Course:CONS370/Projects/Lyell Island, the building block for successful Forest Land Agreements on Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, Canada

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Summary

In 1985 on Haida Gwaii, British Colombia, Canada, the groundbreaking event of Athlii Gwaii occurred[1]. Unsustainable industrial logging was happening on the Haida Heritage sites of Lyell Island and The Haida Nation took a stand, which is now known forever in history as Athlii Gwaii, The Lyell Island Blockade. During this time, many Haida First Nations gathered on Lyell Island and stood on the line, stopping loggers from going to work. 72 arrests occurred during this event, including of Elders, yet the Haida Nation did not stand down [1]. The success of this event has created the building block for successful Forest Land Agreements and co-management between the Haida Nation and Canada.

Description

Figure 1. The red highlighted area is where Haida Gwaii is in British Columbia, Canada

Location

This case study takes place on Haida Gwaii, which is located off of the west coast of British Columbia (BC), Canada (Figure 1). Lyell Island is located towards the southern side of Haida Gwaii and to the east of Moresby Island (Figure 2). It is included in the Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site (Figure 2).

Figure 2. This map of Haida Gwaii shows where Lyell Island and the Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site is located.

History

  • 12,000 years ago: Archaeological evidence of humans present on Haida Gwaii[2]
  • 1774: European contact led to the loss of the sea otter (kuu) due to trade and the dramatic reduction of the Haida population due to diseases such as small pox and influenza[2]
  • 1867: Formation of Canada[2]
  • 1871: Formation of British Columbia, and which did not interrupt the continuing extraction on Haida Gwaii including whaling, mining, logging, and fishing[2]
  • 1970's: There was growing concern over the ecological and cultural impact of extraction industries on Haida Gwaii which led to awareness campaigns and litigation to protect the area[2]
  • 1981: the Haida Gwaii Watchmen Program was founded by Skidegate Band Council to protect southern Haida Gwaii[2]
  • 1985: the Haida nation led the Athlii Gwaii blockade on Lyell Island[2]
  • 1985: Gwaii Haanas formally designated as a Haida Heritage Site[2]
  • 1987 and 1988: South Moresby Memorandum of Understanding and the South Moresby Agreement declared that Canada and BC were committed to protecting the Gwaii Haanas through the creation of a national park reserve and marine reserve[2]
  • 1993: Gwaii Haanas Agreement, which stated that the terrestrial area of Gwaii Haanas will be managed by the Haida Nation and the Government of Canada through the Archipelago Management Board (AMB) which consisted of four people[2]
  • 2004: Supreme Court of Canada ruling in the case Haida Nation v. British Columbia found that the Haida Nation has a strong prima facie case for Aboriginal Title to all of Haida Gwaii and the provincial government was obligated to consult with and accommodate them over decisions impacting the forests and lands[3]
    • this created a heightened duty for provincial and federal governments to consult with First Nations and increased power-sharing with First Nations.[3]
  • 2005: "Islands Spirit Rising" was a public protect organized by the Haida Nation and supported by non-Haida communities; this protest was in response to BC failing to consult the Haida Nation and accommodate their interests in forestry activities[3]
  • 2007: Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed, which reduced the annual allowable cut (AAC) and outlined forestry goals and practices; this marked a shift of power from the province of BC[3]
  • 2009: Kunst'aa guu-Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol (K&K Protocol) was a step in the process of reconciliation between Haida and Crown titles and reaffirmed BC's commitment to providing tenure to the Council of the Haida Nation[3]
  • 2010: Gwaii Haanas Marine Agreement was signed to include marine areas in the co-management plan[2]
    • Also increased the AMB to a total of 6 people: 3 representatives from the Council of the Haida Nation and 3 representatives from the Government of Canada (2 Parks Canada representatives and 1 Fisheries and Oceans Canada representative)[2]

Tenure arrangements

Lyell Island is currently cooperatively managed through the Archipelago Management Board (AMB), which consists of an equal number of members from the Government of Canada and the Haida Nation[2]. Both parties, the Government of Canada and the Haida Nation, share a viewpoint that Haida Gwaii should be protected, cared for, and enjoyed[4]. However, sovereignty, title, and ownership are claimed by both parties[4]. On the one hand, the Indigenous nation sees Haida Gwaii as part of Haida lands; the Gwaii Haanas Agreement (1993, pp. 1) states that Haida Gwaii is “subject to the collective and individual rights of the Haida citizens, the sovereignty of the Hereditary Chiefs, and jurisdiction of the Council of the Haida Nation”[4]. They own the land and water of Haida Gwaii through traditional and ancestral rights[4]. On the other hand, the Government of Canada views Haida Gwaii as Crown lands under the jurisdiction of the Legislature of the Province of British Columbia and the Parliament of Canada[4].

Nevertheless, in the Gwaii Haanas Agreement (1993), both parties agreed to disagree on ownership while still coming together to manage the Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Heritage Site[4]. Both parties also agreed to allow the operation, planning, and management of the Gwaii Haanas to be under the jurisdiction of the AMB[4]. The AMB is responsible for examining all things relating to the operation, planning, and management of the archipelago[4]. This agreement also allows the AMB to give permits or licenses for research, commercial tour operations or other activities and to manage the access and use by fishermen[4]. Furthermore, the Haida Nation are able to continue their culture and tradition, and sustainable resource harvesting activities[4]. These include: gathering plants for ceremonial or medicinal purposes, gathering traditional Haida foods, traveling into and among Haida Gwaii, cutting selected trees for artistic and ceremonial purposes, hunting land mammals and trapping animals for fur, fishing for freshwater and anadromous fish, teaching and conducting ceremonies of religious, spiritual, or traditional significance, seeking cultural and spiritual inspiration, and the use of shelter and facilities that are used for their activities[4]. This agreement is to remain in effect until either there is a resolution of sovereignty, title or ownership or it is terminated by either party[4].

Furthermore, the Gwaii Haanas Marine Agreement (2010) created the Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area Reserve and was put under the jurisdiction of the AMB[5]. All of the Archipelago Management Board's duties, responsibilities, and main objectives remained the same over the new area as the previous agreement[5]. This agreement also increased the number of members of the AMB from four to six, still with equal distribution between the Haida Nation and the Government of Canada[5]. This agreement will also remain in effect until the sovereignty, title or ownership disagreement is rectified or is terminated by either party[5].

Administrative arrangements

Lyell Island and the surrounding area set a precedent for future negotiations and agreements among companies, Indigenous groups and the government.(File:Land Use Agreement.jpg) There is a wealth of available legal documents made between indigenous groups and the government, without one side being unfairly represented. All these agreements and management programs are available through the Haida website. There are many affected stakeholders, as multiple different companies are interested in the Haida territory, for multiple purposes, not just land use. There are an abundant amount of Marine agreements as well. The main stakeholders are the Government of British Columbia and the Haida Nation. Lyell Island was the building block of communication and negotiation between the indigenous Haida nation and their land, versus the government and what they continue to claim as being Crown land. By creating management programs and agreements which outline rules, there is clear understanding for both the principal parties (the government of BC and the Haida) and the third party stakeholders, the companies. These agreements are incredibly important to ensure the safety of Lyell island and the Haida Land for generations to come. The agreements are outlined in the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement[6]. This agreement was made between the Indigenous People of Haida Gwaii and the Province of British Columbia. This document does not replace section 25 and 35 in the Constitution Act, 1982. There are many parts to this agreement.

Part A is a “Detailed Strategic Plan” [6]which means any “plan” that was made jointly by both parties for landscapes, watersheds and other areas which are a part of the ecosystem based management objectives (EBM). Ecosystem Based Management on Haida Gwaii is a adaptive, systematic approach to managing human activities on Haida land. EBM is designed to ensure and protect the safety of healthy ecosystems and the activities of humans and

Cultural Cedar Forest Areas as presented in the Strategic Land Use Agreement. These areas are considered significant and protected.

their communities.

Defined in the agreement are zones of different land use. “Operating Area” [6]has been deemed suitable for continued research development and management activities. This includes forest harvesting and forest management in accordance with EBM. “Special Value Area”[6] is 100% protected forest retention for species such as the goshawk, great blue heron and the saw-whet owl. “New Protected Area” is defined as protected for ecological, cultural, spiritual and recreational purposes.

The definitions are designed to confirm strategic land use zones and EBM is implemented throughout to protect all of the Haida Land. This provides a framework for interim and permanent protection measures.

The rules and objectives of the Ecosystem based Management are applied to all areas, including the “Operating Area”, and used to guide forest planning and harvesting activities. Consideration of Socio-economic benefits were taken into account, and both parties committed to harvesting no less than 800,000 m3/year [on which land base? specify] through the Land Use Agreement. The implementation of EBM and the Land Use will be done by the Haida Nation in accordance with their laws, policies, customs and traditions. An established committee monitors EBM and its implementation.[6] The management and rules of EBM

include:

Habitat Zones Of the Marbled Murrelet as presented in the Strategic Land Use Agreement.

-Identify and maintain traditional Haida forest and resources

-Identify and protect traditional Haida heritage features

-Identify and maintain Monumental Cedar for Haida cultural use

-Sustain stands of Monumental Cedar

-Retain Cedar and Yew within harvest units

-Maintain a supply of Cedar and Yew for cultural/social purposes in the bioregion

-Identify and protect culturally modified trees

-Reserve culturally modified tree areas

-Maintain and/or restore water quality and quantity within the natural range of variability in identified sensitive water sheds

-Retain forested swamps

-Maintain representation of common and very common old growth forest ecosystems in the bioregion

-Maintain representation of modal, rare and very rare old growth forest ecosystems in the bioregion

-Identify and protect red-listed plant communities

-Identify and protect blue-listed plant communities

-Identify and protect black bear den sites

-Maintained Marble Murrelet nesting habitat

-Identify and protect Goshawk nesting sites[6]

Affected Stakeholders

SGang Gwaay village in Gwaii Haanas

The main stakeholder affected is the Haida Nation, as they are dependent on the land for survival. Any destruction or loss of an ecosystem directly impacts the livelihood of the Haida. They are by far the biggest stakeholder. Every action is directly reflected onto their lives and the future of their families. The key social actors are listed as the Province of British Columbia, the Haida Nation and any third party company interested in an industrial activity on the Haida land. However, other actors have played a role in a few of the agreements and management plans, such as the Federal government of Canada. The Gwaii Haanas agreement is protection of the archipelago known as Gwaii Haanas or South Moresby. This is between the Government of Canada and the Council of the Haida Nation.[7] Local municipalities are also listed in accords and protocols. The first Protocol agreement is between the Council of the Haida Nation and the Village of Queen Charlotte.[8] The understanding of protection of traditional Haida land and water use is outlined, and the Village of Queen Charlotte respects past and present usage by the Council of the Haida Nation. [8]The second protocol agreement between the Council of the Haida Nation and the Municipalities of Port Clements and Masset is an understanding of working together for the well being of the land, water and peoples of Haida Gwaii[9]. Within the protocol the agreement is that of protection and safety of the environment and the Haida people as well as the people in the Village of Queen Charlotte, Port Clements and Masset and the security of family and homes.[9] The parties agree to improve the quality of life and stability of the island community through responsible management of the resources of Haida Gwaii. The communities recognize the existence of the Crown as well as the Haida People. The Village understands and respects the hereditary responsibilities and relationship of the Haida to Haida Gwaii.

An agreement exists between the Council of the Haida Nation and the Skeena-Queen Charlotte Regional District Electoral Area D[10] for the future well being of the land, water and peoples. The protocol outlines the same agreements as above with the Electoral Area D[10]. It also includes the understanding that the Council of the Haida Nation accepts that the people who call the islands home are the ones who are most affected by land use.[10]

The Reconciliation protocol exists between the Haida Nation and Her Majesty the Queen.[11] This is not a full reconciliation but it is a step towards it, as both parties have differing views of past management of the Haida Land.  In all protocols the objective is to protect the land, water and families of the Haida.This is in accordance with the Haida Land Use Vision.[12][13] Within the municipal agreements, the power is shared almost equally, however weighted slightly more in terms of the Haida as the protection is needed for the Island.

Interested Outside Stakeholders

Logging Companies

Social actors would include third party participants, meaning companies interested in the exploitation and development of Haida Gwaii. Lyell island was the precedent for this as no such agreements as outlined above existed before then. The non-local industrial logging companies that were previously present on Lyell Island used to have more power relative to the Haida people. The BC provincial government provided them with logging licenses and unsustainable annual allowable harvest rates were put into place for short-term prosperity[14]. The main objective of these stakeholders is cutting old growth commercial timber species and exploitation of resources for money. The logging companies were responsible for over two decades of intensive logging[15]. Western Forest Products was the external party interested in the cutting on an industrial scale of Lyell island.[16] Before protocols and agreements, Western Forest Products held all rights and the Haida Nation had none, as the Crown held the property rights and gave them to Western Forest Products. Western Forest Products held all cutting rights on Lyell Island[16]. Demonstrations were sparked against the prominent logging company that was given a logging license for Lyell Island from the BC government[15]. Most notably of the demonstrations was the Athlii Gwaii blockade on Lyell Island led by the Haida Nation and supported by non-Indigenous community members. That was the start of the end of the power of logging companies[15]. The mass demonstrations shifted this power imbalance, first on Haida Gwaii and later in other Indigenous communities in the future. The Gwaii Haanas, including Lyell Island, was formally designated as a Haida Heritage Site the same year[2]. This was followed by the creation of a national park reserve and marine reserve through the South Moresby Memorandum of Understanding in 1987 and the South Moresby Agreement in 1988[2]. Now, with these agreements, third party actors and interested stakeholders cannot hold all power and must act within the accord reached in the Strategic Land Use Agreement.

The Government of Canada

The Provincial Government of Canada views the Gwaii Haanas as Crown lands, however, this is juxtaposed with the view of the Council of the Haida Nation that it is Haida Lands[4]. The Government of Canada shares objectives with the Haida Nation, regarding the management, operation, and planning of the Gwaii Haanas[5]. They want to protect and preserve the environment and Haida culture, and maintain it as a benchmark of human understanding and science[4]. It is important to note that this wasn’t always the case, as the Provincial Government of BC had given logging companies permission to destructively log on Haida Gwaii for decades[15].

While the Government of Canada holds a significant amount of power, there has been a significant shift in power from the government in the last 30 years. This shift in power was mainly sparked by the Athlii Blockade[15]. The Haida Nation was standing up and asserting their rights to their traditional, ancestral and unceded lands[15]. This sparked the creation of the Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site through the Gwaii Haanas Agreement and Gwaii Haanas Marine Agreement. These agreements gave the jurisdiction of the operation, planning and management of the Gwaii Haanas to the AMB[4][5]. The Archipelago Management Board equally consists of representatives from the Government of Canada and the Haida Nation[2]. Furthermore, a Strategic Land Use agreement set out management objectives agreed upon by both the Government of Canada and the Haida Nation[6]. While the Government of Canada still holds some power, there has been a notable shift for their power to become more equal with the Haida Nation.

Kayaking in Gwaii Haanas

Tourists and Tourism Operators

Tourism is rising on the Gwaii Haanas; there was a 23% increase in numbers between 2011 and 2016[17]. People are drawn to the Gwaii Haanas due to its natural beauty and rich cultural history[17]. However, infrastructure and access are limited to the Gwaii Haanas due to its remote location and protection through the creation of the Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Heritage Site[17]. In 2016, there were 19 different tourism operators and services offered[17]. However, these tourism operators are working with the AMB in order to promote their objective of facilitating opportunities for meaningful visitor experiences[2]. While the objective of most tourism operators is financial gain, their power is limited to the jurisdiction of the AMB[2].

Discussion

Today, we can attribute the success of the collaborative management of the Gwaii Haanas to the Haida Nation’s resilience and how they stood their ground on issues involving their traditional, ancestral and unceded territories. The Athlii Gwaii blockade was the culmination of tensions rising on Lyell Island after decades of intensive logging practices and disempowerment of the Haida Nation by the Government of British Columbia[15]. In 1974, a five-year logging plan was proposed to the BC Ministry of Forestry by commercial logging companies for Haida Gwaii[15]. The Skidegate Band Council objected to this; however, even with the objections from the Skidegate Band Council, commercial logging began on Lyell Island in 1975[15]. That same year the Council of the Haida Nation was formed, which unified their efforts to cease all commercial logging on their lands[15]. After many years of negotiations between the Haida Nation and the BC Ministry of Forestry, tensions reached a tipping point when the minister of forests stated that logging would continue on Lyell Island[15]. After this ruling, the first camp was set up on Lyell Island for Haida demonstrators at a logging camp[15].

The blockade on Lyell Island was known for being strong but respectful; the Haida stood their ground for what they wanted in regards to their land but did things like holding a feast for parties on both sides of the blockade[15]. This set a strong precedent for how they were going to approach negotiations. As the logging road on Lyell Island was blockaded, Western Forest Products ordered and was granted an injunction against the blockaders[15]. On the first day of the injunction, the Haida followed it and allowed loggers to pass[15]. However, on November 16, 1985, the elders who had come to the blockade were arrested; 72 Haida were arrested and the first of these was the elders [18][15]. The photos of the elders being arrested gained the fight in South Moresby national attention and support[18]. The Haida Nation aligned itself with many environmental organizations and lobbying groups that helped them gain this support[18].

About two years after the stand at Lyell Island and over ten years after actions against unsustainable logging in the Gwaii Haanas began, Canada and the Province of British Colombia signed the South Moresby Memorandum of Understanding, committing themselves to stop logging in the Gwaii Haanas[1].

There has always been a fight between the Government of Canada and the Haida Nation on whether certain land on Haida Gwaii belongs to the crown or if it rightfully belongs to the Haida people[4]. This feud was pushed aside when they created the Gwaii Haanas Agreement, which is the agreement made between the Haida people and the Government of Canada to protect Gwaii Haanas by making it a National Park Reserve[1][4]. This co-management between the Haida Nation and the Government of Canada was a huge step in implementing possible future agreements. Ultimately, Lyell Island raised awareness on unsustainable logging happening on Haida Gwaii.

The Haida Nation continued its fight against industrialized commercial logging elsewhere on the archipelago. In 1995, the Haida Nation took the Minister of Forests to court over the renewal of the biggest tree farm license in Haida Gwaii[14]. The Haida argued that the land was encumbered by Aboriginal title so the Minister of Forests didn’t have the authority to renew the license[14]. The British Columbia Court of Appeal agreed with the Haida Nation, and said the Crown needs to consult with the latter about logging on Haida Gwaii[14]. Furthermore, the Supreme Court of Canada affirmed this decision[3]. Elsewhere in the province of British Columbia, the war in the woods was intensified in which environmentalists and First Nation communities were putting additional pressure on the province to stop harmful industrial forestry operations[14]. Eight First Nations communities, including the Haida Nation, banded together to form the Turning Point Initiative[14]. The Turning Point Initiative wanted more respect for Aboriginal title and rights, an increase in local control, and the implementation of ecosystem-based management[14]. This led to the signing of the Haida Protocol on Interim Measures and Land Use Planning, which committed the Haida Nation and the Province of British Columbia to establish a land-use planning process collaboratively that aligned with ecosystem-based management principles[14]. Ultimately this led to the Haida Gwaii Land Use Agreement; this changed the rate and method of how logging was being carried out on Haida Gwaii[6]. The 2007 Strategic Land-Use Agreement protects roughly fifty percent of Haida Gwaii and uses ecosystem-based management for the remaining fifty percent[18]. This agreement would not have been possible without the co-management agreement of the Gwaii Haanas; the Government of Canada and the Haida Nation co-managing the Gwaii Haanas opened up a line of communication and negotiation to talk about what the commercial activities on the rest of Haida Gwaii should look like.

However, a conflict that is still happening in the community today is what does sustainable logging looks like? Some people think sustainable logging is stopping all logging on the island and others think logging should only occur enough for Haida people to live on. This is a debate that is still going in the community today.  

Assessment

The Province of British Columbia

The provincial government holds the most power out of all the social groups. Agreements between the BC government and the Haida Nation are by far the most common of any party involved. Before Lyell island, the Crown held all power and respected very few to none of the traditions and culturally significant areas on Haida Gwaii. Lyell island changed this[16], and created protection and shift in power towards the Haida and their ability to manage the land and protect ecosystems. There still today exists a lack of understanding by the government towards areas of significance for the Haida. however the Council of the Haida Nation works to create a border curtain of respect. The Haida and the Provincial Government are the two main holders [of what?] and thus all agreements[6].

Logging Companies

Logging companies still hold a large amount power in terms of land use and negotiation on Haida Gwaii. While the Haida holds more de facto power today than the Crown[6], there still exists a power imbalance. However, third parties must go through both the Haida and the Provincial Government for access. This creates a harder to access situation since the two main parties must be in agreement that less access from logging companies helps to preserve and protect the land of Haida Gwaii. By having a stringent process, more ecosystems are safe and designated areas will not be touched and left in their traditional state[7]. There still exists a lack of respect by logging companies and the Crown, and therefore there is destruction of land. Companies and the BC government can make high profits off the Haida Land and this is the ultimate driver of disrespect.

The Federal Government

The federal government holds the federal authority over the provincial government however their power in this situation is less than the Provincial Government. The Federal Government is the overarching power in Canada. However Provincial governments hold power over public or Crown lands.

Local Municipalities

Local Municipalities such as the Village of Queen Charlotte hold very limited power but are the most connected party to the Haida.[8] [9][12]The municipalities have the greatest understanding of traditional land and therefore the most respect. As the local municipalities are not trying to make profit off the land (they are not a company), there is a much better relationship between them and the Haida.

Tourism

Tourism companies hold a small amount of power, and must go through the Haida as stated in the Strategic Land Use Agreement. Services such as ecotourism generate profit yet on a smaller scale compared to old growth logging.[6]

Recommendations

The local forests of Haida Gwaii are large and abundant and because of this, logging will probably never end on Haida Gwaii. Even though logging has been stopped in Gwaii Haanas, and many agreements have been made to attempt to make local logging more sustainable, there is still logging occurring everywhere else on the island. Most logging companies on Haida Gwaii are ran by non-local logging industries. These industries employ more non-indigenous people and ship all of the wood off of the island[19]. The type of logging occurring on the islands does not benefit the local communities. Logging benefits should better support local communities, and logging companies should source more employment from local people. By employing more local people and using local logging companies, the communities will benefit economically and in every other aspect.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Collison, Jisgang Nika (2018). Athlii Gwaii-Upholding Haida Law at Lyell Island. Council of the Haida Nation. pp. 5, 108, 116. ISBN 978-0-9694402-1-5.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 AMB (Archipelago Management Board) (2018). Gwaii Haanas Gina 'Waadluxan KilGulGa Land-Sea-People Management Plan 2018. Parks Canada Agency, Canada.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Hotte, N., Wyatt, S., and Kozac, R. (2019). Influences on trust during collaborative forest governance: a case study from Haida Gwaii. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 49(4), 361-374. doi: 10.1139/cjfr-2018-0222
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 Gwaii Haanas Agreement, Government Of Canada-Haida Nation, Jan. 1, 1993, https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/bc/gwaiihaanas/info/coop/plans
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Gwaii Haanas Marine Agreement, Government Of Canada-Haida Nation, Jan. 16, 2010, https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/bc/gwaiihaanas/info/coop/plans
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 Council of the Haida Nation; Province of British Columbia. Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement (2007).  Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Haida-Gwaii-Strategic-Land-Use-Agreement-1.pdf.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Government of Canada, The Council of the Haida Nation. Gwaii Haanas Agreement . (1993, January 30). Retrieved from http://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/GwaiiHaanasAgreement.pdf
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Village of Queen Charlotte, The Council of the Haida Nation. Protocol Agreement . (2006, November 20). Retrieved from http://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Protocol_QCC.pdf
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Village of Masset Council of the Haida Nation Village of Port Clements. Protocol Agreement (2004, March 19). Retrieved from http://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Protocol_Communities.pdf
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 CHN, Skeena-Queen Charlotte Regional District Electoral Area D. Protocol Agreement . (2006). Retrieved from http://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Protocol_Reg_Dist.pdf
  11. ↑ Haida Nation, British Columbia. Kunst'aa Guu-Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Kunstaa-guu_Kunstaayah_Agreement.pdf
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Haida Gwaii (Staala Gwaii): COSEWIC Assessment. Haida Land Use Vision, Council of the Haida Nation, Apr. 2005, www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-assessments-status-reports/haida-gwaii-slug-2013.html.
  13. ↑ Nation, H. (2000, June 13). Declaration of the First Nations of the North Pacific Coast. Retrieved from http://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Turning_Point.pdf
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Takeda, L., and Ropke, I. (2010). Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of Haida Gwaii. Ecological Economics, 70, 178-188. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 Porten, S. (2014). Lyell Island (Athlii Gwaii) case study: Social innovation by the Haida Nation. American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 38(3), 85-106. doi: 10.17953/aicr.38.3.e15186340020j837
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Pynn, L. (2010, November 17). Lyell Island: 25 years later. Retrieved from https://www.wildernesscommittee.org/news/lyell-island-25-years-later
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Elliot, R. (2011). Tourism in Gwaii Haanas: Contributions to Haida Gwaii communities and co-management (Master’s Thesis). Retrieved from https://summit.sfu.ca/item/17231
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Vernon, C. (2010, November 25). We Gathered to Say Haw’aa. The Tyee. https://thetyee.ca/Life/2010/11/25/SayHawaa/
  19. ↑ Lantin, Peter. (2020, April 6) President of the Haida Nation 2012-2018.


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