Bias (+ Confounding?)

1. In the study of machine learning, the inductive bias is the set of assumptions needed by the learner to predict outputs from inputs not already received. eg. max margin in svm or Occam's razor

2. In cognitive science, memory bias is a bias which either increases or decreases the recall of a memory. For example, the Google effect claims that people are less likely to remember facts which can be easily looked up via Google.

3. Closer to statistical science, funding bias is the possibility that outcomes or test procedures may be selected that favor a study's sponsor

1) Attrition Bias: Caused by loss of participants. People who drop out of a trial might just be ignored by investigation, but the drop out could be experiment related. For example in cancer investigation someone might drop out to get treatment abroad due to drugs not working.

2) Publication Bias: (Bit different) Reports are far more likely to be published if they contain significant results rather than null hypothesis result. Often leads to unreported results which could effect other experiments.

3) Performance Bias: Systematic differences in the care provided to the participants in the comparison groups other than the intervention under investigation.