https://wiki.ubc.ca/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=BardiaRahimi&feedformat=atomUBC Wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T12:18:51ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.6https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=GRSJ224/Electoral_Participation_of_the_Canadian_Indigenous_Population&diff=610431GRSJ224/Electoral Participation of the Canadian Indigenous Population2020-08-01T02:17:33Z<p>BardiaRahimi: /* Electoral Participation of the Canadian Indigenous Population */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Electoral Participation of the Canadian Indigenous Population ==<br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
Free and fair elections serve as one of the fundamental conditions in any democracy. In Canada, a democratic state, the electoral process plays a significant role as it allows citizens to govern society by electing representatives to represent their interest in authoritative institutions. Although significantly important, many individuals opt to take part in the process. Specifically, over the years, studies have shown a substantial drop in the electoral participation rate of the Canadian indigenous population. Due to factors like the development of anti-colonial perspectives, legitimacy issues, and structural barriers, a high degree of political alienation has risen which threatens the democratic electoral system. <br />
== Elections in Canada ==<br />
In Canada, the electoral system is set up in a way that translates voter's preferences into representative seats within a corresponding elected institution. Specifically, eligible voters express their preference by way of voting; Then, ballots of an electoral district are counted to determine which candidates are selected to represent the district within the corresponding legislative body<ref>{{Cite web|last=Doody|first=Brian|date=Dec 3 2007|title=Canada’s Electoral System: Introduction to Federal and Provincial Elections|url=https://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/canada-s-electoral-system-introduction-federal-and-provincial-elections.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>. In this context, Electoral Systems act as a democratic process that enables voters to govern society by way of electing representatives.<br />
<br />
Canada holds impartial elections for legislatures in several jurisdictions, the most prominent being for the federal and provincial governments. On the one hand, federal elections are conducted by means of a plurality voting system, and allow Canadians to vote for their local Member of Parliament (MP) to represent their constituency in the House of Commons<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=McCullough|first=J.J|date=Feb 2016|title=Canada Guide|url=https://thecanadaguide.com/government/elections/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>. In a similar structure, provincial elections allow electors to select a candidate to represent their electoral district within a provincial parliament<ref name=":0" />. <br />
<br />
== Indigenous Electoral Participation in Canada ==<br />
[[File:Electoral Participation Figure 1.png|thumb|First Nations voter turnout rates in federal, provincial, and band elections in Nova Scotia, 1962-1993. ]]<br />
Voter turnout among Aboriginal Canadians varies relative to their non-Aboriginal counterparts. This is the case in both federal and provincial elections. According to studies that draw on both official polling results and public opinion surveys, it is evident that throughout past nation-wide elections, the electoral participation rate of aboriginal individuals has not only decreased, but has also been lower than compared to the non-aboriginal community<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalton|first=Jennifer|date=2007|title=Alienation and Nationalism: Is it Possible to Increase First Nations Voter Turnout in Ontario?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228198589_Alienation_and_Nationalism_Is_it_Possible_to_Increase_First_Nations_Voter_Turnout_in_Ontario|journal=Canadian Journal of Native Studies|volume=|pages=247-291|via=}}</ref>. For instance, Elections Canada reported that the official turnout among registered Indian’s in 2004 was 6% lower than in the 1997 federal elections<ref>{{Cite web|last=Harell Allison, Panagos Dimitrios, Mathews Scott|first=|date=|title=Explaining Aboriginal Turnout in Federal Elections: Evidence from Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba|url=https://www.elections.ca/res/rec/part/APRC/abo_turn/abo_turnout_e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>. On a similar note, although indigenous turnout among provincial elections has also been averagely lower, the gap differentiating the two communities has been smaller than that of federal elections (Figure 1&2).e <br />
[[File:Electoral Participation Figure 2.png|thumb|First Nations voter turnout rates in federal, provincial, and band elections in New Brunswick, 1962-1991. ]]<br />
Furthermore, studies also suggest that the voter turnout rate varies amongst aboriginal people living on-reserve and those living off-reserve. According to Elections Canada, the electoral participation rate amongst urban indigenous individuals is significantly higher than those living on reserve land. Specifically, in accordance with the 2004 federal elections, the participation rate of urban indigenous people was 15% higher than those living on-reserve<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bedford, David, and Sidney Pobihushchy.|first=|date=1996|title=On-Reserve Status Indian Voter Participation in the Maritimes|url=|journal=Canadian Journal of Native Studies|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>.<br />
== Factors Affecting Indigenous Electoral Participation in Canada ==<br />
The Canadian Political system maintains a distance between the Indigenous Political community and the Canadian electoral system. This differentiation between the two groups can be traced to a number of blockades- including the development of anti-colonial perspectives, legitimacy issues, and structural barriers. <br />
<br />
=== Development of Anti-Colonial Perspectives ===<br />
Anti-colonial indigenous perspectives contribute to the political opposition of aboriginal electoral participation. Actions taken by the federal and provincial governments throughout history have formed current anti-colonial perspectives. <br />
<br />
Specifically, according to Anna Hunter of the University of Saskatchewan, the Department of Indian Affairs historic use of [https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/enfranchisement/ enfranchisement] as an instrument of assimilation has developed the fearful notion that electoral participation serves as the contemporary process to assimilate the indigenous population into Canadian society<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Hunter|first=Anna|date=|title=Exploring the Issues of Aboriginal Representation in Federal Elections|url=https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=eim/issue9&document=p6&lang=e|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=Juyl 20 2020|website=Elections Canada}}</ref>. Historically, in the narrative of first nation people, the act of voting in colonial elections has been connected to assimilation processes into greater society. Ranging from acts like the push for the White Paper by the Trudeau administration in 1969<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cardinal|first=Harold|date=2009|title=The White Paper 1969|url=https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/the_white_paper_1969/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 23 2020|website=}}</ref>, to the preservation of the voluntary enfranchisement policy until 1960<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mccardle|first=Bennet|date=February 7 2006|title=Enfranchisement|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/enfranchisement|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 25 2020|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref>, anti-colonial perspectives have developed and persisted.<br />
<br />
=== Legitimacy Issues ===<br />
The lack of first nation representation within Canadian political institutions has created a legitimacy issue threatening the federal and provincial governments. In other words, the declining rates of electoral participation are also due to the high degree of the indigenous communitie's political alienation<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kiera L. Ladner and Michael McCrossan|first=|date=|title=The Electoral Participation of Aboriginal People|url=https://elections.ca/res/rec/part/paper/aboriginal/aboriginal_e.pdf|journal=Elections Canada|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
Canadian aboriginals and their interests are underrepresented in both levels of government generally, and in the House of Commons in particular. On the one hand, a lack of support for aboriginal interests is due to a deficiency of political incentives for politicians<ref name=":1" />. Such lack of incentives arises as the aboriginal community lacks the necessary population amount to collectively affect voting outcomes. Furthermore, aboriginal underrepresentation can also be observed in the federal House of Commons. In the most recent elections, of the 338 member seats, only 10 indigenous candidates (4 first nation, 4 Métis, and 2 Inuits) were elected<ref>{{Cite web|last=Deer|first=Jessica|date=October 22, 2019|title=10 Indigenous candidates elected to the House of Commons|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/indigenous-candidates-elected-2019-federal-election-1.5330380|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 25, 2020|website=CBC News}}</ref>. <br />
<br />
=== Structural Barriers ===<br />
Structural barriers refer to the impediments inscribed within the electoral. In the Canadian political system, the most effectual barrier is the economic dynamics associated with the geographical dispersal of the aboriginal community. <br />
<br />
Geographical dispersal refers to the process that involves the movement of an individual or community away from the general population, to another location. In the case of the aboriginal community, such geographical dispersal takes form in their move to secluded residential territories. In the past, according to studies examining the subject, the remote location of the aboriginal communities has hindered the effective mobilization of electors as it has increased the cost for both candidates and the media to reach those jurisdictions<ref name=":2" />.<br />
== References ==</div>BardiaRahimihttps://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=GRSJ224/Electoral_Participation_of_the_Canadian_Indigenous_Population&diff=610427GRSJ224/Electoral Participation of the Canadian Indigenous Population2020-08-01T02:13:27Z<p>BardiaRahimi: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Electoral Participation of the Canadian Indigenous Population ==<br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
Free and fair elections serve as one of the fundamental conditions in any democracy. In Canada, a democratic state, the electoral process plays a significant role as it allows citizens to govern society by electing representatives to represent their interest in authoritative institutions. Although significantly important, many individuals opt to take part in the process. Specifically, over the years, studies have shown a substantial drop in the electoral participation rate of the Canadian indigenous population. Due to factors like the development of anti-colonial perspectives, legitimacy issues, and structural barriers, a high degree of political alienation has risen which threatens the democratic electoral system. <br />
== Elections in Canada ==<br />
In Canada, the electoral system is set up in a way that translates voters preferences into representative seats within a corresponding elected institution. Specifically, eligible voters express their preference by way of voting; Then, ballots of an electoral district are counted to determine which candidates are selected to represent the district within the corresponding legislative body<ref>{{Cite web|last=Doody|first=Brian|date=Dec 3 2007|title=Canada’s Electoral System: Introduction to Federal and Provincial Elections|url=https://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/canada-s-electoral-system-introduction-federal-and-provincial-elections.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>. In this context, Electoral Systems act as a democratic process that enable voters to govern society by way of electing representatives.<br />
<br />
Canada holds impartial elections for legislatures in several jurisdictions, the most prominent being for the federal and provincial governments. On the one hand, federal elections are conducted by means of a plurality voting system, and allow Canadians to vote for their local Member of Parliament (MP) to represent their constituency in the House of Commons<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=McCullough|first=J.J|date=Feb 2016|title=Canada Guide|url=https://thecanadaguide.com/government/elections/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>. In a similar structure, provincial elections allow electors to select a candidate to represent their electoral district within a provincial parliament<ref name=":0" />. <br />
<br />
== Indigenous Electoral Participation in Canada ==<br />
[[File:Electoral Participation Figure 1.png|thumb|First Nations voter turnout rates in federal, provincial, and band elections in Nova Scotia, 1962-1993. ]]<br />
Voter turnout among Aboriginal Canadians varies relative to their non-Aboriginal counterparts. This is the case in both federal and provincial elections. According to studies that draw on both official polling results and public opinion surveys, it is evident that throughout past nation-wide elections, the electoral participation rate of aboriginal individuals has not only decreased, but has also been lower than compared to the non-aboriginal community<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalton|first=Jennifer|date=2007|title=Alienation and Nationalism: Is it Possible to Increase First Nations Voter Turnout in Ontario?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228198589_Alienation_and_Nationalism_Is_it_Possible_to_Increase_First_Nations_Voter_Turnout_in_Ontario|journal=Canadian Journal of Native Studies|volume=|pages=247-291|via=}}</ref>. For instance, Elections Canada reported that the official turnout among registered Indian’s in 2004 was 6% lower than in the 1997 federal elections<ref>{{Cite web|last=Harell Allison, Panagos Dimitrios, Mathews Scott|first=|date=|title=Explaining Aboriginal Turnout in Federal Elections: Evidence from Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba|url=https://www.elections.ca/res/rec/part/APRC/abo_turn/abo_turnout_e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>. On a similar note, although indigenous turnout among provincial elections has also been averagely lower, the gap differentiating the two communities has been smaller than that of federal elections (Figure 1&2).e <br />
[[File:Electoral Participation Figure 2.png|thumb|First Nations voter turnout rates in federal, provincial, and band elections in New Brunswick, 1962-1991. ]]<br />
Furthermore, studies also suggest that the voter turnout rate varies amongst aboriginal people living on-reserve and those living off-reserve. According to Elections Canada, the electoral participation rate amongst urban indigenous individuals is significantly higher than those living on reserve land. Specifically, in accordance to the 2004 federal elections, the participation rate of urban indigenous people was 15% higher than those living on-reserve<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bedford, David, and Sidney Pobihushchy.|first=|date=1996|title=On-Reserve Status Indian Voter Participation in the Maritimes|url=|journal=Canadian Journal of Native Studies|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>.<br />
== Factors Affecting Indigenous Electoral Participation in Canada ==<br />
The Canadian Political system maintains a distance between the Indigenous Political community and the Canadian electoral system. This differentiation between the two groups can be traced to a number of blockades- including the development of anti-colonial perspectives, legitimacy issues, and structural barriers. <br />
<br />
=== Development of Anti-Colonial Perspectives ===<br />
Anti-colonial indigenous perspectives contribute to the political opposition of aboriginal electoral participation. Actions taken by the federal and provincial governments throughout history has formed current anti-colonial perspectives. <br />
<br />
Specifically, according to Anna Hunter of the University of Saskatchewan, the Department of Indian Affairs historic use of [https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/enfranchisement/ enfranchisement] as an instrument of assimilation has developed the fearful notion that electoral participation serves as the contemporary process to assimilate the indigenous population into Canadian society<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Hunter|first=Anna|date=|title=Exploring the Issues of Aboriginal Representation in Federal Elections|url=https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=eim/issue9&document=p6&lang=e|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=Juyl 20 2020|website=Elections Canada}}</ref>. Historically, in the narrative of first nation people, the act of voting in colonial elections has been connected to assimilation processes into greater society. Ranging from acts like the push for the White Paper by the Trudeau administration in 1969<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cardinal|first=Harold|date=2009|title=The White Paper 1969|url=https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/the_white_paper_1969/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 23 2020|website=}}</ref>, to the preservation of the voluntary enfranchisement policy until 1960<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mccardle|first=Bennet|date=February 7 2006|title=Enfranchisement|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/enfranchisement|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 25 2020|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref>, anti-colonial perspectives have developed and persisted.<br />
<br />
=== Legitimacy Issues ===<br />
The lack of first nation representation within Canadian political institutions has created a legitimacy issue threatening the federal and provincial governments. In other words, the declining rates of electoral participation is also due to the high degree of the indigenous communities political alienation<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kiera L. Ladner and Michael McCrossan|first=|date=|title=The Electoral Participation of Aboriginal People|url=https://elections.ca/res/rec/part/paper/aboriginal/aboriginal_e.pdf|journal=Elections Canada|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
Canadian aboriginals and their interests are underrepresented in both levels of government generally, and in the House of Commons in particular. On the one hand, a lack of support for aboriginal interests is due to a deficiency of political incentives for politicians<ref name=":1" />. Such lack of incentives arises as the aboriginal community lacks the necessary population amount to collectively affect voting outcomes. Furthermore, aboriginal underrepresentation can also be observed in the federal House of Commons. In the most recent elections, of the 338 member seats, only 10 indigenous candidates (4 first nation, 4 Métis, and 2 Inuits) were elected<ref>{{Cite web|last=Deer|first=Jessica|date=October 22, 2019|title=10 Indigenous candidates elected to the House of Commons|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/indigenous-candidates-elected-2019-federal-election-1.5330380|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 25, 2020|website=CBC News}}</ref>. <br />
<br />
=== Structural Barriers ===<br />
Structural barriers refer to the impediments inscribed within the electoral. In the Canadian political system, the most effectual barrier is the economic dynamics associated with the geographical dispersal of the aboriginal community. <br />
<br />
Geographical dispersal refers to the process that involves the movement of an individual or community away from the general population, to another location. In the case of the aboriginal community, such geographical dispersal takes form in their move to secluded residential territories. In the past, according to studies examining the subject, the remote location of the aboriginal communities has hindered the effective mobilization of electors as it has increased the cost cost for both candidates and the media to reach those jurisdictions<ref name=":2" />.<br />
== References ==</div>BardiaRahimihttps://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=GRSJ224/Electoral_Participation_of_the_Canadian_Indigenous_Population&diff=610426GRSJ224/Electoral Participation of the Canadian Indigenous Population2020-08-01T02:12:39Z<p>BardiaRahimi: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Electoral Participation of the Canadian Indigenous Population ==<br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
Free and fair elections serve as one of the fundamental conditions in any democracy. In Canada, a democratic state, the electoral process plays a significant role as it allows citizens to govern society by electing representatives to represent their interest in authoritative institutions. Although significantly important, many individuals opt to take part in the process. Specifically, over the years, studies have shown a substantial drop in the electoral participation rate of the Canadian indigenous population. Due to factors like the development of anti-colonial perspectives, legitimacy issues, and structural barriers, a high degree of political alienation has risen which threatens the democratic electoral system. <br />
== Elections in Canada ==<br />
In Canada, the electoral system is set up in a way that translates voters preferences into representative seats within a corresponding elected institution. Specifically, eligible voters express their preference by way of voting; Then, ballots of an electoral district are counted to determine which candidates are selected to represent the district within the corresponding legislative body<ref>{{Cite web|last=Doody|first=Brian|date=Dec 3 2007|title=Canada’s Electoral System: Introduction to Federal and Provincial Elections|url=https://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/canada-s-electoral-system-introduction-federal-and-provincial-elections.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>. In this context, Electoral Systems act as a democratic process that enable voters to govern society by way of electing representatives.<br />
<br />
Canada holds impartial elections for legislatures in several jurisdictions, the most prominent being for the federal and provincial governments. On the one hand, federal elections are conducted by means of a plurality voting system, and allow Canadians to vote for their local Member of Parliament (MP) to represent their constituency in the House of Commons<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=McCullough|first=J.J|date=Feb 2016|title=Canada Guide|url=https://thecanadaguide.com/government/elections/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>. In a similar structure, provincial elections allow electors to select a candidate to represent their electoral district within a provincial parliament<ref name=":0" />. <br />
<br />
== Indigenous Electoral Participation in Canada ==<br />
[[File:Electoral Participation Figure 1.png|thumb|First Nations voter turnout rates in federal, provincial, and band elections in Nova Scotia, 1962-1993. ]]<br />
Voter turnout among Aboriginal Canadians varies relative to their non-Aboriginal counterparts. This is the case in both federal and provincial elections. According to studies that draw on both official polling results and public opinion surveys, it is evident that throughout past nation-wide elections, the electoral participation rate of aboriginal individuals has not only decreased, but has also been lower than compared to the non-aboriginal community<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalton|first=Jennifer|date=2007|title=Alienation and Nationalism: Is it Possible to Increase First Nations Voter Turnout in Ontario?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228198589_Alienation_and_Nationalism_Is_it_Possible_to_Increase_First_Nations_Voter_Turnout_in_Ontario|journal=Canadian Journal of Native Studies|volume=|pages=247-291|via=}}</ref>. For instance, Elections Canada reported that the official turnout among registered Indian’s in 2004 was 6% lower than in the 1997 federal elections<ref>{{Cite web|last=Harell Allison, Panagos Dimitrios, Mathews Scott|first=|date=|title=Explaining Aboriginal Turnout in Federal Elections: Evidence from Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba|url=https://www.elections.ca/res/rec/part/APRC/abo_turn/abo_turnout_e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>. On a similar note, although indigenous turnout among provincial elections has also been averagely lower, the gap differentiating the two communities has been smaller than that of federal elections (Figure 1&2).e <br />
[[File:Electoral Participation Figure 2.png|thumb|First Nations voter turnout rates in federal, provincial, and band elections in New Brunswick, 1962-1991. ]]<br />
Furthermore, studies also suggest that the voter turnout rate varies amongst aboriginal people living on-reserve and those living off-reserve. According to Elections Canada, the electoral participation rate amongst urban indigenous individuals is significantly higher than those living on reserve land. Specifically, in accordance to the 2004 federal elections, the participation rate of urban indigenous people was 15% higher than those living on-reserve<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bedford, David, and Sidney Pobihushchy.|first=|date=1996|title=On-Reserve Status Indian Voter Participation in the Maritimes|url=|journal=Canadian Journal of Native Studies|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>.<br />
== Factors Affecting Indigenous Electoral Participation in Canada ==<br />
The Canadian Political system maintains a distance between the Indigenous Political community and the Canadian electoral system. This differentiation between the two groups can be traced to a number of blockades- including the development of anti-colonial perspectives, legitimacy issues, and structural barriers. <br />
<br />
=== Development of Anti-Colonial Perspectives ===<br />
Anti-colonial indigenous perspectives contribute to the political opposition of aboriginal electoral participation. Actions taken by the federal and provincial governments throughout history has formed current anti-colonial perspectives. <br />
<br />
Specifically, according to Anna Hunter of the University of Saskatchewan, the Department of Indian Affairs historic use of [https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/enfranchisement/ enfranchisement] as an instrument of assimilation has developed the fearful notion that electoral participation serves as the contemporary process to assimilate the indigenous population into Canadian society<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Hunter|first=Anna|date=|title=Exploring the Issues of Aboriginal Representation in Federal Elections|url=https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=eim/issue9&document=p6&lang=e|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=Juyl 20 2020|website=Elections Canada}}</ref>. Historically, in the narrative of first nation people, the act of voting in colonial elections has been connected to assimilation processes into greater society. Ranging from acts like the push for the White Paper by the Trudeau administration in 1969<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cardinal|first=Harold|date=2009|title=The White Paper 1969|url=https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/the_white_paper_1969/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 23 2020|website=}}</ref>, to the preservation of the voluntary enfranchisement policy until 1960<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mccardle|first=Bennet|date=February 7 2006|title=Enfranchisement|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/enfranchisement|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 25 2020|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref>, anti-colonial perspectives have developed and persisted.<br />
<br />
=== Legitimacy Issues ===<br />
The lack of first nation representation within Canadian political institutions has created a legitimacy issue threatening the federal and provincial governments. In other words, the declining rates of electoral participation is also due to the high degree of the indigenous communities political alienation<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kiera L. Ladner and Michael McCrossan|first=|date=|title=The Electoral Participation of Aboriginal People|url=https://elections.ca/res/rec/part/paper/aboriginal/aboriginal_e.pdf|journal=Elections Canada|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
Canadian aboriginals and their interests are underrepresented in both levels of government generally, and in the House of Commons in particular. On the one hand, a lack of support for aboriginal interests is due to a deficiency of political incentives for politicians<ref name=":1" />. Such lack of incentives arises as the aboriginal community lacks the necessary population amount to collectively affect voting outcomes. Furthermore, aboriginal underrepresentation can also be observed in the federal House of Commons. In the most recent elections, of the 338 member seats, only 10 indigenous candidates (4 first nation, 4 Métis, and 2 Inuits) were elected<ref>{{Cite web|last=Deer|first=Jessica|date=October 22, 2019|title=10 Indigenous candidates elected to the House of Commons|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/indigenous-candidates-elected-2019-federal-election-1.5330380|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 25, 2020|website=CBC News}}</ref>. <br />
<br />
=== Structural Barriers ===<br />
Structural barriers refer to the impediments inscribed within the electoral. In the Canadian political system, the most effectual barrier is the economic dynamics associated with the geographical dispersal of the aboriginal community. <br />
<br />
Geographical dispersal refers to the process that involves the movement of an individual or community away from the general population, to another location. In the case of the aboriginal community, such geographical dispersal takes form in their move to secluded residential territories. In the past, according to studies examining the subject, the remote location of the aboriginal communities has hindered the effective mobilization of electors as it has increased the cost cost for both candidates and the media to reach those jurisdictions<ref name=":2" />.</div>BardiaRahimihttps://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=GRSJ224&diff=610409GRSJ2242020-08-01T01:26:57Z<p>BardiaRahimi: /* TABLE OF CONTENTS */</p>
<hr />
<div>This '''Wikispace''' is a peer-produced shared resource that will evolve as students post content relating to GRSJ224. You are responsible for creating dynamic and informative wiki pages. As you add and update information throughout the semester, originality, resourcefulness, and creativity is encouraged. The wiki will be sustained for successive semesters so that the work you contribute will be available to future students.<br />
<br />
=== ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION ===<br />
<br />
To download and view full details of the assignment, click [https://canvas.ubc.ca/files/4963443/download?download_frd=1 here].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_preparation.gif || <br />
* Read: [https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2005/7/eli7004-pdf.pdf 7 Things you should know about Wikis]<br />
* Choose a term from the table of contents<br />
* Confirm your selection of topic with your instructor by the '''SECOND WEEK OF CLASSES'''<br />
* Set up your wiki page.<br />
* Instructions on how to use the Visual Editor on UBC Wikis: [https://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Visual_Editor Help:Visual Editor]<br />
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_finalizing.png ||<br />
* Continue to work towards improving and finalizing your Wiki.<br />
* Consider the wiki as a whole and the usefulness of adding images and links.<br />
* Check your Talk page to see if your peers provided you with any useful feedback<br />
* Ensure your Wiki is properly cited<br />
* Proofread your Wiki<br />
<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_research.gif || <br />
* Gather resources in relevance of your discoveries to class materials.<br />
* Familiarize yourself with the wiki-authoring tools of [[GRSJ224/wikibasics|Wiki Basics]]<br />
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_submit.gif ||<br />
* Submit "Wikipedia Report" to your instructor in Connect<br />
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|-<br />
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<br />
=== TABLE OF CONTENTS ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" width="100%" style="background:aliceblue; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #AEDCF6;" border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2"<br />
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<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Democracy</span></h2>[[Jury Nullification and Black Communities in the US]]<br />
<br />
[https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Electoral_Participation_of_the_Canadian_Indigenous_Population?veaction=edit Electoral Participation of the Canadian Indigenous Population] <br />
<br />
*<br />
*<br />
<br />
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |<br />
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Neoliberalism</span></h2>[[The Impact of Neoliberalism in Latin American Gender Inequality|The Impact of Neoliberalism in Latin American Gender inequality.]]<br />
<br />
* <br />
*<br />
<br />
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |<br />
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Post-coloniality</span></h2>[[Cultural Appreciation of Contemporary Indigenous Music in Canada]]<br />
<br />
[[Urban Indigenous Language Revitalization in Canada]]<br />
<br />
[[Intergenerational Impact of Residential School Attendance on Mental and Emotional Well-Being of Indigenous Peoples in Canada]] <br />
<br />
[[GRSJ224/Historical Treatmet of Aboriginal Women]]<br />
<br />
[[GRSJ224/Space for Aborignal Women in the DTES]] <br />
<br />
*<br />
*<br />
<br />
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |<br />
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>[[The Globalization of Diasporic Asian Youth Culture: A Study of Music]]<br />
<br />
[[GRSJ224/Challenges in healthcare among Asian Immigrants in the United States|Challenges in health care among Asian Immigrants in the United States]]<br />
<br />
[[GRSJ224/Discrimination Against Skilled Immigrants in Canada|Employment Discrimination Against Skilled Immigrants in Canada]]<br />
<br />
[[Immigration pattern in COVID 19 pandemic in the United States]]<br />
<br />
[[Intersectionality of Immigration and Gender Identity|Intersectionality of Immigration and Gender Identity in Canada]] <br />
<br />
*<br />
*<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |<br />
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Discrimination</span></h2>[https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?veaction=edit&editintro=Template%3ANew+Documentation+Intro&title=the%C2%A0inequalities%C2%A0that_Canadian_female_employees_facing_in_health_care_occupations&create=Create+Documentation+Page The inequalities that Canadian female employees facing in health care occupations]<br />
<br />
[https://wiki.ubc.ca/Maltreatments_of_Canadian_government_towards_the_Indigenous_community_in_COVID-19_pandemic Maltreatments of the Canadian government towards the Indigenous community in COVID-19 pandemic]<br />
<br />
[[Racism and Persecution against Uyghur Muslims in China]]<br />
<br />
[[Racial Discrimination and Health Disparities against African-Amrican patients by healthcare providers]]<br />
<br />
[[Discrimination against Asian People as a result of COVID-19 in Canada]]<br />
<br />
[[Racism Under the COVID-19 Pandemic|Racism under the COVID-19 Pandemic]]<br />
<br />
[[GRSJ224/Police Unions: Shielding Police Misconduct, Brutality & Discrimination Against Minorities]]<br />
<br />
Exploring the intersection of disability and queerness [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/disability?venotify=created]<br />
<br />
[[How Discrimination towards Asian Skilled Immigrants under Canadian Workplace Affect Parenting Behaviours|How Discrimination towards Asian Skilled Immigrants under Canadian Workplace Affect Parenting behaviours]]<br />
<br />
[[Mistreatment of Comfort Women Under Imperial Japanese Army Rule|Mistreatment of Comfort Women Under Japanese Imperial Army Rule]]<br />
<br />
[https://wiki.ubc.ca/Disproportionately_High_Rates_of_Maternal_Complications_and_Mortality_Among_Black_Women_in_the_United_States Disproportionately High Rates of Maternal Complications and Mortality Among Black Women in the United States]<br />
<br />
[https://wiki.ubc.ca/Femicide_in_Latin_America Femicide in Latin America]<br />
<br />
[[GRSJ224/Gross_Over-Representation_of_First_Nations_%26_Black_Canadian_Men_in_Canadian_Prisons|Gross Over-Representation of First Nations Black Canadian Men in Canadian Prisons]]<br />
<br />
[https://wiki.ubc.ca/Racialization_of_Fox_Eye_Trend Racialization of Fox Eye Trend]<br />
<br />
[[GRSJ224/Indigenous Student’s Right to Education#1.2. Appears of Residential Schools in the 1800s to 1900s|Indigenous Student's Right to Education]]<br />
<br />
* <br />
*<br />
<br />
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |<br />
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Masculinity</span></h2><br />
[https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/MexicanMachismo Cultural Analysis of Traditional and Contemporary Mexican Masculine Roles]<br />
<br />
[https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Hyper-masculinityInAdvertisement?veswitched=1&veaction=edit&oldid=0 Hyper-Masculinity in Advertisement: Effects on Mental Health]<br />
<br />
[[GRSJ224/hazingandmasculinity Hazing and Masculinity]]<br />
<br />
[[GRSJ224/Masculinities in One-Armed Swordsman (1967)]]<br />
<br />
[https://wiki.ubc.ca/Masculinity_Representation_of_Asian_Men_in_Hollywood_Comedy_Since_2000s Masculinity Representation of Asian Men in Hollywood Comedy Since 2000s]<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |<br />
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Medicalization</span></h2>[https://wiki.ubc.ca/UBC_Wiki:The_Problems_with_the_Medicalization_of_Depression_in_Developed_Countries The Problems with the Medicalization of Depression in Developed Countries]<br />
<br />
[[GRSJ224/medicalizationofmenopause#Medicalization of Menopause|Medicalization of Menopause]]<br />
<br />
[[GRSJ224/medicalizationofchildbirth#Medicalization of Childbirth|Medicalization of Childbirth]]<br />
<br />
[[GRSJ224/Legalization of Medical Marijuana in Canada|Legalization of Medical Marijuana in Canada]]<br />
<br />
[https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/ADHD ADHD]<br />
<br />
[[GRSJ 224: Racial and Ethnic Differences in Modern Medicine|Racial and Ethnic Differences in Modern Medicine]]<br />
<br />
* <br />
*<br />
<br />
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |<br />
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">[[GRSJ224/Family formation and environments in LGBT communities|LGBT Families]]</span></h2>[http://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Family_Acceptance_and_Definitions_of_Family_in_LGBT_Communities Family Acceptance and Definitions of Family in LGBT Communities] <br />
<br />
[[GRSJ224/transparents|Transgender Parents]]<br />
* <br />
*<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |<br />
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Reproduction</span></h2>[https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/disparities_in_abortion_access_in_Canada Disparities in Abortion Access in Canada]<br />
<br />
[https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/pro-natalist_policies_in_South_Korea Pro-natalist policies in South Korea]<br />
<br />
[[Reproductive Coercion Inflicted on Women]]<br />
<br />
[https://wiki.ubc.ca/The_Reproductive_Healthcare_Disparities_Among_HIV_Positive_Women_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#Overview The Reproductive Healthcare Disparities among HIV Positive Women in sub- Saharan Africa]<br />
<br />
[https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/shoutyourabortion #ShoutYourAbortion: An End to Abortion Stigma]<br />
<br />
* <br />
* <br />
<br />
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |<br />
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Feminism</span></h2>[https://wiki.ubc.ca/Discrimination_and_unequal_treatment_on_female_in_workplaces_in_Canada#Overview Discrimination and unequal treatment on female in workplaces in Canada]<br />
<br />
[[GRSJ224/Graphic_Medicine_and_Autopathography|Graphic Medicine and Autopathography]]<br />
<br />
[[Breast Reconstruction Practices Among LGBTQ Women]]<br />
<br />
[https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/WISH WISH Learning Centre]<br />
<br />
[[The Gender Wage Gap in Engineering in Canada]]<br />
<br />
[[The Effect of Stereotypes on Female Exit Rates in Computer Science Within the United States]]<br />
<br />
[[The Influence of French Feminism on Contemporary Feminist Literary Criticism]] <br />
<br />
* <br />
*<br />
<br />
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |<br />
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Rituals</span></h2><br />
* <br />
*<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===ARCHIVE ===<br />
Here is an archive of the Wiki pages created by previous students: [[GRSJ224/archive|Archive of Wiki pages]]</div>BardiaRahimihttps://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=GRSJ224/Electoral_Participation_of_the_Canadian_Indigenous_Population&diff=610407GRSJ224/Electoral Participation of the Canadian Indigenous Population2020-08-01T01:19:22Z<p>BardiaRahimi: </p>
<hr />
<div>= Electoral Participation of the Canadian Indigenous Population =<br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
Free and fair elections serve as one of the fundamental conditions in any democracy. In Canada, a democratic state, the electoral process plays a significant role as it allows citizens to govern society by electing representatives to represent their interest in authoritative institutions. Although significantly important, many individuals opt to take part in the process. Specifically, over the years, studies have shown a substantial drop in the electoral participation rate of the Canadian indigenous population. Due to factors like the development of anti-colonial perspectives, legitimacy issues, and structural barriers, a high degree of political alienation has risen which threatens the democratic electoral system. <br />
== Elections in Canada ==<br />
In Canada, the electoral system is set up in a way that translates voters preferences into representative seats within a corresponding elected institution. Specifically, eligible voters express their preference by way of voting; Then, ballots of an electoral district are counted to determine which candidates are selected to represent the district within the corresponding legislative body. In this context, Electoral Systems act as a democratic process that enable voters to govern society by way of electing representatives.<br />
<br />
Canada holds impartial elections for legislatures in several jurisdictions, the most prominent being for the federal and provincial governments. On the one hand, federal elections are conducted by means of a plurality voting system, and allow Canadians to vote for their local Member of Parliament (MP) to represent their constituency in the House of Commons. In a similar structure, provincial elections allow electors to select a candidate to represent their electoral district within a provincial parliament. <br />
<br />
== Indigenous Electoral Participation in Canada ==<br />
[[File:Electoral Participation Figure 1.png|thumb|First Nations voter turnout rates in federal, provincial, and band elections in Nova Scotia, 1962-1993. ]]<br />
Voter turnout among Aboriginal Canadians varies relative to their non-Aboriginal counterparts. This is the case in both federal and provincial elections. According to studies that draw on both official polling results and public opinion surveys, it is evident that throughout past nation-wide elections, the electoral participation rate of aboriginal individuals has not only decreased, but has also been lower than compared to the non-aboriginal community (cite). For instance, Elections Canada reported that the official turnout among registered Indian’s in 2004 was 6% lower than in the 1997 federal elections (Cite). On a similar note, although indigenous turnout among provincial elections has also been averagely lower, the gap differentiating the two communities has been smaller than that of federal elections (Figure 1 &2). <br />
[[File:Electoral Participation Figure 2.png|thumb|First Nations voter turnout rates in federal, provincial, and band elections in New Brunswick, 1962-1991. ]]<br />
Furthermore, studies also suggest that the voter turnout rate varies amongst aboriginal people living on-reserve and those living off-reserve. According to Elections Canada, the electoral participation rate amongst urban indigenous individuals is significantly higher than those living on reserve land. Specifically, in accordance to the 2004 federal elections, the participation rate of urban indigenous people was 15% higher than those living on-reserve (Cite).<br />
== Factors Affecting Indigenous Electoral Participation in Canada ==<br />
The Canadian Political system maintains a distance between the Indigenous Political community and the Canadian electoral system. This differentiation between the two groups can be traced to a number of blockades- including the development of anti-colonial perspectives, legitimacy issues, and structural barriers. <br />
<br />
=== Development of Anti-Colonial Perspectives ===<br />
Anti-colonial indigenous perspectives contribute to the political opposition of aboriginal electoral participation. Actions taken by the federal and provincial governments throughout history has formed current anti-colonial perspectives. <br />
<br />
Specifically, according to Anna Hunter of the University of Saskatchewan, the Department of Indian Affairs historic use of enfranchisement as an instrument of assimilation has developed the fearful notion that electoral participation serves as the contemporary process to assimilate the indigenous population into Canadian society (Cite-Hunter). Historically, in the narrative of first nation people, the act of voting in colonial elections has been connected to assimilation processes into greater society. Ranging from acts like the push for the White Paper by the Trudeau administration in 1969 (Cite-Whitepapers), to the preservation of the voluntary enfranchisement policy until 1960 (Cite), anti-colonial perspectives have developed and persisted.<br />
<br />
=== Legitimacy Issues ===<br />
The lack of first nation representation within Canadian political institutions has created a legitimacy issue threatening the federal and provincial governments. In other words, the declining rates of electoral participation is also due to the high degree of the indigenous communities political alienation (Cite-ElectoralParticipation).<br />
<br />
Canadian aboriginals and their interests are underrepresented in both levels of government generally, and in the House of Commons in particular. On the one hand, a lack of support for aboriginal interests is due to a deficiency of political incentives for politicians (Cite-Hunt). Such lack of incentives arises as the aboriginal community lacks the necessary population amount to collectively affect voting outcomes. Furthermore, aboriginal underrepresentation can also be observed in the federal House of Commons. In the most recent elections, of the 338 member seats, only 10 indigenous candidates (4 first nation, 4 Métis, and 2 Inuits) were elected. <br />
<br />
=== Structural Barriers ===<br />
Structural barriers refer to the impediments inscribed within the electoral. In the Canadian political system, the most effectual barrier is the economic dynamics associated with the geographical dispersal of the aboriginal community. <br />
<br />
Geographical dispersal refers to the process that involves the movement of an individual or community away from the general population, to another location. In the case of the aboriginal community, such geographical dispersal takes form in their move to secluded residential territories. In the past, according to studies examining the subject, the remote location of the aboriginal communities has hindered the effective mobilization of electors as it has increased the cost cost for both candidates and the media to reach those jurisdictions (Cite).</div>BardiaRahimihttps://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=GRSJ224/Electoral_Participation_of_the_Canadian_Indigenous_Population&diff=610405GRSJ224/Electoral Participation of the Canadian Indigenous Population2020-08-01T01:18:28Z<p>BardiaRahimi: </p>
<hr />
<div>= Electoral Participation of the Canadian Indigenous Population =<br />
Free and fair elections serve as one of the fundamental conditions in any democracy. In Canada, a democratic state, the electoral process plays a significant role as it allows citizens to govern society by electing representatives to represent their interest in authoritative institutions. Although significantly important, many individuals opt to take part in the process. Specifically, over the years, studies have shown a substantial drop in the electoral participation rate of the Canadian indigenous population. Due to factors like the development of anti-colonial perspectives, legitimacy issues, and structural barriers, a high degree of political alienation has risen which threatens the democratic electoral system. <br />
<br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
<br />
<br />
== Elections in Canada ==<br />
In Canada, the electoral system is set up in a way that translates voters preferences into representative seats within a corresponding elected institution. Specifically, eligible voters express their preference by way of voting; Then, ballots of an electoral district are counted to determine which candidates are selected to represent the district within the corresponding legislative body. In this context, Electoral Systems act as a democratic process that enable voters to govern society by way of electing representatives.<br />
<br />
Canada holds impartial elections for legislatures in several jurisdictions, the most prominent being for the federal and provincial governments. On the one hand, federal elections are conducted by means of a plurality voting system, and allow Canadians to vote for their local Member of Parliament (MP) to represent their constituency in the House of Commons. In a similar structure, provincial elections allow electors to select a candidate to represent their electoral district within a provincial parliament. <br />
<br />
== Indigenous Electoral Participation in Canada ==<br />
[[File:Electoral Participation Figure 1.png|thumb|First Nations voter turnout rates in federal, provincial, and band elections in Nova Scotia, 1962-1993. ]]<br />
Voter turnout among Aboriginal Canadians varies relative to their non-Aboriginal counterparts. This is the case in both federal and provincial elections. According to studies that draw on both official polling results and public opinion surveys, it is evident that throughout past nation-wide elections, the electoral participation rate of aboriginal individuals has not only decreased, but has also been lower than compared to the non-aboriginal community (cite). For instance, Elections Canada reported that the official turnout among registered Indian’s in 2004 was 6% lower than in the 1997 federal elections (Cite). On a similar note, although indigenous turnout among provincial elections has also been averagely lower, the gap differentiating the two communities has been smaller than that of federal elections (Figure 1 &2). <br />
[[File:Electoral Participation Figure 2.png|thumb|First Nations voter turnout rates in federal, provincial, and band elections in New Brunswick, 1962-1991. ]]<br />
Furthermore, studies also suggest that the voter turnout rate varies amongst aboriginal people living on-reserve and those living off-reserve. According to Elections Canada, the electoral participation rate amongst urban indigenous individuals is significantly higher than those living on reserve land. Specifically, in accordance to the 2004 federal elections, the participation rate of urban indigenous people was 15% higher than those living on-reserve (Cite).<br />
== Factors Affecting Indigenous Electoral Participation in Canada ==<br />
The Canadian Political system maintains a distance between the Indigenous Political community and the Canadian electoral system. This differentiation between the two groups can be traced to a number of blockades- including the development of anti-colonial perspectives, legitimacy issues, and structural barriers. <br />
<br />
=== Development of Anti-Colonial Perspectives ===<br />
Anti-colonial indigenous perspectives contribute to the political opposition of aboriginal electoral participation. Actions taken by the federal and provincial governments throughout history has formed current anti-colonial perspectives. <br />
<br />
Specifically, according to Anna Hunter of the University of Saskatchewan, the Department of Indian Affairs historic use of enfranchisement as an instrument of assimilation has developed the fearful notion that electoral participation serves as the contemporary process to assimilate the indigenous population into Canadian society (Cite-Hunter). Historically, in the narrative of first nation people, the act of voting in colonial elections has been connected to assimilation processes into greater society. Ranging from acts like the push for the White Paper by the Trudeau administration in 1969 (Cite-Whitepapers), to the preservation of the voluntary enfranchisement policy until 1960 (Cite), anti-colonial perspectives have developed and persisted.<br />
<br />
=== Legitimacy Issues ===<br />
The lack of first nation representation within Canadian political institutions has created a legitimacy issue threatening the federal and provincial governments. In other words, the declining rates of electoral participation is also due to the high degree of the indigenous communities political alienation (Cite-ElectoralParticipation).<br />
<br />
Canadian aboriginals and their interests are underrepresented in both levels of government generally, and in the House of Commons in particular. On the one hand, a lack of support for aboriginal interests is due to a deficiency of political incentives for politicians (Cite-Hunt). Such lack of incentives arises as the aboriginal community lacks the necessary population amount to collectively affect voting outcomes. Furthermore, aboriginal underrepresentation can also be observed in the federal House of Commons. In the most recent elections, of the 338 member seats, only 10 indigenous candidates (4 first nation, 4 Métis, and 2 Inuits) were elected. <br />
<br />
=== Structural Barriers ===<br />
Structural barriers refer to the impediments inscribed within the electoral. In the Canadian political system, the most effectual barrier is the economic dynamics associated with the geographical dispersal of the aboriginal community. <br />
<br />
Geographical dispersal refers to the process that involves the movement of an individual or community away from the general population, to another location. In the case of the aboriginal community, such geographical dispersal takes form in their move to secluded residential territories. In the past, according to studies examining the subject, the remote location of the aboriginal communities has hindered the effective mobilization of electors as it has increased the cost cost for both candidates and the media to reach those jurisdictions (Cite).</div>BardiaRahimihttps://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=GRSJ224/Electoral_Participation_of_the_Canadian_Indigenous_Population&diff=610404GRSJ224/Electoral Participation of the Canadian Indigenous Population2020-08-01T01:18:02Z<p>BardiaRahimi: </p>
<hr />
<div>= Electoral Participation of the Canadian Indigenous Population =<br />
Free and fair elections serve as one of the fundamental conditions in any democracy. In Canada, a democratic state, the electoral process plays a significant role as it allows citizens to govern society by electing representatives to represent their interest in authoritative institutions. Although significantly important, many individuals opt to take part in the process. Specifically, over the years, studies have shown a substantial drop in the electoral participation rate of the Canadian indigenous population. Due to factors like the development of anti-colonial perspectives, legitimacy issues, and structural barriers, a high degree of political alienation has risen which threatens the democratic electoral system. <br />
<br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
== Elections in Canada ==<br />
In Canada, the electoral system is set up in a way that translates voters preferences into representative seats within a corresponding elected institution. Specifically, eligible voters express their preference by way of voting; Then, ballots of an electoral district are counted to determine which candidates are selected to represent the district within the corresponding legislative body. In this context, Electoral Systems act as a democratic process that enable voters to govern society by way of electing representatives.<br />
<br />
Canada holds impartial elections for legislatures in several jurisdictions, the most prominent being for the federal and provincial governments. On the one hand, federal elections are conducted by means of a plurality voting system, and allow Canadians to vote for their local Member of Parliament (MP) to represent their constituency in the House of Commons. In a similar structure, provincial elections allow electors to select a candidate to represent their electoral district within a provincial parliament. <br />
<br />
== Indigenous Electoral Participation in Canada ==<br />
[[File:Electoral Participation Figure 1.png|thumb|First Nations voter turnout rates in federal, provincial, and band elections in Nova Scotia, 1962-1993. ]]<br />
Voter turnout among Aboriginal Canadians varies relative to their non-Aboriginal counterparts. This is the case in both federal and provincial elections. According to studies that draw on both official polling results and public opinion surveys, it is evident that throughout past nation-wide elections, the electoral participation rate of aboriginal individuals has not only decreased, but has also been lower than compared to the non-aboriginal community (cite). For instance, Elections Canada reported that the official turnout among registered Indian’s in 2004 was 6% lower than in the 1997 federal elections (Cite). On a similar note, although indigenous turnout among provincial elections has also been averagely lower, the gap differentiating the two communities has been smaller than that of federal elections (Figure 1 &2). <br />
[[File:Electoral Participation Figure 2.png|thumb|First Nations voter turnout rates in federal, provincial, and band elections in New Brunswick, 1962-1991. ]]<br />
Furthermore, studies also suggest that the voter turnout rate varies amongst aboriginal people living on-reserve and those living off-reserve. According to Elections Canada, the electoral participation rate amongst urban indigenous individuals is significantly higher than those living on reserve land. Specifically, in accordance to the 2004 federal elections, the participation rate of urban indigenous people was 15% higher than those living on-reserve (Cite).<br />
== Factors Affecting Indigenous Electoral Participation in Canada ==<br />
The Canadian Political system maintains a distance between the Indigenous Political community and the Canadian electoral system. This differentiation between the two groups can be traced to a number of blockades- including the development of anti-colonial perspectives, legitimacy issues, and structural barriers. <br />
<br />
=== Development of Anti-Colonial Perspectives ===<br />
Anti-colonial indigenous perspectives contribute to the political opposition of aboriginal electoral participation. Actions taken by the federal and provincial governments throughout history has formed current anti-colonial perspectives. <br />
<br />
Specifically, according to Anna Hunter of the University of Saskatchewan, the Department of Indian Affairs historic use of enfranchisement as an instrument of assimilation has developed the fearful notion that electoral participation serves as the contemporary process to assimilate the indigenous population into Canadian society (Cite-Hunter). Historically, in the narrative of first nation people, the act of voting in colonial elections has been connected to assimilation processes into greater society. Ranging from acts like the push for the White Paper by the Trudeau administration in 1969 (Cite-Whitepapers), to the preservation of the voluntary enfranchisement policy until 1960 (Cite), anti-colonial perspectives have developed and persisted.<br />
<br />
=== Legitimacy Issues ===<br />
The lack of first nation representation within Canadian political institutions has created a legitimacy issue threatening the federal and provincial governments. In other words, the declining rates of electoral participation is also due to the high degree of the indigenous communities political alienation (Cite-ElectoralParticipation).<br />
<br />
Canadian aboriginals and their interests are underrepresented in both levels of government generally, and in the House of Commons in particular. On the one hand, a lack of support for aboriginal interests is due to a deficiency of political incentives for politicians (Cite-Hunt). Such lack of incentives arises as the aboriginal community lacks the necessary population amount to collectively affect voting outcomes. Furthermore, aboriginal underrepresentation can also be observed in the federal House of Commons. In the most recent elections, of the 338 member seats, only 10 indigenous candidates (4 first nation, 4 Métis, and 2 Inuits) were elected. <br />
<br />
=== Structural Barriers ===<br />
Structural barriers refer to the impediments inscribed within the electoral. In the Canadian political system, the most effectual barrier is the economic dynamics associated with the geographical dispersal of the aboriginal community. <br />
<br />
Geographical dispersal refers to the process that involves the movement of an individual or community away from the general population, to another location. In the case of the aboriginal community, such geographical dispersal takes form in their move to secluded residential territories. In the past, according to studies examining the subject, the remote location of the aboriginal communities has hindered the effective mobilization of electors as it has increased the cost cost for both candidates and the media to reach those jurisdictions (Cite).</div>BardiaRahimihttps://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=GRSJ224/Electoral_Participation_of_the_Canadian_Indigenous_Population&diff=610403GRSJ224/Electoral Participation of the Canadian Indigenous Population2020-08-01T01:16:49Z<p>BardiaRahimi: </p>
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<div>= Electoral Participation of the Canadian Indigenous Population =<br />
Free and fair elections serve as one of the fundamental conditions in any democracy. In Canada, a democratic state, the electoral process plays a significant role as it allows citizens to govern society by electing representatives to represent their interest in authoritative institutions. Although significantly important, many individuals opt to take part in the process. Specifically, over the years, studies have shown a substantial drop in the electoral participation rate of the Canadian indigenous population. Due to factors like the development of anti-colonial perspectives, legitimacy issues, and structural barriers, a high degree of political alienation has risen which threatens the democratic electoral system. <br />
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__FORCETOC__<br />
== I. Elections in Canada ==<br />
In Canada, the electoral system is set up in a way that translates voters preferences into representative seats within a corresponding elected institution. Specifically, eligible voters express their preference by way of voting; Then, ballots of an electoral district are counted to determine which candidates are selected to represent the district within the corresponding legislative body. In this context, Electoral Systems act as a democratic process that enable voters to govern society by way of electing representatives.<br />
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Canada holds impartial elections for legislatures in several jurisdictions, the most prominent being for the federal and provincial governments. On the one hand, federal elections are conducted by means of a plurality voting system, and allow Canadians to vote for their local Member of Parliament (MP) to represent their constituency in the House of Commons. In a similar structure, provincial elections allow electors to select a candidate to represent their electoral district within a provincial parliament. <br />
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== II. Indigenous Electoral Participation in Canada ==<br />
[[File:Electoral Participation Figure 1.png|thumb|First Nations voter turnout rates in federal, provincial, and band elections in Nova Scotia, 1962-1993. ]]<br />
Voter turnout among Aboriginal Canadians varies relative to their non-Aboriginal counterparts. This is the case in both federal and provincial elections. According to studies that draw on both official polling results and public opinion surveys, it is evident that throughout past nation-wide elections, the electoral participation rate of aboriginal individuals has not only decreased, but has also been lower than compared to the non-aboriginal community (cite). For instance, Elections Canada reported that the official turnout among registered Indian’s in 2004 was 6% lower than in the 1997 federal elections (Cite). On a similar note, although indigenous turnout among provincial elections has also been averagely lower, the gap differentiating the two communities has been smaller than that of federal elections (Figure 1 &2). <br />
[[File:Electoral Participation Figure 2.png|thumb|First Nations voter turnout rates in federal, provincial, and band elections in New Brunswick, 1962-1991. ]]<br />
Furthermore, studies also suggest that the voter turnout rate varies amongst aboriginal people living on-reserve and those living off-reserve. According to Elections Canada, the electoral participation rate amongst urban indigenous individuals is significantly higher than those living on reserve land. Specifically, in accordance to the 2004 federal elections, the participation rate of urban indigenous people was 15% higher than those living on-reserve (Cite).<br />
== IV. Factors Affecting Indigenous Electoral Participation in Canada ==<br />
The Canadian Political system maintains a distance between the Indigenous Political community and the Canadian electoral system. This differentiation between the two groups can be traced to a number of blockades- including the development of anti-colonial perspectives, legitimacy issues, and structural barriers. <br />
<br />
=== Development of Anti-Colonial Perspectives ===<br />
Anti-colonial indigenous perspectives contribute to the political opposition of aboriginal electoral participation. Actions taken by the federal and provincial governments throughout history has formed current anti-colonial perspectives. <br />
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Specifically, according to Anna Hunter of the University of Saskatchewan, the Department of Indian Affairs historic use of enfranchisement as an instrument of assimilation has developed the fearful notion that electoral participation serves as the contemporary process to assimilate the indigenous population into Canadian society (Cite-Hunter). Historically, in the narrative of first nation people, the act of voting in colonial elections has been connected to assimilation processes into greater society. Ranging from acts like the push for the White Paper by the Trudeau administration in 1969 (Cite-Whitepapers), to the preservation of the voluntary enfranchisement policy until 1960 (Cite), anti-colonial perspectives have developed and persisted.<br />
<br />
=== Legitimacy Issues ===<br />
The lack of first nation representation within Canadian political institutions has created a legitimacy issue threatening the federal and provincial governments. In other words, the declining rates of electoral participation is also due to the high degree of the indigenous communities political alienation (Cite-ElectoralParticipation).<br />
<br />
Canadian aboriginals and their interests are underrepresented in both levels of government generally, and in the House of Commons in particular. On the one hand, a lack of support for aboriginal interests is due to a deficiency of political incentives for politicians (Cite-Hunt). Such lack of incentives arises as the aboriginal community lacks the necessary population amount to collectively affect voting outcomes. Furthermore, aboriginal underrepresentation can also be observed in the federal House of Commons. In the most recent elections, of the 338 member seats, only 10 indigenous candidates (4 first nation, 4 Métis, and 2 Inuits) were elected. <br />
<br />
=== Structural Barriers ===<br />
Structural barriers refer to the impediments inscribed within the electoral. In the Canadian political system, the most effectual barrier is the economic dynamics associated with the geographical dispersal of the aboriginal community. <br />
<br />
Geographical dispersal refers to the process that involves the movement of an individual or community away from the general population, to another location. In the case of the aboriginal community, such geographical dispersal takes form in their move to secluded residential territories. In the past, according to studies examining the subject, the remote location of the aboriginal communities has hindered the effective mobilization of electors as it has increased the cost cost for both candidates and the media to reach those jurisdictions (Cite).</div>BardiaRahimihttps://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=File:Electoral_Participation_Figure_2.png&diff=610399File:Electoral Participation Figure 2.png2020-08-01T01:10:38Z<p>BardiaRahimi: User created page with UploadWizard</p>
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