Course:SPPH381B/Essays/TermProject/Alkaline battery - Samin/Open pit and underground mining/Dust inhalation-graphite pneumoconiosis

Recognition

Silicosis resulting from inhalation of graphite dust often contains up to 10 per cent silica. Pneumoconiosis is a lung condition that is caused by inhaling particles of mineral dust, usually while working in a high-risk, mineral-related industry. At first, irritating mineral dust can trigger lung inflammation, which causes areas of the lung to be temporarily damaged. Over time, these areas can progress to form tough, fibrous tissue deposits. This stage of pneumoconiosis is called fibrosis. Fibrosis stiffens the lungs and interferes with the lung's normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. X-ray examinations of natural and artificial graphite workers have shown various levels of pneumoconiosis. Microscopic histopathology has revealed pigment aggregates, small fibrous nodules, cysts and cavities present in the lungs. The cavities have been found to contain an inky fluid in which graphite crystals were identified. Six hundred and five cases of graphite pneumoconiosis have been reported in the literature. In 39 cases the diagnosis was based on or supported by autopsy or lung biopsy results. Five out of six studies dealing with graphite containing silica demonstrated fibrogenic effect on the lungs.

Evaluation

The primary source of environmental evaluation criteria for graphite miners by the NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs) is 2.5 milligrams of contaminant per cubic meter of air. Evaluation criteria may change over the years as new information on the toxic effects of an agent become available.

Controls

The over-mold facepiece and face seal ensure the unit provides an excellent fit and comfort to the wearer, as it conforms to the wearers unique facial characteristics.

The Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety also provides controls for preventing graphite pneumoconiosis in the workplace.

1. Installation of effective ventilation where ever possible.

2. Always wear the correct personal protective equipment (PPE), especially well fitted respirators. Workers should wear eye wear that has UV protection. They also should use ear protection. Aprons and fire resistant heavy leather gloves will help protect the hands and clothing.

3. Workers should be made aware of safety procedures with regard to the washing down of dust laden areas and of the removal and washing of clothes that have been exposed to the dust.

4. Any part of the body exposed should be cleaned thoroughly and the worker should be mindful that dust should not be transmitted into the mouth by e.g. dust contaminated food, smoking, drinking, taking medicine, etc.

5. Avoid cigarette smoking because smoking worsens the harmful effects of pneumoconiosis.