Course:ECON371/UBCO2010WT1/GROUP7/Article1

Article #1 The Basics Hybrid cars: Do they make sense for you?

Soaring gas prices and a tax deduction may sway some buyers, but if you'd rather go cheap than go green, nirvana is still a ways off.

By Des Toups

Hybrids, those fuel-sipping cars that use both gasoline and batteries but never require recharging, seem to make a world of sense as gasoline prices blow past $2 a gallon. They pollute less, they consume less, and they make you feel good. But do they make sense if youre simply trying to save money? Not yet.

Hybrids are an expensive way to save gasoline. If you spend more on a hybrid car than you'd have spent otherwise, you're unlikely to ever get your money back -- even if you got rid of a gigantic, fuel-sucking SUV. Right now, a cheap compact is a better buy than an expensive hybrid. A couple of things could help tilt the balance for you:

The IRS has decided that hybrid vehicles qualify for a one-time "Clean Fuels" tax deduction of up to $2,000. If youre paying the top 35% rate, thats $700 off your bill. This deduction applies to hybrids bought in 2004 and 2005; it's scheduled to disappear for 2006. Do you need life insurance? Get a quote.

A number of new hybrids -- sedans, SUVs, even trucks -- are on the way. At least one of the new models is no more costly than its similarly sized, gasoline-powered kin.

The choices Only a true fuel miser would appreciate Honda's tiny >Insight, A featherweight two-seater with limited cargo space. At about $21,000, it's powered by a tiny, three-cylinder engine with an occasional assist from the batteries, which recharge by reclaiming the energy expended when you slow down or brake. The EPA rates the automatic version at 57 city, 56 highway, but enthusiastic owners report as much as 100 mpg if driven ultra carefully.

Sedan buyers won't get that kind of mileage, of course. The two best sellers are Toyota's Prius and Honda's Civic Hybrid. Both start around $22,000. Honda also makes an Accord Hybrid, which has a unique twist in that the power from its small electric motor is used primarily to boost performance. It's about $30,000.

Both Ford and Toyota have hybrid sport-utilities on the market, and Chevrolet, GMC and Dodge have hybrid pickups on sale or in the works.

Forgo an SUV and save a bundle Whether or not the purchase of one of these fuel-sipping machines makes financial sense depends on the alternative. You'll save a small fortune if you opt for a hybrid over a larger sedan or sport-utility. Buy that Civic Hybrid instead of a 20-mpg Accord V-6 and youll see a savings of $656 a year on $1.50 gasoline, not to mention a few thousand on the purchase price. Commute in the hybrid rather than a 13-mpg sport-utility and youd save $1,262, not to mention a tankful or two of guilt.

Apples-to-apples comparisons are less kind. A garden-variety Civic LX sedan sells for about $16,500 and returns 31 mpg in the city, 38 on the highway. Using the city mileage figure (which most people would achieve in day-in, day-out driving), youd spend $725 a year to drive 15,000 miles on $1.50 gasoline. The Civic Hybrid would consume $469 worth, a savings of just $256 a year. (At $2 a gallon, the savings is about $342 a year.)

Without the tax deduction (and recognizing the time value of money), a hybrid owner would never earn back the $4,000-plus premium for his car. Lop $700 off the cost of the hybrid and the picture improves, but its still no deal. But every dime increase in the price of gasoline pulls the break-even point closer.

Some states offer incentives that sweeten the deal even further. Oregon, for example, offers dollar-for-dollar credit against state income tax up to $1,500. Maryland offers a break on sales tax. There are little perks, too: Several states allow solo drivers in these hybrid cars to use the carpool lanes, and some cities offer free parking. Check with your local bureaucrats before you buy.

Some alternatives There are alternatives for both the economy- and ecology-minded. A Volkswagen Jetta TDI, for example, is a diesel-powered sedan that sells for $1,240 more than its gasoline-powered version, yet achieves 50% better economy. Diesel fuel economy is less fragile than that of hybrids; driving style affects them much less. Their gutsy nature is well-suited to trucks and SUVs.

Many more "clean" diesels, built to take advantage of low-sulfur fuel coming in 2006, will show up on car lots soon.

There are many traditional gasoline-powered models that are just as clean as hybrids, achieve good mileage and cost much less. The Consumer Reports-recommended Ford Focus, for example, has an engine that qualifies for Partial Zero-Emission Vehicle status, achieves 27 city/36 highway, and starts at about $13,000 -- $7,000 less than the cheapest hybrid, even before rebates.

Before you shop It's important that drivers realize that they will have a difficult time matching the advertised fuel economy for these hybrids. Hard acceleration, cut-and-thrust driving and using the air conditioner take an even bigger toll on hybrids' mileage than they do in a regular car. Real-world economy could be as much as a third less; still, 40 mpg is pretty impressive.

Don't ignore the traditional risks behind any car purchase: You're responsible now for maintaining two power sources, not one. Hybrids have proved reliable so far -- these are Hondas and Toyotas, after all -- but their history is limited. Warranties on the hybrid-related systems are eight years, but replacing those systems after the warranty expires could cost thousands. (The battery pack in a Honda is estimated at $3,000.) And resale value is still a big question mark.

So far, resale values for the Insight have been especially disappointing compared with most Hondas. Despite a $4,000-plus difference when new, the price gap between a 2-year-old Insight and a run-of-the-mill, 2-year-old Civic LX sedan is very narrow. That's a big opportunity for hybrid-vehicle fans who don't mind forgoing the tax deduction (which applies only to the original owners) but want to pick up one of these lightweight two-seaters on the cheap.

The Prius, on the other hand, is riding a wave of consumer demand, with new models commanding thousands over sticker and used examples are maintaining their value well. Projected depreciation is less than that of the Camry, for example.

And of course, though you never have to plug one of these babies into your wall socket, there are compromises -- such as less power -- you'd do well to research. You can read more about them at MSN Autos by following the links at left.

Pauline Berry "Electric Cars and Wind Turbine face Metal Supply Shortages" - The Ecologist

1) Article Access: http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_round_up/534700/electric_cars_and_wind_turbines_face_metal_supply_shortages.html

2) Summary of Article

The large demand of switching to more “greener” modes of transportation is becoming one of the most publicized topics in today’s environmental economy. The environmentally friendly modes of transportation primarily discussed are those vehicles that use other alternatives to fuel. In production of alternative fuel vehicles, the need for rare earth metals is in much demand. These rare earth metals contribute to the vehicles in terms of their magnetic abilities and their capability to refrain from melting unless exposed to very high temperatures. The core of the rechargeable battery operated system in most hybrid vehicles uses the key metals of Lanthanides and neodymium, present in magnets. The problem that has surfaced is the current production of the much needed rare earth metals are now faced with a shortage; China capped its production on these metals (controlled 95 percent) to concentrate on alternative economic activities. The high demand for these earth metals id expected to rise between 8 and 11 percent each year until 2014. How Does this Impact our Environment? It has been disclosed that North America, Australia, Malaysia, and Greenland are debating on building mining sites of their own to extract these highly demanded earth metals themselves. Not only is this a long process of building the needed mines, but this also leads to costs of environmental land use, the costs of extracting the metals, decreasing our water quality due to chemical runoffs, and depletion of our ecosystems around the mine sites. As Dr. Hudai Kara stated, when we are in a position that is trying to eliminate or reduce carbon emissions, why would we create an entirely new problem that society has to deal with?

3) Analysis

In an economical perspective, hybrid or alternative fuel vehicles seem to be beneficial in the efforts of reducing and/or eliminating our carbon emissions. However, when another variable is introduced into the equation that is susceptible to harming our environment more heavily, slowly the benefits are subdued by the weight of the costs. In a benefit-cost analysis, the use of hybrid vehicles would reduce carbon emissions, positively impact our air quality, conserve energy sources (such as fossil fuels), and conserve ecosystems, among other benefits. However, the introduction of creating a breeding ground for fossil fuel productivity in order to build these hybrid vehicles does not seem so eco-friendly any longer. Basically, the negative externalties of constructing a mine to excavate rare earth metals out-weight the possible external benefits from its use. The scarcity of obtaining these crucial earth elements has set demand at an extremely high rate and is expected to rise in the coming years.. As the article reads, Japan, among others, is currently researching new methods of using these hybrid vehicles without the extreme dependency on Lanthanides or neodymium. Furthermore, any cost endured within either the creation of the mines or the discovery of a new environmentally-driven method of producing hybrid vehicles, will be expressed as an abatement cost to the polluter (government building the mine) or to the producers of the new eco-friendly material (time invested, production and export of new material). Therefore, do I believe this is economically evident to society to create a new method to the production of hybrid vehicles that adds to a health risk already evident, no, I do not. I believe a better method would be to innovate greener and cleaner methods, such as Japan, and find a substitute for the rare earth metals needed within magnets to propel hybrid vechiles.

Prof's Comments

Good points on the full costing of hybrids vs other vehicles. What does this say about the demand for hybrids? If it is not saving money, why are people buying them? What about the other externalities, such as those mentioned in the final article? What does this say about the efficient mix of hybrids and regular vehicles? Also, should all work on one analysis, not three separate articles.