Organic Chemistry
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Organic Chemistry
the study of carbom compounds which are important because all living things on Earth are based on carbon compounds. Each carbon atom can form up to frou bonds in a compound; the type of bonding that exist in organic compounds is almost always covalent with little polarity. That is, organic compounds are much more soluble in non polar solvent than in polar solvents. Ge, the larger and more complicated the molecules of an organic substance, the higher its boiling and melting points will be.
Hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen
Alkanes
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. They are also known as saturated
Alkenes
Alkene are hydrocarbons that contain double bonds. They are examples of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Alkynese
alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain triple bonds. They are also examples of unsaturated.
Some Functional Groups
Alcohols
alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydrogen has been replaced with a hydroxyl group (OH). The hydroxyl group makes alcohols polar and able to form hydrogen bonds, which means that alcohols are more soluble in water than most organic compounds.
Organic Acids
Organic acids are organic compounds in which a hydrogen has been replaced wtih a carboxyl group
Halides
Halids are organic compounds in which one or more hydrogens have been replaced with a ahlide
Amines
IN an amine, a hydrogen atom has been replaced by an amino group (NH3)
Aldehydes
An aldehyde contains a carbonylgroup (C=O) connected to at least one hydrogen atom
ketones
a ketone is similar to an aldehyde in that it also contains a carbonyl group (C=O) but in a ketone the cartoon
Ether
In an ether, an oxygen atom serves a s alink in a hydrocarbon chain. The name of an ether is determined by the lengths of the chains on either side of oxygen
Esters
in an ester, an ester group(Coo) serv es a s a link in a hydrocarbon chain. An ester is formed in a reaction between an alcohol and an organic acid, and its anme is derived from these reactants
Isomers
Among organic compounds, it is common to find two or more molecules with the same molecular formula, but with different arrangements of atoms and different chemical properties. These molecules are called isomers.
Organic Reaction
1. Addition:In addition reaction, a carbon-carbon double bond is broken down into a single bond freeing each of the two carbons to bond with another element. IN the same way, a triple bond can be converted into a double in an addition reaction.
2. Substitution: in a substitution , one atom or group in a compound ins replaced with another atom or group. Typically, a hydrogen atom will be replaced by one of the funtional group in a substitution reaction
3. Polymerization :In polymerization, two smaller compounds, called monomer are joined a much larger third compound. In a condensation polymerization, two monomer are joined to a reaction that produced water as a product
4. cracking : in cracking, a larger compound is broken down into smaller compounds
5. oxidation: An organic compound can react with oxygen at high temperature to form carbon dioxide at high temperature to form carbon dioxide and water. This reaction should be familiar to you as combustion or burning.
6. Exterification: in exterification, an organic acid reacts with an alcohol to produce an ester and water
7. Fermentation: in Fermentation, an organic compound reacts in the absence of oxygen to rpoduce an alcohol and carbon dioxide. Wine is produced through fermentation.