before 2030 to limit global warming to 1.5°C or even lower. This goal makes sure Vancouver's alignment with the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change launched by the United Nations. This plan acquires collaboration of everyone in the city, from individuals to the private sector to public institutions. Public engagement is crucial. In Vancouver's summary report regarding this project focusing 2020-2025, it got further broken down into three approaches - How we move, How we build and renovate, How we capture carbon pollution. The approaches are composed of specific actions implemented through small actions plans.

Objectives

The primary objective is to reduce Vancouver’s carbon pollution by 50% by 2030. To reach the goal, Vancouver needs to cut carbon pollution from burning fossil fuels in vehicles and buildings. According to the current statistic provided by Vancouver, the two sources listed above excrete the most carbon pollution, with 37% in burning fossil fuels in vehicles and 57% in buildings. Therefore, the City of Vancouver has come up with three approach actions. The first approach is changing transportation methods and using sustainable transportations tools. The government of Vancouver would like to archive this by building walkable neighbourhoods, which means by 2030, 90% of Vancouver’s residents will have easy access to their daily facilities such as groceries. Then, the City of Vancouver plans to improve its transportation network. This step will make sure the public transit is accessible to all age groups and different user types both financially and timely efficiency. The last step in this approach is to encourage zero-emission vehicles to keep the flexibility in transportations tools. The second approach is focused on how we build and renovate. This approach changes newer technology instead of using natural gas and changing low carbon materials in new constructions. Low carbon materials are embedded recycled materials and more starting from the extraction and manufacturing. The last approach is capturing carbon pollution from the atmosphere. The Vancouver Natural Carbon Sequestration (NCS) program is still under development which quantitative target is to be published by the fall of 2021. However, there is no online source as of December 1, 2021, but it should be released soon. If the Climate Emergency Action Plan is successful, Vancouvers will launch a new equitable plan to secure fair policies and help people transition to a new style zero-emission community.

Addition Action Plan

These action plans support the implementation process of the policies and turn objectives into action. Zero Emissions Building plan establishes specific targets and actions to achieve zero emissions in all new buildings by 2030. Proceeding with this plan also helps reduce embodied emissions when building materials are produced, shipped, and assembled to construct a new building or renovate an existing one. The plan benefits both the residents and the factory; thus, it should be a win-win situation. The target is transitioning to zero-emissions buildings in all new construction by 2030. To achieve this, the City of Vancouver limits emissions and energy use in new buildings and will reduce these limits over time. Neighbourhood Energy Strategy, helps develop neighbourhood renewable energy systems throughout Vancouver. One method illustrated is using low-carbon renewable energy sources, such as sewage waste heat, to reduce burning fossil fuels.

Stakeholders Analysis & Power Distribution

There are three groups of affected stakeholders: Vancouver's residents, the City of Vancouver (government), and BC businesses. Vancouver's residents want to live a more sustainable, affordable and healthier life. Their power is moderate to minor. There are opportunities for them to participate. Most of the involvement for planning happens at the first two phases in the planning process, and later when plans are finalized, it is just collaboration. However, they make up a crucial part when together, as their cooperation with performing tasks and activities will lead to the plan's success. The government of the City of Vancouver, which directs the planning process, holds the most power as they are responsible for making bylaws. Their goals are perfectly demonstrated in the Climate Emergency Action Plan itself, which is promoting a better, more sustainable and green city by implementing these climate change mitigation plans. The last group of affected stakeholders is BC businesses. They hold moderate power as they act as the performers that work with both the government and individuals. Their objective is to balance the economic benefits and promote a sustainable city by collaborating with the government of the City of Vancouver.

The Interested stakeholder is the United Nations, a Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO). Their responsibility is to set primary goals such as limiting global warming to 1.5°C and monitoring countries globally to achieve these goals by their best ability. The United Nations holds a power ranging from moderate to high as they are a wise international authority and have a significant influence. Although, it also depends on how does local government is willing to collaborate with them.

Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

Introduction

Climate Change Adaptation Strategy is evolved from the Greenest City: A Renewable City. In this subsection, it explain what does adaptation means in the context of climate change. Then, to create proactive plans that adapt to future climate. The proactive plans are procedures to accomplished a specific target. The webpage includes various potential risks that Vancouver’s may encounter in the future cause by global climate change.

Objectives

The Climate Change Adaptation Strategy is a city-wide plan and mainly focusing on guiding the City of Vancouver to 2050 and beyond. Following the big guidelines, there are five scenario or aspect and for each of them there are specific steps to conduct. All action plans are made under the circumstance to ensure that Vancouver being a vibrant and resilient when facing challenges situation cause by climate change especially due to global warming.

Addition Action Plan

Following is the five situation Vancouvers are most likely to face if the current global situation continues or fails to achieve the limiting global warming 1.5°C. As the strategy is still under development, many action plans are still under development. Therefore only targets can be found.

The first challenge Vancouver may experience is Sea Level Rise. By 2050, Vancouver is expecting hotter, drier summers, wetter falls and springs, and warmer winters. Extreme weather events will be more frequent and intense, and sea-level rise is anticipated to be 1 meter by 2100. Click here for Map of sea levels (2016 vs 2100) if no adaptation measures are implemented. There are many resources for preparing sea level rises, such as Vancouver's Changing Shoreline and the Sea2City Design Challenge, allowing public engagement for different opinions. Sea2City Design Challenge aims to improve collaboration ability among multidisciplinary teams and look for a new framework to create better vulnerability and resilience of Vancouver's shoreline in flooding events. The False Creek Coastal Adaptation Plan and Fraser River Coastal Adaptation Plan are two new plans in the initial stage. However, both plans focus on the shoreline region of Vancouvers and planing to reconstruct to withstand extreme flooding events in the future.

The second challenge is increasing temperature in Vancouver. It is expected that by 2050, Vancouver will have double times the hot days (>25°C) compared to current days. To adapt to this situation, the City of Vancouver had partnered up with Health Canada to work with SFU and UBC to complete Urban Heat Island Effect maps. Another action taken is implementing the Urban Forest Strategy, which focuses on tree planting and keeps track of the progress the city had created a canopy cover map. The canopy map also shows a suitable place for planting new trees.

The third challenge is increasing the intensity and frequency of rain and snow events. It is expected by 2050. There will have more extreme weather events. Hence, the government of Vancouver has applied a Citywide Integrated Rainwater Management Plan and Green Infrastructure Strategy. Renovation and redesign of city sewer lines which "sanitary and storm sewers are being separated to add capacity to grey (pipe) infrastructure to handle heavy storms and eliminate combined sewer overflows". The City of Vancouver also plans to rebuild sewer sizing to manage more flow.

The fourth challenge is nature changes caused by multi factors, which intervene with other challenges that will impact Vancouver's plants and animals' living capability. Furthermore, nature change can change migration patterns, growing seasons, and the cycle of the environment. To adapt to this situation, the City of Vancouver has to implement Biodiversity Strategy and Greenest City Action Plan. These two plans ensure that Vancouver is restoring its biodiversity in parks and landscape through increasing urban farming and community gardening.

The fifth challenge is the Urban Heat Island Effect due to temperature rises, indicating that urban areas concentrating on buildings will have a higher temperature than suburban areas. The high temperature means houses may need air conditioning to cool down in the summer. The government implemented Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Certified Passive House Standards[9]. Passive houses are designed to manage the increasing solar heat problem with a considerably low carbon footprint. The city is also looking to enhance the neighbourhood energy systems by expanding renewable energy systems to increase the efficient distribution of heat to each housing.

Stakeholders Analysis & Power Distribution

There are two groups of affected stakeholders: Vancouver's residents and the City of Vancouver (government). Vancouver's residents have relatively moderate to low power, but they strongly influence when they gather, less when individual. Their goal is to follow the procedures provided by Vancouver's government to build a more resilient city. For the Climate Change Adaptation Strategy to be successful, the engagement and manner of Vancouver's residents are essential. The government of the City of Vancouver has firm objectives on establishing this strategic plan as it prepares Vancouver to thrive under potential future issues due to global warming. The government is powerful and influential in planning and implementation of the strategy.

The interested stakeholders are Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). They have moderate power and moderate to significant influence because they help with advocacy of the strategy so that more public generals learn about its existence. Thus they help to support the government's finances through raising funds.

Green Operations Plan

Introduction

The Green Operation Plan is a subdivision of the Green Vancouver project. It summarizes the achievement of the Greenest City Action Plan targets that can rely on the government and need the cooperation and participation of all of Vancouver's citizens and businesses. To improve the city's sustainable operations, a comprehensive waste reduction and diversion program are needed for all city facilities; encourage the use of local food; reduce GHGs emissions and fossil fuel use from city-operated buildings and vehicles. The joint object is to design zero carbon, zero waste, and healthy ecosystems.

Objectives

The main object of the Green Operation Plan is to apply a comprehensive corporate waste reduction and diversion program for all city facilities. It requires all citizens and enterprises' involvement to reduce GHGs emissions and fossil fuel use by developing procurement policies and practices.

Addition Action Plan

Purchasing local and sustainable food supports the City and Parks Commission's goals of reducing GHGs, enhancing food security, improving overall health status, and providing more opportunities for local green jobs. It is the initiative under the sub-plan of "Food for our facilities." It encourages residents in Vancouver to purchase local and sustainable food produced by local food industries which grow in local farms.

Sustainable purchasing requires the procurement policy to ensure that food suppliers meet the minimum requirements in the Supplier Code of Conduct. Suppliers must complete the Supplier Sustainability Leadership Assessment Questionnaire to determine the Supplier Code of Conduct. The inclusion process through bidding by proposers from service industries or those producing sustainability-related products is a way to incorporate sustainability and ethical (SE) considerations into the procurement process.

Meanwhile, city facilities at the community level are to be progressively transformed into sustainable, green, clean facilities. All new municipal facilities will be built to Leadership in Energy and Design Gold standards - the highest standard of any city in North America. City facilities, a key goal in developing green cities, should improve current facilities to make them more energy-efficient. These facilities must be built to the Leadership in Energy and Design Gold Standard.

Greening the fleet is a specific goal of the Green Operations Plan, as transportation is an integral part of everyday life. In 2020, it achieved a 43% reduction. The commitment is to reduce fleet emissions to 60% by 2030 and 100% by 2050 through fueling, electrification, and utilization. Gas stations need to shift diesel fuel from biodiesel to renewable energy for car owners in the city. The auto industry should mass-produce electric or renewable natural gas-based vehicles and encourage future owners to purchase electric cars. The City of Vancouver as a whole would replace the current fuel-based fleet, and fleet drivers and staff would have to learn fuel-efficient driving methods. Moreover, encourage city staff to share cars during work.

The transformation and role modeling of City of Vancouver staff are essential as they are the primary targets for implementing the implementation plan. The government runs a sustainable commuting program to reduce the number of cars on the road. Putting the program into practice is spearheaded by offering incentives to employees who choose to commute sustainably.

Finally, city facilities, such as offices, theaters, libraries, and police departments, need to implement more comprehensive waste diversion through multi-stream recycling, with complete composting. This coordinated approach to waste management will allow the city to understand waste streams better, track data, identify additional opportunities for improvement, and provide a standardized solution for all municipal facilities.

Stakeholders Analysis & Power Distribution

Affected stakeholders include government, community residents, and city staff. The City of Vancouver has a high level of influence and importance in the implementation, operation, planning, and practice of the Green Operations Plan. Their goals are aligned with the purposes of the program. At the same time, they have full authority in promoting the program, purchasing the required products, and developing related policies. Community residents have a high level of influence and importance because it directly affects their living conditions and the implementation of the green operation plan. They are not involved in the command or decision-making process, but their opinions and actions are the basis for the program's success. They do not have the power to interfere with the outline of the project, but they have more than that; they are the critical point of implementation. For city staff, their influence is small, but their importance is high. They implement the green action plans that permeate their daily lives and serve as the basis for driving the program. They are the first group or the primary target for implementing the project, which is crucial for further progress.

Only one group was classified as a stakeholder of interest: local businesses, with low impact but high importance. The project does not directly affect their lives but profits from purchasing products from the green operations program. They have no real power in making decisions or driving the project but produce and sell clean, green, renewable products.

Zero Waste 2040

Introduction

The Zero Waste 2040 is a subdivision of the Greenest City Action Plan. It acts as a long-term strategic plan to become a zero-waste community. The plan outlines at the community level, which is intended to create a community that supports sustainable resource use, a healthy economy, affordability, vibrant and inclusive neighborhoods, and equal opportunity to eliminate solid waste. Through conserving resources, preventing waste, reusing products and materials to produce renewable energy, avoiding pollution, and diversifying the economy to pursue a zero-waste future.

Objectives

The main objectives are waste avoidance and reduction. First, by reuse, recycling, and recovery to develop Vancouver's circular economy. Exhaustively create a zero-waste culture by supporting community social goals. Ultimately, to reduce Vancouver's greenhouse gas emissions and ecological footprint by 2040.

Addition Action Plan

The City of Vancouver will be working with the Vancouver Economic Commission (VEC) to explore converting our former recycled materials receiving site at 1198 East Kent Avenue South into a Zero Waste Demonstration Centre. As a Zero Waste Demonstration Centre, the intention is to commercialize zero waste and clean technology companies, reduce waste in landfills and incinerators, increase green jobs, and build technology for city operations.

Preventing and reducing food waste is the most basic and necessary way to eliminate waste. To keep food out of landfills or incinerators, identify and seek options to improve the food rescue and redistribution system. Vancouver residents, non-profit organizations, and food businesses have to reconsider familiar habits that contribute to food waste, identify and seek options to improve the food rescue and redistribution system and become a leading city in food waste prevention.

The widespread popularity of disposable products in our lives not only contributes to the accumulation of waste, but the non-degradable materials also cause irreversible damage to the ecosystem. Therefore, single-use item reduction strategies are being taken more and more seriously. Vancouver residents need to be aware of the importance of reducing single-use items and reducing their use. Businesses, charities, and non-profit organizations will produce or use non-disposable items, such as cups and straws. Most importantly, stores or markets should use paper bags instead of plastic bags.

Along with reducing food waste, another small goal to reduce the use or non-use of disposable items is to reduce clothing waste. At the community level, residents are encouraged to reconsider their buying habits and participate in reducing the purchase of clothing or reusing old clothes that don't fit. At the same time, reducing, repairing, and reusing (donating) clothes can reduce clothing waste in landfills and incinerators.

In addition to the recycling available for everyday life, a broader utility is the demolition permit for recycling and deconstruction. The government requires minimum reuse and recycling to deconstruct waste when demolishing homes built before 1950. In addition, deconstruction requirements apply when demolishing heritage-listed homes or homes built before 1910. In addition, to reuse as much as possible, recycle as much as possible, and properly dispose of hazardous materials, projects are strongly encouraged to consider deconstruction rather than demolition, which involves stripping and demolishing the building to maximize the reuse of salvaged materials. Residual materials can be sold or donated (which may result in tax credits), and wholly deconstructed projects can achieve a diversion rate of 95% or higher. Dwellings located in a potentially conditioned floor area will require a character assessment to determine the recycling rate, even if the development application is straightforward. Currently, applications without a potential condition do not require a character assessment - they will have the 75% recycling and reuse requirement applied.

Overall, to make Vancouver a litter-free city, it is not enough to keep the outside public areas clean and growing thorough cleaning and maintenance. The main intention is to make the public aware of the importance of putting litter in its place by establishing litter bans for curbside and park recycling, cleaning leaves from city streets, and educating the public at schools or social events. Everyone needs to come together to keep Vancouver clean to move towards a litter-free city.

Stakeholders Analysis & Power Distribution

Affected stakeholders include residents and all levels of government (local, regional and provincial). Residents have a high level of influence and importance. The project directly affects their lives and requires participation. The main target and beneficiary groups of the project must follow the plan's objectives and take relevant actions. They are not involved in the decision-making process, but they can contribute to the development of the project and have the ability to achieve the goals in the plan. The program is directly involved with local, regional, and provincial governments, with a high degree of influence and importance. Their main objective is similar to the program: to lead the team to conduct, implement, and monitor the program and its progress. They have full authority in every aspect of the program, from purchasing renewable products to set policies.

Interested stakeholders include business owners, nonprofit organizations, and academia. Businesses are low in influence but high in importance; they are indirectly involved but benefit from government or individual purchases of products. They have no real power in making decisions or driving projects but produce and market clean, green, renewable products. Nonprofit organizations are less influential and essential; they work with the government by implementing projects. Their main goal is to act and be a role model promoting programs in partnership with local governments. Also, they must produce or practice the target product but have no actual power. Finally, low-impact and low importance academics provide an educational platform, resources, and staff to raise public awareness, but have no absolute control in making decisions, formatting, or monitoring the progress of the program.

Green Opportunities for Residents and Businesses

Introduction

The Green Opportunities for Residents and Businesses is to ensure the greenest city goal and targets able to achieve, the city of Vancouver offered many different ways for residents and local businesses to be a part and take part in the plan. It will help to have strong and effective partnerships with all organizations in Vancouver that have a crucial role in greening the city.

Objectives

This action aims to have residents and organizations in Vancouver involved with the plan and ensure the greenest city goals and targets can achieve.

Addition Action Plan

The City of Vancouver has come up with a couple of ways to have the residents and businesses be a part of the action. The Green Grant is an application program that offers place-based, community-driven grants. It has funding of $90,000 per year and small grants from $50 up to $500 for Vancouver residents that support and build grassroots action on the greenest city targets. It aims to have grant offered for residents in Vancouver to help advance sustainability while advancing equity in Vancouver.

The Women4Climate Mentorship Program is a woman mentor-based program that aims to advance bold, local climate action aligned with Vancouver's Climate Emergency Action Plan. Within a ten-month mentorship period, mentors Asher their knowledge and experiences and help the mentees develop their leadership skills and advance their climate initiatives. With the target of using the mentorship program to contribute to the next generation of climate leaders.

Stakeholders Analysis & Power Distribution

Affected stakeholders are the City of Vancouver, local communities. The City of Vancouver has high interest and high importance towards the program. They are the role of arranging and carrying out each of the programs. The City of Vancouver makes the decisions and to pass them down to the local communities. The local communities have high interest and high importance; the communities are directly affected by the rules and actions of the program, the activities will change the communities' environment and conditions.

Interested stakeholders in this program are local businesses and non-profit organizations. The local businesses have High interest and high importance because they are provided with opportunities towards the programs and help for the Greenest city goals. And the non-profit organizations have high interest and low importance. This is because they can Partnership with the program and take roles in the greening city plan.

Greenest City Action Plan

Introduction

The Greenest City Action Plan was begun in 2009 and adopted by the council in July 2011. It will continue the targets through the Climate Emergency Action Plan. Within the period, eight of the targets were achieved among 17 of them. 90% of Vancouver residents are concerned or highly concerned about the climate crisis. Yet less than 10% understand what constitutes meaningful action beyond recycling and saving energy.

Objectives

The main objectives are to make Vancouver a greener place to live, work, and play, to reduce to zero carbon buildings, transportation, and waste and to promote a healthy environment based on clean water, local food, and clean air.

Achievement

These actions plan's accomplishments include funding two million dollars for community-led projects for a greener Vancouver, recycling 76 percent of waste generated by new buildings or demolition of old ones, reducing greenhouse gas emissions 7%, newly constructed buildings are now using 50% less energy than other provinces buildings - Additional 28 km of cycling path along the ocean.

Tenure Management

All Vancouver’s plans and strategies are evolved from Green Vancouver: Taking bold climate action vision as the plans and strategy incorporate the whole of Vancouver regions and look at different scopes.

• Most plans and strategies are managed through collaboration among all stakeholders. Specific targets are set, and instructions are indicated in all programs and are available through government websites. To ensure that everything stays in the correct order, thus it requires all government departments, private businesses and Vancouver’s residents to work together towards the shared vision of making the City of Vancouver a better place for life.
• Leasehold tenure is a type of management seen in renovation constructions or new building projects. In Vancouver, before construction begins for any project, a building permit is needed, which is a way for the government to monitor to ensure everything is abiding by the plans. This type of tenure is Vancouver’s granting the right to the private sector to build on the land.
• Many First Nations leasehold land in Vancouver is freehold land of First Nations people. Hence, when rental periods are finished, the First Nations people have the absolute right to recollect their land and control overall property aspects. For instance, False Creek South is a leasehold land Vancouver can possess over the ground for 60 years.

Discussion

Most of the plans and strategies are sets of specific targets and procedures but have a more significant effect when implemented. Although there is no indication of First Nations Peoples’ participation in all the reports, however, due to the tenure management system, there are signs of projects collaborations with First Nations in other government departments and private businesses. Many leasehold lands in Vancouver are reaching their leasehold date in which there are new constructions projects developed that are designed specifically for the First Nations Peoples. For instance, Senákw is currently under construction on both sides of Burrard Street Bridge on Squamish Nation’s territory. This project is considered the most extensive partnership with First Nations Peoples. The project was developed by the Nch’kaỷ West, mainly focusing on producing affordable net zero-carbon housing.

Recommendations

Keep the process transparent, for instance distribution of donation funds.

Keeping the process transparent will give the community and people a clear understanding of how the funds and stages the plan are under. Since the program is so essential and involves the whole city, it will be helpful to keep all the information transparent.

Provide stable updates in all stages using key points.

Based on the websites, all stages and updates are not easy to access for interested people. People have to look through a large amount of PowerPoint to understand the steps and achievements fully. To provide an accessible access page of updates and key points is necessary.

Provide easy procedures for the general public to understand.

The procedures for the public should be easy to get and understand. The plan involves some level of education to understand; it is essential to have it easy and understandable.

Have more public open houses or walk tours for engagement of all stakeholders.

The plan itself involves many stakeholders and the general public; the need for public understanding can be found through the public open hours or some types of workshops.

Conclusion

After all, the mini-action plan evolved from the theme of Green Vancouver: Taking bold climate action requires collaborative management. The City of Vancouver designed these plans, so the government has priority and authority, but it will take the collaboration of all citizens to make them happen.

In general, Vancouver's governance system is characterized by a strong record of public engagement and early political interest in climate change mitigation. The act of greening the city as a cornerstone to combat climate change, improve quality of life, and promote sustainability sets quantifiable goals, sets time frames for implementation, monitoring, and documentation, which uses complex, quantifiable measures to assess progress toward goals. For example, three targeted rezoning policies allow developers to increase profits by increasing density and building height while meeting more stringent sustainability standards. In addition, the City of Vancouver's GCAP is aimed at Vancouver residents and the general public.

Furthermore, there is a link between green development and the scarcity of affordable housing in Vancouver. Although Vancouver is the greenest city globally, it has the lowest affordability. Under the theme of Green Vancouver, by eliminating waste, promoting public travel, and creating recyclable housing facilities to reduce the living expenses required by residents. Therefore, more money can be used to pay for housing needs. At the same time, the construction planning of future buildings will also reduce the price of housing by recycling resources and using light energy to increase affordability.

However, some of the challenges of GCAP include the need to draw boundaries to quantify carbon emissions, which is an ongoing challenge. In addition, mandatory standards for green buildings do not lead to the best results, and building bylaws need to be appropriately enforced.