Jump to content

Course:SPPH 381 Mascara Risk Assessment/Past Projects

From UBC Wiki
 Mascara Introduction Mascara Resource Extraction Mascara Manufacturing Mascara Distribution Mascara Recycling and Disposal Discussion and Conclusion 

MASCARA MANUFACTURING

Ingredients

From its origins to the current days the formula of mascara has evolved into multiple formulas with different ingredients. However, there are some common materials that needs to be used to create a successful mascara [1] .

First, all the mascara contains pigments since they bring to the eyelashes its black coloring and definition [1] Mascaras use natural colors and inorganic pigments [2]. Since the United States of America Federal regulations forbidden any pigments made from coal tar. The most common black pigment use in mascara recipes is carbon black, following by the iron oxides for the brown colours, and the ultramarine blue for other colors [2].

Second, since water and oil do not mix, mascaras must use emulsifiers in their formulations to stabilize the emulsion [1].  The emulsifiers use in the mascara usually consist of a combination of triethanolamine and stearic acid [1]. Moreover, most of the mascaras consist of a combination of oils, waxes, and water. For the oils, it is common to find mineral oil, linseed oil, castor oil, oil of turpentine, eucalyptus oil or sesame oil [2]. Additionally, it is common to find wax products in the mascara due to their role as self-emulsifiers. This product is essential for creating thickness and add volume to the eyelashes [1]. The most common waxes used in mascaras are beeswax, carnauba, and paraffin [2].

Third, gums are often found in the mascara formulas due to their key properties and their ability to form fast drying, flexible, wash/wear films that help he lash to dry, curl and lift [1]. The most common gums used are tragacanth and methyl cellulose. (How products are[a6]  made, n.d). In addition to Acacia Senegal gum and hydroxyethyl cellulose [1].

Finally, some mascaras include fine rayons fibers, which make the product more viscous[2].

Manufacturing


The mascara can be made with two different methods. The first method, called the Anhydrous method, is characterized by the lack of water use. Moreover, the second method, called the emulsion method, is characterized by using a lotion and emulsifier [2]  

Anhydrous Method [2]

  1. The first step of this method is carefully measuring and weighing all the ingredients
  2. The elements are put into a mixing tank or kettle.
  3. The worker sets a heating temperature that allows the waxes to melt.
  4. The worker sets the propeller blade to agitate the mix, while the mix is being heated.
  5. The agitation continues until the mixture reaches a semi solid state and makes a small batch of 10-30 gal

Emulsion Method[2]

  1. The worker set apart water and thickeners and waxes and emulsifiers.
  2. The worker combines the water and thickeners to make a lotion or cream base.
  3. Separately from the water mix, the worker heats and melts the waxes and emulsifiers.
  4. The worker adds the pigments to the wax mix
  5. The lotion cream resulted from the water and thickeners mixture is combined with the wax mixture in a very high-speed mixer or homogenizer.
  6. The homogenizer is enclosed and mixes the ingredients at a very high speed without incorporating any air or evaporation.
  7. While the ingredients are in the homogenizer, the oils and waxes are broken down into small beads and holds them in suspension in the water.
  8. The blending stops when the mixture reached room temperature and contains 5 to 100 gallons.

Filling

  • The anhydrous and emulsion method have the same filling step. The filling process begins when the mascara solution has reached a semi-solid state in the anhydrous method and a cooled state in the emulsion method. When the product has reached its desired state, it is transferred to a tote bin [2]. This bin is rolled, to the filling area, where the mascara is poured into a hopper on a filling machine[2]. Following, the filling machine pumps a measured amount of mascara, 0.175 ounce or 5 grams, into glass or plastic bottles. Finally, the bottles are capped by hand, and the samples are removed to inspection to be ready for distribution [2].

Quality Control

•The inspection for the quality of the mascara is made during multiple stages of the manufacturing process. First, before mixing ingredients, an inspector would check that the correct components are in the tank and that these components are in the proper amounts [2]. Moreover, after the batch is mixed and after it is bottled a worker will take a sample and verify its quality, chemical composition, and microbiological impurities [2].

Carbon Black Inhalation Hazard


Carbon black is a powdered form of elemental carbon manufactured by the controlled vapour phase pyrolysis of hydrocarbons [3] . This elemental carbon is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as Group 2B, which refers to the possibly carcinogenic to human’s categorization [4]. This evaluation was based on sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in animals and inadequate evidence in humans [3]. The evidence from the animal studies showed that inhalation of carbon black can significantly increase the incidence of benign and malignant lung tumours [4]. However, the research hasn’t be able to find a dose relationship between lung cancer and carbon black exposure . Moreover, other studies have encounter potential excess risks of urinary, bladder, kidney, stomach, and esophageal cancers following exposure to carbon black[4].

Evaluation

Exposure to carbon black should be routinely evaluated through TWA exposure evaluation. This evaluation is made through a single work shift sample or multiple number of consecutive samples collected during the entire work shift. Moreover, air samples should be taken in the workers breathing zone [5]

  • The workplace exposure limits for mineral oils are stablish by organizations like OSH, NIOSH AND ACGIH [5]
Workplace Exposure Limits [5]
OSHA 3.5 mg/m3 average over an 8 hour shift.
NIOSH 3.5mg/m3 average over an 10 hour shift.
ACGIH The threshold limit is 3.0 mg/m3


Control

Administrative [5]

  •  The worker should promote work practices like:
  • Labelling process container
  • Providing employees with hazard information and training
  • Constantly monitor airborne chemical concentrations
  • Provide eye wash fountains and emergency showerr
  • Enhance the workers to always wash at the end of the work shift and change into clean clothing

Personal Protective Equipment[5]

  •  Eye Protection
    •  Wear dust proof googles
    •   Wear a face shield along with googles
  •   Respiratory Protection
    • Use NIOSH approved air purifying particulate filter respirator with an N95 filter
  •  Clothing
    •  Wear protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear

Iron Oxides Inhalation Hazard

Multiple studies have shown an increased risk of lung cancer in industries that generate exposure to iron oxides [6]. In a study that evaluated workers who were occupationally exposed to organic solvents like iron oxide, it was found that those workers who were highly exposed to iron dust had a higher prevalence of spirometric obstructive pulmonary function compared to those workers who had exposure to organic solvents [7]. Moreover, experimental studies on human cells have found that oxidative stress markers were elevated in lung bronchial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells after exposure to iron oxide nanoparticles [8]. However, the carcinogenic effect of iron oxide on workers is not clear since the experimental literature has not shown a conclusive relationship.[6]

Evaluation

  • Exposure to iron oxides should be routinely evaluated by collecting personal and area air samples.
  • The workplace exposure limits for mineral oils are stablish by organizations like OSH, NIOSH AND ACGIH [9]
Iron Oxides Exposure limits[9]
OSHA The legal exposure limit is 10mg/m3 over a 8 hr shift
NIOSH The exposure limit is 5 mg/m3 over a 10 hr shift
ACGIH The exposure limit is 5mg/m3 over a 8 hr shift

Control

Engineering Controls[9]

  • Enclose operations and provide local exhaust ventilation at the site
  • Transfer Iron Oxide from drums or other storage containers to process containers

Administrative Controls [9]

  • The work should promote policies that get the employees to change to clean clothing when their clothes has been contaminated with Iron Oxide
  • The work should inform its employees about the iron oxide hazard
  • The work should have eye wash fountains and emergency showers in the immediate work area for emergency use.
  • Train the employees on how and when to use protective equipment

Personal Protective Equipment [9]

  • Eye Protection
    • Wear impact resistant eye protection with side shields or googles/
  • Clothing
    • Wear protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear)
  • Respiratory Protection
    • Use NIOSH approved R95 or P95 particulate filter respirator.

Mineral Oils Inhalation Hazards

Workers exposed to mineral oils are at risk of developing skin tumors due to the carcinogenic properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in the oils [10]PAHs are a group of over 100 chemicals formed during the incomplete burning of organic substances like coal, oil, gas, wood, and others. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified occupational exposure to PAHs into group 1 and 2A .Several studies have associated exposure to PAH-containing mixtures through inhalation and dermal exposure with lung and skin cancers [11]. In addition, mineral oils containing PAHs can irritate the skin, causing a rash or burning sensation upon contact [12]

Evaluation:

  • Exposure to mineral oil should be routinely evaluated. For the evaluation of this hazard there should be a collection and evaluation of personal and area air samples.
  • The workplace exposure limits for mineral oils are stablish by organizations like OSH, NIOSH AND ACGIH [13]
Workplace Exposure Limits Mineral Oil [13]
OSHA The limit exposure is 10 mg/m3 over an 8hr shift
NIOSH The limit exposure is 5 mg/m3 over a 10 hr shift
ACGIH The limit exposure is 5 mg/m3 over a 10 hr shift


Control

Engineering Controls[13]

  • Enclose operations and provide local  exhaust ventilation at the site.

Administrative Controls [13]

  • The work should promote policies that get the employees to change to clean clothing when their clothe has been contaminated with mineral oil
  • The work should inform its employees about the mineral oil hazards
  • The work should have eye wash fountains and emergency showers in the immediate work area for emergency use.
  • Train the employees on how and when to use protective equipment

 Personal Protective Equipment [13]

  • Eye Protection
    • Wear indirect-vent, impact and splash resistant googles
    • Wear a face shield along with googles
  • Clothing
    • Wear protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear)
  • Respiratory Protection
    • Use NIOSH approved R95 or P95 particulate filter respirator.
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Zemaitis, J. (2018). The Science of Mascara: Formulation & Ingredients. Chemists Corner. Retrieved from https://chemistscorner.com/the-science-of-mascara-formulation-ingredients/
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 How Products are Made. (n.d.). Mascara. Retrieved from http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Mascara.html
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Wellmann J, Weiland SK, Neiteler G, Klein G, Straif K. Cancer mortality in German carbon black workers 1976–98. Occup Environ Med. 2006 Aug;63(8):513–21.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 CAREX Canada. (n.d.). Carbon Black Profile. Retrieved from https://www.carexcanada.ca/profile/carbon_black/
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 New Jersey Department of Health. (n.d.). Carbon black. Retrieved from https://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0342.pdf
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bourgkard, E., Wild, P., & Courcot, B. (2009). Respiratory effects of iron oxide nanoparticles: a review. Inhalation toxicology, 21(5), 219-26.
  7. ↑ Ryu, Y. (2013). The effects of iron dust and organic solvent exposure on respiratory function. Annals of occupational and environmental medicine, 25(1), 11.
  8. ↑ Pelclova, D., Zdimalova, M., Fenclova, Z., Vlckova, S., Turci, F., Corazzari, I., ... & Schwarz, J. (2016). Markers of oxidative damage of nucleic acids and proteins among workers exposed to TiO2 (titanium dioxide) and iron oxide nanoparticles. Toxicology letters, 259, 19-26.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 New Jersey Department of Health. (2015). Chemical Hazard Alert Bulletin: Chromium and Water Pollution Potential. Retrieved from https://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1036.pdf.
  10. ↑ Jarvholm, B., & Easton, G. (1990). Cancer risk in occupational exposure to different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, 10(1-2), 97-100.
  11. ↑ Carex Canada. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). [Internet]. 2016. Available from: https://www.carexcanada.ca/profile/polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons/
  12. ↑ New Jersey Department of Health. (2008). Toluene. Retrieved from https://www.nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1437.pdf
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 NJ Department of Health and Senior Services. (2015). Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet: Mineral Oil. Retrieved from https://www.nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1437.pdf
Retrieved from "https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Course:SPPH_381_Mascara_Risk_Assessment/Past_Projects&oldid=743990"