Course:Carey HIST501/Project 3/Callixtus II

Research on the life of a medieval Pope from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:

Short biographical sketch of the medieval Pope

https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/48413096/callixtus_ii/photo

a. Upbringing

Year of birth and death - Pope Callixtus II, A.K.A. as Guy de Burgundy, Pope Callixtus II (hereafter, he is called Guy). His birthday was a little unclear in the history, but some reference suggested that he born in the year of 1065 in Quingey, France; and he passed away on December 13, 1124, so he lived approximately 59 to 60 years.

-Pope Callixtus II (Guy) was born in the family of noble, religious and emperor siblings and network. He was the fourth son of William I, Count of Burgundy, one of the wealthiest rulers in Europe, Guy was a member of the highest aristocracy in Europe. His family was part of a network of noble alliances. -Also, he was a cousin of Arduin of Ivrea, the King of Italy. One sister, Gisela, was married to Humbert II, Count of Savoy, and then to Renier I of Montferrat; another sister, Maud, was the wife of Odo I, Duke of Burgundy. His brother Raymond was married to Urraca, the heiress of León, and fathered the future King Alfonso VII of León. His brother Hugh was an Archbishop of Besançon.

b. Education

-The literature and reference sources do not have any clear educational background for Pope Callixtus II.

-However, based on his wealthy and powerful family background, most historians believe that his family had the money and resources for him to receive the finest education possible, especially in religious studies.

c. Journey of Faith

-Along with Pope Callixtus II’s family background with both imperial, wealthy and religious affluences, it is believed that he has received his faith in young age, gradually growing to both spiritual and scholar level.

d. Influential person(s)

-Because of his  education and faith journey had been developed by his family, it can be interpreted that for Guy, the influential people could be his parents, teachers, and siblings in his young age.

-In addition, the first historic records that show his name are from 1088 and show that he was the Archbishop of Vienne by Pope Paschal II who appointed him a papal legate and sent him to France several times to settle disputes with Henry V., therefore, in his early and young career, Pope Paschal II should be one of his most influential persons (e.g., could be his mentor and superior).

e. Vocational path

-As archbishop, he was appointed papal legate to France by Pope Paschal II during the time that Paschal was induced under pressure from Holy Roman Emperor Henry V to issue the Privilegium of 1111, by which he yielded much of the papal prerogatives that had been so forcefully claimed by Pope Gregory VII in the Gregorian Reforms.

-These concessions were received with violent opposition and nowhere more so than in France, where the opposition was led by Guy, who was present at the Lateran Synod of 1112. -On his return to France, he immediately convened an assembly of French and Burgundian bishops at Vienne, where the imperial claim to a traditional lay investiture of the clergy was denounced as heretical and a sentence of excommunication was now pronounced against Henry V on the grounds that he had extorted the Privilegium from Paschal II by means of violence.

-These decrees were sent to Paschal II with a request for a confirmation, which they received on 20 October 1112.

Major impact of the medieval Pope such as:

a. Impact on doctrinal development

-Callixtus II was not very remarkable for his literary productions; yet a few works have come down to us which are ascribed to his pen. They are: "De Miraculis Sancti Jacobi Apostoli", "De obitu et Vita Sanctorum", "Vita Caroli Magni Imperatoris". -Many letters attributed to him are preserved. These, together with his other writings, may be found in Migne, P.L., CLXIII (1073-1383). Besides this edition, thirty-six of his letters are contained in Hardouin's "Concilia" (VI, 2, 1949-1976). -These same letters, with two additional, are published by Mansi (XXI, 190-218); some others are given by D'Achery [Spicilegium (Paris, 1723), II, 964; III, 478, 479]; some additional ones are to be found in "Magn. Bull. Rom. Continuat.", III, ed. Luxembourg, 1730, 12. See INVESTITURES; VIENNE.

b. Impact on church polity & church-state relations

-Concordat of Worms: Having established his power in Italy, the Pope resolved to re-open negotiations with Henry V on the question of investiture. -Henry V was anxious to put an end to a controversy which had reduced imperial authority in Germany. -An embassy of three cardinals was sent by Callixtus II to Germany, and negotiations for a permanent settlement of the investiture struggle were begun in October 1121 at Würzburg.

-It was agreed that a general truce should be proclaimed in Germany, that the Church should have free use of its possessions, and that the lands of those in rebellion should be restored.

-These decrees were communicated to Callixtus II, who dispatched the legate Lambert to assist at the synod that had been convoked at Worms, where, on 23 September 1122, the agreement known as the Concordat of Worms was concluded.

-On his side the Emperor abandoned his claim to investiture with ring and crosier, and granted freedom of election to episcopal sees.

-On the papal side, it was conceded that the bishops should receive investiture with the sceptre, that the episcopal elections should be held in the presence of the emperor or his representatives, that in case of disputed elections the emperor should, after the decision of the metropolitan and the suffragan bishops, confirm the rightfully elected candidate.

-Lastly, that the imperial investiture of the temporal properties connected to the sees should take place in Germany before the consecration.

-In Burgundy and in Italy the imperial investiture would take place after the consecration ceremony, while in the Papal States the pope alone had the right of investiture, without any interference on the part of the emperor. -

As a result of this Concordat, the Emperor still retained in his hands the controlling influence in the election of the bishops in Germany, though he had abandoned much in regard to episcopal elections in Italy and Burgundy.

c. Impact on pastoral ministry and ethics

-Sicut Judaeis: In 1120 Callixtus II issued the papal bull Sicut Judaeis (Latin: "As the Jews") setting out the official position of the papacy regarding the treatment of Jews.

-It was prompted by the First Crusade, during which over five thousand Jews were slaughtered in Europe.

-The bull was intended to protect Jews and echoed the position of Pope Gregory I that Jews were entitled to "enjoy their lawful liberty." The bull forbade Christians, on pain of excommunication, from forcing Jews to convert from harming them, from taking their property, from disturbing the celebration of their festivals, and from interfering with their cemeteries.

d. Major works and important papal policy written

-When Callistus died in 1124, and after some dispute Honorius II was selected as his successor. As to the great influence of the reign of Callistus II on the policy of the Church there can be no dispute. -Owing mainly to him the concessions so weakly made by Paschal II were recalled, and on his own accession to the papal throne, his firmness and strength of character secured a settlement of the controversy between Church and State which, though not entirely satisfactory, was at least sufficient to assure a much-needed peace. -Through his exertions he put an end to the wholesale bestowal of ecclesiastical offices by laymen; he re-established the freedom of canonical elections and secured recognition of the principle that ecclesiastical jurisdiction can come only from the Church

-Meanwhile, he conceded to the secular authorities the influence to which they were rightly entitled in the election of prelates who were at the same time the most powerful and richest subjects of the State. -First Lateran Council: To secure the confirmation of this Concordat of Worms, Callixtus II convened the First Lateran Council on 18 March 1123.

-It solemnly confirmed the Concordat and passed several disciplinary decrees, such as those against simony and concubinage among the clergy.

-Decrees were also passed against violators of the Truce of God, church-robbers, and forgers of ecclesiastical documents. T

-he indulgences already granted to the crusaders were renewed, and the jurisdiction of the bishops over the clergy, both secular and regular, was more clearly defined.

Please include photos, website links to their works, video links, etc. and at least 3 reference sources for your research.

Read at least 2 other mini biographies prepared by your classmates and on the discussion tab, share what you learned about Christian and pastoral leadership from the life of the medieval popes and lessons for today.

References

Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias: Pope Callixtus II. Retrieved from: https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/14800

Find a Grave: Callixtus II. Retrieved from: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/48413096/callixtus_ii/photo

MacCaffrey, J. (1908). Pope Callistus II. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved October 30, 2021, from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03185a.htm

Pope Callixtus II, Pope from 1119 to 1124. Peoplepill.com. Retrieved from: https://peoplepill.com/people/callixtus-ii/

Pope Callixtus II. Presearch. Retrieved from: https://engine.presearch.org/search?q=Pope+Callixtus+II

Popes of the Roman Catholic Church. Retrieved from: http://www.1066.co.nz/Mosaic%20DVD/whoswho/text/Guy_of_Burgundy[1].htm