Finding, Identifying and Citing Sources/Finding Sources and Literature Searches

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Scholars choose suitable sources for their research because these sources add relevant details and perspectives to their work. In any form of scholarly communication, the use of other reliable sources helps to signal the scholar’s credibility and knowledgeability about the topic, and locates them as a participant in a broader scholarly conversation that is happening through various published books, articles, and chapters, collectively called the scholarly “literature.”

Scholars work to build knowledge in their discipline, which requires that they engage with the work of others. Scholars rely on particular resources to help find and track what others are saying about a given topic in the scholarly literature. Learning what these are and how to use them is a valuable part of the research process.

Keeping Track of Your Resources

How can you keep track of all your references?

Develop a working bibliography for your research, where you track the citation information for your sources and add specific annotative notes about what they were about and how they were relevant (or not, if a particular source turned out to be unhelpful despite looking promising). This list will help you remember where you’ve been as you progress, and help you make sure to cite all of your sources as you aggregate information. Having a working bibliography document for your research project helps you avoid hours of searching back again to make sure you work with that source with academic integrity.

There are several programs that allow you to track your sources and add annotations, like a working bibliography app. UBC students and CWL holders can access Refworks for free while at UBC through the UBC Library website. Other free applications include Mendeley and Zotero, which you can use as well. All of these can also help you create your citations for you document, but they often include errors so know which style you are using and double-check them. See the library resource on citation management.

Search Strategies

Search Strategies

To maximize the effectiveness of using the above resources, you'll need to learn how best to use search tools, including what terms to search and how to use different search platforms. Scholarly writing requires you to find and use credible sources that reflect the ongoing scholarly discourse (e.g. citing a source from 30 years ago about the properties of DNA will not necessarily be a wise move, since knowledge about DNA has developed substantially since).

There are many resources out there, but inefficient searches can sometimes be overly time-consuming and overwhelming. To more efficiently search and find applicable sources, use the strategies in the video below. Keep practicing, and soon searching the scholarly conversation around a topic will seem less daunting and become more focused and even exciting!

Here is a video on helpful strategies to expand and narrow your search:

Ways to Expand and Narrow Search

Ways to Expand Search Ways to Narrow Search
  • Use the Boolean operator ‘OR’ to expand your search (use OR if you want mORe)
    • e.g. Canine OR dog
    • e.g. forests OR trees

Using ‘OR’ allows you to search synonyms or alternate terms for your concept. This allows the search engine to bring up articles with either of these words and articles containing both these words. It is useful to use ‘OR’ because not every researcher will write using the exact same vocabulary.

Using different terms allows for more search results to appear without eliminating potentially useful articles. Everything found in light and dark blue will appear in the search results; there have been no limitations set.

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  • Use the Boolean operator ‘AND’ to narrow your search
    • e.g. virus AND Aids

Using ‘AND’ narrows down your search to something more specific. The search engine will pull up every article that includes both words.

Only the articles represented by the darker blue section will appear, increasing the relevance of the list of search results.

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  • Use Filters for content type: articles, books, review paper etc
    • e.g. search for ‘global warming’ – filter: peer-reviewed journal articles

If you would like a specific type of resource or written work, identifying this is a great way to minimize your search. As seen below, the search returns only what is found in the darker blue circle.

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  • Use Snowballing:

Take a look at the references at the end of an article, and skim those references next. The chances are high that you’ll find quite a bit of useful information in those references.

  • Use a publication date limit:
    • e.g. Climate change - last five years

Setting a publication limit searches for the most up-to-date research. Many scientific theories and concepts are continually researched over time and new discoveries are made. It is important for your scientific writing to have new references to make your work more credible. Only work found in the darker blue section will appear in the list of search results.

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  • Use truncation or wildcards
    • e.g. Canad* finds Canada', Canadian, Canadians

This type of search allows for many variations of the word to be searched. It maximizes the amount of articles that come up that may be related to your topic.

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  • Use keywords chunking – search separately for each concept
    • e.g. Bessel beam, optical trap

When each concept is separately searched, you will obtain all the references for both concepts, resulting in a greater span of written work. Again your results will provide all the articles on both of the separate concepts, as seen below.

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  • Use “ ” phrase searching - Used to narrow a search to a phrase of two or more words.
    • e.g. “climate change”

Using this tool will search for the references which include these two words together. Those articles that do not contain both words together as they are written will not appear in the search.

  • Use the Boolean operator ‘NOT’: use ‘NOT’ to remove words from your results
    • e.g. Virus NOT Aids

By using the NOT operator, your results will be decreased. But use it cautiously, as you may omit useful results (perhaps only after you have viewed a long list and decided to narrow it down). In the sample below, only written work in the lighter - and not darker - blue will appear in your search..

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  • Search by scientific name in addition to the common name
    • e.g. pine beetles OR Dendroctonus ponderosae

Searching by both names will output all the references under this category. As seen below, all the written works that have either name will appear in the search results.

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  • Search your topic by document type
    • e.g. “aerosol particle”: title, abstract, or full text, etc.

Searching for a topic in a specific document type will narrow your search down to give something potentially more useful. Only the documents that have ‘aerosol particle’ in the title will result from the search.

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Video Resources

Need more help?

Watch ‘Grammar Squirrel’s video resources about identifying different sources and integrating them into your science writing on the UBC Science Writing YouTube Channel.