Course:LFS350/Projects/2014W1/T12/Proposal
Version Control
| Version | Author | Role | Changes | Date |
| 4.1 | Group 12 | To provide an updated version of our proposal to be submitted on Saturday, Nov. 1, 2014. | Changes were made according to the feedback provided by the LFS 350 Teaching Assistant, Kristina Michaux, and our community partner, Colin Dring. | Saturday, Nov. 1, 2014 |
| 4.0 | Group 12 | To provide a research proposal to be submitted on Saturday, Oct. 4, 2014. | Additional criteria added to specify the population to be interviewed. | Wednesday, Oct. 1, 2014 |
| 3.0 | Group 12 | To provide a proposal outlining the details of the research regarding the question of study. | Changes made to reflect the views of the stakeholder after initial meeting. | Monday, Sept. 22, 2014 |
| 2.0 | Group 12 | To provide a rough outline of the project charter to be used in introducing Colin to our research study. | Content edited to focus on the food security of the Chinese Canadians and the Indo-Canadians of the Richmond Community. | Sunday, Sept. 21, 2014 |
| 1.0 | Group 12 | To provide a framework from which to construct content relevant to the question of study. | Initial version | Sunday, Sept. 21, 2014 |
Project Background (__ / 10)
Introducing the Richmond Food Security Society
The Richmond Food Security Society (RFSS) is a non-profit organization striving to achieve food security in the Richmond community. It operates under the mandate “that all people in the community, at all times, have access to nutritious, safe, personally acceptable and culturally appropriate foods, produced in ways that are environmentally sound and socially just” (RFSS, 2014, Mandate). Executives of the RFSS have expressed concern over citizens in Richmond being in need of enhanced food security (personal communication, October 30, 2014). Fortunately, the RFSS provides a number of ongoing community projects aimed at enhancing food security and food literacy in Richmond, such as garden mentoring programs and food accessibility literature like the Richmond Food Charter, Local Food Map, and the Good Food Access program (RFSS, 2014, Publications). Additionally, the RFSS has recruited the assistance of external parties – e.g. students from the UBC Faculty of Land and Food Systems – to conduct research and investigate new opportunities for achieving its mandate.
What is food security?
The “right to food” is a fundamental human right recognized under international law ensuring that all people have the ability to feed themselves (FAO, 2014). However, within the moral commitment to address human rights, there is an inadequacy in defining how food is to be procured and defined as substantial. Food security addresses these inadequacies and defines the standard by which food procurement ought to be.
Food security, as defined by Wittman and Valley of the UBC Faculty of Land and Food Systems, is most easily expressed by the acronym "AAAASS" (Wittman & Valley, personal communication, November 12, 2013). According to this axiom, food should be available, affordable, accessible, and culturally appropriate. Furthermore, food should be healthy and safe to eat, as well as economically and environmentally sustainable. For the purposes of our project, this definition will serve as a “Western” standard of food security.
Conversely, Colin Dring of the RFSS, has acknowledged a challenge in identifying how ethnic minorities living in Richmond understand and define the various domains of “food security” (personal communication, October 30, 2014). Hence, the RFSS seeks to leverage this issue with the community by investigating how subsets of the ethnic minority community in Richmond define food security terms and concepts. Following the elucidation of this issue, the RFSS will be better prepared to formulate new strategies to enhance food security for a wider demographic of the Richmond population.
Our Study in Cultural and Historical Context
Of the 190,473 residents in the city of Richmond, 91,890 (approximately 49% of the city population) are of Chinese ethnic origin, 14,320 (approximately 8% of the city population) are of Filipino ethnic origin, and 12,855 (approximately 7% of the city population) are of East-Indian descent. Accompanying this fact, 58% of the city's population is composed of individuals born outside of Canada (City of Richmond, 2014). Additionally, borrowing from the definition of the "visible minority" which is defined as “persons, other than Aboriginal persons, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour” (City of Richmond, 2014), 70.4% of population of Richmond fall under this category (City of Richmond, 2014). Thus, the city of Richmond provides a rich cultural backdrop suitable to pursue our research.
Building on Previous Findings
In 2013, the previous LFS 350 research team explored a similar topic to ours. Although the data gathered was exploratory in nature, it provided a solid framework for our research to proceed with. Asian-Canadian definitions of food security were examined, but a conclusive definition was not established. However, the study generated an evaluation of the current state of food insecurity in Richmond with regards to a select demographic. Food insecurity coping strategies were perceived consistently across the sample of participants, with many Western food security safety nets being stigmatized (Group 13, 2013). An important observation made by the previous research team was that the action of sharing food among friends and family in Asian cultures is considered an aspect of being food secure rather than a way to cope with food insecurity (Group 13, 2013). To our research team, this anecdote suggests that factors beyond those listed by the Western definition of food security (such as social factors) may be too important to exclude when considering ethnic food security needs.
Our community partner, Colin, has also provided us with useful suggestions to consider when completing our project. In terms of our target, Colin has suggested that more detailed and thorough research could be established by only focusing on one ethnic group (personal communication, October 9, 2014). We can then view the demographic group as a whole and compare the different individuals within the group. As for the research methods, Colin has encouraged us to use surveys instead of interviews to collect data. Among the three groups Chinese, Punjabi and Filipino, Colin preferred to focus on the Chinese-Canadian group as they are the largest minority group in Richmond. Other than these suggestions, Colin also expects us to complete a literature review, requiring us to explore studies relevant to Chinese appraisals of food security.
Stakeholder Summary (__ /5)
| Name, Role & Organization | Responsibilities |
| Student Team Members:
Emily Li Kevin Shih Marie Sun Michael Cheng Peter Dobranowski Raman Rattanpal Tim Kim Yeasl Jin |
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| Peter Dobranowski |
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| Yeasl Jin |
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| Marie Sun |
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| Community Partner:
Colin Dring, Executive Director of the RFSS |
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Purpose and Research Question (__ / 20)
Our Project
Our community partner has indicated a large knowledge deficit regarding the understanding how ethnic populations define food security (personal communication, October 9, 2014). Within the realm of ethnic populations, there is an opportunity to study the Chinese-Canadian immigrant population in Richmond, B.C. While Canada has an obligation to respect all people’s right to food (de Schutter, 2012), the RFSS has indicated that food security is not currently available to all residents living in Richmond (personal communication, October 30, 2014). Therefore, the framework of our project is designed to elucidate how the food security of one subset of the Richmond population (Chinese-Canadian immigrants) can be enhanced - an objective congruent with the RFSS’s principle mandate.
Our Research Question
Our project will investigate Chinese-Canadian definitions and concepts of food security as defined by Wittman and Valley. We will identify any emergent parallels or discrepancies between Chinese-Canadian and Western valuations of the six AAAASS components of food security. If additional components are identified or existing components are overlooked, we will reconstruct the Western definition to apply more accurately to Chinese-Canadian immigrant standards. The reconstructed definition will serve as one example of a cultural definition of food security. Our findings and recommendations will contribute to a body of research the RFSS is accruing, which aims to strategize ethnically-conscious approaches to enhancing food security in Richmond. Hence, we ultimately seek to answer the question: How do Chinese-Canadian immigrants living in Richmond, B.C. value components of food security as compared to Western standards?
Methods (__ / 20)
Research Epistemology
Our research will be driven by objectivist standards wherein our study will build on foundational knowledge, execute inductive logic, and suggest a conclusion (Creswell, 2003). The limitation to this approach is intrinsic to social science research; the conclusion’s credibility depends on the foundational knowledge being true, and any present biases may impair findings. Therefore, our foundational knowledge will be informed by a literature review and biases will be explicitly stated. For the sake of transparency, a bias present in the study is our primary driving force which is a moral commitment to enhancing food security, in our belief that it is a fundamental right for everyone. Yoshizawa and Phung (2011) have elucidated the presence of racialization in the Lower Mainland food system, with consequences on the balance of food security enjoyed by community members. Hence, our ethical responsibilities are driven by a campaign for social justice among Richmond food citizens.
Theoretical Perspective
To frame our research, we will utilize a mixed methods approach based on pragmatic knowledge claims which will allow for theoretical values to be shaped by both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Stemming from our research epistemology, our study will be strongly influenced by the quantitative research approach including perspectives from post-positivism (soft science research demands carefully modeled statements when regarding elucidations as “facts” – consistent with our objectivist standards) and advocation (our overarching theme is enhancing food security – a concrete goal with implications for marginalized peoples). The qualitative tendency of our research will be drawn from constructivist knowledge claims where much of the attention will be focused on the social, historical, and cultural contexts of the participants (Creswell, 2003).
Literature Review
Prior to conducting data-collection, our research will require a foundation of knowledge from which to proceed. This will be established by a literature review, which will clearly define food security by Western standards, explore trends in valuations of food security in China, and substantiate any knowledge deficits worth investigating. Primary, secondary, and grey literature pertinent to how food security is framed in China will be obtained via internet Summon, library resources, and consultation with our community partner. As data on cultural definitions of food security in China may be difficult to obtain, no time restraints will be placed on literature pertaining to Chinese definitions of food security - this limitation will be explicitly mentioned in the review. In tandem with our literature review, our tentatively-decided survey questions can be further refined and optimized for creating new knowledge precisely and accurately.
Methodology: The Mixed Methods Approach
As previously stated, our methodology will build on previous research conducted by a group from LFS 350 who performed a similar study in 2013 (Group 13, 2013). In conjunction with our epistemological and theoretical values, we have determined to implement a mixed method approach, strongly quantitative in nature.
A quantitative approach will be pursued by utilizing well-defined surveys constructed based on the findings of the literature review, regarding Western definition of food security and how food security is conceived in China. From a post-positivist perspective, the data collected from the survey questionnaire will be analyzed to shape definitions of food security by Chinese-Canadian immigrants in Richmond.
A qualitative approach will be implemented during the construction of the survey and data analysis. The literature review will provide means to establish how food security is perceived and defined in China whereas data collected using the survey questionnaire will help provide a definition of food security that exists in the Richmond Chinese-Canadian community. While the majority of the questions will be composed of closed-ended with limited choices for answers, the answers provided by the participants are likely to be strongly influenced by not only the individual’s personal experiences but also by the cultural background shared by the survey participants. Ultimately, the results of our survey will be used to construct statements of food security from the perspective of the Chinese-Canadian immigrants, which will be qualitative.
While our research will have established clear definitions of food security from the Western perspective and from the perspective of the Chinese in China, how Chinese-Canadian immigrants in Richmond define food security is yet unknown; the uncovering of which is central to our research question. Therefore, inductive coding will be implemented where the data collected will determine how food security is currently defined by the Chinese-Canadian immigrants in Richmond. Any preconceived notions of the data results prior to disseminating the survey will be for the construction of the survey questionnaire, for questions which will help to determine contrasts between Western definitions of food security and individuals of the Richmond community (Kodish & Gittelsohn, 2011).
Method: Survey Questionnaire
Provided the allotted timeframe and the emphasis on food security from the perspective of the Chinese-Canadian immigrants in Richmond, a survey questionnaire has been selected as the primary quantitative research method of inquiry (Creswell, 2003). This survey will aim to target the food security of the present general public of Chinese-Canadian immigrants in Richmond. We expect the information gathered through the surveys to reflect how participants conceive the idea of food security.
The survey will require direct participation from the Chinese-Canadian community existing within Richmond in the form of questionnaires composed of closed-ended questions along with a choice of answers (Creswell, 2003; Taylor, n.d.).
While surveys may be beneficial in serving to extrapolate the results of the sample onto a corresponding population, it lacks the sensitivity to include the uniqueness of individuals and has the potential to marginalize minority groups within the community (Creswell, 2003). Furthermore, the closed-ended questions and the selection of pre-determined answers may cause individuals to respond in a specific manner (Taylor, n.d.).
Participant Selection
The inclusion criteria for our population of participants to be interviewed will appropriately include:
- Resident of Richmond
- The “parental” immigrant generation – the “P1 generation” (Rumbaut, 2004, p.1166) who were individuals over the age of 18 prior to immigrating (Rumbaut, 2004) to Canada
- Included in the “P1 generation” (Rumbaut, 2004, p.1166) also are those identified as a Canadian citizen, permanent resident, or refugee by the Government of Canada (2014)
Each of the inclusion criteria were selected to generate data that reflects a cohort with the least-understood definition of food security. We reasoned that “P2 generation” (p.1166) of immigrants, those who immigrated at or under the age of 18, would be in the process of undergoing different stages of childhood, where “early childhood (ages 0-5), middle childhood (6-12), or adolescence (in their teens)” (p.1167), and thus will be adapting to the transition of cultural environment in differing social contexts. Whereas, the “P1 generation” (p.1166) too are undergoing different stages of adulthood, the degree of their acculturation to their new environment will be much less than compared to those who immigrated as children. The “P2 generation” (p. 1166) then would have had more opportunity to assimilate themselves with Canada's cultural nuances and therefore, are more likely to have a richer appreciation of Western food security. Since our ultimate goal is to enhance food security for those in need in Richmond, individuals already possessing an understanding of Western food security are precariously positioned on the fringe of our study's scope (Rumbaut, 2004).
Under the advice of our community partner, we have determined to select 60 participants for the survey. Survey participants will be recruited by means of stratified sampling (Atkinson and Flint, 2004) and we will solicit surveys to consenting participants at randomized public locations, such as grocery stores and food banks.
Survey Structure
In consideration of generating a more comprehensive understanding of the Chinese-Canadian definition of food security, the interview questions and findings of the 2013 research group were assessed. It was evident that group 13 came into problems with jargon, and noted that their interviewers had to independently debrief participants due to the participant’s lack of food security terminology knowledge (Group 13, 2013). Keeping in mind that English may not be our Chinese-Canadian participant’s native language, questions tended to exclude technical jargon and long open-ended questions. In addition, our Chinese-speaking group members collaborated to translate the survey into Chinese (Mandarin). Thus, an English and Chinese version of our survey were available. The purpose of the questions and statements were to quantitatively compare western definitions of food security to Chinese-Canadian immigrants perspectives of food security. Thus, questions and statements addressed the AAAASS components of the LFS definition (the Western definition) of food security. Nevertheless, questions referring to eating with family and friends stemmed from Group 13’s finding that Chinese-Canadian immigrants rely on relatives and friends when they feel food insecure. In order to make the survey easy to read and quick to complete, the majority of the questions were categorized using tables. The survey contained three major sections. The first section addressed background information of the participant (i.e. age, gender, how long have you lived in Canada). The next two sections both utilized scales with varying ranges and response options (Royal, Ellis, Ensslen, Homan, 2010, p. 608). There is a risk of using too few categories “which can result in inaccurate findings due to “lumpy” data, or too many categories which can result in better accuracy but also more confusion for the respondent” (Royal et al., 2010, p. 608). Thus, a rating scale of 5 in both sections was chosen. The second section asked questions requiring a rating scale of importance (from 1 being not important to 5 being very important). The last section addressed agree/disagree statements from which a responses ranged from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Categorizing questions and statements would also enable us to more easily analyze and draw conclusions from the data.
Data Analysis
Data collected will be systematically analyzed using strategies borrowed from Kodish and Gittelsohn (2011) and the Statistical Services Center (2001). The collected survey data will first undergo an “exploratory data analysis” (p.9), where data will be reviewed to gain an understanding of what responses are present and whether further data collection will be required (Statistical Services Center, 2001). Prior to categorization, any responses written in the participant’s native language will first be translated and transcribed to English. Concurrent with this process, data will be entered onto a password protected Excel spreadsheet to access and handle the results with ease and security. Categorization will initially involve a tabulation of the results to record the frequency of responses for each question on the survey (Statistical Services Center, 2001). The data will be further categorized according to gender, age groups, and immigrant generation for each question on the questionnaire. Other categories may emerge once the survey questions become finalized and data collection following the dissemination of the survey has been completed. Inductive coding will then be applied, where the data will be examined to identify common and contrasting themes from the participant responses among different categories which will help discover the existing connections between culture and food security in Richmond (Kodish & Gittelsohn, 2011). Convergent themes which emerge will be used to construct the definition of food security by the Chinese-Canadian immigrants in the Richmond community and will thereby provide a unifying perspective on food security by this particular ethnic group. This definition of food security will then be compared and contrasted against Western definition of food security and presented in a table format. Finally, the data will be organized on multiple charts and visualized in the form of graphs (Kodish & Gittelsohn, 2011). Beyond these technical strategies, our findings will undergo ongoing validation by peer review, community partner review, and TA supervision. Validation procedures will help identify invalid responses, clarify researcher bias, and assess overall comprehensiveness of the project.
Deliverables (__ / 5)
| Deliverables | Details | |
| Written Report |
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| Survey Guide |
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| eBook |
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| Literature Review |
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Success Factors/Criteria (__ / 10)
Measuring Success
The first facet of our completed project will be a literature review highlighting the currently established understanding of Chinese definitions of food security. It will also highlight knowledge gaps in the literature which we will explore through the survey process. Due to the unexplored nature of our topic, we acknowledge the potential difficulties in finding adequate and relevant literature sources. To alleviate this potential hindrance, we plan on extracting and structuring available data into our review as effectively and accurately as possible. To measure the success of our literature review, we will consult Colin for feedback. The second facet will be a report encapsulating the findings from our surveys. This report will be the focal point of our research - a comparative analysis of Western and cultural definitions of food security. It will highlight problem areas and suggest potential strategies for their resolution. It will be utilized by the RFSS in some capacity to help manage its food system with a more accurate understanding of culturally-relevant perspectives. Our findings may address potential points of leverage, which may necessitate additional funding or volunteer opportunities. We will consider the report as successful by identifying the emergent trends of Chinese-Canadian immigrant definitions of food security. The analysis report should comply with our community partner’s expectations and goals. We will also measure the success of our report by the feedback provided by our TA. Time-permitting, a third facet will be a public deliverable “eBook” summarizing the key findings of our report, delivered as an easy-to-digest read for non-profit organizations, food banks, community members, etc. Since our principal concern is generating strong data, the presentation of which will be regarded as of secondary importance. Therefore, depending on our team's time commitments, this facet cannot be guaranteed to completion at this time. We could measure the success of this facet by gathering the feedback of recipients who have read the “eBook”. This facet would be considered successful if the recipients find the information on the “eBook” to be helpful and applicable. Due to the relatively wide-scope of our research proposal, our team will seek outside validation of our procedures. Ultimately, however, the efficacy of our research will be measured by food system decision-makers and the feedback of local community members. In particular, we will be especially attentive to the advice and input of the RFSS. Ongoing assessments will be made by stakeholders in the project, as outlined in the methods section, and changes will be considered and made accordingly. It is our hope that our project will reverberate the spirit of the RFSS and previous researchers, and will stand monument for future stakeholders to bring food security to all those that need it most.
Future Research
Recommendations for potential areas of future research include:
- Land and Food Systems (LFS) 250 exploration of school food system education - is the curriculum sensitive of cultural component of food security (appropriateness)?
- LFS 250 Community-Based Experiential Learning project to investigate food literacy in ethnic populations.
- Adapt the research strategies of the combined efforts of Group 13 (Qualitative Investigation) and this project (Quantitative Investigation) to establish “Cultural definitions” of food security of Indo-Canadian, Filipino-Canadian, etc, immigrants in Richmond.
Scope Change
Scope changes requested by any stakeholder of the project must be agreed upon, approved and signed by all stakeholders. The agreed format is to revise this charter with version controls. Because this is critical to keep track of, the version control is displayed at the beginning of the charter.
Communication Plan (__ / 5)
| Action Item | Deliverable | Dates | Accountable |
| Weekly Updates | Progress report and face-to-face concept development | Wednesdays | Group 12 |
| Technical Meeting Attendance (in person where possible) | Project Specific Tasks | Wednesdays after 4pm | Group 12 |
| Information Sharing | Project Specific Information Shared via Facebook | Ongoing | Group 12 |
| Information Sharing Between Colin and Group | Formal Meetings Every Two Weeks: Face-to-Face/ Email Communication/ By Phone/ By Text | Sept. 22
Oct. 9 |
Group 12 |
| Dissemination of Report | Literature review, written report and ebook | following completion of research | Colin Dring |
Milestones (__ / 5)
| Milestone | Event or Deliverable | Target Date | Responsibility |
| Milestone1 | Systems Model Data Collection
Details: Find resources and information to construct the 3 levels of our systems model.
|
Saturday, Sept. 13, 2014 | Marie Sun |
| Milestone2 | Contact RFSS Stakeholder
Details: Introduce ourselves to the stakeholder, request resources and information on our topic, organize a face-to-face meeting in the near future. |
Tuesday, Sept. 15, 2014 | Marie Sun |
| Milestone3 | Tentative Charter
Details: Preliminary organization of thoughts about charter - data inputted to Google Doc skeleton charter. |
Sunday, Sept. 21, 2014 | Everyone |
| Milestone4 | Initial Wiki Page Upload
Details: Proposal ready to show Colin upon our first meeting to communicate our systems model and to express our understanding of and interest in the project. |
Monday, Sept. 22, 2014 | Emily Li
Marie Sun Michael Cheng Peter Dobranowski |
| Milestone5 | Proposal Presentation
Details: Present our tentative proposal to our LFS 350 break-out room. |
Wednesday, Oct. 1, 2014 | Everyone |
| Milestone6 | First Official Wiki Page Milestone
Details: Team Charter submission for validation. |
Saturday, Oct. 4, 2014 | Everyone |
| Milestone7 | CSL Volunteer Opportunity
Details: Harvesting at the Sharing Farm Community Garden clean up. |
Saturday, Oct. 18, 2014 | Everyone |
| Milestone8 | Second Official Wiki Page Milestone
Details: Revised team charter and proposal submission for validation. |
Saturday, Oct. 18, 2014 | Everyone |
| Milestone9 | Final Presentation
Details: Presentation of our completed research project. |
Wednesday, Nov. 26, 2014 | Everyone |
| Milestone10 | Final Report
Details: Submission of our completed research project. |
Wednesday, Dec. 3, 2014 | Everyone |
Approvals (__ / 5)
The following individuals hereby approve this Project Charter:
| Role or Title | Name | Signature | Date |
| Director of Richmond Food Security Society | Colin Dring | ||
| LFS 350 Teaching Assistant | Kristina Michaux |
See Also
- Course: Land, Food and Community II (LFS 350)
- Think & Eat Green @ School
- Richmond Food Security Society (RFSS)
- Vancouver School Board
References (__ / 5)
Atkinson, R. & Flint, J. (Ed.). (2004). The SAGE encyclopedia of social science research methods. Retrieved from
City of Richmond. (2014). About Richmond: Population & Demographics. Retrieved September 21, 2014, from
City of Richmond. (2014). Ethnicity Hot Facts [Fact sheet]. Retrieved September 21, 2014, from http://www.richmond.ca/__shared/assets/2006_Ethnicity20987.pdf
City of Richmond. (2014). Immigration Hot Facts [Fact sheet]. Retrieved September 21, 2014, from http://www.richmond.ca/__shared/assets/Immigration6252.pdf
City of Richmond. (2014). Language Hot Facts [Fact sheet]. Retrieved September 21, 2014, from http://www.richmond.ca/__shared/assets/Languages6251.pdf
Creswell, J. W. (2003). A Framework for Design. In Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (Chapter 1). Retrieved from
De Schutter, O. (2012, December 24). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food. Retrieved from
- http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/AHRC2250Add.1_English.PDF
Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations. (2014). Right to Food: Home. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/righttofood/en/
Gibb, N., & Wittman, H. (2013). Parallel alternatives: Chinese-Canadian farmers and the Metro Vancouver local food movement. Local Environment, 18(1), 1–19.
Government of Canada. (2014, September 30). For new immigrants. Retrieved October 1, 2014, from
Group 13. (2013). Food security speak: An investigation of food security language among ethnocultural groups in Richmond.
Kodish, S., & Gittelsohn, J. (2011, December). Systematic data analysis in qualitative health research: Building credible and clear findings. Sight and Life, 25(2), 52-56.
- Retrieved from http://www.sightandlife.org/fileadmin/data/Magazine/2011/25_2_2011/systematic_data_analysis_in_qualitative_health_research.pdf
Richmond Food Security Society. (2014). Mandate. Retrieved from http://www.richmondfoodsecurity.org/
Richmond Food Security Society. (2014). Publications. Retrieved from http://www.richmondfoodsecurity.org/documents
Royal, K. D., Ellis, A., Ensslen, A., & Homan, A. (2010). Rating scale optimization in survey research: An application of the rasch rating scale model.
- Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods, 5(4), 607-617.
Rumbaut, R. G. (2004). Ages, Life Stages, and Generational Cohorts: Decomposing the Immigrant First and Second Generations in the United States.
- International Migration Review, 38(3), 1160-1205.
Statistical Services Center. (2001, March). Approaches to the analysis of survey data. Retrieved from
Statistics Canada. (2009). Classification of visible minority. Retrieved September, 21, 2014, from
Taylor, D. (n.d.). Introduction to research methods. Retrieved from
ThinkEatGreen. (2013). Annual School Reports. Retrieved from http://lfs-teg-collab.sites.olt.ubc.ca/reports-publications/reports/
Thorne, S. (2000). Data analysis in qualitative research. Evidence Based Nursing, 3(3), 68-70.
Yoshizawa, A., & Phung, W. (2011, July 11). Chinese Farming in the Lower Mainland [Video file]. Retrieved from
Writing Quality (__ / 10)
For a proposal report to receive full writing quality marks, it should be well organized and easy to read. It should address all of the topics articulated in the assignment details above, and it should be free of grammar, punctuation, and spelling mistakes.