Course:SPPH 381 Mascara Risk Assessment/Projects

 Mascara Introduction Mascara Resource Extraction Mascara Manufacturing Mascara Distribution Mascara Recycling and Disposal Discussion and Conclusion 

Mascara Resource Extraction - Mining

Mining is one of the main processes required to extract materials to produce the main ingredients used to make the mascara. This resource extraction process dates back to prehistoric times and consists of extracting profitable minerals from the earth's surface . Carbon Black is one of the main ingredients used for the dark pigmentation of the mascara, since it produces the black pigmentation needed to defined the eyelashes . This material comes from the combustion of the coal oil , element that can be found close to the surface of the earth and buried deep underground, and that will be explore on this assignment

Coal Mining

Coal is one of the most predominant and popular fossil fuels on earth. Its popularity has been recognized since the Industrial Revolution and the18th and 19th centuries due to its capacity to be an energy source . As an energy supplier, coal have been exploited in large scale, for this reason, the mining of coal is a high demanded operation that depicts a highly productive and mechanized operation

Coal is an element that can be found close to the surface of the earth and buried deep underground, and its method of extraction depends upon the geology in which it is located . If the coal is located on the surface, it will be performed surface mining, and the following operations will be required for its extraction

1.     Clearing the land of tress and vegetation

2.     Removing and storing the top layers of topsoil

3.     Drilling the hard strata over the coal seam

4.     Blasting the hard strata with explosives

5.     Removing the blasted material, exposing the coal seam, and cleaning the top of it.

6.      Fragmenting the coal seam by drilling and blasting

7.     Loading the loose coal onto haulage conveyances

8.     Transporting the coal from the mine to the plant

If the coal is underground, the mining process will require an extra operation called “mine development”. This operation consists of creating an access to the coal seam by developing suitable opening from the surface, and a network of roadways that allows the employees to install facilities for the essential activities like material transportation, ventilation, water handling, drainage, and power . Finally the underground mining requires the following steps:

1.     Drilling and blasting to advance the development tunnel through waste rock to the orebody and drill/blast of the orebody

2.     Broken waste rock and ore, muck, is hauled to surface

3.     Backfilling if required

Coal Dust Inhalation Hazard

Mining is known for being one of the most hazardous sectors in the world due to its complex environment . The workers in underground coal mines are expose to several risk conditions that may cause loss of life of serious injuries that had direct and indirect cost for employees and employers . Coal dust inhalation is one of the main hazards that coals miners are exposed.

Coal Dust Inhalation

The health hazard caused by the exposure to coal dust was recognized during the mid17th century in British Coal Miners. This health hazard was named as “Black lung” or “Dusty Lung” and consisted in the inflammation and scaring of the lungs caused by the deposit of coal dust in the lungs ] . The inhalation of respirable coal dust can lead to pneumoconiosis and silicosis, and in the most severe cases can lead to progressive massive fibrosis  .

Evaluation

• The exposure to coal dust must be measure by a sampling pump . This evaluation process is taken by coal mine operators by taking samples from the air, and from the works breathing zone which is close to the nose and mouth of the worker . The sampling evaluation aims to provide an average result of the dust exposure during the workers shift .

• The workplace exposure standard (WES) for coal dust (containing less than five per cent quartz) (respirable dust) has been reduced[a6]  from 3 mg/m³ to 1.5 mg/m³

Control

 Engineering Controls

•  Installations of local ventilation hoods

•  Installation of dust collection systems
•  Use of enclosures
• Use wet processes or water spray systems

·      Administrative Controls

•  Training workers so that they understand the hazards associated with coal dust exposure
•  Promote good hygiene practices

·      Personal Protective Equipment

Clothing

• Wear protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear)

Respiratory Protection

• Use NIOSH approved R95 or P95 particulate filter respirator

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