Course:CONS370/Projects/The evolution and development of Uyghur community-managed fruit farms and associated policies in Xinjiang autonomous region, China

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Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region

Xinjiang is an autonomous region in the northwest of the People's Republic of China and it is the traditional homeland of the Uyghurs. It is the largest provincial administrative region in China. Due to its unique geographic location, the fruit industry in this area has incomparable advantages. Xinjiang's fruit products are delicious, healthy, unique and competitive on the market. In recent years, its fruit industry has received positive comments from the customers, and has formed a strong influence in China and neighbouring countries.

Description

Location

The Uyghur community-managed fruit farms are located in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China's far northwest. Xinjiang is the largest province-level administrative region in China. Desert and Gobi desert are typical features in Xinjiang. The total desert area of Xinjiang is 71.3 × 104km², accounting for half of the entire desert and gobi area of China (55.6%). The Taklimakan Desert is located in the centre of the Tarim Basin, with an area of 33.76 × 104km². [1]It is the largest desert in China, the second-largest desert in the world. Under such a geographical condition, the oases formed by mountains and basins have become the best places for human production and living. Since the oases are mainly located inland with few high trees or buildings, sunshine will be sufficient for fruit growing. Besides, due to the arid continental climate, the temperature differences between daytime and night will be vast. Therefore, fruit grown in Xinjiang has higher sugar accumulation due to more sunshine during the daytime and significant temperature difference between day and night. Gradually, it forms the agriculture-dominated economy in Xinjiang.

Uyghurs

Uyghurs are making raisin

The Uyghurs, a Turkic Muslim ethnic group of about eight million people, live mainly in the poorer agricultural regions of Xinjiang, in oasis settlements along the ancient silk road.[2]Uyghurs have been planting fruits since ancient times. They believe planting a tree and taking good care of it is an act of kindness. It is rare in Xinjiang to see a family that does not plant flowers or fruit trees. [3] Uyghurs have many proverbs about trees and orchards such as "مېۋىلىك باغ بار كىشىلەر قوللىغۇچىلىرى بار كىشىلەر"(people with orchards are people with supporters) and "مېۋىلىك باغ يوقلارنىڭ تۇرمۇشى بولمايدۇ"(there is no life for those who do not have orchards) in their own language.

Uyghurs also has their traditional techniques to manage their orchards. Apricots, peaches, walnuts, apples, pears, grapes, mulberries and plums are mostly used by Uyghurs to establish their orchards.[3] As different fruit trees mature at different times, many orchards produce fresh fruit throughout the year. The more connections established between the various elements involved in orchard management, the finer the ecological network will be. In that way, the Uyghur orchards are more resistant to disturbances.

In order to enjoy their fruit in any season, hanging, drying, ice storing are often used by farmers to store their fruits.

Xinjiang fruit farms

Due to unique climatic and environmental conditions in Xinjiang, the fruit produced in this area has a reputation for quality in China, leading to a very promising prospect in the fruit plantation industry. In Xinjiang, about one-fifth of the fruit farms belong to the state-owned corporations and managed by the local indigenous people. There are also group-owned farms managed by indigenous groups. At present, it is the major industry in many regions in Xinjiang, and many farms have developed into various operation mode.

Tenure arrangement

Changes of agricultural structure through history

The agricultural structure change in Xinjiang can be divided into three stages through history, and the government makes all the agricultural decisions.

The first stage was from the 1950s to the mid-1980s when the People Republic of China was established, development of grain production is focused, with grain production as the basic industry to satisfy people's basic need for food.

The second stage was from the mid-80s to the late 90s, when the emphasis of the agriculture shifts from grain plantation to cash crops.

The third stage started in 2000, the agriculture in the area is then market-oriented, and focuses on structure adjustment to increase the income of farmers and herdsmen. Based on guaranteed food and economic security, the agriculture of southern Xinjiang is then dominated by fruit industry and forestry, supplemented by animal husbandry; the agriculture of northern Xinjiang is dominated by animal husbandry, supplemented by updated planting industry.

After more than 50 years of development, Xinjiang's agriculture has made great achievements. In 2004, the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery reached 75.07 billion Chinese yuan (about 10.51 billion US dollar), 24.22 times that of 1980 (3.1 billion Chinese yuan, approximately 43.4 million US dollar). Among the five provinces in the northwest, before 1995, Xinjiang's total output value was lower than that of Shanxi, ranking second all the time. After 1995, Xinjiang has ranked first till now. The planting area of crops in Xinjiang has also been increasing. By 2006, a new agricultural pattern with four major industrial bases consisted of grain, cotton, forest fruit and livestock had been formed.

The fruit industry has just started with limited variety, but the development prospect is broad and is becoming the new highlight of farmers' income. In 2004, the total forestry and fruit plantation area of Xinjiang was 10.04 million Chinese mu (1 Chinese mu = 0,06667 ha), among which the Tarim basin has formed a scale of more than 8 million mu, and the output of forest and fruit products exceeded 3 million tons. Among them, there are 1,287,600 tons of grapes, with an average annual growth rate of 13.5%; 367,800 tons of pears, an average annual growth rate of 13.5%; 768,800 tons of apricot, with an average annual growth rate of 23.7%. The output value of forest and fruit products exceeded 4.5 billion yuan (63 million US dollars). In 2006, the planting area of melon and fruit was 1,104,700 mu, with a growth of 7.42%.[4]

Problems caused by the structural change

Problems caused by the agricultural development stage changes in Xinjiang:

1. Ecological benefit ignored

The rapid development of agriculture after 1994 when people republic of china was established led to abuse of chemical fertilization, pesticide and mulch. Though it quickly received the monetary return, the ecology of the area was severely damaged.

2. Low environmental awareness

After a long period of getting instructions from the government on agricultural activities, local people gradually lost the consciousness of restoring and protecting the land, packaging of fertilization or pesticide is commonly seen thrown on the field. This phenomenon indicates it is now important to arouse environmental awareness among local people and encourage them to protect their own land.

3. Limited participation of indigenous people

Farmer, as the operators of the land, have abundant knowledge associated with agricultural management. However, according to the survey, most of them follow the instructions of the government and do not actively participate in government decision making.[5]

Solutions:

To restore the environment of the area to achieve sustainability, and the traditional knowledge of the people, “participating development” is urged by both the government and the local people.[5]


Land ownership

The State shall own land in urban districts. Land in the rural areas and suburban areas, except otherwise provided for by the State, shall be collectively owned by peasants including house site, land and hills allowed to be retained by peasants.[6]Uyghur peasants own the land of community-managed fruit farms.

Administrative arrangements

Xinjiang is divided into thirteen prefecture-level divisions: four prefecture-level cities, six prefectures and five autonomous prefectures (including the sub-provincial autonomous prefecture of Ili, which in turn has two of the seven prefectures within its jurisdiction) for Mongol, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Hui minorities. At the end of the year 2017, the total population of Xinjiang is 24.45 million.[7] Ten of the county-level cities(Shihezi, Aral, Tumxuk, Wujiaqu, Beitun, Tiemenguan, Shuanghe, Kokdala, Kunyu and Huyanghe) do not belong to any prefecture, and are de facto administered by the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.

The XPCC is administered by both the central government of the China and government of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Its internal affairs, including the administration of its cities and reclaimed land, is separate from that of the Autonomous Region and under the direct control of the central government.[8]

The people's government of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region is the executive organ of the people's congress of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region and the state administrative organ of the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. During the closing period of the people's congress of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, the people's government of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region shall be responsible for reporting its work to the standing committee of the people's congress of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region.[9][10][11] The government chief of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region is elected by the people's congress who is also responsible for implementing the directives of the Communist Party of China(CPC) central committee. The resolutions of the CPC Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region congress, are the exercising of leadership over the work of the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region and reporting on work to the CPC central committee regularly.

In recent years, the central government has formulated a series of policies(listed below) to benefit the people who develop fruits farms and agriculture.

  1. Since 2003, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council have issued several documents including "Opinions on Doing a Good Job in Agriculture and Rural Work" and "Decisions on Accelerating the Development of Forestry" and other documents, which shows the importance of the “issues of agriculture, countryside and farmers”. This will help strengthen agricultural work, promote the development of characteristic forest and fruit industries, and increase farmers' income.
  2. In response, the Party Committee of the Autonomous Region and the People's Government of the Autonomous Region have issued a series of documents since 2004, such as "Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Special Forestry and Fruit Industry.
  3. The central and local financial departments have increased their capital investment in accordance with the requirements of the central government, and have implemented a special policy to eliminate restrictions on the proportion of forest species in Xinjiang since 2004.
  4. The implementation of the fourth-phase project of returning farmland to forest and the construction of the "Three North" shelterbelt system has not only promoted the construction of forestry ecosystems in our area, increased the oasis forest coverage rate, but also promoted the rapid development of the forest and fruit industry in all areas, especially in southern Xinjiang.
  5. The autonomous region's finances give priority to financial discounts and support the construction of fruit bases and fruit storage and processing facilities. Since 2005, the autonomous region’s finance has allocated special funds for forestry science and technology every year, with a focus on supporting the promotion of practical technologies in the forestry and fruit industry. Since the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", the Autonomous Region Finance has provided special funds for the development of forestry and fruit industry, focusing on fruit farmer skills training, improved seed breeding, etc.[12]
  6. In 2015, the Chinese government officially implemented the “Belt and Road” policy, which is a national top-level cooperation initiative.

Affected Stakeholders

General description of stakeholders

Central Government

the State Council is the highest administrative organ of the country. It is mainly responsible for leading the administrative work in various parts of the country, for drafting the Constitution and related laws, and for national affairs such as national defence and diplomacy.

Local Government

The local government refers to the general name of the government organization that manages the affairs of a national administrative region. The local government in Xinjiang is composed of production and construction corporation and local governments. Compared with the central government, the local government has limited power, due to the separation of current administrative power and economic power.

Uyghur Farmers

The Uyghur farmers and herdsman refer to the local residents who have lived in the location of the resource for generations. They have formed their own culture in their long-term lives and have different lifestyles. They have collective ownership of the land, so the fruit production activities carried out will have an impact on their lives, especially the lease of land to the company for production.

Fruit Companies

Fruit companies are the most important economic entities in the fruit industry. They intensively invest capital, technology, labor and resources to obtain benefits in the process of fruit production and sales. This part of the interest is returned to the central and local governments through taxation and other means. At the same time, their survival and development are deeply affected by national laws and regulations.[13][14]

Local Tutorial Department/ Tourists

The tourism department is an important administrative organ under the administration of the State Council. The tourism department attaches importance to all environmental and social conditions that affect the value of local tourism.The tourism sector affects the corresponding subsidies of the fruit industry by affecting local fiscal revenue.

Competitors

(1) Large fruit producers in mainland China such as Shaanxi Province and Hebei Province. These producers have more advanced production technology and equipment to process high-quality fruits, and they occupy a more favorable geographical location for domestic sales.

(2) Other major fruit-producing countries in Central Asia such as Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan. The fruits produced by these countries have a strong overlap with Xinjiang fruits, such as grapes and apples, and thus have become a strong competitive partner for Xinjiang fruit exports to Central Asia.

Their power is reflected in influencing the production and sales planning of fruits in Xinjiang farm by affecting the domestic and foreign fruit markets.

The interest-seeking tendency of different stakeholders

Table 1.The focus of interest[15]
Stakeholders Economic interest Environmental interest Social interest
Government ++++ ++++ +++
Uyghur people +++++ +++ +++
Fruit company +++++ ++ +++
Tourists +++ +++++ +++

Interested Outside Stakeholders

Policies of other provinces aimed at assisting Xinjiang fruit export

The central government requires 19 provinces and cities to assist Xinjiang. All provinces and cities should establish effective mechanisms to assist Xinjiang in personnel, technology, management and capital, and support the development of infrastructure and special industries in Xinjiang. Here are a few examples of fruit export assistance:[16]

1.   Zhejiang province

The Zhejiang Ligeng corporation invested in establishing a 1500 Chinese mu red jujube plantation farm in Aksu, Xinjiang. With a project offered by the Zhejiang provincial government called “100 stores in 10 cities”, the plantation farm can send their fruit products directly to over a hundred of fruit shops and markets in ten cities in Zhejiang province. It is reported that by the end of November 2018, over 146,200 tons of the exclusive agricultural products such as fragrant pear, walnut, jujube, milk and mutton in Aksu region had been sold in Zhejiang, with a total sales of 1.935 billion yuan (about 2.709 US dollars). More than 110,000 farmers directly benefited from the "100 stores in 10 cities" project.[17]

2. Shenzhen city

Kashgar city in Xinjiang, also known as the "land of fruits.”, the income of forest fruit here accounts for more than 45% of the total income of the whole town, and the main fruit planted is the grape of munag, a grape that was introduced from the Mediterranean more than 1000 years ago, it is the oldest fruit species. Shenzhen, a well-developed southern city in China, was assigned by the provincial government as one of the regions to assist Kashgar city. In the year 2019, because there was abundant grape harvest, it also faced the dilemma of a glut of produce. The main reasons are a lack of variety and the local market competition is intense. The mainstream media of Shenzhen press group published the grape action proposal, calling on Shenzhen enterprises and people to purchase the grape of Kashgar township. In less than two months, hundreds of tons of munag grapes were sold to Shenzhen residents.[18]

3. Hangzhou city

Hangzhou was assigned by the provincial government as one of the regions to assist the development of Aksu city in Xinjiang. As the center of electronic commerce in China, Hangzhou has a solid foundation of relative technologies and personnel. The city then made use of its strength by introducing the online commercial knowledge and personnel to the area, stimulating the local entrepreneurship and employment. At present, there are more than 1,900 active e-commerce sellers in Aksu city, 120 registered enterprises engaged in e-commerce applications and services, and more than 7,000 direct employees. Relying on the three brands of "Aksu apple", "Aksu walnut" and "Aksu red date", the online trading volume has exceeded 1 billion yuan.[19]

Discussion

Aims and Intentions

Uyghur community-managed fruit farms intend to continuously expand fruit sales by giving full play to the advantages and characteristics of Xinjiang fruits and combining with domestic and foreign market demand, and ultimately increase income and improve living standards for the Uyghur community people.

Advantages of Xinjiang's fruit trade

  1. Xinjiang is blessed with unique light, heat, water, soil conditions and resources of famous and excellent forest fruit varieties.[20]
  2. Xinjiang's excellent fruit production capacity can ensure a large and low-cost supply capacity for both domestic and foreign markets.
  3. For exports, the natural restrictions and inefficient agricultural production in neighbouring countries make them dependent on imported fruits from Xinjiang. At the same time, Xinjiang's special fruits such as apples, pears and cantaloupe are highly complementary to the fruits of these countries.
  4. In the context of China's reform and opening up, a mature foreign trade market has been established, which helped Xinjiang's border trade and fruit export industry to develop significantly.
  5. The support of relevant national policies and financial supplements provide a good environment for the development of Xinjiang's whole fruit industry.[21]

Relative success

According to the 2019 National Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin of the Uyghur Autonomous Region, the output of major forestry fruits and nuts has increased significantly over the same period last year.

Table2. Fruit Output and Changes in Uyghur Autonomous Region, 2019[22]
yield (ten thousand tons) year-on-year increase (%)
Characteristic fruit 1729.44 7.8
Garden fruit 1118.72 5.6
Red dates 372.76 3.2
Bergamot pear 109.75 4.4
Grape 313.17 6.7
Apple 170.67 4.5
Nut 124.69 16.7
Fruit melon 486.03 10.8

According to incomplete statistics provided by the China Business Data Center, the export of most major fruits in Xinjiang showed growth in November 2019.

Table3. Statistics of particle Fruit Exports in Xinjiang in November 2019[23]
Amount (ton) Year-on-year change (%) Value of trade (ten thousand US dollars) Year-on-year change (%)
Citus 838.94 -51.63 87.31 -37.08
Pear 426.71 26.21 68.12 70.56
Apple 2801.7 227.20 308.54 207.79
Apple juice 2020.48 83.68 178.41 80.21

Issues of Fruit Trade:

Export

  1. Problems such as pesticide residues and harmful organisms, which are prone to appear in production, will cause trade friction and reduce the export intentions of fruit farmers.
  2. Due to technical limitations, such as backward post-harvest processing and storage technology, fruit quality is relatively low and market competitiveness is not strong.
  3. The lack of macro-industrial planning and practical policy guidance has caused problems in the structure of fruit production and affect sustainable fruit exports.
  4. Weak brand awareness. Inadequate brand protection and publicity work have lead to challenges to expand the customer base.[21]

Domestic

  1. The professional market and large wholesale market of producing area is not established, which leads to low efficiency and less profit.
  2. The infrastructure construction of the market lagged.
  3. Market functions are not perfect. Price competition is still the main problem at present, and the comprehensive competition development mode centered on fruit quality and the brand has not formed.
  4. Xinjiang is far from the major consumer market, so the transportation costs are high and fruit can be damaged.[24]

Management solutions

  1. The Chinese government is keeping developing border trade further through diplomatic negotiations to create a favorable environment for fruit export.
  2. Xinjiang orchards continue developing technology and infrastructures and improving fruit quality to meet international standards.
  3. Through training, leaders of related companies can enhance brand awareness and expand brand awareness and connotation.[21]
  4. Domestic issues need to be supported by specific national policies to innovate wholesale market transactions. The "government + enterprise + dealer" model is effective, and it is also important to continue to promote the "farm and supermarket connection" model.[24]

Assessment

Central Government

According to the goals and methods of the coordination of multiple interests: Cardo-Hicks efficiency, when market regulation fails, the government should play a controlling and guiding role. Under the conditions of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the Xinjiang fruit sales market has played a leading role in optimizing the allocation of resources. In the past years, when market regulation failed, which includes the fruit unsalable condition and price plunge, the government have used administrative means to regulate the market, and protect farmers' economic property right through agriculture insurance policies.[25]

Local Government

Most of the farmlands are Uyghur peasant group-owned, so the local government has the right to manage their fruit land. The local government also holds great political power due to its ability to design, review and execute legal actions. Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps manage some state-owned lands which take up about 4.24% of Xinjiang's total area.[26] And the crop planting area that is managed by Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps is 13278.5 km² which accounts for about 1/5 of the total crop planting lands of Xinjiang(59945 km²).[27][26] Therefore, Xinjiang fruit farms are self-developed and managed with guiding and macroeconomic regulation by the central government.

Recommendations

Few options adopted for fruit industry development in Xinjiang:

1. Combining industry of fruit and tourism

The combining industry of tourism and fruit farm is a green industry that uses orchards as tourism resources. Tourism operated in fruit orchards has become increasingly attractive.

1. Functions and Forms of Tourism Fruit Industry

1) The use of orchards and suburban rural space to develop the combined industry will help expand the orchard's business scope and promote the organic combination of agricultural land, labor, and capital and other production factors.

2) The sightseeing orchard also has rich social and cultural functions, integrating the natural scenery of the orchard with the social-cultural landscape and ethnic customs.

3) The development of suburban sightseeing orchards can improve the environment in the urban area.

2. Current condition of the industry

The orchards of Hanbin Township in Yining City, the orchard of Tashkulek Township, and Huadun Mountain Orchard in Hardun Town, and the apricot orchard of Turpan in Yining City, those are all orchards integrated with ethnic customs, singing and dancing, and traditional snacks, receiving countless tourists from within the province and outside. They are also the popular local sites for wedding and other big events.

Relying on the advantages of outstanding environmental conditions in Xinjiang, people and the government are now adjusting the fruit industry structure, vigorously developing the combined industry of fruit orchard and tourism to benefit people ecologically and economically, allowing ethnic people to benefit from their own traditional knowledge and skills.[28]

2. Electronic commercial

Rural e-commerce public service centers have been set up in many areas of Xinjiang to help Xinjiang fruit export. Farmers form cooperatives to standardize picking, packaging and logistics. Alibaba juhuasuan, Tmall, taojindao (major electronic commercial platforms in China) and other platforms launched online marketing of multiple Xinjiang agricultural products, underwriting the products of 500 farmers. Online sales reduce the cost and waste of offline sales, and is the best fruit sales channel currently. Data show that the buyback rate in the e-commerce channels is more than 30%, which is a rare proportion in e-commerce of fresh products. Xinjiang orchards will also focus on other products in the e-commerce, more Xinjiang fruit products will be presented to the customers in the future.[29]

References

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  5. 5.0 5.1 Aiwen Nie, Z. J. (2013). Rural Sustainable Development under the Changes of Agricultural Structure — Take the town of Liangzhou, Manas County, Xinjiang as an example. Xinjiang State Farms Economy, 12, 11–14.
  6. Land Administration Law of the People's Republic of China (2019 Amendment), article 9
  7. "中国统计年鉴——2018".
  8. Bao, Yajun (Retrieved 19 April 2019.). ""The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps"" (PDF). Oxford University BSG. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. "吐逊江·艾力任新疆自治区政府秘书长 各组成部门一把手名单".
  10. 《新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府工作规则》(2013年6月6日新疆维吾尔自治区第十二届人民政府第6次常务会议修订通过)
  11. "《中华人民共和国地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法》(2004年10月27日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议修改通过)".
  12. Feng Chunlin, Zhao Qiang & Ma Guiping. (2008). Policy research on accelerating the development of Xinjiang's characteristic forest and fruit industries. Xinjiang Forestry, 000 (006), 6-9.
  13. 朱晓. . The benefit game of mineral resources exploitation in xinjiang under the perspective of related stakeholders%相关利益主体视角下新疆矿产资源开发中的利益博弈. 新疆财经, 000(001), 33-39.
  14. 马国勇, 陈红.基于利益相关者理论的生态补偿机制研究[J].生态经济, 2014 (4) :33-36.
  15. 赵永峰.基于利益主体理论的新疆绿洲旅游环境管理模式研究[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(02):899-901.
  16. "对口援疆".
  17. "浙江援疆:"十城百店"再推进".
  18. "新疆喀什木纳格葡萄熟了——深圳援疆前指向市民发出"爱心购"行动倡议".
  19. "阿克苏:借援疆东风筑农村电商高地".
  20. Feng Chunlin, Zhao Qiang & Ma Guiping. (2008). Policy research on accelerating the development of Xinjiang's characteristic forest and fruit industries. Xinjiang Forestry, 000 (006), 6-9.
  21. 21.0 21.1 21.2 Ablekim, A. . (2010). Xinjiang fruit export trade advantages and evaluation. Forestry Economics.
  22. 新疆维吾尔自治区2019年国民经济和社会发展统计公报. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.xinjiang.gov.cn/xinjiang/xjyw/202004/a53b44a4bc84461a8e4c87a3ceaa10b0.shtml
  23. 重点商品进出口统计 (n.d.). Retrieved from http://data.mofcom.gov.cn/index.shtml
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  25. 赵玉奇, 吴新纪, & 黄伟. (2012). 多元利益主体的协调机制——伊犁河谷伊宁霍尔果斯城镇群空间发展的探索. 多元与包容——2012中国城市规划年会论文集(01.城市化与区域规划研究).
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  27. "新疆".
  28. Pilidong, Yunhua Chen, Kahaer, et al. (2011). Rising Ili Tourism Fruit Industry. Forestry of Xinjiang, 21–22.
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