Course:HIST317/Keywords

NOTE: (19 Oct) no names need to be attached w/ entries. The source is all of us.

My entries have started us off. I've used these terms in lecture, and/or they appear in Harris. My entries are not complete, particularly in later weeks, pending more info re your interests.

You are not responsible to know every keyword. Aim for increasing familiarity, keep filling out definitions where you can, making connections. The work has begun being divided among your interest groups.

At end of term use for final quiz: We'll select fifty or so entries that we find of greatest significance/interest. I'll reduce that list by about one half. Of the 24 or so entries included in the final quiz, you'll comment on six to eight of them (27 November, in session).

Quiz could be constructed as Id-Sigs (see below), unless we decide on some other approach we prefer as a way of assessing general grasp. For example, quiz could ask: 'Select six to eight of the entries listed and connect them to make an argument or story related, but not necessarily limited to 1850-1918 Great Britain.'

Several other uses for Keywords List

Index for our WIKI text, even if not every entry has material in the main text.

Unpacking themes Post a thought about any of the terms or phrases below, anytime during the term. See where we get led.

Guidance for reading Harris, general history, and following facilitator talks Copy and use while reading and bring along to class. Add words and phrases that you notice in reading etc. -- to your own list, to your group list, to 'Keywords' file? All entries are 'right' entries, they cannot be wrong.

Influencing interest by promoting your interests (and keywords). The more of 'your' terms/phrases that are included on the exam, the fewer you may wind up hitting new, and you'll probably have a more complex grasp of the terms included.

Contextualizing: Keywords fit in several contexts. Arrange the entries in an order that makes sense for your interest contexts. Can you tell a story or make an argument about how these and other elements relate, pertinent to your interest? How about another's interest? Rearrange the entries by how you think another group might do it for themselves. Let the other group check your results.

Id-Sigs: Keywords are cultural signifiers, code words of the acculturated, signs that you're among the educated. Start off with some of the info. Invite additions, elaborations.

KEYWORDS

Week I: Intros and orientation, Our subject and our approaches

Harris: Introduction and Conclusion

Our Subject = a geographical and temporal region, Great Britain (1850-1918):

Great Britain -- See Brocklehurst and Philips, on reserve for the latest collected findings on Gr Brit (2004). We'll keep building this. There are three other general histories on reserve as well. Recent inquiries into the making of Great Britain (1980/90s onward) have different theoretical ground than earlier studies (generally). Paradigm shift (below) has resulted in new approaches, questions, goals and, in many cases, new histories. Defining Great Britain then, requires some appreciation for these changes that, I argue, also open a door to alternative approaches to the past and to history.

History: is a verb. Is not 'the past'. History is inquiring, analysing, all these 'ing' words. It's an act of doing; active doing.

History is also not 'given'. It's weird that history is the only discipline in the academic system to teach the findings of the discipline as if they were not 'findings', but true facts -- and worse, true facts that are supposed to have had significant influence in shaping you, your culture, society, politcal forums, etc. It seems to me that History was unusual in that undergraduates were not generally introduced (as in Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology) to the discipline's goals, methodologies and the like. This has changed and is changing.

New history: see Harris + many others: Keith Jenkins, Rethinking History William McNeill, calls it 'mythistory' Alan Megill says we should practice 'fourth attitude history', that is, aim to say something about the 'facts', conclusions, and attitudes we already 'know', rather than go dredging through the archives for more new facts to discover. Natalie Zemon Davis, another eg. Fiction in the Archives, and The Return of Martin Guerre (book and movie), at a conference of historians (Montreal, 1994) said, 'Let us not be timid'. [* in old style, we included the full bibliographic info. In new style it's mostly not needed -- the info above will likely get you to the author and/or book, which would have to be found online in any case to access. I'm not advising that we drop old style, a standard bibliography for 'new history' available by request. For my purposes here, the texts are meant only to indicate a trend and aren't that important in themselves.]

Counter-modern history: aims to counter modernist, i.e. nineteenth~twentieth century history, on the premise that mod history is bad for us -- linked directly w/ mod nationalism and mod state, leading the world into destruction, and continuing to infect African, Baltic, Middle-East relations, eg. Also, because it creates us as we create it, we're apt to be misled in our analysis of our past. Several examples offered in session particularly in Harris -- a text indtended as a corrective to previous misreadings.

Interest, inquiry, identity: through articulation of their own interest(s) and thorough inquiry into the circumstances of their condition, the disenfranchised of 19c Britain asserted their own identity. Also an available tool for inquirer in Hist 317.

Knowledge: Francis Bacon (16th c. founder of scientific system) claimed, 'knowledge is power'. Michel Foucault (seriously influential Fr. scholar, died 1986) claimed 'Knowledge/Power', i.e. that there's a creational relationship between the two, that 'power' is something that arises as a result of processes of knowledge creation.

Power: see knowledge

Modern Knowledge: Knowledge is a noun; acquired by cumulative building blocks; seeks product and answers; has predictable ends; is 'safe' and comfortable; assumes the arrogant I outside.

Postmodern/reflexive/countermodern Knowledge Knowledge is a verb; has mobile limits, may not be quantifiable; is collaborative, disjunct and reconverging; seeks process and questions; has variable ends; may be uneasy, risky; viewer is involved in the exchange

Reflexive verb: 'I wash myself'. History creates us as we create it.

Id-Sig: see eg. below

Unpacking: most terms are suspect. Who knows what 'Socialism' meant in 19th c? To whom? We can't put all the terms into ironic or incredulous quotation marks, but it's as if they all are. Keywords helps to get at some sense of what they mean/intend.

Mentalites: Twentieth century version of 'weltgeist' (world view, sort of), or zeitgeist (spirit, sort of) -- trying to grasp 'intellectual', 'conceptual', maybe unconscious movements of an era, Kuhn (Nature of Scientific Revolutions) referred to 'paradigms', Foucault used 'episteme'.

Paradigm shift: eg. over la longue duree 18th c. Kant aimed, in modernist mode, to make the unfamiliar (uncanny, in his sense) familiar. 20th c. Foucault, in a countermod mode, aimed to make the familiar, strange. [Note, although we are all said to live in a postmod age, there is not agreement about this, and it doesn't mean that we're, any of us, postmodernists. Foucault particularly, although some scholars insist otherwise, is NOT a postmodernist.

Enlightenment: be an actualized adult. Trust yourself. 'Dare to know' says Kant. Foucault also took up this question (article by the same title) for those interested, but off topic for Vic-Ed history.

Toolbox (Foucault): as a scholar, Foucault meant not to convince us, necessarily, but to awaken us, and to provide tools that we could use to awaken ourselves further. He wanted his books to be 'like molotov cocktails,' to 'blow up after use' -- so that there couldn't be Foucauldians.

'Teaching to transgress' (bell hooks) Great book.

Document (verb and noun)

'Historical consciousness' = knowing (situating) your self in time and history. Characteristic of the west - identify 'true' self with the person acting in (affecting) historical processes. Encourages: 19th c Brits = 'interventionary' man/state 'Great Men' Histories, acting on the grand stage.

'Moral consciousness': intimately linked with historical consciousness, b/c take morals from precedents set by ancestors and contemporary examples, esp. as move away from using God as an explanation. -Western folk, Brits, believed that their historical and moral consciousness were connected, partly b/c they believed in the idea of a single, unitary consciousness. They also believed that the peoples of India, China, other areas of Asia were not morally conscious b/c they were not historically conscious. What?! Why? -Many eastern philosophy/religions teach that the 'true' self is not that busy man/woman striving in the marketplace,but rather, seeks to transcend that self. B/c they don't identify w/ the historical actor, as in the west, Brits/Europeans concluded from this and other examples of eastern reluctance to interfere with the earth, or time, or to reconstruct their own societies (on European models) that Indians, Chinese, etc. lacked morals entirely.

See file 'Intro Tools: Strategies for resistance'

Week II: Empire

Harris: 3-4 and 220-50

Imperialism When a country takes over new lands or territories abroad and subjegates its people to the occupying rule. Usually attained through military might. Britain and other European nations were able to create vast empires with special emphasis on Africa the Near-East and Asia.

Pax Britannica: a term modelled after "Pax Romana" which refers to the period roughly following the Napoleonic wars till World War I. "Pax Britannica" encompasses the relative peace and prosperity of Europe under British dominance, both cultural and militarily, in this era. Britain underwent vast territorial expansion, in part due to the Empire's unrivaled naval power (by the turn of the century Britain had a greater navy than the two next competing powers). While the Empire expanded, the english language, a universal postal system, a system of measures and parlaimentary democracy spread as well. London based culture spread throughout Europe as London became the financial capital of the world. The term has been used repeatedly in literature since the late 19th century.

Colonialism A country or territory under the administrative control and dependance of another nation. Colonizers are sent from their home nations to build or maintain the authority of their governance over the colony. The imperial nation then uses the colonies resources to strengthen thier own economies to increase profits. Britain gained most of its wealth from colonies in the America's, Pacific, the Near and Far East, and Africa.

Home Rule: the notion that parts of the empire should be given self-government. The movement for Home Rule was particularly prominent in India and Ireland. The result of a successful Home Rule campaign would typically be a parlaiment under the British parlaiment and Dominion status. The pursuit for Home Rule was sought by both peaceful moderate means using existing legal channels or more extremist violent means. In Ireland, three Home Rule acts were submitted and only the final one passed. However, the act was never enacted due to the advent of the first world war.

Irish Nationalist Party versus the Irish Republican Brotherhood: these two groups illustrate alternative approaches towards gaining a greater degree of independence for Ireland. The Irish Nationalist Party was a British parlaimentary party that sought Home Rule for Ireland, which included an Irish parlaiment. Under Redmond's leadership, the party was succesful in winning Home Rule. PM Asquith was forced to consent to the party's goal in order to gain enough support for a coalition government. However, World War I prevented the implimentation of Home Rule and it is questionable to what degree there was an intention to follow through on Home Rule by the British government. Nonetheless, the Irish Nationalist Party was not anti-British. Redmond actually advocated putting Home Rule on hold to support the war effort. The Irish Republican Brotherhood actively and aggressively sought the repeal of the Act of Union, reverting Ireland to an independant state. The IRB resorted to violent military tactics including a dynamite campaign, and (although responsibility within the party is uncertain) the Easter Rising.

Social Evolution: this term was essentially the Victorian application of the recently developed notion of evolution in a social context. Social Evolution dictated that societies go through levels of progression and thus evolved along particular lines. British society was arguably the peak of social evolution in the minds of Victorian thinkers.

Racialism: a supposed science explaining differences among peoples -- according to Harris, moving toward more biologically based conclusions. Brit racism oddly applied, b/c believe generally that all races can reach full superiority/maturity; and tended to act toward own Irish/Scots (who shared general racial, but not ethnic or economic status with the English) in much the same manner as they would treat Indian or African natives. More simply, a policy or practice based solely around the issues of race. Ethnic preferance and bias by the British.

'Society': A group/collective of persons under a highly structured system of organization dependant on: race; class; culture; religion; science; politics; and self-identity.

'Jingoism' = Jingoism is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy".In practice, it refers to sections of the general public who advocate the use of threats or of actual force against other countries in order to safeguard what they perceive as their country's national interests. This term was coined around the turn of the century and is closely associated with Theodore Roosevelt. British example, associated with the music halls of Boer war period, esp.

During the 19th century in the United States, journalists called this attitude spread-eagleism. This patriotic belligerence was intensified by the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbour that led to the Spanish-American War. "Jingoism" did not enter the U.S. vernacular until near the turn of the 20th century. [Can we get an Enlish/British example?]

Political economy

Rational individualism

'Utilitarianism': The philosophical principal which holds that the morally correct action to take is that which results in the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.

'Take up the White Man's Burden': The 'white man's burden' was the task of 'civilizing' the indigenous peoples of the non-European world. Also known as the 'Civilizing Mission.' It was also a poem written by Rudyard Kipling in 1899 that encouraged Europe and the civilized world to send forth their best to convert indigionous peoples and create a Christian civil society.

Degeneration: the notion developed during the mid 19th century that society was in a state of decline. The term has a distinct biological content in the belief that the British "race" was in decline due to declining moral standeards and poor health because of industrialization. The rise of the middle class and the loss of the aristocracy as the leaders of society exaserbated the fear of society degenerating. -ruling class consciousness to cultural difference between them and the lower class like response to increase lower class self-articulation, which may explain the need to legislate.

Heredity vs environment: These terms refer to contrasting views of early developmental theory in the Victorian period. With the consideration of biology that came to the forefront after the release of the //Origin of the Species//, and the fear of declining health, there was a great concern over the possibility that biologically inferior traits could be passed genetically. Countering this concern was the suggestion that persons were more influenced by the enviroment they grew up in, rather than their genetics. These concerns over development may account for invreased government regulation of health and family.

Character: The British had a very high opinion of their own 'Character' - meaning their moral and able qualities, and saw it to be something which was somewhat exclusive to their own nation. This allowed the British to feel that they were doing the world a favor by spreading their own culture and institutions across the globe.

Peculiarities of the British: check out article with that title, E.P. Thompson. As mentioned above, the British saw themselves as a special case, and felt that for the betterment of mankind, that everyone should as much as possible try to be like the British. This attitude goes some way to explaining or illustrating the British sense of superiority which led in some cases, like Australia and South Africa, to extreme racism within the Empire's policies.

Emigration: This was a major source of growth in many of Britain's colonies, especially Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. It is estimated that between 1815 and 1912 21.5 million people emigrated from the British Isles, with on average 40% traveling to elsewhere in the empire. 60% however, went to the United States, especially the Irish. It was considered by many economists at the time that a person could often be a better customer when provided with the resources available in the colonies than that person could be if he (it was always a 'he' - the involvement of his family is taken for granted or ignored) remained in poverty in Britain. It was this economic theory that led to the profusion of assisted emigration schemes providing aid to those who migrated to specific areas, usually within the empire.

The Dominions

The Raj

'Flag, Trade, Cross': Method of Imperial Britain's colonizing practices. Three stage process where territory is claimed by the British, a trading relationship is established with the locals and then converting the indiginous people to Christianity and applying British rule.

'The Indian Mutiny' (1857) RENAME 'First war of Indian Independence'

'Opium wars'

Policies of destabilization: This was one of Britain's colonial and international policies for dealing with the indigenous inhabitants of areas of British interest. The idea was to destabilize local politics by playing off one faction against another, keeping antagonism between the two high, in order to minimize antagonism towards the British, and also to prevent them from uniting against the British. Perhaps the best example of its application is in India, where the Muslim minority was put in positions of social power over the Hindu majority, exacerbating sectarian resentment. The effects of this policy are still seen in the sectarian violence between India and Pakistan today.

‘Scramble for Africa’: The term refers to the rapid expansion of European control in Africa which lasted from the 1880s until the First World War. Until this time the area of African territory under direct control had been relatively small, but new developments forced a change in imperialist policy. These developments included intensifying Anglo-French competition, the emergence of the new imperialist states of Germany, Italy and Belgium and the decreasing influence of the Ottoman Empire. Precise territorial divisions were negotiated at the Berlin Conference of 1884-85. These were of course designed to further the various parties’ ambitions and did not reflect cultural or ethnic groupings. By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent, and even these experienced considerable outside interference.

Reluctant Imperialists: The preference of the British government was for an informal empire, because this minimised obligations and maximised profits. However, this system was vulnerable to attack and interference by outside elements, and direct involvement of soldiers and administration was required to preserve influence. Many annexations were motivated by an area’s proximity to a valuable possession or appeals from British merchants, in order to create a buffer zone. This process was costly and distracting to the government, and they were reluctant to pursue it. Of course, a positive interpretation of this reluctance developed, and this is exemplified in the phrase ‘to take up the white man’s burden’. This implied that expansion was motivated by a kind of self-sacrificing, paternalistic benevolence, rather than simple self-interest.

'The Other'

‘Balance of Power’: This refers to the maintenance of a status quo between the five European great powers. The concept was a guiding principle in British (and European) foreign policy from the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The premise was that all the states should remain roughly equal in power, to prevent any one from gaining an advantage over the others and thus giving each state a measure of security. The British developed a unique interpretation of the term and its implications; the balance was accepted as a given fact rather than a fragile concept, and the need for maintenance and involvement was neglected in favour of isolation and non-European interests. While the notion’s validity was weakened by the growing dominance of Germany, it remained important until the First World War.

‘The Eastern Question’: This is a euphemistic way of referring to the problems presented to British imperial interests by the decline of the Ottoman Empire, and how to resolve the situation in Britain’s favour. The Ottomans held territory in areas of great importance to the British government, and the instability and inefficiency of Turkish control hampered economic activity there. More importantly, the weakness of the Ottoman army presented opportunities to Britain’s competitors, namely France and Russia. The initial British response had been to provide support with the hope of preserving Ottoman control relatively intact, such as in the Crimea. However, this policy was abandoned by Disraeli in the 1880s with the occupation of Egypt and the establishment of direct control.

'Formal Empire': Those areas of land which are directly under British Administration, or under the control of a Country subservient to Britain. These areas were acquired (among other reasons) to allow Britain to maintain an influx of raw materials, as well as to provide captive markets, to compensate for her decline in economic dominance in areas such as South America.

'Informal Empire': Those areas economically dependent on Britain. Britain was able to dominate large areas of the globe economically because of her policies of free trade. However her influence in these areas was in decline throughout our period because of the increasing efficiency of her industrial competitors. It was this reduction in Britain's ability to exclusively exploit areas over which she had no political control which led her to expand her formal empire from the 1870's onwards.

'Direct' imperial rule =

'Indirect' imperial rule =

Week III: Industrial 'emergence of class'

'Harris: 6-13, 123-49 'Work'

'Physiology of class'/Racialism

Status = Class?

Capitalism: An economic system, that although has always existed, gathered steam (pun intended) in 19th C. Britain. It espoused free trade as argued by Adam Smith in The Wealth Of Nations in the late 18th c., which was implemented w/the repeal of the Corn Laws in the 1840's. It is important because it has in doctrinated in us the idea of what the "ideal" economy is. It is an economic construct need for expanding markets to meet increased production and profit used as capital or credit. Capitalism, through the focus of nations on capital gains, lead to the commodification of agriculture and industry for sale in foreign markets and drastically changed British life and culture.

'Leisure': Spare time: time which needs not be spent working, or in relation to "the leisured classes" ie people who have spare time. From OED: 1857 BUCKLE Civiliz. I. ii. 38 As long as every man is engaged in collecting the materials necessary for his own subsistence, there will be neither leisure nor taste for higher pursuits.

Property: Refers to the ownership of capital, ie not the shirt on ones back but a house, apartment, or some industrial manufacturing facility. Thus propertied individuals are ones who have an interest in levels of taxation and a vested interest in the economic situation.

Gentility; Respectibility' 'deference'

'Work': 1) conventionally promoted as a postive benefit, according to the Bible, is a punishment. As God throws Adam and Eve out of Eden, they lose privilege of the gift of food which must be got by labour and by labour would woman bring forth children. 2) the process of selling one’s labour or exacting one’s self in the pursuit of a gain. “Work” was highly fetishised by Victorians, with people of all classes working many hours per day. Growing intervention by the government meant that work became more regulated. Technological advancements in production and illumination allowed for the work day to be greatly extended, leading to the idea of time work-discipline and shift work. Much of the Victorian’s obsession with work has transcended time and it was their “innovations” that shaped the way we view work and how we regulate our lives around it

Idle woman; At a time when women of lower ranks felt humiliated because they were obliged to work as agricultural laborers or governesses, the ladies of England enjoyed their status of idle women. First confined to aristocratic circles in London, idleness then became famous to upper and lower middle class women. The improvement of the roads enabled them to follow their husband to London and began to imitate the fashions of the nobility. As the word “idle” in itself suggests these women were protected from any kind of useful employment.

'Angel in the house': The term finds its origins in the poem « the angel in the house” by Coventry Patmore first published in 1854. The author believed his wife to have all the qualities of the perfect Victorian wife: sympathetic, very charming, unselfish, self sacrificing, pious and pure. The idea remained and used to refer to the Victorian feminine ideal. The wife was to stay at home so that she was protected from the world’s immoralities. She would take care of the children and was expected to be devoted and submissive to her husband. She was powerless and passive.

Second industrial revolution

Manufactuaries

Division of labour

Separate spheresDoctrine of the 19th century which separated the workplace and the home in other words the public and the domestic. Therefore the activities of men and women also separated. The men would be in charge of public domain (work, finance, legal matters) and the women found themselves assigned to the private domain (running the house, ordering servants and of course taking care of the children). Women were considered morally superior to men but physically weaker and incapable of functioning in the public sphere. She was to teach the next generation the moral virtues of society.

Factory Acts - were a series of Acts of Parliament in Victorian Britain that regulated child and female labour at first in the textile industry and then later in all sectors. Factory Acts were passed in 1833, 1834, 1847, 1850, 1867, 1874, 1878 and 1891. These acts progressively restrict number of hours that children could work, regulated hours of work, from what age a child could be employed (children under 10 could not be employed in 1878 Act; raised to 11 in 1891), mandated provision of education for child labourers and regulated work conditions (both cleanliness and safety). The increased restriction of child labour was related to the growing tendency to view children as sui generis beings rather than adults in miniature, and the Acts established the tradition of state intervention in the matter of workplace health and safety.

Child labour

Protestant work ethic: a term coined by Max Weber in the early 20th century to describe the Protestant belief that constant labour was necessary for eternal salvation. Weber argues that Protestantism and its work ethic shaped British society and it what made it prosperous in the mid and late 19th century. The Protesant work ethic stereotypes Protestants as perfectionists, materialistic and focussed on work, often in opposition to Catholics who were less-obsessed with work and materialism.

Trade Unionism - the movement to legalise workplace organisation so that there could be a united bloc advocating workers rights and for negotiations and making demands of employers. While the trade unionism in 19th century Europe was a very violent affair, it was quite staid in Victorian Britain, most of workers’ demands having been met by the Factory Acts and Reform Bills. Though unions were gradually legalised, they appeared neutered in comparison with their Continental contemporaries.

Alienation: Marx's argument that the working class no longer had an influence on the work, and therefore, in the new work environment, had no connection to the product of their work and thus were alienated.

New paternalism; paternalism refers to the attitude and policy of a family whose figurehead is the father. he takes the decisions for the other members of the family “for their own good”. But the term is also used beyond the circle of the family: in society, in politics or at work. Victorian paternalism, which experienced a profound revival between 1827 and 1847 and came to be the “most universal of social attitudes”, shared social outlooks that assumed that society be authoritarian, hierarchical, organic and pluralistic. For instance the paternalist factory owner would exert his authority at work but also in voluntary associations such as clubs, society, churches, schools..

'Brassed off' (video)

Social control

Sex-class

‘Leisured class’ : The classes which can be said to enough wealth so as not to be working at all times. For instance, the gentry has no need to be working, and so their day is primarily concerned with leisure.

Surplus

Consumerism - the obsession with acquisition of material goods that are largely non-essential the equation of the ability to purchase merchandise with social stature. While consumerism has always existed, it became a pervasive force in Victorian Britain, where advances in production technology and efficient and rising wages meant that more people could by more non-essential goods. It was spending patterns and consumer expectations that developed in Victorian Britain that laid the foundations for modern spending habits and an obsession with material wealth, allowing consumerism to continue to be a potent force.

Time-work discipline (EP Thompson)

Doomsday economy

Notable characteristics of the Doomsday Economy

-Corporatization and increasingly centralized control

-Reliance on coercion (both physical and ideological) to maintain control

-Drive to commodify all aspects of life

-Community fragmentation/cultural decay (replacement of lived experience with representation

–image based mass culture, television addiction, increasing alienation)

-Elevation of consumerism to the centre of public life

-Increased mechanization and blind faith in technology

-Fetishization of speculative/financial wealth

-Distorted accounting that masks the liquidation of ecological and social capital

-Pathological values/flawed assumptions

-Undermining of planetary life support systems, accelerating ecological collapse

David Solnit, Globalize Liberation

Money Values versus Life Values

Exploitation/dignity

Centralized control/democratic decision-making

Commodification/sacredness

Privatization/global commons

Corporatization/collective responsibility

Shareholders/stakeholders

Output/throughput

Disposable/renewable

Mechanistic models/organic models

Information/wisdom

Productivity/prosperity

Consumers/citizens

Spectator/participant

Global economy/local economy

Extraction/restoration

Monoculture/diversity

Transferable wealth/replenishable wealth

Property/ecosystem

Alienation from nature/earth-centred values

Absentee landlordism/stewardship

Ecological illiteracy/biocentrism

Proxy decisionmaking/real democracy

Short-term gain/sustainability

Narrow economic indicators/full cost accounting

Artificial scarcity/abundance

Inequitable distribution/economic justice

Corporate rule/global justice

Empire/community

The System/systemic change

David Solnit, Globalize Liberation

Week IV(25/27 Sept): Gender and Domesticity, 'Individualism and Collectivism'

Harris: 6-13 + 37-95 'Fertility' + 'Family and Household'

Industrial state

Epidemics

Urbanization

Sanitation

'Malthus' - His essay, 'An Essay on the Principle of population', published in 1789, propagated the view that population growth would eventually outrun food supply, and would result in mass starvation.

Public works

'menace of the empty cradle'

Medicine

Privacy

Degenerates

Nuclear/extended family

Inheritance

Motherhood

Class distinctions

Child

Patriarchalism

Birth control

Gender roles

Conduct manuals

Ethnosolipsism

Companionate marriage

Self-made men

New woman

Week V(2/4 Oct): Mass Political Culture, “From Ancient Constitution to 'Great Society'”

'Harris: 11-17 + 180-219 'Society and the State' and 96-122 'property'

Bourgeois state

'decentralized patrimonialism'

Enfranchisement: Obtaining the right to vote. Becoming an active citizen.

'Nation of shopkeepers'

Taxation: An additional imposed fee on property, income, goods, services etc. paid to the government. Taxation is often used to generate revenue to fund government projects and policies.

Property, property rights/perks

Electoral reform: Sets out to change an electoral system, election rules or redesign the electoral ballet. Furthermore, electoral reform can redefine electoral constituencies or propose reform to political parties. Electoral reform can change the vote-counting procedures or redefine how a winner of legislature obtains office.

The landed

'New democracy'

Blue bloods

Party politics: The practice of focusing on the aims and interests of a political party rather than the public good.

Patterns of inequality

'The Irish Question'

Enclosures

Benthamites

Reordering economic structure

Associational cultures

Joint stock companies

Limited liabilty: is a concept whereby a person's financial liability is limited to a fixed sum, most commonly the value of a person's investment in a company or partnership with limited liability

Gold standard v Money standard

Social welfare entitlements

Interventionist state

Civil service: Is a civilian career public sector employee working for a government department or agency

Census: An official enumeration of the population, with details as to age, sex, occupation, etc.

New Domesday survey (1874-5)

Public health ~ public works: Health services to improve and protect community health, esp. sanitation, immunization, and preventive medicine.

Policing

Public control of private morals

Private control of public resources

Doomsday economy

Week VI(9/11 Oct): Religion and Intellectual Life, 'Nationalization of Culture'

Harris: 17-23, 41-44 'demographics', and 150-79 'Religion'

Secularization: i.e. separation of church and state. Eg. Gr Brit? Not much. Anglican church still has control of education post 1870; 'Test Acts' keep all but professing Anglicans out of Oxford and Cambridge until 18?? (est. 1673). Increasing use of term 'Anglican'in place of 'Church of England' very little diminished its identity and purpose as England's (Great Britain's) 'national' church. Also, Harris shows how significant church organizations were -- everyone seems to have been in some kind of club (church or dinner).

Sanctification of material life

Nationalization

Public/private

Geology

Elect nation-The British saw themselves as the new "chosen people". Britain was "God's country". As the "elect" of God Britain was often the subject (so they claimed) of persecution for standing up for truth and liberty. Britain was a beacon of righteous light in God's world. Some went as far as to identify Great Britain as the "new Israel", assuming the place of the Jewish people as God's elect.

Christian nation

Catholic British

Oxford movement-A movement that began among Oxford intellectuals during the early Victorian era. The Oxford movement sought to return to a more traditional form of Christianity embracing many elements of worship (particularly external ritual) and theology that had been dispensed with during the Protestant Reformation. The influence of the Oxford movement brought Anglicanism closer to its Catholic roots. A prominent member of the Oxford movement was John Henry Newman who later converted to Roman Catholicism and was created a cardinal.

Anglo-Catholicism-Anglo-Catholicism was a movement within Anglicanism which emphasized "High Church" theology and worship (ex. emphasis on the sacraments, emphasis on traditional ritual including vestments, candles, incense, etc) and in its extreme forms was essentially Roman Catholicism sans the Roman pope. Anglo-Catholics sometimes engaged in practices explicitly rejected by traditional Protestantism including sacramental confession and devotion to Mary and the saints.

Census 1851

Muscular Christianity

Missionary campaigns

Church and civic culture

Evangelicism-A Protestant movement often associated with Methodism (in particular Methodist revival movements of this era). Evangelicalism appealed to the masses emphasizing a personal, dramatic conversion in which one repented of his/her sins and accepted Christ as "personal Lord and savior". Evangelicalism has a very "low church" mentality placing little emphasis on ritual and the sacraments and tending more towards emotional, personal, spiritual encounters with Christ. Church authority (that is the bishops and tradition) is minimized with an emphasis on private interpretation of Scripture. Evangelicalism also tended to be "puritan" in its moral outlook.

'Secularized neutral public sphere'

Methodism

Disestablishment-the Disestablishment movement sought to remove the "established Church's" official status as the state religion. This was particularly strong in Ireland where the "established" State church was the Anglican (Protestant) Church of Ireland even though the majority of the Irish were Catholics. Proponents of disestablishment felt that Catholics and other non-Anglicans should not be required to support (via their tax dollars) a church to which they did not belong, nor that one particular church should be given preferential treatment by the government.

Religious pluralism

Foxe's 'book of martyrs': This text (1563-2007 online) is an example of reflexivity in action -- 'history creates the Brits as the Brits create history' -- largely through this text. Once chained alongside the English Bible, this is the text that convinced English folk that they were -- and had always been -- Protestant, and that God had made them the 'elect' nation (Which helps us understand 19c Gr Brit a bit more) Academicized by A.G. Dickens whose influential text continues to influence, despite C. Haigh's objection that The English Reformation (1963-current) is little more than a 'sophisticated exposition of a story first told by John Foxe'. (English Reformation Revised, 1989). See: Foxe link for Greenberg, "Eighteenth-century 'Foxe': History, Historiography, and Historical Consciousness', among introductory essays in 'apparatus'.

Oxbridge

Martyrological history: English attachment to viewing themselves as an oppressed people is connected to their view that they are elect, and how they know they're elect is b/c God makes them suffer*. 'Do not think to seek comfort in this life' and similar statements, warned that this life is 'a vale of tears. Such attitudes fuelled the missionary movements (to both Africa and London's East side).'Foxe' editors started writing 'universal histories of martyrdom' in which British martyrs were only one example -- but this allowed the editors to play up their identification with the martyrdoms of their contemporary missionizers.

This does contradict the 'Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism' mode that expects that if God likes you, you get wealthy (in all kinds of ways -- we shouldn't overest. the econ). Martyrological history is sigf for how several contexts in articulating Great Britain, and also connects w/ twenty-first century USA.

Mysticism, Spiritualism

Nationalism/Patriotism

Terrorism

Exotica and erotica: In an age of purportedly great prudery lots of interest in the exotic (colonial, but also including going slumming to learn 'canting'language of the underclasses). Erotic effect of martyrological torture (as in 'Foxe') argued to have had sigf effect in developing (religious)nationalist sentiment 'Written on the body'.

Week VII(16/18 Oct): Sexual Politics; 'Sex and Gender'

Review Harris: 23-32 and 61- + on-line article TBA

Gender: 'is a primary means of signifying relations of power'. J.W. Scott also claims 'gender is a constituative element of social relationships based on perceived differences between the sexes'. J.W.Scott, 'Gender a useful category of historical analysis,' American Historical Review, 91:5 (1986), 1053-75, quotation, 1067.

Sexuality

Sex: That most hidden (Foucault) Foucault, intro to History of Sexuality (vol. 1) indicates how the Victorians, far from never thinking about sex, thought about it all the time -- that their thinking about it showed in their architecture and how they arranged schoolboys' dormitories, and other. See intro to H. of Sexuality, if interested. Point here is that the thing people most avoid may also be the thing that most preoccupies them; and that the 'hidden' is a interesting and useful category for analysis.

Moral feminism

New women

Suffragettes

Double standard

Normalization

Mothers Union

The Subjugation of Women (1869)

'Contagious Diseases Act'

Prostitution

'Ontological closure': refers to the process or system that excludes other ways of being from entering consciousness. 'Other' doesn't exist really -- everyone else is just defective examples of you. It's not possible to be just a 'woman' b/c only exists in relation to man, eg.

'Resonance of interruption' (M. Cliff)

Decline of patriarchy?

Rise of fraternity?

Prep schools

New men

Inverts

'The Ripper'

'Orientalism' (E. Said)

Week VIII(23/25 Oct):“Modernity and the 'Lost Domain'”: Poverty

Review Harris: 32-7, 237-45 and scattered ('property' for example) + general history'

Demographic anxiety

Physical Deterioration Committee

Birth control

'Cleanliness is next to godliness'

Life expectancy

Reforming societies

Chronic ailments

Epidemics

Social welfare entitlements

Speenhamland system

Deserving poor

'Minority Report'

Stockholm syndrome

'The world we have lost'

Charity

Week IX(30 Oct/1 Nov): 'Paradox and Plurality': Crime

Review Harris: 37-8, 96-122, 208-19 + general history

1848 rebellions

Political reform

Chartism

Voices of the underclasses

Peel

Reforming law and prisons

Crime wave

Declining crime rate

Bobbies

Domesticating society

Policing

Rational-bureaucratic state

Social crime

'Just Measure of Pain' (Ignatieff)

Body of the condemned

Leveller tradition

Transportation

Total institutions

Week X(6/8 Nov): 'Victorians and Edwardians': Madness

Reading: On-line article TBA + Harris, 38-40 and 41-95 + general history

Conspiracy theory: Just because you sound crazy if you think there's conspiracies happening, doesn't mean that there aren't conspiracies happening. See Naomi Wolf, Beauty Myth, intro and noted in session, Ivan Avakumavic, UBC Dept of History seminar lecture, 25 August 2007,'Conspiracy Theories: a useful tool for historians?'

Total Institution

Victorian mad doctors-Edwardian 'psychiatrists'

'Mind forg'd manacles'

Total institutions

Body/mind/soul

Tuke's retreat 1792, eg. rise of the asylum

        -Turke's Retreat at York was established my the Quaker William Turke as a home for the insane, which would practice moral management as a new method of treatment (as opposed to the physical punishment practiced).  Such a transformation was influenced by men such as Philippe Pinel, whose work encouraged a diagnosis of the symptoms which prevented reasoning.  The new approach rejected fear tactics and instead worked to repair self-control under much more humane conditions.

Moral treatment

Women's complaint

Feminization of madness

Sexual basis of madness

Hysteria

'The Great War'

The Somme

Id-Sig, identify and show the significance of ...,

Identify: aim to answer 'who', 'what', 'when', 'where'

Significance answers 'why'. Not why x happened, but why do we know or care to know about the thing/event/person ...

Id-Sig, identify and show the significance of ..., eg. indication

Gregorian chant – based on the style of church music that began codification under Gregory the Great (6th c., reforming Pope). Popularized through the medieval period, provided basis for Renaissance expansion of liturgical music. Only existing form of music to have been heard continuously through every era throughout western Europe since. Based in 'plainsong' tradition, a single line of melody, uni-vocal, male choristers (with rare exception)

It is signifcant because:

signals longevity and influence of Roman Catholic church in Eu history
signals troublesome problem to Protestant England~Britain: Catholic Britain
Recusants, 'fifth element', divided loyalties
signals whoever it is that stands in the shadows, the powers behind the thrones, the constant conservative forces that wrench Eu/Brit folk back into order after every movement toward any effective change in status quo (econ/soc/pol)
Uni-vocal, male voice – assured dominance of single answer (persisting)
etc.

Note, you don't have to have exact dates, nice to have, but not essential when taking a long view. Circa, c. = about the time of “c. 1550”.