Course:GEOG350/2024/Smart City Transitions in Vancouver: The Impact of the Vancouver Climate Emergency Action Plan

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Broadway Plan


Dhruv Singh and Ganya Sandhu

Introduction

Overview of the Chapter

The study of urban geography and smart city technologies forms a crucial part of understanding contemporary urban sustainability and efficiency. Smart city transitions are pivotal in the context of urban geography as they address key urban challenges, including energy consumption, transportation efficiency, waste management, and overall quality of life. By leveraging data and technology, smart cities aim to create more efficient, sustainable, and livable urban environments (Albino, Berardi, and Dangelico 6)[1]. This section of the course delves into the theoretical underpinnings, practical implementations, and real-world case studies of smart city initiatives, providing a robust framework to analyze and contribute to the future of urban planning and policy-making.

Importance of Studying Smart City Transitions in Understanding Urban Sustainability and Efficiency

The importance of studying smart city transitions lies in their potential to transform urban landscapes in profound ways. Smart cities utilize information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance operational efficiency, share information with the public, and improve the quality of government services and citizen welfare. By integrating smart technologies, cities can address various sustainability challenges such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, managing resources more effectively, and enhancing the resilience of urban infrastructure (IBM Institute for Business Value 2)[2].

Understanding smart city transitions also involves examining the socio-economic impacts of these technologies. For instance, smart transportation systems can reduce traffic congestion and pollution, while smart grids can optimize energy consumption and promote the use of renewable energy sources (Jones and Ley 15)[3]. Additionally, smart waste management systems can improve recycling rates and reduce landfill use. These advancements contribute to the broader goals of sustainable development and urban efficiency, making the study of smart city transitions essential for future urban planners, policymakers, and sustainability professionals.

Importance in the Overall Context of the Course

In the broader context of the course, smart city initiatives play a critical role in addressing the multifaceted challenges faced by modern urban environments. Environmental sustainability, economic viability, and social equity are three pillars that underpin the concept of smart cities. These initiatives are designed to create urban spaces that are not only environmentally friendly but also economically robust and socially inclusive (Albino, Berardi, and Dangelico 12)[1].

Environmental sustainability is achieved through the implementation of smart technologies that reduce energy consumption, lower carbon emissions, and promote the use of renewable resources. Economic viability is enhanced by creating efficient systems that reduce operational costs and improve productivity. Social equity is addressed by ensuring that the benefits of smart city technologies are accessible to all residents, thereby reducing disparities and promoting inclusiveness (IBM Institute for Business Value 7)[2].

The relevance of smart city technologies in contemporary urban planning and policy-making cannot be overstated. As cities around the world face increasing pressures from urbanization, climate change, and resource depletion, the adoption of smart technologies offers viable solutions to these challenges. By integrating smart city principles into urban planning, cities can enhance their resilience, sustainability, and overall quality of life for their inhabitants (Johnson, Acedo, and Robinson 412)[4].

Focus on the Course Theme within the Context of Vancouver

Vancouver serves as an exemplary case study for exploring the impact of smart city transitions, particularly through its Vancouver Climate Emergency Action Plan (CEAP). The CEAP is a comprehensive strategy aimed at reducing the city’s carbon emissions and enhancing its resilience to climate change. It includes a range of initiatives designed to promote energy efficiency, sustainable transportation, and green building practices (Vancouver's Climate Emergency Action Plan).

This chapter will specifically focus on the Broadway Plan, one of the key initiatives under the CEAP. The Broadway Plan is an ambitious urban development project that aims to transform the Broadway corridor into a sustainable, transit-oriented, and vibrant community. It incorporates smart city principles to enhance transportation efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and create a livable urban space (Broadway Plan).

Overview of issue/focus

Definition and Explanation of Smart City Transitions

Smart city transitions involve the integration of advanced technologies and data analytics to enhance urban infrastructure, improve the quality of life for residents, and promote sustainable development. These transitions encompass improvements in various sectors such as transportation, energy systems, waste management, and urban planning. The goal is to create more efficient, sustainable, and livable urban environments by leveraging information and communication technologies (ICT). Smart cities use ICT to collect, analyze, and apply data to optimize the operational efficiency of urban systems and services, reduce emissions, and enhance resource management (Albino, Berardi, and Dangelico 6; Johnson, Acedo, and Robinson 403)[1][4].

Smart city technologies include smart grids for efficient energy distribution, smart transportation systems to reduce traffic congestion, and smart waste management systems to improve recycling rates. Additionally, these technologies aim to improve public services, foster citizen engagement, and ensure equitable access to urban resources. By addressing both technical and social aspects, smart city transitions contribute significantly to urban sustainability and livability (Levenda et al. 241; Albino et al. 8)[5][1].

Overview of the Vancouver Climate Emergency Action Plan (CEAP)

The Vancouver Climate Emergency Action Plan (CEAP) is a strategic framework designed to address the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance the city's resilience to climate change. Launched in response to the global climate crisis, the CEAP sets ambitious targets to significantly cut carbon emissions and transition towards a low-carbon economy. Key goals include reducing carbon pollution by 50% by 2030 compared to 2007 levels and achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 ("Vancouver's Climate Emergency Action Plan")[6].

The CEAP encompasses a range of initiatives aimed at promoting renewable energy, enhancing public transportation, implementing green building standards, and fostering community engagement in climate action. These measures are designed to not only mitigate the impacts of climate change but also to create a more sustainable, inclusive, and resilient urban environment. The plan emphasizes the integration of climate action into all aspects of urban planning and development, ensuring that sustainability is a core consideration in Vancouver’s growth and development strategies ("Vancouver's Climate Emergency Action Plan")[6].

Description of the Broadway Plan Initiative

The Broadway Plan is a critical component of the CEAP, focusing on the redevelopment of the Broadway Corridor into a sustainable, transit-oriented, and vibrant community. This initiative aims to transform the area into a hub of sustainable urban living by increasing density, enhancing public spaces, and improving transportation infrastructure. Key elements of the Broadway Plan include promoting mixed-use developments, ensuring the availability of affordable housing, and integrating green building practices to minimize environmental impact ("Broadway Plan"; Goodman Commercial Inc.)[7][8].

The plan covers a comprehensive 30-year vision for the Broadway Corridor, aiming to create a well-connected, livable community that supports both residential and commercial activities. A significant aspect of the Broadway Plan is the construction of the Broadway Subway, which is expected to enhance public transit connectivity and reduce reliance on private vehicles. This project is anticipated to play a crucial role in achieving the plan's sustainability goals by providing efficient and accessible public transportation options ("Broadway Plan"; Goodman Commercial Inc.)[7][8].

The Broadway Plan also emphasizes the importance of public engagement and community input in the planning process. This approach ensures that the development reflects the needs and aspirations of local residents and stakeholders, fostering a sense of ownership and participation in the city's sustainability efforts ("Broadway Plan")[7].

By focusing on these key areas, the Broadway Plan aims to contribute significantly to Vancouver’s overarching goals of reducing carbon emissions, promoting sustainable urban development, and enhancing the quality of life for all residents. The initiative serves as a model for other cities looking to implement smart city transitions and climate action plans.

Smart city transitions are globally significant as they offer practical solutions to the myriad challenges posed by rapid urbanization, climate change, and resource scarcity. By integrating advanced technologies into urban infrastructure, cities can optimize resource use, reduce waste, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. For instance, smart grids enhance energy distribution efficiency, while intelligent transportation systems reduce traffic congestion and pollution (Albino, Berardi, and Dangelico 12)[1]. These initiatives are crucial for achieving global sustainability targets and improving the quality of urban life on a broad scale.

Specific Importance for Vancouver in Achieving its Greenest City Goals and Reducing Carbon Emissions

For Vancouver, the importance of smart city transitions is particularly pronounced due to the city’s ambitious Greenest City Action Plan. The Broadway Plan is a key initiative under this framework, designed to transform the Broadway Corridor into a model of sustainable urban development. This plan aligns with Vancouver’s goal of becoming the greenest city in the world by reducing carbon emissions, promoting energy efficiency, and fostering sustainable living practices ("Vancouver's Climate Emergency Action Plan")[6]. The Broadway Plan’s focus on transit-oriented development is crucial for reducing reliance on private vehicles, thereby cutting down transportation-related emissions and supporting the city’s climate goals (Goodman Commercial Inc.)[8].

Discussion on the Anticipated Environmental, Economic, and Social Benefits for Vancouver

The Broadway Plan is expected to deliver substantial environmental, economic, and social benefits. Environmentally, the plan aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by encouraging the use of public transportation and incorporating green building standards. Economically, the redevelopment of the Broadway Corridor is anticipated to stimulate local businesses, attract investments, and create job opportunities, thus boosting the local economy ("Broadway Plan")[7]. Socially, the plan addresses the need for affordable housing and community amenities, thereby improving the quality of life for residents and fostering social equity (Levenda et al. 236)[5].

What is the Scale and Scope of this Particular Issue/Focus?

City-Wide Impact of CEAP and its Various Initiatives

The CEAP’s initiatives have a city-wide impact, addressing multiple facets of urban sustainability. These initiatives include promoting renewable energy, enhancing public transportation infrastructure, and implementing stringent energy efficiency standards for buildings. The Broadway Plan, as a significant part of CEAP, focuses on redeveloping a major urban corridor to meet these sustainability goals. It covers a comprehensive 30-year vision for the Broadway Corridor, aiming to create a well-connected, sustainable urban community ("Vancouver's Climate Emergency Action Plan")[6].

Detailed Description of the Broadway Plan's Scope and its Objectives

The Broadway Plan aims to increase residential density, enhance public spaces, and improve transportation infrastructure along the Broadway Corridor. Key objectives include promoting mixed-use developments, ensuring the provision of affordable housing, and integrating green building practices. The plan also involves the construction of the Broadway Subway, which is expected to improve public transit connectivity and reduce reliance on private vehicles, contributing significantly to the city’s sustainability goals ("Broadway Plan"; Goodman Commercial Inc.)[8][7].

Is it a Global Phenomenon or Specifically a Local One to Vancouver?

Analysis of Global Trends in Smart City Transitions and Energy Efficiency

Smart city transitions are part of a global trend towards more sustainable and efficient urban living. Cities around the world are adopting similar strategies to improve energy efficiency, reduce carbon footprints, and enhance the overall quality of life. The integration of ICT in urban planning is a common approach used to address global challenges such as climate change and urbanization (Johnson, Acedo, and Robinson 408)[4].

Comparison of Vancouver’s Initiatives with Other Leading Cities in Smart City Technologies

Vancouver’s smart city initiatives, including the Broadway Plan, can be compared to those of other leading cities such as Amsterdam, Singapore, and Barcelona. These cities have implemented innovative technologies and policies to promote sustainability and urban resilience. However, Vancouver’s approach is unique in its strong emphasis on integrating climate action with social equity and community engagement. The city’s comprehensive and inclusive planning process distinguishes its efforts from those of other global cities ("Vancouver's Climate Emergency Action Plan"; Goodman Commercial Inc.)[6][8].

Unique Aspects of Vancouver’s Approach Tailored to its Local Context and Challenges

Vancouver’s approach to smart city transitions is tailored to its specific environmental goals and urban challenges. The city’s focus on climate action is reflected in its ambitious targets for carbon reduction and the integration of sustainable practices in all aspects of urban planning. Additionally, Vancouver’s commitment to social equity ensures that the benefits of smart city technologies are accessible to all residents, particularly marginalized and vulnerable communities. This holistic approach helps address local challenges while contributing to global sustainability efforts (City of Vancouver, "Vancouver's Climate Emergency Action Plan"; Goodman Commercial Inc.)[6][8].

Potential future of the Station Areas in 2050

Case Study of the issue.

Relevance of the Issue/Focus in Vancouver

In-depth Exploration of Why the Broadway Plan is Critical for Vancouver

The Broadway Plan is a transformative urban redevelopment initiative essential for Vancouver’s strategy to create a sustainable, transit-oriented city. It aligns with the Vancouver Climate Emergency Action Plan (CEAP) by focusing on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing public transportation, and promoting mixed-use developments that combine residential, commercial, and community spaces. This integration is crucial for addressing the city's housing crisis, reducing traffic congestion, and meeting the ambitious targets set by the CEAP to combat climate change ("Vancouver's Climate Emergency Action Plan")[6].

Historical Context and Development of These Initiatives

The development of the Broadway Plan can be traced back to Vancouver's broader urban planning strategies aimed at addressing rapid population growth and the environmental impacts of urban sprawl. Historically, the Broadway Corridor has been a significant commercial and transportation hub, making it an ideal location for redevelopment. The introduction of the CEAP emphasized the need for sustainable urban development, leading to the formulation of the Broadway Plan through extensive public consultation and collaboration with various stakeholders ("Broadway Plan")[7]. This community-driven approach ensures that the plan reflects the needs and aspirations of local residents ("Vancouver's Broadway Plan Gets Mixed Feedback at Public Session")[9].

Problems/Situations/Solutions Experienced by the Urban Population

Challenges Faced by Vancouver's Urban Population Related to Energy Consumption and Sustainability

Vancouver's urban population faces significant challenges related to energy consumption and sustainability. High energy use in transportation and residential buildings contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, while inefficient buildings increase overall energy demands. The city’s growing population exacerbates these issues, leading to higher energy consumption and environmental degradation (Levenda et al. 234; Jones and Ley 15)[5][3].

Solutions Provided by the Broadway Plan

The Broadway Plan addresses these challenges through several key initiatives:

  1. Enhanced Public Transit: The Broadway Subway project aims to improve public transit accessibility, reducing the need for private vehicles, and decreasing traffic congestion and emissions ("Broadway Plan")[7].
  2. Mixed-Use Developments: The plan encourages the development of buildings that combine residential, commercial, and community spaces. This approach reduces the need for long commutes, supports local businesses, and creates vibrant, walkable communities (Goodman Commercial Inc.)[8].
  3. Green Building Standards: Implementing stringent energy efficiency standards for new buildings ensures that structures within the Broadway Corridor consume less energy and produce fewer emissions, aligning with Vancouver's sustainability goals (Jones and Ley 14)[3].

Addressing Density and Affordability

The Broadway Plan aims to increase residential density along the Broadway Corridor, which is essential for supporting the city's growth while maintaining sustainability. Higher density developments help to accommodate a growing population without expanding the city's footprint, thus preserving green spaces and reducing urban sprawl. By focusing on transit-oriented development, the plan reduces the dependency on private vehicles, further supporting environmental goals (Levenda et al. 236)[5].

Affordability is another critical aspect of the Broadway Plan. Vancouver faces significant challenges with housing affordability, and the plan includes provisions to ensure that new developments provide a mix of housing options, including affordable units. This approach aims to prevent displacement of existing residents and ensure that low- and middle-income families can continue to live in the city. The plan’s emphasis on mixed-use developments also supports local economies and provides convenient access to amenities and services, enhancing the overall livability of the area ("Broadway Plan"; Goodman Commercial Inc.; "Vancouver's Broadway Plan Gets Mixed Feedback at Public Session")[7][9].

Direct and Indirect Impact on the Urban Population of Vancouver

Examination of How These Initiatives Affect Residents' Quality of Life, Economic Opportunities, and Environmental Health

Quality of Life:

The Broadway Plan is designed to enhance the quality of life for Vancouver's residents by creating a vibrant, livable community. This is achieved through the development of mixed-use spaces that include residential, commercial, and public areas. By improving transit connectivity and creating more pedestrian-friendly environments, the plan aims to reduce the reliance on private vehicles, thus decreasing traffic congestion and travel times ("Broadway Plan")[7]. Enhanced public spaces and amenities contribute to a higher standard of living, fostering a sense of community and well-being. Levenda et al. (237)[5] emphasize that smart city initiatives like the Broadway Plan can significantly boost residents' quality of life by making urban areas more accessible, attractive, and sustainable.

Economic Opportunities:

The Broadway Plan stimulates local businesses, attracts investments, and creates job opportunities, thereby boosting the local economy. The emphasis on mixed-use developments supports a diverse range of commercial activities, fostering economic growth. The plan's focus on increasing density around transit hubs encourages the establishment of new businesses and services, which in turn creates employment opportunities and stimulates economic activity (Goodman Commercial Inc.)[8]. This economic revitalization is essential for maintaining the vibrancy and economic health of the Broadway Corridor and surrounding areas.

Environmental Health:

One of the key environmental benefits of the Broadway Plan is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through decreased reliance on private vehicles and the promotion of energy-efficient buildings. By enhancing public transit infrastructure, the plan aims to make public transportation a more viable and attractive option for residents, thereby reducing the number of cars on the road and associated emissions. Jones and Ley (16)[3] highlight the environmental health benefits of transit-oriented developments, noting that improved air quality and reduced pollution levels can lead to better public health outcomes, including fewer respiratory issues and other health problems associated with air pollution.

Case Studies and Examples Demonstrating the Direct and Indirect Impacts

Broadway Subway Project:

The Broadway Subway project is a cornerstone of the Broadway Plan, significantly enhancing public transit connectivity. This project is expected to reduce travel times, decrease traffic congestion, and lower emissions, directly benefiting commuters and the environment ("Broadway Plan")[7]. By providing a reliable and efficient public transit option, the subway project encourages residents to shift from car travel to public transportation, thus reducing the environmental footprint and contributing to a more sustainable urban mobility system.

Mixed-Use Developments:

Successful examples of mixed-use developments within the Broadway Corridor include buildings that house residential units, offices, and retail spaces. These developments reduce the need for long commutes by providing amenities and services within walking distance, thus supporting local economies and creating vibrant, walkable communities. Goodman Commercial Inc. reports that these developments attract businesses and residents alike, fostering a dynamic and economically thriving neighborhood. The integration of residential and commercial spaces helps to create a balanced urban environment where people can live, work, and play in close proximity.

Evidence Supporting the Impact

Statistical Data, Reports, and Studies Validating the Effectiveness of the Broadway Plan

Numerous studies and reports validate the effectiveness of transit-oriented developments like the Broadway Plan in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving urban sustainability. For instance, Levenda et al. (236)[5] highlight the positive impacts of reducing car dependency through enhanced public transit. Their study shows that residents living in areas with improved public transit options are more likely to use these services, leading to a significant reduction in private vehicle use and associated emissions.

Additionally, reports from the City of Vancouver indicate that implementing green building standards within the Broadway Corridor has led to substantial energy savings and reduced emissions ("Vancouver's Climate Emergency Action Plan")[6]. The city's commitment to energy-efficient building practices ensures that new developments adhere to high environmental standards, further contributing to the plan’s sustainability goals.

Testimonials and Feedback from the Community and Stakeholders Involved

Community feedback has been integral to the development and refinement of the Broadway Plan. Public consultations revealed strong support for improved public transit and affordable housing, highlighting the community’s desire for a more sustainable and livable urban environment. However, some concerns were raised regarding the potential for gentrification and displacement of low-income residents, emphasizing the need for inclusive planning and affordable housing provisions (Jones and Ley 19)[3].

Public sessions have shown mixed feedback, reflecting the diverse perspectives of Vancouver’s residents. While many support the plan for its focus on sustainability and improved public transit, some residents express concerns about the impact on existing communities and the potential for increased living costs ("Vancouver's Broadway Plan Gets Mixed Feedback at Public Session")[9]. This feedback underscores the importance of addressing community concerns and ensuring that the benefits of the plan are equitably distributed.

Overall, the Broadway Plan exemplifies Vancouver’s commitment to sustainable urban development. By focusing on transit-oriented development, green building practices, and community engagement, the plan addresses critical challenges related to energy consumption and sustainability. The anticipated environmental, economic, and social benefits highlight the importance of such initiatives in creating a more resilient and livable urban future.

Lesson learned

Transferability of Vancouver's Strategies

Analysis of Which Aspects of Vancouver’s Smart City Initiatives Can Be Applied to Other Urban Contexts

The Broadway Plan incorporates several smart city strategies that can be adapted by other urban areas to enhance sustainability and livability. Key transferable aspects include:

  1. Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Prioritizing development around transit hubs helps reduce traffic congestion and promote public transportation use. This approach not only lowers greenhouse gas emissions but also enhances accessibility and convenience for residents. TOD can be a pivotal strategy for cities aiming to improve urban mobility and reduce environmental impacts ("Vancouver's Climate Emergency Action Plan"; Spicer et al. 4)[6][10].
  2. Mixed-Use Developments: Encouraging mixed-use buildings that combine residential, commercial, and community spaces creates vibrant, walkable neighborhoods. This model supports local economies and reduces the need for long commutes, thereby lowering overall energy consumption (Jones and Ley 14; Spicer et al. 6)[3][10].
  3. Green Building Standards: Implementing stringent energy efficiency standards for new constructions ensures reduced energy consumption and emissions. Other cities can adopt similar policies to promote sustainability and resilience in urban development ("Broadway Plan")[7].
  4. Community Engagement: The Broadway Plan's success is partly due to extensive public consultations and stakeholder involvement. This inclusive approach ensures that development projects align with the needs and aspirations of local residents, fostering community support and participation (Levenda et al. 237)[5].

Discussion on the Adaptability of the Broadway Plan in Different Cities

The principles underlying the Broadway Plan, such as TOD, mixed-use developments, and community engagement, are adaptable to various urban contexts. However, the specific strategies must be tailored to local conditions and needs. For example:

  • Geographic and Demographic Considerations: Cities with different geographic layouts and population densities might need to modify the scale and scope of transit-oriented developments and mixed-use projects to fit their unique contexts (Spicer et al. 3)[10].
  • Economic and Political Environments: The success of implementing green building standards and other sustainability initiatives depends on the local economic and political climate. Cities must secure political will and financial resources to support such ambitious projects (Spicer et al. 5)[10].
  • Community Involvement: The effectiveness of public engagement strategies can vary based on cultural and social dynamics. Cities should adopt culturally sensitive and context-specific methods to engage their communities effectively (Levenda et al. 234)[5].

Key Takeaways for Urban Planners and Policymakers

Lessons on the Importance of Comprehensive Planning, Community Engagement, and Policy Integration

  1. Comprehensive Planning: Urban planners should adopt an integrated approach that considers transportation, housing, economic development, and environmental sustainability. This holistic perspective ensures that all aspects of urban life are addressed coherently (Jones and Ley 15)[3].
  2. Community Engagement: Involving residents in the planning process is crucial for the success of urban redevelopment projects. Effective community engagement fosters trust, gathers valuable insights, and builds support for initiatives (Levenda et al. 237)[5].
  3. Policy Integration: Policymakers should ensure that various urban policies are aligned and mutually reinforcing. For example, transportation policies should support housing initiatives, and environmental regulations should complement economic development plans (Spicer et al. 5)[10].

Recommendations for Other Cities Looking to Implement Similar Smart City Transitions

  • Adopt a Phased Approach: Gradually implement smart city initiatives to manage risks and gather feedback at each stage. This allows for adjustments based on real-world outcomes and community responses (Hsiaoping Yeh 561; Spicer et al. 4)[11][10].
  • Foster Cross-Sector Collaboration: Encourage collaboration between government, private sector, and community organizations to pool resources and expertise. This multi-stakeholder approach enhances the feasibility and impact of smart city projects (Hsiaoping Yeh 562; Spicer et al. 7)[11][10].
  • Invest in Capacity Building: Develop the skills and knowledge of local government officials, planners, and community leaders to effectively design and implement smart city strategies. Training and education are vital for sustaining long-term urban development goals (Levenda et al. 239)[5].

By drawing on the lessons learned from Vancouver's Broadway Plan, other cities can adopt and adapt smart city strategies to address their unique challenges and opportunities, paving the way for more sustainable and livable urban futures.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Albino, Vito, et al. “Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives.” Journal of Urban Technology, vol. 22, no. 1, 2 Jan. 2015, pp. 3–21, doi:10.1080/10630732.2014.942092.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dirks, Susanne, et al. “Smarter Cities for Smarter Growth: How Cities Can Optimize Their Systems for the Talent-Based Economy.” SSRN, 9 Feb. 2012, papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2001907. Accessed 24 June 2024.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Jones, Craig E., and David Ley. “Transit‐oriented Development and Gentrification along Metro Vancouver’s Low‐income Skytrain Corridor.” Canadian Geographies / Géographies Canadiennes, vol. 60, no. 1, 14 Feb. 2016, pp. 9–22, doi:10.1111/cag.12256.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Johnson, Peter A., et al. “Canadian Smart Cities: Are We Wiring New Citizen‐Local Government Interactions?” Canadian Geographies / Géographies Canadiennes, vol. 64, no. 3, 22 May 2020, pp. 402–415, doi:10.1111/cag.12623.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Levenda, Anthony M., et al. “Rethinking Public Participation in the Smart City.” Canadian Geographies / Géographies Canadiennes, vol. 64, no. 3, 12 Feb. 2020, pp. 344–358, doi:10.1111/cag.12601.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Vancouver, City of. “We Are in a Climate Emergency.” Climate Emergency Action Plan | City of Vancouver, vancouver.ca/green-vancouver/vancouvers-climate-emergency.aspx. Accessed 24 June 2024.
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 Vancouver, City of. “Broadway Plan.” City of Vancouver, vancouver.ca/home-property-development/broadway-plan.aspx. Accessed 24 June 2024.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Report, Goodman. “Major Changes Coming to the Broadway Plan.” Goodman Commercial Inc., 1 Apr. 2024, goodmanreport.com/market-insights/major-changes-coming-to-the-broadway-plan/. Accessed 24 June 2024.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 “Vancouver’s Broadway Plan Gets Mixed Feedback at Public Session.” British Columbia, 18 June 2024, bc.ctvnews.ca/vancouver-s-broadway-plan-gets-mixed-feedback-at-public-session-1.6931385. Accessed 24 June 2024.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Spicer, Zachary, et al. “How ‘Smart’ Are Smart Cities? Resident Attitudes towards Smart City Design.” Cities, vol. 141, Oct. 2023, p. 104442, doi:10.1016/j.cities.2023.104442.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Yeh, Hsiaoping. “The Effects of Successful ICT-Based Smart City Services: From Citizens’ Perspectives.” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 3, Sept. 2017, pp. 556–565, doi:10.1016/j.giq.2017.05.001.
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