Course:ASIA319/2024/"Oddball" (奇葩)

From UBC Wiki

Introduction

An example of the Chinese characters and Pinyin form of "Oddball"

Today, the term qí pā (奇葩) translates to "weirdo" or "oddball" in English, and is commonly used to describe a person who acts in ways that is seen as out of the ordinary to other people, possess unusual habits, or is perceived as subverting conventional norms in contemporary society. Additionally, it may also be used to describe something that is unusual or unique. Originally, the meaning of 奇葩 is associated with rarity and uniqueness[1], but with the rise of Internet spaces and the daily use of online language, the term has undergone major semantic change, developing into its varied meanings today. This page explores the elaboration of its meanings by analyzing how the term is used in Chinese popular culture in spaces such as China's queer community, different social groups on social media, and digital programs such as the contemporary talk show Qi Pa Shuo: a program featuring guests and participants whom are described as individuals with "outspoken personalities with a special way of talking or unique fashion style." [2] Additionally, this page highlights the varying positive and negative characteristics the meaning expresses depending on the context of its usage.

The genesis and traditional meanings of Qí Pā (奇葩)

Genesis

The term 奇葩 (qí pā) began to emerge in Chinese popular culture with the increased usage of internet slang and online based language among the younger generations. From at least the 2010's, the term 奇葩 (qí pā) has been noted as one of the most used Chinese slang or network buzzwords. One example comes from the linguistics magazine, Yaowen Jiaozi, as they have been known to curate a list of popular Chinese slangs called "Top-Ten Network Buzzwords" since 2012 on the social media platform Weibo.[3] As exemplified in a table from an article by Tan and Yu, 奇葩 (qí pā) is listed as one of the most used buzzwords during 2013, among many other slangs: translating to "strange flower," the term is defined as being "used to describe something or someone bizarre, eccentric, or weird." [3]

Traditional Meanings

Traditionally, the meaning of the word 奇葩 (qí pā) is originally associated with the uniqueness and rarity of people and objects, appearing since the Song Dynasty.[4] The term is derived from the two characters 奇 (qí) and 葩 (pā). 奇 (qí) can a varied range of related meanings including rare, strange, queer, unexpected, surprised, astonished, or extraordinary. Meanwhile, 葩 (pā) is typically associated with flowers or exotic flora. Put together, the term roughly translates as “precious and beautiful flower.” [5] Used either as a noun or adjective, it was intended to be used as a metaphor to describe someone or something one of a kind or astonishingly unique compared to general norms.[5]

From this, the original meaning of the term has since undergone a change in meaning in today's modern context, showcasing the duality of semantics: qí pā means ""singular flower" or "singular thing", "singular" means "unlike the general", and literally it is "unusual"".[4] Thus, the term 奇葩 (qí pā) has shown to be expressed in a more positive manner or being used as derogatory term, depending on what context it is being used in.

Qí Pā (奇葩) in Chinese popular culture: elaboration of meanings, implications, and counterpart terms

Within the contemporary culture of China, the term 奇葩 (qí pā) has become as widely popular used slang on social media platforms, in digital industries, and its connection to the LGBT community and queer culture experiences in China. The meaning associated with the term 奇葩 (qí pā) has further evolved from something or someone being simply labelled as "weird" or "odd" as a form of ridicule, but instead may also encompass the individuality and uniqueness of perspectives.

The multiple explicit meanings and implicit connections people make when use the keywords to discuss their everyday experiences and popular culture scenes

Queer Culture

Produce Camp Asia: Season 2 contestant Hu Ye Tao
‘Youth With You 3’ contestant Tony Yu Jingtao

One of the most common meanings and connections people make when using “奇葩” (qí pā) in everyday life is in the context of discussing queer culture. Prior to the anti-LGBTQ+ sentiment in China in the “context of recent culture and internet regulation”, the Chinese media had already expressed their “disapproval of this phenomenon”.[6] As a result, during the 1990s, the LGBTQ+ community primarily met in private and in small groups.[7] According to an interview with He Xiaopei who is a leading queer activist, feminist filmmaker, as well as director of Pink Space, bars like City Bar located in Beijing’s Sanlitun Bar Street that were catered towards foreigners and for the purpose of hook ups with sex workers opened which also attracted gay men to regularly meet there.[7] Unsurprisingly, their presence was not always well received as many people saw them as “‘weird-looking’ guys”.[7] However there were also people who welcomed people in the LGBTQ+ community. In an interview with one of the bar managers, he was asked if he was afraid of business competition with the growing number of gay bars in the area of Sanlitun Bar Street, the manager expressed that “he did not care about business; he cared about the community and wanted the community to grow.”[8] Moving on to the 21st century, the development of “on-demand video streaming platforms, such as Youku, Tudou, iQIYI, Bilibili, and Tencent Video” has created a “lenient space for nonconforming gender and sexual expressions” which has lead to rapid development in China’s queer media industry.[9] This has inspired many college students and young professionals to create “online queer content such as fan fiction and short films”.[9] Aside from personal productions, large production companies have also produced queer content such as Youth with You and Produce Camp which are both online idol-producing shows that feature younger male contestants who are “more expressive of their gender and sexuality”, with many being “queer or queer friendly.”[10] These male contestants are often portrayed wearing “orange-red eyeshadow, lipstick, pearl necklaces, and ear pendants” which conveys a more feminine appearance.[10]

However, with the rise of reality shows like Youth with You and Produce Camp leading China’s digital entertainment industry, there has also been backlash from the media such as an “editorial published by Xinhua News Agency in September 2018 initiated the media campaign against sissy men.”[6] This article was widely circulated and called these male figures “little fresh meat” and “sissy men who claimed fame on web dramas, online reality shows, and internet platforms” while also going further by describing them as “‘an eyesore’ (辣眼睛), ‘abnormal aesthetics’ (病态审美) and ‘weirdos’ (奇葩和怪咖)”.[6] All in all, the term 奇葩 (qí pā) can be used both positively and negatively in the context of discussing queer culture in China.

Unique Perspectives

奇葩 (qí pā) has also been used in the context of discussing unique perspectives such as in a contemporary talk show called Qi Pa Shuo which in 2017 had over 1.1 million fans on Weibo’s official page: “bring[ing] together a group of very diverse – often funny and extravagant – Chinese people” to discuss and debate over a variety of topics relating to love, marriage, family, career, friendship, etc.[11] The direct translation of the show’s title is “Weirdo’s Say” or “Unusual Talk” which is apparent in the behaviors of the participants who are “outspoken personalities with a special way of talking or unique fashion style.”[11] While some of the topics discussed on the show are “frivolous and funny” such as asking “what would you do if you found an egg placed by an alien”, the show has also discussed some groundbreaking and deep topics.[11] One example was in an episode that aired in 2015 that discussed “whether or not gays should come out to their parents” which is a crucial topic in China due to the anti-LGBTQ+ sentiment in Chinese culture.[11] In a speech by celebrity mentor Kevin Tsai, he “shared his difficult experiences of being openly gay in the show business” and that “he hoped to convince people that ‘we’re not monsters’.”[11] Qi Pa Shuo has also demonstrated how alive the discussion topics are on the show as these topics are often turned into heated discussions on social media platforms like Sina Weibo where netizens contribute their own views on the topics.[11] These discussions also extend out of the realm of the internet as there are vloggers on Weibo like Baituola Junior (@拜托啦学妹) who brings online discussions to hear what perspectives people on the streets have to contribute.[11] With the popularity of Qi Pa Shuo as well as the reactions and discussions following the show, the trends demonstrate the “rise of a generation that has a passion for speaking their mind” which is highly important in a nation where censorship and conformity are so prevalent.[11]

Other words and terms associating with Qí Pā (奇葩)

娘炮: This term translates to ‘sissy pants’ which is a “derogatory term for gender-nonconforming and sexually ambiguous young men.”[12] In September 2021, this term was used by the National Radio and Television Administration in an industry directive that compared “‘sissy men’ and its associated fan culture” with China’s “traditional culture, revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture.”[12] Using this comparison, the administration “urged the entertainment industry to resolutely resist the ‘abnormal aesthetic’” of queer culture.

娘炮资本: This term directly translates to ‘sissy capital’ which was coined by China’s national newspaper called People’s Daily.[12] The term was used in an article published by China Economic in 2021 that proposed a plan of “resolutely eradicating the sissy capital” that ruins China’s national blood.[12]

少年娘则国娘: This phrase directly translates to “sissy men lead to a sissy nation.”[13] This was a patriotic slogan used in state media that blamed sissy men for “misrepresenting the nation and misleading the country’s youth”, and thus justifying the censorship on queer celebrities in Chinese media.[13]

同志: This term is ‘tongzhi’ which directly translates to comrade, gay, or queer.[14]

同性恋: This is the Chinese term for homosexual.[15]

Counterpart terms: Western, Japanese, and Korean terms relating to queer culture

Since the term 奇葩 (qí pā) roughly translates to "oddball" and its meaning can be associated with China's LGBT community, the counterpart terms also share similarities to that extent of "queerness" while also retaining the original meaning of being considered different compared to normative standards.

Western Culture: Queer

Since the 19th century, the English dictionary has defined the word "queer" as meaning "strange, odd, peculiar, eccentric", as well as describing someone with "questionable character" or being "suspicious, dubious": later on in the 1970s, the term "queer" first appeared in the Oxford English Dictionary as related to homosexuals or homosexuality.[16] To the general population, “queer” is used in the context of describing “lesbians/gay/bisexuals/transgender authors, artists, themes, or representations”, which is also apparent in queer theory and queer studies where these remain as the primary association to the term.[16] However, queer theory since the 1990s has also employed the term as a “kind of position against normative or dominant modes of thought” which is closer to the meaning of 奇葩 (qí pā).[16]

Japanese Culture:クィア (kuia), おかま(okama), and おなべ (onabe)

クィア (kuia): The term “kuia” is a direct translation of the English word “queer.”[17]

おかま(okama): In Japanese culture, sexualities are often compared to cooking pots, thus the official definition of the term "okama" is rice pot, but later becomes a "euphemism for a person's--especially a male's--backside." [17] Stemming from this association to the term, "okama" transformed into a "derogatory term used to describe gay men, drag queens, and trans women." [17] While this is an offensive term, some people in the LGBT community have “reclaimed the term and use it to describe themselves”, with it being particularly popular amongst Japanese drag queens.[17]

おなべ (onabe): The female counterpart to "おかま" (okama), the term "onabe" directly translates to "cooking pan," and is used as a derogatory term to describe lesbians, transgender men, and tomboys.[17]

Korean Culture 퀴어 (queer)

In the Korean language, “queer” is written in Hangul based on its sound as it is a foreign term without a direct counterpart translation.[18] The term is mostly known from its association to the name of Korea’s pride parade called “Korean Queer Culture Festival (퀴어문화축제 KQCF)” and is often used as an “umbrella term for LGBTQ+ identities and culture”.[18] Due to South Korea’s anti-LGBTQ+ culture, the term is often accompanied by negative viewpoints such as homophobia: homophobic Korean protestors who are often Christians and part of an older generation sometimes mistype the term as “쿼어 Quuer” which has become a “derogatory adaptation of the word ‘queer’.”[18] Despite “queer” being used in a demeaning manner towards LGBTQ+ subjects, people within LGBTQ+ communities have redefined the word and used it as a base for solidarity.[18]

Comparison of meanings depending on context

The common meanings of qí pā (奇葩) differ depending on the industry, groups in question, or time periods, but also manage to co-exist as all meanings are prevalent today. As per its dictionary definition, qí pā directly translates to rare or exotic flower, which was most likely coined in the Ming and/or Northern Song dynasty(s).[19] This definition can still be seen in the modern day, as modern China will still use the term qí pā as a metaphor for precious or beautiful things.[19] In contrast, the term qí pā has also developed into a more unfavorable attribute or characteristic; many groups associated/connected with social media will use it to describe “oddballs” or “weirdos,” although the severity of the negativity depends further on the subgroups. As an example, more politically inclined groups are more likely to use qí pā with malice, often using it as an insult towards parties they morally/ethically disagree with. Conversely, groups more philosophically inclined often use qí pā to describe the unusual or uncommon, holding a slightly judgmental undertone but overall meaning little harm with the term.

Diverting meanings: "unique" and "unnatural"

The term qí pā has diverted from its dictionary definition in several ways, often being equivalent to “oddball” or “weirdo,” but also still retains much of its original meaning. Through looking at its progression from as far back as the Song dynasty, there’s no clear inciting incident which proves a clear distorted meaning. Depending on the subjects in question, the term qí pā will vary in meaning, from being a positive description meaning unique, rare, and beautiful, to a negative characteristic meaning queer (derogatory), weird, or unnatural. All meanings equally co-exist in different situations and its meaning can be transferred depending on the region, person, or time period.  

Social, cultural, and political problems

China's views on Queer culture

As mentioned in the above sections, China has a strong anti-LGBTQ+ sentiment which resulted in there almost being no ‘out’ gay people in the late 1990s.[20] This sentiment was not just discussed amongst people on the streets, but also on the radio by professionals. One example was in the 1980s to early 1990s where a straight-identified medical doctor called Zhang Beichuan shared his views on being “against gay sex and is very moralistic about it.”[20] Zhang Beichuan may not intentionally be sharing his views in a discriminating way, but as mentioned by He Xiaopei, people like Zhang Beichuan are from a different generation and will never be able to “get over a conservative sexual morality”.[20] While individuals do contribute to the overall views of queer culture in China, the Chinese government plays the most crucial role through its portrayal, regulation, and censorship of queer culture. In 2016, the rapid development of Chinese queer media resulted in new government policies that stated “no television drama shall show abnormal sexual relationships and behaviours, such as incest, same-sex relationships, sexual perversion, sexual assault, sexual abuse, sexual violence, and so on”.[10] In May 2022, these policies were also applied to online streaming by the National Radio and Television Administration which not only censored online queer media, but it also “forced several start-up studios specializing in queer themes to the brink of bankruptcy” because they could not acquire a license to stream their series.[10] One of the key reasons why the Chinese government is so strict on the portrayal of queer culture in popular culture is because they view queerness as an indication of “abnormality, deviance, and alternativeness of ideologies”, as well as a lifestyle that “challenge the social structure and formation controlled by the governing body and the dominating groups”.[14] Therefore, queerness “encompasses the sexual and non-sexual minorities who are viewed as the trouble-makers and noise-makers in China’s otherwise harmonious society”.[14] The Chinese government also sees queer culture as the “fashionable lifestyle of young people influenced by Western popular and bourgeois culture”, and therefore it poses a threat to China’s “national culture and polity”.[21] The media also plays into this negative connotation on queer culture as they tend to distort stories or news to fit the negative sentiment towards queer culture. One example was in July 2021 when Kris Wu, a celebrity on Weibo with over 50 million followers, was “held in custody on suspicion of rape that might have involved a minor.”[13] While Kris Wu is not gay, he is often seen as a “queer icon and a large proportion of his fan base include queer and LGBTQ-friendly youth”, and as a result the media used this to their advantage by creating a connection between “celebrity culture, fan culture, and queer culture”.[21] Headlines such as “sissy man Kris Wu and the capital ecology behind him must be resolutely eradicated” was used by Chinese media to convey the idea that queer icons like Kris Wu and the overall queer culture “erode Chinese society and expose the country’s teenagers to a ‘toxic’ media environment”.[13] With these negative implications associated with queer culture, many people in China view queer people as being a disgrace to their family. While some people who live in big cities can be more expressive of their sexual identity due to Western influence and individualistic thinking, people from smaller cities have to think about their parents as according to He Xiaopei, “your life is not yours; your life belongs to your family as well”.[22] As a result, many people from small cities cannot come out due to the fear that people will accuse them of dishonoring their family.[20]

Popular Media: Qi Pa Shuo

The panel of hosts and judges on the contemporary talk show, Qi Pa Shuo

The term qí pā (奇葩) within Popular Media holds different meanings than when used in common day-to-day topics. A prime example is with the immense success and growth of the talk show Qi Pa Shuo (奇葩说) created by iQiyi (爱奇艺). Many prominent sponsors, such as Xiaomi, are eager to participate and contribute to the continued rise of this genre.[2] The show brings together a diverse group of “wacky” or “interesting” people to discuss everyday important conversations.[2] Participants are picked for their “odd” or outgoing personalities, but are chosen due to their public speaking abilities. Intriguingly, despite the show being translated to “weirdo’s say,” there’s a strong emphasis on how “wonderful” or interesting these people are, often being praised for their “outside the box” or “unique” thought processes and statements.[2] Subsequently, many viewers are inspired by the show to improve their speech abilities and to develop their own distinctive style of expression.[2] Overall, in the eyes of many popular media, the term Qi Pa or “oddball” isn’t necessarily coined as a negative characteristic, rather using it to describe the wonderful, wacky, or unusual that exists within everyone.

Qí Pā in the context of other studies

Cultural Studies

The phrase qí pā (奇葩) is commonly referred to as “oddball,” “weirdo,” or “queer” when utilized within a cultural studies perspective. Although, it’s critical to analyze, compare, and contrast the usage of the words and its equivalents within the contexts of different subjects of study.

Linguistics Studies

In a linguistic study perspective, qí pā (奇葩) can be equated to “oddball,” carrying undertones that imply “unusual” or “unique.” The use of qí pā is in a scientific setting, being referred to as the “visual-oddball paradigm”.[23] This phenomenon is not applicable to English, but is very prevalent in Mandarin, Cantonese, and other Chinese dialects. In particular, the term visual-oddball paradigm is defined as the process of how the brain understands and interprets stimuli to create meaning from it.[23] The study utilizes the term “oddball” within this case to prove how Chinese word structure affects noun meaning and perception; many nouns in Chinese are created by combining a describing term with a categorizing term as opposed to English, for example the categorization of “bird” (鸟) can be found within the object “ostrich” (鸵鸟).[23] As a result, verbal labels are found to impact the person’s perception of the object in question in Chinese monolinguals more than Chinese-English bilinguals.[23]

Psychology Perspective

Within the psychology field, the term qí pā has similar usage as the linguistic setting. Psychological studies typically use the word qí pā or “oddball” to describe the “unusual” or "unique." As seen in a study by Huang et al., they use the “oddball paradigm” or “oddball model” to study the way autistic children recognize words or objects.[24] Contrasting with English, Finish, and Japanese speaking children, Chinese-speaking autistic children had a significantly smaller deficit with verbal recognition due to the visual-evoking genesis of the Chinese language.[24] The usage of “oddball” or qí pā in this scenario is closer related to the direct definition of “exotic flower” due to its “wonderous” implications and results.

Political Perspective

In a political or law studies perspective, the term qí pā is equivalent to “queer” or "unnatural.” As mentioned in the above sections, Wang and Bao's article analyzes the term qí pā or “queer” in the context of the legality of homosexuality.[21] Homosexuality is largely defined as “abnormal sexual content” that is within the same category as pornography; as a result, anti-pornography policies and regulations apply to homosexual content.[21] The stigma that arises homosexuality policies culminates with the development of “sissy men” culture, who are referred to as qí pā (奇葩) commonly described as “poisonous” and “disorderly”.[21] From the government's legal perspective, queer/homosexuality culture and qí pā/”sissy men” are an economic risk, stating that “the nation must eradicate the capital that provides fertile ground for [sissy culture’s] growth.”[21]

Conclusion

The term qí pā (奇葩) was traditionally defined as “exotic flower” through both its origins and genesis. Through time, qí pā slowly began developing new meanings with both positive and negative connotations; many of these varied meanings can be attributed to the different groups, industries, and media that use them. Within a scientific study perspective, as seen in many philosophical, psychological, and linguistic case studies, the term qí pā is seen as a metaphor for uniqueness, often being used as a descriptor for the wonders of human nature. In the eyes of the greater public, such as the government and those who consume popular media, the term qí pā typically holds a more negative undertone, meaning “weirdo,” “queer,” or “oddball” and directed towards certain communities. This derogatory meaning is most commonly aimed towards the LGBTQ+ community in China, the use of qí pā is meant to highlight the “unnatural” nature of their existence in the eyes of the general public. Although, in contrast, the term qí pā can be used to describe the “unusual” thoughts or attributes in some people, as seen in the talk show Qi Pa Shuo which uses qí pā to highlight the uncommon thought or speech patterns within their “outgoing” or “weird” contestants. As evident, the various meanings of qí pā cannot be generalized as they all coexist within different environments; despite evolving from a traditional metaphor meaning “rare” or “wonderful” into more belittling terms such as “weirdo” or “oddball,” its origins can still be found in many modern definitions meaning “exotic” or “unique.”

References

  1. ↑ "Traditional meaning of 奇葩". Trainchinese. 2024. Retrieved 31 Oct 2024.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Koetse, Manya (2017). "The Success of China's Hit Talk Show Qi Pa Shuo (U Can U Bibi)". What's on Weibo. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Tan, Huawei; Yu, Yating (2024). "A study on identification of youth identity through a gender lens in network buzzwords: A critical discourse analysis". Humanities & Social Sciences Communications. 11 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02618-0 – via DOAJ.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Yan, Chaowen (2019). "The Commendatory and Derogatory Sense of the Semantics of Zen Words". Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. 341: 312 – via Research Gate.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Chinese slang term: 奇葩". Chinlingo. 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Wang, Shuaishuai; Bao, Hongwei (2023). "'Sissy Capital' and the Governance of Non-Normative Genders in China's Platform Economy". China Information. 37 (3): 349 – via Sage Journals.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Bao, Hongwei (2019). "Queer History, Culture, and Activism in China: A Conversation with He Xiaopei". Made in China: 97.
  8. ↑ Bao, Hongwei (2019). "Queer History, Culture, and Activism in China: A Conversation with He Xiaopei". Made in China: 98.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Wang, Shuaishuai; Bao, Hongwei (2023). "'Sissy Capital' and the Governance of Non-Normative Genders in China's Platform Economy". China Information. 37 (3): 344 – via Sage Journals.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Wang, Shuaishuai; Bao, Hongwei (2023). "'Sissy Capital' and the Governance of Non-Normative Genders in China's Platform Economy". China Information. 37 (3): 346 – via Sage Journals.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 Koetse, Manya (2017). "The Success of China's Hit Talk Show Qi Pa Shuo (U Can U Bibi)". What's On Weibo.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Wang, Shuaishuai; Bao, Hongwei (2023). "'Sissy Capital' and the Governance of Non-Normative Genders in China's Platform Economy". China Information. 37 (3): 343 – via Sage Journals.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Wang, Shuaishuai; Bao, Hongwei (2023). "'Sissy Capital' and the Governance of Non-Normative Genders in China's Platform Economy". China Information. 37 (3): 347 – via Sage Journals.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Zhao, Jamie J. (2020). "It has Never been "Normal"". Feminist Media Studies. 20 (4): 463–478 – via Taylor & Francis.
  15. ↑ Bao, Hongwei (2019). "Queer History, Culture, and Activism in China: A Conversation with He Xiaopei". Made in China: 99.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Whittington, Karl (2012). "queer". Studies in Iconography. 33: 157 – via JSTOR.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 "40 Japanese Words for Pride Month". Nihongo Master. 2022.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Yoon, Jessie (2020). "What is 'Queer' in Korean?: Reflections on Navigating as Queer-identifying Student Activist". Queer Asia.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Lemang, S. (2019). Contemporary buzzword development motives from the lexical evolution of “oddball”. Famous Writings. 从“奇葩”的词义演变看当代流行语发展动因_桑乐萌.pdf
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Bao, Hongwei (2019). "Queer History, Culture, and Activism in China: A Conversation with He Xiaopei". Made in China: 100–101.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 Wang, Shuaishuai; Bao, Hongwei (2023). "'Sissy Capital' and the Governance of Non-Normative Genders in China's Platform Economy". China Information. 37 (3): 342–362 – via Sage Journals.
  22. ↑ Bao, Hongwei (2019). "Queer History, Culture, and Activism in China: A Conversation with He Xiaopei". Made in China: 102.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Pan, Xuan; Jared, Debra (2021). "Effects of Chinese Word Structure on Object Perception in Chinese–English Bilinguals: Evidence from an ERP Visual Oddball Paradigm". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 24 (1): 111–123 – via Cambridge.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Huang, D.; Yu, L.; Wang, X.; Fan, Y.; Wang, S.; Zhang, Y. (2018). "Distinct patterns of discrimination and orienting for temporal processing of speech and nonspeech in Chinese children with autism: an event-related potential study". Eur J Neurosci. 47 (6): 662–668. doi:10.1111 Check |doi= value (help) – via Wiley Online Library.
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