Course:GEOG350/2024/Section 2: Place, Placelessness, and Spatial Inequality

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Displacement In Vancouver

By: Amanda Kay (21352927), Haylee Johal (99273807)

Introduction

Imagine living in a beautiful, thriving city, like Vancouver since you can remember. You look away momentarily, and the cost of living skyrockets, forcing displacement upon you from your home. This is the reality that many Vancouver residents are facing from the housing affordability crisis. This issue is deeply rooted in place, placelessness, and spatial inequality, which we explore further.

The urban environment that we reside in can shape our physical, emotional, and social well-being in both positive and negative ways. While we explore the dynamics of urban spaces, there are three core concepts we define: place, placelessness, and spatial inequality. These three core concepts are vital to understanding urban issues, such as displacement within Vancouver’s housing affordability crisis.

As a method of fostering connections and human experiences, place remains an important term to define. Place is defined as a specific point or position in space. Each place has its own identity and particular characteristics that make it unique. Place can evoke a sense of belongingness that can be generated by aspects of an environment, historical context, and social interactions[1]. Placelessness is a condition where there is a disconnect with a significant location. The act of engaging with placelessness creates emotions that are opposite of place. Placelessness involves the mindset of redundancy and the feelings of being ordinary and generic. This sense of uniformity can stem from many factors such as globalization, tourism development, mass production of materials, cultural erosion, and the overdevelopment of standardized buildings. Spatial inequality is an uneven distribution of resources, economic opportunities, and services among different areas of a city. This type of inequality can lead to disparities in income, health care, well-being, and overall quality of life. These three topics intertwine with one another within the subject of urban geography and help us understand the purpose of spaces and how they evolve. Place, placelessness, and spatial inequality provide a framework for understanding urban issues within Vancouver, specifically regarding displacement, the affordability crisis, and the emotional and physical feelings associated with being displaced.

Through understanding the ideas of place, placelessness, and spatial inequality we aim to answer the following question with our research: how does displacement affect an individual’s emotional health and well-being within the context of Vancouver's housing affordability crisis? This question is important to answer because displacement not only affects physical movement but can also have an emotional effect on mental health. We explore how deep of an issue this is and aim to provide some answers.

Three forms of displacement can occur within gentrifying neighborhoods: direct displacement, indirect displacement, and cultural displacement[2]. Our research focuses on the definition, cause, and effects of direct displacement. Direct displacement occurs involuntarily when rising housing costs force residents to relocate from their specific areas[2]. This is the effect of Vancouver’s affordability crisis for many Vancouver residents. Gentrification is the process where a marginalized neighbourhood is transformed through the placement of residents with higher income and higher education[2]. Gentrification often leads to the displacement of low-income residents as the housing cost rises in areas with higher-income residents, and therefore the area undergoes a physical upgrade[2].

As we delve further into our chapter, the theme remains focused on the central topic of displacement within Vancouver.

Overview of issue/focus

What is the issue?

Vancouver’s rising cost of housing and real estate has led to a housing affordability crisis for many individuals and families residing in the Greater Vancouver area[3]. Approximately 86,000 households face the impacts of unsuitable, unaffordable, or unsecured housing options[4][5]. In addition, 50,000 more families are expected to be affected by these circumstances within the next 10 years[4][5]. This spatial inequality has further affected the emotional health and well-being of households due to potential overcrowding and a decrease in living conditions by reducing social mobility. Additionally, housing unaffordability can decrease Canadian consumption which could potentially affect local businesses and Vancouver’s economy. Canadians have flagged how issues surrounding housing affordability and stable housing have taken a significant toll on their mental health[6]. Those struggling with housing affordability issues have amplified stress and mental health issues surrounding homelessness. 30-40% of individuals struggling with homelessness have a mental illness[7].  Housing unaffordability according to the BC Government is defined as a home costing over 30% of household income before tax[8][9]. The housing crisis directly leads to a community decline and mental health issues, burdening the healthcare system and social services within BC. To address this spatial inequality, there is pressure on the government to devote resources towards mental health. Economic productivity is reduced when there is an increase in healthcare demand and a decrease in workforce output. The high stressor of housing prices affects 33% of individuals in British Columbia[10]. A 2019 article highlights the detrimental effects of how strongly housing affordability impacts the physical and mental health of individuals[11]. The article states that 16% of individuals' mental health were at stake and 34% of individuals had a toll on their physical health[11]. This demonstrates how displacement can affect an individual’s emotional health and well-being.

Why is this issue important in general and specifically for Vancouver?

As Vancouver is such a fast-paced environment where income can be seen as a major aspect or component of one’s life, affordability creates a large concern that affects well-being. The perception of oneself can be dependent on their housing[12]. Furthermore, housing unaffordablity causes placelessness due to relocation, loss of community, and homogenization of living areas. Many families are forced to relocate which affects their ability to connect to their place and leads to feelings of placelessness. This issue is important because the ability to have housing gives residents a sense of identity and connection to the city. In addition, spatial inequality and the displacement of families, businesses, and familiar residents of the area lead to a loss of community and feelings of placelessness. According to Statistics Canada, young adults ages 18-24 are nearly twice as likely to experience unaffordable housing situations as opposed to long-standing renters[13]. As mentioned by a United Nations representative, affordable and accessible housing for youth and children is a basic necessity to live a fulfilled life[14]. Specifically, 20% of renters are categorized under the ‘recent renters’ category.

Furthermore, these recent renters are experiencing significantly higher median monthly household costs[13]. This demonstrates how housing affordability can emotionally affect the health and well-being of residents within Vancouver. The ongoing battle of housing costs can cause mental drainage and ongoing stress[7]. Housing affordability is an issue due to population growth, limited housing supply, foreign investment, and speculative buying[15]. It is an important issue to address as these factors mixed with high inflation can cause severe impacts on the affordability of homes here in the Vancouver area. This means that low-income renters have an especially difficult challenge of finding homes as they juggle the issues of low supply rates and low vacancy rates while competing against all the other renters in Vancouver as well[16]. In 2022, just 1% of housing stock was deemed as affordable for the bottom 20% of income earners in Vancouver[16]. Proof of escalation of this issue is seen in 2023 as the rental rate for a two-bedroom apartment increased by 8.5%[16]. The statistics emphasize the importance of spatial inequality in the housing crisis on low-income renters and other economically marginalized communities. Politically, there is government pressure to implement rent control measures and affordable housing to promote economic equality.

What is the scale and scope of this particular issue?

Housing unaffordability is a widespread global issue that affects millions of people around the world. With most housing areas increasing in cost, many people are left homeless and forced to displace themselves. Housing instability leads to a significant emotional toll and can cause challenges on mental health. This issue has been a historical problem in Canada but has been expedited due to post-pandemic inflation and proportionally high interest rates[17]. This issue affects a majority of the Vancouver area, and we cannot pinpoint a single neighbourhood within Vancouver that is substantially more affected than another.

Is it a global phenomenon or specifically a local one to Vancouver?

Although housing affordability is a global phenomenon, it is significantly worse within the Greater Vancouver area. It is so significant in Vancouver that 60% of respondents stated they would be open to relocation to cheaper surrounding cities because of housing prices in Vancouver[18]. This statistic demonstrates how deep of an issue housing affordability is in Vancouver. The proportion of Canadian renters currently in unaffordable housing situations sits at two-thirds[17]. Whether directly affected or not, the urban population of Canada as a whole has had to deal with the economic and financial impacts since the pandemic.

This issue can be seen in other major cities in Canada as well, such as Toronto, Calgary, and Montreal. Vancouver is ranked the top most unaffordable place to live in Canada and Toronto follows in at second, Calgary in eighth, and Montreal in tenth[19]. This disparity pinpoints spatial inequality as a Canadian-wide problem, demonstrating how displacement and housing affordability are much more prominent within Vancouver as opposed to other Canadian cities.

By connecting spatial inequality to broader social, political, and economic impacts, we recognize the need to create inclusive policies that strengthen Vancouver into a more equitable and thriving community.

Case Study of the issue

Housing Unaffordability Outcomes

The main outcomes that the urban population is facing due to housing affordability issues are relocation, heightened stress, and increased debt. These three housing affordability outcomes can cause displacement, causing individuals to be involuntarily forced out of their homes[20]. The displacement, caused by rising housing costs, can further lead to homelessness. According to the United Nations, approximately 100 million individuals were considered homeless and 15 million individuals were forcefully evicted from their homes in 2005[14]. Fast and Cunningham’s 2018 article highlights the increase in homelessness within Vancouver, which has stemmed from the effects of displacement. More specifically, individuals are forced to “hide out” as we continuously sanitize urban areas[21]. Increased sanitation efforts will cause a repeated cycle of displacement, which disrupts an individual's sense of place and leads to placelessness. With housing costs rising, sanitization of central areas is constantly occurring which causes displacement of homeless populations as well, putting intense pressure on their mental health and wellbeing[21].

Personal Connection and Emotional Well-being

On a more personal level, as current students and lifelong Vancouver residents who have always envisioned spending the rest of our lives in Vancouver, there are increasing mental health effects for what our lives would look like in the future. With the cost of living continuously rising in Vancouver, we feel a potential sense of placelessness as we try to keep up with Vancouver's changing economy. This has led to detrimental effects on our mental health and our family's mental health. With an increase in gentrification within Vancouver, there comes a sense of displacement for many who cannot view it as viable to pursue a life in this city. There is a strong emotional impact on many residents, especially those forced out of the city of Vancouver to provinces such as Alberta and Ontario, to attain more affordable housing[22]. Relating to our broader topic, residents must consider the outcomes of housing affordability which can cause debt. Some individuals are left searching for multiple jobs to be able to afford the standard costs of living[23]. There is also pressure on seniors to decide whether to extend their work life or accept that they simply cannot retire without carrying a financial burden [23]. The outcomes of having to relocate causes stress and increased financial debt which is specifically relevant to the mental well-being of residents in Vancouver.

Financial Burden of Housing Inflation

Housing inflation has forced many individuals to be put into a financial burden during these times as well. Over the last 30 years, the average income has risen 34%[24]. Although this may seem like a benefit to society, it is extremely disproportionate to the rise in housing prices at 142% in the past 30 years[24]. As emphasized by the statistics above, displacement will continue to be seen as a long-term issue, especially if housing prices continue to rise at this consistent rate above the average income increase. This statistic further exacerbates our sense of placelessness within the city of Vancouver.

Policies on Land Use

Abbotsford Urban Development Boundary[25]

As mentioned by Gavin Luymes, the Abbotsford planners have identified an urban development boundary to consider when developing plans. Outside the urban development boundary is the agricultural land which cannot be developed on. This creates a problem for the city of Abbotsford as low-income housing and housing units cannot become available in these areas[25]. The city of Abbotsford has implemented a new policy for small-scale multi-unit housing which generates almost 22,000 properties[25]. Although this is a major innovation that can help generate local affordable housing supply, it also creates an issue around identity. This affects human identity and can cause placelessness on the land as individuals are forced to share their land with 3-4 other individuals. Homeowners may feel pressured to share their private space with other homeowners, ultimately turning their private space into a public one. This alters what individuals may define “place” as, what would have been known as a singular place now has pressure to be turned into a shared common one.

Furthermore, this same issue affects a specific area in Vancouver known as Shaughnessey[26]. This area has historically been known to be inhibited by wealthy families with beautifully designed large estates. Thinking about the impacts that multi-unit affordable housing can do on lower-income communities, forces us to think about the impacts this transition could have on wealthier, prestigious neighbourhoods. The potential occurrence of anti-gentrification may occur, where high-end areas experience a decline in property value, an influx of lower-income residents, and wealthier residents depart from the area.

Population Trends and Spatial Inequality

Vancouver's Average Individual Income, 2015[27]

The urban population of Vancouver is connected to the issues of placelessness and spatial inequality because our population is continuing on a trend of growth, with not enough housing access to match the growing population. As mentioned by Jens Von Bergmann, the drivers of population change stem from housing costs, job opportunities, immigration, and changes in family size[27]. Those residing in Vancouver are often forced to leave if they cannot financially afford the area they reside in. For example, Jens mentioned the West side of Vancouver being filled with wealthier people[27]. If wealthier people take over the West side of Vancouver, low-income families are faced with gentrification and are forced to move out of the West side of Vancouver. This can lead to displacement and spatial inequality as the higher valued resources would be mostly reserved for individuals within the West side of Vancouver. For example, women residing within financialized social housing in Vancouver create a ‘home’[28]. Their creation of a home demonstrates the significant meaning of place to women, and therefore displacement from their home can lead to feelings of placelessness. The 2023 article by Thompson further develops and challenges the notions of placelessness which is often associated with marginalized populations; despite facing financial challenges, women residing in social housing can develop feelings of place and sentiment to their home[28].

Ripple Effect and Community Impact

Furthermore, Grigoryeva and Ley’s article on the ripple effect can relate to our core concepts of place, placelessness, and spatial inequality. Changes in one area cause a ripple effect in further areas, which can negatively or positively impact a community[29]. Alterations to place can affect local traditions and culture, while placelessness can lead to the homogenization of areas to sanitize cultured areas. On a more positive note, ripple effects related to housing improvements can decrease spatial inequality as we enhance resource and housing accessibility. Grigoryeva and Ley’s article on the ripple effect further acknowledges that areas do not exist in isolation, instead, changes in one area can impact communities in numerous ways[29]. In regards to displacement, the ripple effect can be correlated to the eviction of many individuals from their homes, which leads to feelings of placelessness. Late house payments can ruin an individual's future credit, causing a ripple effect later in life by deteriorating credit scores and the ability to buy a home. Furthermore, lessened economic activity is an indirect effect of displacement. With forced displacement occurring, there is an inevitable challenge for businesses due to long-term heightened competition between each other and due to a decrease in consumers.

Solutions

According to the City of Vancouver, multiple actions are being taken to tackle the issue of housing affordability. An example includes a Moderate Income Rental Housing Pilot Program, aimed to target middle-income families and provide them with affordable housing options[30]. Another example is the City of Vancouver’s Housing Action Plan. This plan involves meeting community needs through building a variety of housing options[31]. It is an innovative approach to helping cities, Indigenous communities, and towns provide new housing supply to residents[31]. The Prime Minister of Canada has approved a Housing Accelerator fund to grow housing supply faster, increase densification, establish inclusionary bylaws, quicken approval times, and encourage development surrounding public transportation areas[32]. The government has also placed taxes such as the empty homes tax and the foreign buyers tax, both aimed toward taxation on homes deemed as empty or on prospective foreign home buyers[33]. These taxes have been put in place to address Vancouver's challenges in housing affordability and availability[34]. These are actions that the government has put into place to help individuals afford down payments for their first homes, increase the housing supply, and fight speculative buying. The housing challenges that Canada faces are complex and the simple solution is to build more homes, quickly. Canada has found many ways to do so but it is up to us to urge government officials to create more diverse, inclusive communities to ensure all income levels are satisfied and heard.

Further Research

Gentrification Effects

An area of research that can be further developed is the comparison of neighbourhoods within Vancouver undergoing gentrification effects. This can include an analysis and statistics of local businesses under changing dynamics, community involvement, and cultural variations. Further analyzing this area of research will allow cities to understand the impacts of gentrification, the housing affordability crisis, and their effects on individual's sense of place, placelessness, and emotional well-being.

Comparative Housing

Policymakers, urban planners, and community organizations can learn valuable lessons from other global cities experiencing housing challenges. Further research can uncover effective measures that have mitigated the effects of displacement and unaffordable housing issues. This research would ensure that Vancouver is implementing previously successful strategies tested and practiced in other regions.

Lesson learned

The lessons learned from Vancouver’s housing affordability crisis apply to other urban contexts that face similar challenges, including implementing inclusive housing policies and increasing support services surrounding homelessness to improve individual health and well-being.

Inclusive housing policies can decrease displacement and the segregation of marginalized groups, particularly for low-income families. This can lead to the development of diverse and inclusive communities that prioritize housing affordability for a variety of income levels. This method encourages rent control practices and affordable developments to ensure all levels of income have the same housing accessibility. Rent control ensures that long-term residents are not financially displaced out of their neighborhood, which could lead to placelessness. As emphasized in an article by the United Nations, access to housing is a fundamental right and should be accessible to all income levels[14]. Furthermore, the United Nations highlights the benefits of inclusive housing, which include job stability by residing close to the workplace and reduced commute times leading to a more economically stable economy[14]. Urban Planners can consider this to help create walkable neighborhoods that reduce reliance on long commutes and enhance community cohesion.

Additionally, by increasing support services to the homeless population, we can decrease the pressures on public spaces and positively impact the well-being of individuals. Providing support services alleviates the constraints related to displacement and offers resources to shift the narrative toward stability. Resources like temporary housing, permanent housing, and emergency shelters can offer support to those facing displacement, which can lead to positive benefits for mental health. Individuals who are homeless are often associated with mental health issues, which can exacerbate the pressures related to homelessness. Support services are necessary to attempt to relieve mental health pressures, this includes resources like counseling, therapy, and social contacts to offer a mentor to them to voice their concerns. Homelessness can hinder one's access to employment, education, and overall health benefits[14]. This can interfere with an individual's stable mental health.

Recommendations

Policymakers, urban planners, and community organizations can use these recommendations to help address the issues of housing affordability. Policymakers should prioritize the development and enforcement of inclusive zoning regulations that mandate a percentage of affordable units in all new residential developments, ensuring housing affordability is integrated into urban planning strategies. This is demonstrated through the Abbotsford development project presented by Gavin Luymes[25], and the Moderate Rental Housing Pilot Program offered by the City of Vancouver[30]. An innovative approach, such as community land trusts and cooperative housing models, could be further explored by policymakers to provide long-term affordability and community stewardship of housing resources. Community organizations can facilitate education and outreach campaigns that raise awareness about housing rights, financial literacy, and available support services. These programs can encourage residents to navigate housing challenges and advocate for inclusive housing policies. Lastly, urban planners should implement more sustainable urban design principles into planning practices to promote energy-efficient, resilient housing that minimizes environmental impact and enhances the quality of life for all residents, regardless of income level. Aspect Structural Engineers is an example of a company we explored that practices sustainable development[35].

By implementing these targeted recommendations, policymakers, urban planners, and community organizations can collaborate effectively to address Vancouver's housing affordability crisis and create an inclusive, sustainable urban environment.



References

  1. ↑ Liu, Edgar, and Robert Freestone. “Revisiting Place and Placelessness.” Routledge eBooks, 2016, pp. 1–19. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315676456-1.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 [sites.utexas.edu/gentrificationproject/understanding-gentrification-and-displacement. "Understanding Gentrification and Displacement"] Check |url= value (help). The Uprooted Project. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  3. ↑ Aslam, Sonia. “B.C., Vancouver Are Least Affordable Places to Live in Canada: Analysis.” CityNews Vancouver, 27 June 2023, vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/06/27/vancouver-bc-least-affordable-in-canada.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 City of Vancouver Housing Needs Report. City of Vancouver, Canada, https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/pds-housing-policy-housing-needs-report.pdf. Accessed 12 June 2024.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Sorensen, Jean. “Land and Development Issues More Affordable Vancouver Housing.” Daily Commercial News, 23 Apr. 2024, canada.constructconnect.com/dcn/news/economic/2024/04/land-and-development-issues-mire-affordable-vancouver-housing.
  6. ↑ Zapata, Karina. ‘Our Next Pandemic’: Calgary’s Housing Fragility Takes a Heavy Toll on Mental Health.” CBC, 21 Jan. 2023, www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/housing-fragility-mental-health-1.6720037#:~:text=Calgarians%20are%20finding%20that%20unstable,mental%20health%20and%20poverty%20sectors.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Mental Health. the Homeless Hub. www.homelesshub.ca/about-homelessness/topics/mental-health#:~:text=Homelessness%2C%20in%20turn%2C%20amplifies%20poor,%2C%20sleeplessness%2C%20and%20substance%20use.
  8. ↑ Glossary. BC Housing, Canada. www.bchousing.org/glossary#:~:text=Affordable%20(housing)%3A%20Housing%20is,or%20benefit%20with%20BC%20Housing. Accessed June 12 2024.
  9. ↑ Defining affordable housing. Province of British Columbia, 8 Dec. 2022, https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/housing-tenancy/affordable-and-social-housing/afffordable-housing/defining-affordable-housing. Accessed 14 June 2024.
  10. ↑ Housing and Mental Health. BC Green Party, Canada. https://www.bcgreens.ca/housing_mental_health#:~:text=The%20housing%20crisis%20can%20also,make%20them%20healthy%20and%20happy. Accessed 12 June 2024.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Chung, Roger Yat-Nork, et al. “Housing Affordability Effects on Physical and Mental Health: Household Survey in a Population With the World’s Greatest Housing Affordability Stress.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 74, no. 2, Nov. 2019, pp. 164–72. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212286.
  12. ↑ Hauge, Åshild Lappegard. “Identity and Place: A Critical Comparison of Three Identity Theories.” Architectural Science Review, vol. 50, no. 1, Mar. 2007, pp. 44–51. https://doi.org/10.3763/asre.2007.5007.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 A tale of two renters: Housing Affordability among recent and existing renters in Canada. Statistics Canada, 4 Oct. 2023, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/as-sa/98-200-X/2021016/98-200-X2021016-eng.cfm. Accessed 13 June 2024.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 United Nations: Affordable Housing, Inclusive Economic Policies Key to Ending Homelessness, Speakers Say as Socail Development Commision Begins Annual Session. SOC/4879, 2017.
  15. ↑ Unpacking the Affordable Housing Crisis | MRU. www.mtroyal.ca/nonprofit/InstituteforCommunityProsperity/Happenings/Unpacking-the-affordable-housing-crisis-ICP.htm#:~:text=High%20inflation%2C%20coupled%20with%20high,Conversion%20of%20rental%20stock.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 O’neill, Natasha. “Here Are the 5 Canadian Cities With the Fewest Low-cost Rental Units: Report.” CTVNews, 31 Jan. 2024, www.ctvnews.ca/canada/here-are-the-5-canadian-cities-with-the-fewest-low-cost-rental-units-report-1.6750054.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Wilson, Grant Alexander, and Tyler Case. “Two-thirds of Canadian and American Renters Are in Unaffordable Housing Situations.” The Conversation, theconversation.com/two-thirds-of-canadian-and-american-renters-are-in-unaffordable-housing-situations-221954.
  18. ↑ Dabu, Christl. “Canadians Are Eyeing Moves to These Cities for More Affordable Housing.” CTVNews, 29 May 2024, www.ctvnews.ca/canada/canadians-are-eyeing-moves-to-these-cities-for-more-affordable-housing-1.6905317.
  19. ↑ Adams, Tallulah. “Canada’s Top Ten Most Affordable and Top Ten Least Affordable Cities for 2024.” Auxilium Mortgage Broker Victoria BC, 9 May 2024, auxiliummortgage.com/blog/canadas-top-ten-most-affordable-and-top-ten-least-affordable-cities-for-2024.
  20. ↑ Understanding Gentrification and Displacement. sites.utexas.edu/gentrificationproject/understanding-gentrification-and-displacement.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Fast, Danya, and David Cunningham. “‘we don’t belong there’: New Geographies of homelessness, addiction, and Social Control in Vancouver’s Inner City.” City & Society, vol. 30, no. 2, Aug. 2018, pp. 237–262, https://doi.org/10.1111/ciso.12177.
  22. ↑ SFU Displacement. www.sfu.ca/~yassaf/VancouverIsHome/Displacement.html#:~:text=As%20a%20result%2C%20many%20local,due%20to%20displacement%20is%20gentrification.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Aslam, Sonia. “Vancouver Housing Market in ‘Full-blown Crisis,’ Says RBC.” CityNews Vancouver, 3 Apr. 2024, vancouver.citynews.ca/2024/04/03/vancouver-housing-market-crisis-rbc-report.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Lloyd, Mike. “Comparing Crises: Housing Vs Income in Vancouver Over the Past 30 Years.” CityNews Vancouver, 13 June 2024, vancouver.citynews.ca/2024/06/13/bc-vancouver-income-home-prices-comparison/#:~:text=The%20report%20finds%20the%20average,%2C%20067%20in%20today's%20dollars)%20%E2%80%A6.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Luymes, Gavin. “My Work in Urban & Regional Planning.” GEOG 350, 15 May 2024, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/140894
  26. ↑ Matassa-Fung, Darrian. “Vancouver Should Allow More Dwellings per Lot in Shaughnessy, Report Says.” Global News, 14 June 2024, globalnews.ca/news/10565324/vancouver-should-allow-more-dwellings-shaughnessy.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Von Bergmann, Jens. “Data and the City.” GEOG 350, 29 May 2024, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/140894
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Thompson, Samantha. “‘Homes Not Shelters’: Co-productions of Home in Financialized Social Housing for Women in Vancouver, Canada.” Urban Geography, vol. 44, no. 4, Jan. 2022, pp. 668–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2021.2014668.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Grigoryeva, Idaliya, and David Ley. “The price ripple effect in the Vancouver Housing Market.” Urban Geography, vol. 40, no. 8, 27 Feb. 2019, pp. 1168–1190, https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2019.1567202.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Creating and Protecting Purpose-built Rental Housing. City of Vancouver, Canada, vancouver.ca/people-programs/creating-new-market-rental-housing.aspx. Accessed 12 June 2024.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 “Removing Barriers to Build More Homes, Faster in Vancouver, British Columbia.” Prime Minister of Canada, 15 Dec. 2023, www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2023/12/15/removing-barriers-to-build-more-homes-faster-vancouver#:~:text=The%20City%20of%20Vancouver's%20Housing,will%20run%20until%202026%2D27.
  32. ↑ Housing Accelerator Fund — Building More Homes, Faster. 17 Mar. 2023, www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/project-funding-and-mortgage-financing/funding-programs/all-funding-programs/housing-accelerator-fund/housing-accelerator-fund-backgrounder.
  33. ↑ Empty Homes Tax. City of Vancouver, Canada, vancouver.ca/home-property-development/empty-homes-tax.aspx. Accessed 12 June 2024.
  34. ↑ Purpose of the Empty Homes Tax. City of Vancouver, Canada, vancouver.ca/home-property-development/why-an-empty-homes-tax.aspx#:~:text=The%20Empty%20Homes%20Tax%20is,housing%20initiatives%20across%20the%20city. Accessed 12 June 2024.
  35. ↑ Butchart, Caroline. “Aspect Structural Engineers: Sustainable Cities.” GEOG 350, 12 June 2024, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/140894
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