Representation of Masculinity in Chinese Popular Culture
Introduction
The new form of studies have had a significant influence on gender and sexual ideologies after Mao's era. Although there is a blooming research on Asian women's studies, the research on Asian men, especially Chinese men, is extremely limited. Therefore, researcher such as Connell argued that a large population of the world's men did not receive any attention in gender studies forming the problem of neglect in this field[1].
The "White Standard" Metrosexual Men and Chinese Metrosexual Men
Through American traditional media, the "white standard" masculinity popularizes in the western discourses. Then, increasing number of researchers start studying the filed of men. As Jackson cited the quote from Kimmel, Taister and Katz, the study of masculinity that grew from the cultural tradition stay ingrained in the American research framework, framing the mainstream expectation of masculine traits such as violence and hyper-heterosexuality. Progressively, these typical stereotypes of being a masculine men in the American media such as films have swept globally that many racial groups have been marginalized[1].
A Shift of Masculinity Representation
The Shift of Chinese Era
During the Cultural Revolution under Mao's administration (1966 - 1977), many Chinese were mentally and physically restricted that both homophobia and femmephobia were strictly forbidden. While the act of homosexuality could result a fine, a life-time prison or a death, Chinese men had to perform in Mao's way obeying all the rules. At the same time, women were forced to dress and act like men suppressing their feminine freedom
reason of changing