UBC Wiki - User contributions [en]

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-06T23:52:14Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a "box drum", is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilles Antilles] while another popular theory asserts that the cajón was invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón has been used in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a lighter and thinner piece of plywood. The cajón used in this project is made of wood that is quarter and plain sawn. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place four small feet on the cajón's bottom side, thereby adding distance between the drum and the ground for increased resonance. The resonance hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the resonance hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

<gallery>
File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 1. A standard cajón.
File:StandardCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 2. Snares inside the Standard Cajón (the snare side).
File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 3. A miniature cajón.
File:MiniCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 4. Snares inside the Mini Cajón.
File:Cajon labelled.PNG|Fig. 5. A diagram of the Standard Cajón.
</gallery>

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=Nr6J8gVzD3I|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic cajon playing techniques.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is played by the percussionist siting on the instrument, and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used.
===Posture===
[[File:Cajon posture.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 6. Playing posture.]]
Often percussionists will tilt the cajón, playing the tapa tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. The percussionist will lean forward slightly and use both hands to hit the drum.
Since the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, their body will dampen some of the sound.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument, allowing for a vast variety of tones. The three basic playing techniques are demonstrated in the tutorial video in this article. These three basic techniques produces three separate tones, but other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The cajón resembles a neckless Helmholtz resonator; the air within the cavity of the cajón acts as a spring<ref>Kičák, Peter. "Frequency and Dynamics Analysis of Bass tone of Cajon Box Tone." ACOUSTICS High Tatras 2009, Slovakia, 34th International Acoustical Conference - EAA Symposium, edited by Martin Čulík, n.p., 2009.</ref>. Upon hitting the tapa, the air within the cajón is compressed, and a jet of air leaves the cajón via the resonance hole. As with all Helmholtz resonators, the air at the resonance hole acts as a mass that is displaced, shifting in and out of the resonance hole.

The frequency of the drum vibration is dependent on the air mass volume within the cajón and the size of the resonance hole. The greater the hole diameter, the greater the sound pressure level.

The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, the high tone will not be evaluated.

Note: the sound data collection occurred in various rooms that contained a different amount of sound-absorbing objects (eg: sofas, carpets, etc).

Differences between the Standard and Mini Cajón which may lead to differences in sound measurement are:
* size of cajón
* size of resonance hole
* quality of wood
* placement of snares (Fig. 2 and 4)
* location of resonance holes

===Frequency Spectra===
[[File:Standard Cajon Trad Chart1.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 8. A chart comparing the Standard Cajón's Bass and Low Tone on the Traditional tapa.]]
[[File:Standard Cajon Snare Chart1.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 9. A chart comparing the Standard Cajón's Bass and Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Snare tapa.]]
[[File:Mini Cajon Chart1.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 10. A chart comparing the Mini Cajón's Bass and Low Tone.]]
In comparing the Standard Cajón's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 8 and 9), the bass tones' frequencies tend to be located on the lower end of the frequency while the low tones tend to be more evenly distributed across the spectra. The bass and low tones in the Mini Cajón (Fig. 10) act similarly to the bass and low tones in the Standard Cajón. For all frequency spectra, note that above 400 Hz, the low tone rises above the bass tone, explaining why listeners would perceive the low tone to be higher than the bass tone.
{{clear}}
===Time Development===
In comparing digitized sound recordings of the Standard Cajón's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 11-14) the waveforms display a typical attack-sustain-decay of percussion instruments (short attack with short/long decay). There is very little, if any, sustain because the Cajón is hit with a slap. In general, the bass tones decay quicker than the low tones. On the Snare tapa, bass and low tones take longer to decay due to the addition of the snares. It should be noted that without the percussionist sitting on the instrument (Fig.15) the decay takes much longer than if the percussionist were to sit on it, indicating effects of damping by the body. Without the percussionist sitting, the waveform resembles that of the guitar string acting as a snare for the drum.

<gallery>
File:FFT Snare Bass.PNG|Fig. 11. Waveform of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Bass tone.
File:FFT Snare Low.PNG|Fig. 12. Waveform of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Low tone.
File:FFT Trad Bass.PNG|Fig. 13. Waveform of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone.
File:FFT Trad Low.PNG|Fig. 14. Waveform of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Low tone.
File:FFT Snare Bass No Sitting.PNG|Fig. 15. Recording of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone without percussionist sitting on it.
</gallery>

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]
*[[Africa]]
*[[Antilles]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-06T23:50:59Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a "box drum", is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilles Antilles] while another popular theory asserts that the cajón was invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón has been used in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a lighter and thinner piece of plywood. The cajón used in this project is made of wood that is quarter and plain sawn. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place four small feet on the cajón's bottom side, thereby adding distance between the drum and the ground for increased resonance. The resonance hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the resonance hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

<gallery>
File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 1. A standard cajón.
File:StandardCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 2. Snares inside the Standard Cajón (the snare side).
File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 3. A miniature cajón.
File:MiniCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 4. Snares inside the Mini Cajón.
File:Cajon labelled.PNG|Fig. 5. A diagram of the Standard Cajón.
</gallery>

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=Nr6J8gVzD3I|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic cajon playing techniques.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is played by the percussionist siting on the instrument, and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used.
===Posture===
[[File:Cajon posture.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 6. Playing posture.]]
Often percussionists will tilt the cajón, playing the tapa tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. The percussionist will lean forward slightly and use both hands to hit the drum.
Since the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, their body will dampen some of the sound.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument, allowing for a vast variety of tones. The three basic playing techniques are demonstrated in the tutorial video in this article. These three basic techniques produces three separate tones, but other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The cajón resembles a neckless Helmholtz resonator; the air within the cavity of the cajón acts as a spring<ref>Kičák, Peter. "Frequency and Dynamics Analysis of Bass tone of Cajon Box Tone." ACOUSTICS High Tatras 2009, Slovakia, 34th International Acoustical Conference - EAA Symposium, edited by Martin Čulík, n.p., 2009.</ref>. Upon hitting the tapa, the air within the cajón is compressed, and a jet of air leaves the cajón via the resonance hole. As with all Helmholtz resonators, the air at the resonance hole acts as a mass that is displaced, shifting in and out of the resonance hole.

The frequency of the drum vibration is dependent on the air mass volume within the cajón and the size of the resonance hole. The greater the hole diameter, the greater the sound pressure level.

The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, the high tone will not be evaluated.

Note: the sound data collection occurred in various rooms that contained a different amount of sound-absorbing objects (eg: sofas, carpets, etc).

Differences between the Standard and Mini Cajón which may lead to differences in sound measurement are:
* size of cajón
* size of resonance hole
* quality of wood
* placement of snares (Fig. 2 and 4)
* location of resonance holes

===Frequency Spectra===
[[File:Standard Cajon Trad Chart1.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 8. A chart comparing the Standard Cajón's Bass and Low Tone on the Traditional tapa.]]
[[File:Standard Cajon Snare Chart1.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 9. A chart comparing the Standard Cajón's Bass and Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Snare tapa.]]
[[File:Mini Cajon Chart1.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 10. A chart comparing the Mini Cajón's Bass and Low Tone.]]
In comparing the Standard Cajón's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 8 and 9), the bass tones' frequencies tend to be located on the lower end of the frequency while the low tones tend to be more evenly distributed across the spectra. The bass and low tones in the Mini Cajón (Fig. 10) act similarly to the bass and low tones in the Standard Cajón. For all frequency spectra, note that above 400 Hz, the low tone rises above the bass tone, explaining why listeners would perceive the low tone to be higher than the bass tone.
{{clear}}
===Time Development===
In comparing digitized sound recordings of the Standard Cajón's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 11-14) the waveforms display a typical attack-sustain-decay of percussion instruments (short attack with short/long decay). There is very little, if any, sustain because the Cajón is hit with a slap. In general, the bass tones decay quicker than the low tones. On the Snare tapa, bass and low tones take longer to decay due to the addition of the snares. It should be noted that without the percussionist sitting on the instrument (Fig .15) the decay takes much longer than if the percussionist were to sit on it, indicating effects of damping by the body. Without the percussionist sitting, the waveform resembles that of the guitar string acting as a snare for the drum.

<gallery>
File:FFT Snare Bass.PNG|Fig. 11. Waveform of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Bass tone.
File:FFT Snare Low.PNG|Fig. 12. Waveform of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Low tone.
File:FFT Trad Bass.PNG|Fig. 13. Waveform of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone.
File:FFT Trad Low.PNG|Fig. 14. Waveform of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Low tone.
File:FFT Snare Bass No Sitting.PNG|Fig. 15. Recording of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone without percussionist sitting on it.
</gallery>

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]
*[[Africa]]
*[[Antilles]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-06T23:36:50Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a "box drum", is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilles Antilles] while another popular theory asserts that the cajón was invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón has been used in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a lighter and thinner piece of plywood. The cajón used in this project is made of wood that is quarter and plain sawn. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place four small feet on the cajón's bottom side, thereby adding distance between the drum and the ground for increased resonance. The resonance hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the resonance hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

<gallery>
File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 1. A standard cajón.
File:StandardCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 2. Snares inside the Standard Cajón (the snare side).
File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 3. A miniature cajón.
File:MiniCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 4. Snares inside the Mini Cajón.
File:Cajon labelled.PNG|Fig. 5. A diagram of the Standard Cajón.
</gallery>

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=Nr6J8gVzD3I|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic cajon playing techniques.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is played by the percussionist siting on the instrument, and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used.
===Posture===
[[File:Cajon posture.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 6. Playing posture.]]
Often percussionists will tilt the cajón, playing the tapa tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. The percussionist will lean forward slightly and use both hands to hit the drum.
Since the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, their body will dampen some of the sound.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument, allowing for a vast variety of tones. The three basic playing techniques are demonstrated in the tutorial video in this article. These three basic techniques produces three separate tones, but other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The cajón resembles a neckless Helmholtz resonator; the air within the cavity of the cajón acts as a spring<ref>Kičák, Peter. "Frequency and Dynamics Analysis of Bass tone of Cajon Box Tone." ACOUSTICS High Tatras 2009, Slovakia, 34th International Acoustical Conference - EAA Symposium, edited by Martin Čulík, n.p., 2009.</ref>. Upon hitting the tapa, the air within the cajón is compressed, and a jet of air leaves the cajón via the resonance hole. As with all Helmholtz resonators, the air at the resonance hole acts as a mass that is displaced, shifting in and out of the resonance hole.

The frequency of the drum vibration is dependent on the air mass volume within the cajón and the size of the resonance hole. The greater the hole diameter, the greater the sound pressure level.

The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, the high tone will not be evaluated.

Note: the sound data collection occurred in various rooms that contained a different amount of sound-absorbing objects (eg: sofas, carpets, etc).

Differences between the Standard and Mini Cajón which may lead to differences in sound measurement are:
* size of cajón
* size of resonance hole
* quality of wood
* placement of snares (Fig. 2 and 4)
* location of resonance holes

===Frequency Spectra===
[[File:Standard Cajon Trad Chart1.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 8. A chart comparing the Standard Cajón's Bass and Low Tone on the Traditional tapa.]]
[[File:Standard Cajon Snare Chart1.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 9. A chart comparing the Standard Cajón's Bass and Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Snare tapa.]]
[[File:Mini Cajon Chart1.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 10. A chart comparing the Mini Cajón's Bass and Low Tone.]]
In comparing the Standard Cajón's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 8 and 9), the bass tones' frequencies tend to be located on the lower end of the frequency while the low tones tend to be more evenly distributed across the spectra. The bass and low tones in the Mini Cajón (Fig. 10) act similarly to the bass and low tones in the Standard Cajón. For all frequency spectra, note that above 400 Hz, the low tone rises above the bass tone, explaining why listeners would perceive the low tone to be higher than the bass tone.
{{clear}}
===Time Development===
In comparing digitized sound recordings of the Standard Cajón's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 11-14) the waveforms display a typical attack-sustain-decay of percussion instruments (short attack with short/long decay). There is very little, if any, sustain because the Cajón is hit with a slap. In general, the bass tones decay quicker than the low tones. On the Snare tapa, bass and low tones take longer to decay due to the addition of the snares. It should be noted that without the percussionist sitting on the instrument (Fig .15) the decay takes much longer than if the percussionist were to sit on it, indicating effects of damping by the body. Without the percussionist sitting, the waveform resembles that of the guitar string acting as a snare for the drum.

<gallery>
File:FFT Snare Bass.PNG|Fig. 11. Waveform of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Bass tone.
File:FFT Snare Low.PNG|Fig. 12. Waveform of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Low tone.
File:FFT Trad Bass.PNG|Fig. 13. Waveform of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone.
File:FFT Trad Low.PNG|Fig. 14. Waveform of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Low tone.
File:FFT Snare Bass No Sitting.PNG|Fig. 15. Recording of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone without percussionist sitting on it.
</gallery>

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]
*[[Africa]]
*[[Antilles]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-06T23:32:09Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a "box drum", is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts that the cajón was invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón has been used in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a lighter and thinner piece of plywood. The cajón used in this project is made of wood that is quarter and plain sawn. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place four small feet on the cajón's bottom side, thereby adding distance between the drum and the ground for increased resonance. The resonance hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the resonance hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

<gallery>
File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 1. A standard cajón.
File:StandardCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 2. Snares inside the Standard Cajón (the snare side).
File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 3. A miniature cajón.
File:MiniCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 4. Snares inside the Mini Cajón.
File:Cajon labelled.PNG|Fig. 5. A diagram of the Standard Cajón.
</gallery>

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=Nr6J8gVzD3I|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic cajon playing techniques.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is played by the percussionist siting on the instrument, and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used.
===Posture===
[[File:Cajon posture.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 6. Playing posture.]]
Often percussionists will tilt the cajón, playing the tapa tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. The percussionist will lean forward slightly and use both hands to hit the drum.
Since the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, their body will dampen some of the sound.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument, allowing for a vast variety of tones. The three basic playing techniques are demonstrated in the tutorial video in this article. These three basic techniques produces three separate tones, but other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The cajón resembles a neckless Helmholtz resonator; the air within the cavity of the cajón acts as a spring<ref>Kičák, Peter. "Frequency and Dynamics Analysis of Bass tone of Cajon Box Tone." ACOUSTICS High Tatras 2009, Slovakia, 34th International Acoustical Conference - EAA Symposium, edited by Martin Čulík, n.p., 2009.</ref>. Upon hitting the tapa, the air within the cajón is compressed, and a jet of air leaves the cajón via the resonance hole. As with all Helmholtz resonators, the air at the resonance hole acts as a mass that is displaced, shifting in and out of the resonance hole.

The frequency of the drum vibration is dependent on the air mass volume within the cajón and the size of the resonance hole. The greater the hole diameter, the greater the sound pressure level.

The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, the high tone will not be evaluated.

Note: the sound data collection occurred in various rooms that contained a different amount of sound-absorbing objects (eg: sofas, carpets, etc).

Differences between the Standard and Mini Cajón which may lead to differences in sound measurement are:
* size of cajón
* size of resonance hole
* quality of wood
* placement of snares (Fig. 2 and 4)
* location of resonance holes

===Frequency Spectra===
[[File:Standard Cajon Trad Chart1.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 8. A chart comparing the Standard Cajón's Bass and Low Tone on the Traditional tapa.]]
[[File:Standard Cajon Snare Chart1.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 9. A chart comparing the Standard Cajón's Bass and Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Snare tapa.]]
[[File:Mini Cajon Chart1.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 10. A chart comparing the Mini Cajón's Bass and Low Tone.]]
In comparing the Standard Cajón's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 8 and 9), the bass tones' frequencies tend to be located on the lower end of the frequency while the low tones tend to be more evenly distributed across the spectra. The bass and low tones in the Mini Cajón (Fig. 10) act similarly to the bass and low tones in the Standard Cajón. For all frequency spectra, note that above 400 Hz, the low tone rises above the bass tone, explaining why listeners would perceive the low tone to be higher than the bass tone.
{{clear}}
===Time Development===
In comparing digitized sound recordings of the Standard Cajón's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 11-14) the waveforms display a typical attack-sustain-decay of percussion instruments (short attack with short/long decay). There is very little, if any, sustain because the Cajón is hit with a slap. In general, the bass tones decay quicker than the low tones. On the Snare tapa, bass and low tones take longer to decay due to the addition of the snares. It should be noted that without the percussionist sitting on the instrument (Fig .15) the decay takes much longer than if the percussionist were to sit on it, indicating effects of damping by the body. Without the percussionist sitting, the waveform resembles that of the guitar string acting as a snare for the drum.

<gallery>
File:FFT Snare Bass.PNG|Fig. 11. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Bass tone.
File:FFT Snare Low.PNG|Fig. 12. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Low tone.
File:FFT Trad Bass.PNG|Fig. 13. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone.
File:FFT Trad Low.PNG|Fig. 14. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Low tone.
File:FFT Snare Bass No Sitting.PNG|Fig. 15. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone without percussionist sitting on it.
</gallery>

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

File:Mini Cajon Chart1.PNG

2018-04-06T23:30:17Z

YanSinChoi:

== Summary ==

== Copyright status: ==

== Source: ==

File:Standard Cajon Snare Chart1.PNG

2018-04-06T23:29:39Z

YanSinChoi:

== Summary ==

== Copyright status: ==

== Source: ==

File:Standard Cajon Trad Chart1.PNG

2018-04-06T23:27:37Z

YanSinChoi:

== Summary ==

== Copyright status: ==

== Source: ==

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-06T22:37:31Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a "box drum", is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts that the cajón was invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón has been used in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a lighter and thinner piece of plywood. The cajón used in this project is made of wood that is quarter and plain sawn. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place four small feet on the cajón's bottom side, thereby adding distance between the drum and the ground for increased resonance. The resonance hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the resonance hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

<gallery>
File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 1. A standard cajón.
File:StandardCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 2. Snares inside the standard cajón (the snare side).
File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 3. A miniature cajón.
File:MiniCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 4. Snares inside the mini cajón.
</gallery>

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=Nr6J8gVzD3I|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic cajon playing techniques.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is played by the percussionist siting on the instrument, and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used.
===Posture===
[[File:Cajon posture.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 5. Playing posture.]]
Often percussionists will tilt the cajón, playing the tapa tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. The percussionist will lean forward slightly and use both hands to hit the drum.
Since the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, their body will dampen some of the sound. However, the damping is minimal because the percussionist is sitting on one of the smallest sides of the cajón.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument, allowing for a vast variety of tones. The three basic playing techniques are demonstrated in the tutorial video in this article. These three basic techniques produces three separate tones, but other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The cajón resembles a neckless Helmholtz resonator; the air within the cavity of the cajón acts as a spring<ref>Kičák, Peter. "Frequency and Dynamics Analysis of Bass tone of Cajon Box Tone." ACOUSTICS High Tatras 2009, Slovakia, 34th International Acoustical Conference - EAA Symposium, edited by Martin Čulík, n.p., 2009.</ref>. Upon hitting the tapa, the air within the cajón is compressed, and a jet of air leaves the cajón via the resonance hole. As with all Helmholtz resonators, the air at the resonance hole acts as a mass that is displaced, shifting in and out of the resonance hole.

The frequency of the drum vibration is dependent on the air mass volume within the cajón and the size of the resonance hole. The greater the hole diameter, the greater the sound pressure level.

The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, the high tone will not be evaluated. Corks of styrofoam were produced to plug the resonance holes of both cajóns (Fig. 5) , hereby referred to as "plugged bass tone".

Note: the sound data collection occurred in various rooms that contained a different amount of sound-absorbing objects (eg: sofas, carpets, etc).

Differences between the Standard and Mini Cajón which may lead to differences in sound measurement are:
* size of cajón
* size of resonance hole
* quality of wood
* placement of snares (Fig. 2 and 4)
* location of resonance holes

===Frequency Spectra===
[[File:StandardCajonTradChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 6. A chart comparing the Standard Cajón's Bass and Low Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Traditional tapa.]][[File:StandardCajonSnareChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 7. A chart comparing the Standard Cajón's Bass and Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Snare tapa.]][[File:MiniCajonChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 8. A chart comparing the Mini Cajón's Bass and Low Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone.]]
In comparing the Standard Cajón's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 6 and 7), the bass tones' frequencies tend to be located on the lower end of the frequency while the low tones tend to be more evenly distributed across the spectra. Some differences to note are the Snare tapa's plugged bass tone and bass tone, which peaks at 150 Hz and 100 Hz respectively compared to the Traditional tapa. The bass and low tones in the Mini Cajón (Fig. 8) act similarly to the bass and low tones in the Standard Cajón.
{{clear}}
===Time Development===
In comparing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform FFTs] of the Standard Cajón's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 9-12) the FFTs display a typical attack-sustain-decay of percussion instruments (short attack with short/long decay). In general, the bass tones decay quicker than the low tones. On the Snare tapa, bass and low tones take longer to decay due to the addition of the snares. It should be noted that without the percussionist sitting on the instrument (Fig .12) the decay takes much longer than if the percussionist were to sit on it, indicating effects of damping by the body.

<gallery>
File:FFT Snare Bass.PNG|Fig. 9. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Bass tone.
File:FFT Snare Low.PNG|Fig. 10. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Low tone.
File:FFT Trad Bass.PNG|Fig. 11. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone.
File:FFT Trad Low.PNG|Fig. 12. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Low tone.
File:FFT Snare Bass No Sitting.PNG|Fig. 13. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone without percussionist sitting on it.
</gallery>

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]
*[[FFT]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-06T22:25:29Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a "box drum", is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts that the cajón was invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón has been used in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a lighter and thinner piece of plywood. The cajón used in this project is made of wood that is quarter and plain sawn. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place four small feet on the cajón's bottom side, thereby adding distance between the drum and the ground for increased resonance. The resonance hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the resonance hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

<gallery>
File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 1. A standard cajón
File:StandardCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 2. Snares inside the standard cajón (the snare side)
File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 3. A miniature cajón
File:MiniCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 4. Snares inside the mini cajón
</gallery>

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=Nr6J8gVzD3I|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic cajon playing techniques.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is played by the percussionist siting on the instrument, and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used.
===Posture===
Often percussionists will tilt the cajón, playing the tapa tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. The percussionist will lean forward slightly and use both hands to hit the drum.
Since the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, their body will dampen some of the sound. However, the damping is minimal because the percussionist is sitting on one of the smallest sides of the cajón.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument, allowing for a vast variety of tones. The three basic playing techniques are demonstrated in the tutorial video in this article. These three basic techniques produces three separate tones, but other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The cajón resembles a neckless Helmholtz resonator; the air within the cavity of the cajón acts as a spring<ref>Kičák, Peter. "Frequency and Dynamics Analysis of Bass tone of Cajon Box Tone." ACOUSTICS High Tatras 2009, Slovakia, "34th International Acoustical Conference - EAA Symposium, edited by Martin Čulík, n.p., 2009.</ref>. Upon hitting the tapa, the air within the cajón is compressed, and a jet of air leaves the cajón via the resonance hole. As with all Helmholtz resonators, the air at the resonance hole acts as a mass that is displaced, shifting in and out of the resonance hole.

The frequency of the drum vibration is dependent on the air mass volume within the cajón and the size of the resonance hole. The greater the hole diameter, the greater the sound pressure level.

The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, the high tone will not be evaluated. Corks of styrofoam were produced to plug the resonance holes of both cajóns (Fig. 5) , hereby referred to as "plugged bass tone".

Note: the sound data collection occurred in various rooms that contained a different amount of sound-absorbing objects (eg: sofas, carpets, etc).

Differences between the Standard and Mini Cajón which may lead to differences in sound measurement are:
* size of cajón
* size of resonance hole
* quality of wood
* placement of snares (Fig. 2 and 4)
* location of resonance holes

===Frequency Spectra===
[[File:StandardCajonTradChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 6. A chart comparing the Standard Cajón's Bass and Low Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Traditional tapa.]][[File:StandardCajonSnareChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 7. A chart comparing the Standard Cajón's Bass and Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Snare tapa.]][[File:MiniCajonChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 8. A chart comparing the Mini Cajón's Bass and Low Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone.]]
In comparing the Standard Cajón's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 6 and 7), the bass tones' frequencies tend to be located on the lower end of the frequency while the low tones tend to be more evenly distributed across the spectra. Some differences to note are the Snare tapa's plugged bass tone and bass tone, which peaks at 150 Hz and 100 Hz respectively compared to the Traditional tapa. The bass and low tones in the Mini Cajón (Fig. 8) act similarly to the bass and low tones in the Standard Cajón.
{{clear}}
===Time Development===
In comparing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform FFTs] of the Standard Cajón's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 9-12) the FFTs display a typical attack-sustain-decay of percussion instruments (short attack with short/long decay). In general, the bass tones decay quicker than the low tones. On the Snare tapa, bass and low tones take longer to decay due to the addition of the snares. It should be noted that without the percussionist sitting on the instrument (Fig .12) the decay takes much longer than if the percussionist were to sit on it, indicating effects of damping by the body.

<gallery>
File:FFT Snare Bass.PNG|Fig. 9. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Bass tone
File:FFT Snare Low.PNG|Fig. 10. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Low tone
File:FFT Trad Bass.PNG|Fig. 11. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone
File:FFT Trad Low.PNG|Fig. 12. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Low tone
File:FFT Snare Bass No Sitting.PNG|Fig. 13. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone without percussionist sitting on it.
</gallery>

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]
*[[FFT]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-06T22:20:59Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a "box drum", is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts that the cajón was invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón has been used in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a lighter and thinner piece of plywood. The cajón used in this project is made of wood that is quarter and plain sawn. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place four small feet on the cajón's bottom side, thereby adding distance between the drum and the ground for increased resonance. The resonance hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the resonance hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

<gallery>
File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 1. A standard cajón
File:StandardCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 2. Snares inside the standard cajón (the snare side)
File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 3. A miniature cajón
File:MiniCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 4. Snares inside the mini cajón
</gallery>

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=Nr6J8gVzD3I|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic cajon playing techniques.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is played by the percussionist siting on the instrument, and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used.
===Posture===
Often percussionists will tilt the cajón, playing the tapa tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. The percussionist will lean forward slightly and use both hands to hit the drum.
Since the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, their body will dampen some of the sound. However, the damping is minimal because the percussionist is sitting on one of the smallest sides of the cajón.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument, allowing for a vast variety of tones. The three basic playing techniques are demonstrated in the tutorial video in this article. These three basic techniques produces three separate tones, but other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The cajón resembles a neckless Helmholtz resonator; the air within the cavity of the cajón acts as a spring<ref>Kičák, Peter. "Frequency and Dynamics Analysis of Bass tone of Cajon Box Tone." ''''ACOUSTICS High Tatras 2009, Slovakia, "34th International Acoustical Conference - EAA Symposium"',' edited by Martin Čulík, n.p., 2009.</ref>

Last Name, First Name. “Conference Paper Title.” Conference Title that Includes Conference Date and Location, edited by Conference Editor(s), Publisher, Date of Publication.

. Upon hitting the tapa, the air within the cajón is compressed, and a jet of air leaves the cajón via the resonance hole. As with all Helmholtz resonators, the air at the resonance hole acts as a mass that is displaced, shifting in and out of the resonance hole.

The frequency of the drum vibration is dependent on the air mass volume within the cajón and the size of the resonance hole. The greater the hole diameter, the greater the sound pressure level.

The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, the high tone will not be evaluated. Corks of styrofoam were produced to plug the resonance holes of both cajóns (Fig. 5) , hereby referred to as "plugged bass tone".

Note: the sound data collection occurred in various rooms that contained a different amount of sound-absorbing objects (eg: sofas, carpets, etc).

Differences between the Standard and Mini Cajón which may lead to differences in sound measurement are:
* size of cajón
* size of resonance hole
* quality of wood
* placement of snares (Fig. 2 and 4)
* location of resonance holes

===Frequency Spectra===
[[File:StandardCajonTradChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 6. A chart comparing the Standard Cajón's Bass and Low Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Traditional tapa.]][[File:StandardCajonSnareChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 7. A chart comparing the Standard Cajón's Bass and Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Snare tapa.]][[File:MiniCajonChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 8. A chart comparing the Mini Cajón's Bass and Low Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone.]]
In comparing the Standard Cajón's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 6 and 7), the bass tones' frequencies tend to be located on the lower end of the frequency while the low tones tend to be more evenly distributed across the spectra. Some differences to note are the Snare tapa's plugged bass tone and bass tone, which peaks at 150 Hz and 100 Hz respectively compared to the Traditional tapa. The bass and low tones in the Mini Cajón (Fig. 8) act similarly to the bass and low tones in the Standard Cajón.
{{clear}}
===Time Development===
In comparing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform FFTs] of the Standard Cajón's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 9-12) the FFTs display a typical attack-sustain-decay of percussion instruments. In general, the bass tones decay quicker than the low tones. On the Snare tapa, bass and low tones take longer to decay due to the addition of the snares. It should be noted that without the percussionist sitting on the instrument (Fig .12) the decay takes much longer than if the percussionist were to sit on it, indicating effects of damping by the body.

<gallery>
File:FFT Snare Bass.PNG|Fig. 9. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Bass tone
File:FFT Snare Low.PNG|Fig. 10. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Low tone
File:FFT Trad Bass.PNG|Fig. 11. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone
File:FFT Trad Low.PNG|Fig. 12. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Low tone
File:FFT Snare Bass No Sitting.PNG|Fig. 13. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone without percussionist sitting on it.
</gallery>

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]
*[[FFT]]

==References==
<references/>

File:MiniCajonChart.PNG

2018-04-06T22:08:43Z

YanSinChoi:

== Summary ==

== Copyright status: ==

== Source: ==

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-06T21:45:14Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a "box drum", is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts that the cajón was invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón has been used in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a lighter and thinner piece of plywood. The cajón used in this project is made of wood that is quarter and plain sawn. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place four small feet on the cajón's bottom side, thereby adding distance between the drum and the ground for increased resonance. The resonance hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the resonance hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

<gallery>
File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 1. A standard cajón
File:StandardCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 2. Snares inside the standard cajón (the snare side)
File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 3. A miniature cajón
File:MiniCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 4. Snares inside the mini cajón
</gallery>

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=Nr6J8gVzD3I|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic cajon playing techniques.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is played by the percussionist siting on the instrument, and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used.
===Posture===
Often percussionists will tilt the cajón, playing the tapa tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. The percussionist will lean forward slightly and use both hands to hit the drum.
Since the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, their body will dampen some of the sound. However, the damping is minimal because the percussionist is sitting on one of the smallest sides of the cajón.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument, allowing for a vast variety of tones. The three basic playing techniques are demonstrated in the tutorial video in this article. These three basic techniques produces three separate tones, but other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The cajón resembles a neckless Helmholtz resonator; the air within the cavity of the cajón acts as a spring. Upon hitting the tapa, the air within the cajón is compressed, and a jet of air leaves the cajón via the resonance hole. As with all Helmholtz resonators, the air at the resonance hole acts as a mass that is displaced, shifting in and out of the resonance hole.

The frequency of the drum vibration is dependent on the air mass volume within the cajón and the size of the resonance hole. The greater the hole diameter, the greater the sound pressure level.

The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, the high tone will not be evaluated. Corks of styrofoam were produced to plug the resonance holes of both cajóns (Fig. 5) , hereby referred to as "plugged bass tone".

Note: the sound data collection occurred in various rooms that contained a different amount of sound-absorbing objects (eg: sofas, carpets, etc).

Differences between the Standard and Mini Cajón which may lead to differences in sound measurement are:
* size of cajón
* size of resonance hole
* quality of wood
* placement of snares (Fig. 2 and 4)
* location of resonance holes

===Frequency Spectra===
[[File:StandardCajonTradChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 6. A chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass and Low Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Traditional tapa.]][[File:StandardCajonSnareChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 7. A chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass and Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Snare tapa.]]
In comparing the Standard Cajon's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 6 and 7), the bass tones' frequencies tend to be located on the lower end of the frequency while the low tones tend to be more evenly distributed across the spectra. Some differences to note are the Snare tapa's plugged bass tone and bass tone, which peaks at 150 Hz and 100 Hz respectively compared to the Traditional tapa.

[[File:Mini Cajon Chart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 8. Chart of Mini Cajón's bass and low tone, lowest mode respectively at x and x]]
{{clear}}
===Time Development===
In comparing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform FFTs] of the Standard Cajon's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 9-12) the FFTs display a typical attack-sustain-decay of percussion instruments. In general, the bass tones decay quicker than the low tones. On the Snare tapa, bass and low tones take longer to decay due to the addition of the snares. It should be noted that without the percussionist sitting on the instrument (Fig .12) the decay takes much longer than if the percussionist were to sit on it, indicating effects of damping by the body.

<gallery>
File:FFT Snare Bass.PNG|Fig. 9. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Bass tone
File:FFT Snare Low.PNG|Fig. 10. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Low tone
File:FFT Trad Bass.PNG|Fig. 11. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone
File:FFT Trad Low.PNG|Fig. 12. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Low tone
File:FFT Snare Bass No Sitting.PNG|Fig. 13. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone without percussionist sitting on it.
</gallery>

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]
*[[FFT]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-06T21:40:48Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a "box drum", is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón has been used in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a lighter and thinner piece of plywood. The cajón used in this project is made of wood that is quarter and plain sawn. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place four small feet on the cajón's bottom side, thereby adding distance between the drum and the ground for increased resonance. The resonance hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the resonance hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

<gallery>
File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 1. A standard cajón
File:StandardCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 2. Snares inside the standard cajón (the snare side)
File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 3. A miniature cajón
File:MiniCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 4. Snares inside the mini cajón
</gallery>

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=Nr6J8gVzD3I|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic cajon playing techniques.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is played by the percussionist siting on the instrument, and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used.
===Posture===
Often percussionists will tilt the cajón, playing the tapa tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. The percussionist will lean forward slightly and use both hands to hit the drum.
Since the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, their body will dampen some of the sound. However, the damping is minimal because the percussionist is sitting on one of the smallest sides of the cajón.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument, allowing for a vast variety of tones. The three basic playing techniques are demonstrated in the tutorial video in this article. These three basic techniques produces three separate tones, but other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The cajón resembles a neckless Helmholtz resonator; the air within the cavity of the cajón acts as a spring. Upon hitting the tapa, the air within the cajón is compressed, and a jet of air leaves the cajón via the resonance hole. As with all Helmholtz resonators, the air at the resonance hole acts as a mass that is displaced, shifting in and out of the resonance hole.

The frequency of the drum vibration is dependent on the air mass volume within the cajón and the size of the resonance hole. The greater the hole diameter, the greater the sound pressure level.

The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, the high tone will not be evaluated. Corks of styrofoam were produced to plug the resonance holes of both cajóns (Fig. 5) , hereby referred to as "plugged bass tone".

Note: the sound data collection occurred in various rooms that contained a different amount of sound-absorbing objects (eg: sofas, carpets, etc).

Differences between the Standard and Mini Cajón which may lead to differences in sound measurement are:
* size of cajón
* size of resonance hole
* quality of wood
* placement of snares (Fig. 2 and 4)
* location of resonance holes

===Frequency Spectra===
[[File:StandardCajonTradChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 6. A chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass and Low Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Traditional tapa.]][[File:StandardCajonSnareChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 7. A chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass and Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Snare tapa.]]
In comparing the Standard Cajon's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 6 and 7), the bass tones' frequencies tend to be located on the lower end of the frequency while the low tones tend to be more evenly distributed across the spectra. Some differences to note are the Snare tapa's plugged bass tone and bass tone, which peaks at 150 Hz and 100 Hz respectively compared to the Traditional tapa.

[[File:Mini Cajon Chart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 8. Chart of Mini Cajón's bass and low tone, lowest mode respectively at x and x]]
{{clear}}
===Time Development===
In comparing FFTs of the Standard Cajon's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 9-12) the FFTs display a typical attack-sustain-decay of percussion instruments. In general, the bass tones decay quicker than the low tones. On the Snare tapa, bass and low tones take longer to decay due to the addition of the snares. It should be noted that without the percussionist sitting on the instrument (Fig .12) the decay takes much longer than if the percussionist were to sit on it, indicating effects of damping by the body.

<gallery>
File:FFT Snare Bass.PNG|Fig. 9. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Bass tone
File:FFT Snare Low.PNG|Fig. 10. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Low tone
File:FFT Trad Bass.PNG|Fig. 11. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone
File:FFT Trad Low.PNG|Fig. 12. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Low tone
File:FFT Snare Bass No Sitting.PNG|Fig. 13. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone without percussionist sitting on it.
</gallery>

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-06T21:39:29Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a "box drum", is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón has been used in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a lighter and thinner piece of plywood. The cajón used in this project is made of wood that is quarter and plain sawn. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place four small feet on the cajón's bottom side, thereby adding distance between the drum and the ground for increased resonance. The resonance hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the resonance hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

<gallery>
File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 1. A standard cajón
File:StandardCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 2. Snares inside the standard cajón (the snare side)
File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 3. A miniature cajón
File:MiniCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 4. Snares inside the mini cajón
</gallery>

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=Nr6J8gVzD3I|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic cajon playing techniques.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is played by the percussionist siting on the instrument, and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used.
===Posture===
Often percussionists will tilt the cajón, playing the tapa tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. The percussionist will lean forward slightly and use both hands to hit the drum.
Since the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, their body will dampen some of the sound. However, the damping is minimal because the percussionist is sitting on one of the smallest sides of the cajón.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument, allowing for a vast variety of tones. The three basic playing techniques are demonstrated in the tutorial video in this article. These three basic techniques produces three separate tones, but other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The cajón resembles a neckless Helmholtz resonator; the air within the cavity of the cajón acts as a spring. Upon hitting the tapa, the air within the cajón is compressed, and a jet of air leaves the cajón via the resonance hole. As with all Helmholtz resonators, the air at the resonance hole acts as a mass that is displaced, shifting in and out of the resonance hole.

The frequency of the drum vibration is dependent on the air mass volume within the cajón and the size of the resonance hole. The greater the hole diameter, the greater the sound pressure level.

The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, the high tone will not be evaluated. Corks of styrofoam were produced to plug the resonance holes of both cajóns (Fig. 5) , hereby referred to as "plugged bass tone".

Note: the sound data collection occurred in various rooms that contained a different amount of sound-absorbing objects (eg: sofas, carpets, etc).

Differences between the Standard and Mini Cajón which may lead to differences in sound measurement are:
* size of cajón
* size of resonance hole
* quality of wood
* placement of snares (Fig. 2 and 4)
* location of resonance hole
jon are placed differently

===Frequency Spectra===
[[File:StandardCajonTradChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 6. A chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass and Low Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Traditional tapa.]][[File:StandardCajonSnareChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 7. A chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass and Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Snare tapa.]]
In comparing the Standard Cajon's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 6 and 7), the bass tones' frequencies tend to be located on the lower end of the frequency while the low tones tend to be more evenly distributed across the spectra. Some differences to note are the Snare tapa's plugged bass tone and bass tone, which peaks at 150 Hz and 100 Hz respectively compared to the Traditional tapa.

[[File:Mini Cajon Chart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 8. Chart of Mini Cajón's bass and low tone, lowest mode respectively at x and x]]
{{clear}}
===Time Development===
In comparing FFTs of the Standard Cajon's bass and low tones on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 9-12) the FFTs display a typical attack-sustain-decay of percussion instruments. In general, the bass tones decay quicker than the low tones. On the Snare tapa, bass and low tones take longer to decay due to the addition of the snares. It should be noted that without the percussionist sitting on the instrument (Fig .12) the decay takes much longer than if the percussionist were to sit on it, indicating effects of damping by the body.

<gallery>
File:FFT Snare Bass.PNG|Fig. 9. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Bass tone
File:FFT Snare Low.PNG|Fig. 10. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Low tone
File:FFT Trad Bass.PNG|Fig. 11. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone
File:FFT Trad Low.PNG|Fig. 12. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Low tone
File:FFT Snare Bass No Sitting.PNG|Fig. 13. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone without percussionist sitting on it.
</gallery>

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-06T21:01:52Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a "box drum", is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a lighter and thinner piece of plywood. The cajón used in this project is made of wood that is quarter sawn and plain sawn. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place four small feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

<gallery>
File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 1. A standard cajón
File:StandardCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 2. The snares on the inside of the standard cajón (the snare side)
File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 3. A miniature cajón
File:MiniCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 4. The snares on the inside of the mini cajón
</gallery>

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=Nr6J8gVzD3I|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic cajon playing techniques.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
===Posture===
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.
Due to the fact that the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, the percussionist's body will inevitably dampen some of the sound. However, the dampening is minimal because the percussionist is sitting on one of the smallest sides of the cajón.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The cajon resembles a neckless Helmholtz resonator, in that the air within the cavity of the cajon acts as a spring. Upon hitting the tapa, the air within the cajon is compressed, and a jet of air leaves the cajon via the resonance hole. As with all Helmholtz resonators, the air at the resonance hole acts as a mass that is displaced, shifting in and out of the resonance hole.

The frequency of the drum vibration is dependent on the air mass volume within the cajon and the size of the resonance hole. The greater the hole diameter, the greater the sound pressure level.

The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, the high tone will not be evaluated. Corks of styrofoam were produced to plug the resonance holes of both cajóns, hereby referred to as "plugged bass tone".

Note: the sound data collection occurred in various rooms that contained a different amount of sound-absorbing objects (eg: sofas, carpets, etc).

===Frequency Spectra===
[[File:StandardCajonTradChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 5. A chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass and Low Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Traditional tapa.]][[File:StandardCajonSnareChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig.6. A chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass and Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Snare tapa.]]
In comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass and Low tone on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 5 and 6), the bass tones' frequencies tend to be located on the lower end of the frequency while the low tones tend to be more evenly distributed across the spectra. Some differences to note are the Snare tapa's plugged bass tone and bass tone, which peaks at 150 Hz and 100 Hz respectively compared to the Traditional tapa.

[[File:Mini Cajon Chart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 7. Chart of Mini Cajón's bass and low tone, lowest mode respectively at x and x]]
{{clear}}
===Time Development===

<gallery>
File:FFT Snare Bass.PNG|Fig. 8. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Bass tone
File:FFT Snare Low.PNG|Fig. 9. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Snare tapa's Low tone
File:FFT Trad Bass.PNG|Fig. 10. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone
File:FFT Trad Low.PNG|Fig. 11. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Low tone
File:FFT Snare Bass No Sitting.PNG|Fig. 12. An FFT of the Standard Cajon's Traditional tapa's Bass tone without percussionist sitting on it.
</gallery>

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

File:FFT Snare Bass No Sitting.PNG

2018-04-06T20:50:06Z

YanSinChoi:

== Summary ==

== Copyright status: ==

== Source: ==

File:FFT Trad Bass.PNG

2018-04-06T20:49:18Z

YanSinChoi:

== Summary ==

== Copyright status: ==

== Source: ==

File:FFT Trad Low.PNG

2018-04-06T20:48:40Z

YanSinChoi:

== Summary ==

== Copyright status: ==

== Source: ==

File:FFT Snare Low.PNG

2018-04-06T20:48:08Z

YanSinChoi:

== Summary ==

== Copyright status: ==

== Source: ==

File:FFT Snare Bass.PNG

2018-04-06T20:47:32Z

YanSinChoi:

== Summary ==

== Copyright status: ==

== Source: ==

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-06T20:39:44Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a "box drum", is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a lighter and thinner piece of plywood. The cajón used in this project is made of wood that is quarter sawn and plain sawn. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place four small feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

<gallery>
File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 1. A standard cajón
File:StandardCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 2. The snares on the inside of the standard cajón (the snare side)
File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 3. A miniature cajón
File:MiniCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 4. The snares on the inside of the mini cajón
</gallery>

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=Nr6J8gVzD3I|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic cajon playing techniques.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
===Posture===
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.
Due to the fact that the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, the percussionist's body will inevitably dampen some of the sound. However, the dampening is minimal because the percussionist is sitting on one of the smallest sides of the cajón.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The cajon resembles a neckless Helmholtz resonator, in that the air within the cavity of the cajon acts as a spring. Upon hitting the tapa, the air within the cajon is compressed, and a jet of air leaves the cajon via the resonance hole. As with all Helmholtz resonators, the air at the resonance hole acts as a mass that is displaced, shifting in and out of the resonance hole.

The frequency of the drum vibration is dependent on the air mass volume within the cajon and the size of the resonance hole. The greater the hole diameter, the greater the sound pressure level.

The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, the high tone will not be evaluated. Corks of styrofoam were produced to plug the resonance holes of both cajóns, hereby referred to as "plugged bass tones".

Note: the sound data collection occurred in various rooms that contained a different amount of sound-absorbing objects (eg: sofas, carpets, etc).

===Frequency Spectra===
[[File:StandardCajonTradChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 5. A chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass and Low Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Traditional tapa.]][[File:StandardCajonSnareChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig.6. A chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass and Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Snare tapa.]]
In comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass and Low tone on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 5 and 6), the bass tones' frequencies tend to be located on the lower end of the frequency while the low tones tend to be more evenly distributed across the spectra. Some differences to note are the Snare tapa's plugged bass tone and bass tone, which peaks at 150 Hz and 100 Hz respectively compared to the Traditional tapa.

[[File:Mini Cajon Chart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 7. Chart of Mini Cajón's bass and low tone, lowest mode respectively at x and x]]

===Attack, Sustain and Decay===

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-06T20:37:44Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a "box drum", is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a lighter and thinner piece of plywood. The cajón used in this project is made of wood that is quarter sawn and plain sawn. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place four small feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

<gallery>
File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 1. A standard cajón
File:StandardCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 2. The snares on the inside of the standard cajón (the snare side)
File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 3. A miniature cajón
File:MiniCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 4. The snares on the inside of the mini cajón
</gallery>

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=Nr6J8gVzD3I|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic cajon playing techniques.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
===Posture===
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.
Due to the fact that the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, the percussionist's body will inevitably dampen some of the sound. However, the dampening is minimal because the percussionist is sitting on one of the smallest sides of the cajón.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The cajon resembles a neckless Helmholtz resonator, in that the air within the cavity of the cajon acts as a spring. Upon hitting the tapa, the air within the cajon is compressed, and a jet of air leaves the cajon via the resonance hole. As with all Helmholtz resonators, the air at the resonance hole acts as a mass that is displaced, shifting in and out of the resonance hole.

The frequency of the drum vibration is dependent on the air mass volume within the cajon and the size of the resonance hole. The greater the hole diameter, the greater the sound pressure level.

The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, the high tone will not be evaluated. Corks of styrofoam were produced to plug the resonance holes of both cajóns, hereby referred to as "plugged bass tones".

Note: the sound data collection occurred in various rooms that contained a different amount of sound-absorbing objects (eg: sofas, carpets, etc).

===Frequency Spectra===
[[File:StandardCajonTradChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig. 5. A chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass and Low Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Traditional tapa.]][[File:StandardCajonSnareChart.PNG|frame|right|Fig.6. A chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass and Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Snare tapa.]]
In comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass and Low tone on the Traditional and Snare tapas (Fig. 5 and 6), the bass tones' frequencies tend to be located on the lower end of the frequency while the low tones tend to be more evenly distributed across the spectrum. Some differences to note are the Snare tapa's plugged bass tone and bass tone, which peaks at 150 Hz and 100 Hz respectively compared to the traditional side.

{{clear}}
[[File:Mini Cajon Chart.PNG|frame|left|Fig. 7. Chart of Mini Cajón's bass and low tone, lowest mode respectively at x and x]]

===Attack, Sustain and Decay===

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-06T17:15:03Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a "box drum", is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a lighter and thinner piece of plywood. The cajón used in this project is made of quarter and plain sawn wood. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place four small feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

<gallery>
File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 1. A standard cajón
File:StandardCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 2. The snares on the inside of the standard cajón (the snare side)
File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 3. A miniature cajón
File:MiniCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 4. The snares on the inside of the mini cajón
</gallery>

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=Nr6J8gVzD3I|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic cajon playing techniques.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
===Posture===
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.
Due to the fact that the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, the percussionist's body will inevitably dampen some of the sound. However, the dampening is minimal because the percussionist is sitting on one of the smallest sides of the cajón.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The cajon resembles a neckless Helmholtz resonator, in that the air within the cavity of the cajon acts as a spring. Upon hitting the tapa, the air within the cajon is compressed, and a jet of air leaves the cajon via the resonance hole. As with all Helmholtz resonators, the air at the resonance hole acts as a mass that is displaced, shifting in and out of the resonance hole.

The frequency of the drum vibration is dependent on the air mass volume within the cajon and the size of the resonance hole. The greater the hole diameter, the greater the sound pressure level.

The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, only the bass tone and the low tone will be evaluated.

Note: the sound data collection occurred in various rooms that contained a different amount of sound-absorbing objects (eg: sofas, carpets, etc).

[[File:StandardCajonTradChart.PNG|frame|left|Fig. 3. A chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass and Low Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Traditional tapa. Note the bass tone's frequencies located on the lower end of the frequency spectrum while the low tone is more evenly distributed across the spectrum. Peak frequency is at 100 Hz for all three tones.]][[File:StandardCajonSnareChart.PNG|frame|left|Fig.4. A chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass and Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Snare tapa. Note the plugged bass tone peaks at 100 Hz while the bass tone peaks at 150 Hz (unlike the traditional side), and the low tone remains more evenly distributed across the spectrum compared to the other tones.]]
{{clear}}
[[File:Mini Cajon Chart.PNG|frame|left|Fig. 4. Chart of Mini Cajón's bass and low tone, lowest mode respectively at x and x]]

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-06T09:55:26Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a "box drum", is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a lighter and thinner piece of plywood. The cajón used in this project is made of quarter and plain sawn wood. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place four small feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

<gallery>
File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 1. A standard cajón
File:StandardCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 2. The snares on the inside of the standard cajón (the snare side)
File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 3. A miniature cajón
File:MiniCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 4. The snares on the inside of the mini cajón
</gallery>

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=Nr6J8gVzD3I|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic cajon playing techniques.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
===Posture===
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.
Due to the fact that the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, the percussionist's body will inevitably dampen some of the sound. However, the dampening is minimal because the percussionist is sitting on one of the smallest sides of the cajón.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The cajon resembles a neckless Helmholtz resonator, in that the air within the cavity of the cajon acts as a spring. Upon hitting the tapa, the air within the cajon is compressed, and a jet of air leaves the cajon via the resonance hole. As with all Helmholtz resonators, the air at the resonance hole acts as a mass that is displaced, shifting in and out of the resonance hole.

The frequency of the drum vibration is dependent on the air mass volume within the cajon and the size of the resonance hole. The greater the hole diameter, the greater the sound pressure level.

The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, only the bass tone and the low tone will be evaluated.

Note: the sound data collection occurred in various rooms that contained a different amount of sound-absorbing objects (eg: sofas, carpets, etc).

[[File:StandardCajonTradChart.PNG|frame|center|Fig. 3. A Chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass Tone, Low Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Traditional side. Note the bass tone's frequencies are located on the lower end of the frequency spectrum while low tone is more evenly distributed across the spectrum. The peak frequency is at 100 Hz for all three tones]]

Talk about the tones

[[File:StandardCajonSnareChart.PNG|frame|center|Fig.4. A Chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass Tone, Low Tone, and Plugged Bass Tone on the Traditional side. Note the plugged bass tone peaks at 100 Hz, while the bass tone peaks at 150 Hz (unlike the traditional side), and the low tone remains more evenly distributed across the spectrum compared to the other tones]]

Talk about the tones

[[File:Mini Cajon Chart.PNG|frame|center|Fig. 4. Chart of Mini Cajón's bass and low tone, lowest mode respectively at x and x]]

Fix this picture, talk about the tones

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

File:StandardCajonSnareChart.PNG

2018-04-06T09:54:59Z

YanSinChoi:

== Summary ==

== Copyright status: ==

== Source: ==

File:StandardCajonTradChart.PNG

2018-04-06T09:54:17Z

YanSinChoi:

== Summary ==

== Copyright status: ==

== Source: ==

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-04T09:50:40Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a box drum, is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a thinner piece of wood. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place little feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add some distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

<gallery>
File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 1. A standard cajón
File:StandardCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 2. The snares on the inside of the standard cajón (the snare side)
File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|Fig. 3. A miniature cajón
File:MiniCajonSnares.jpg|Fig. 4. The snares on the inside of the mini cajón
</gallery>

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=Nr6J8gVzD3I|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic techniques of playing the cajón.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
===Posture===
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.
Due to the fact that the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, the percussionist's body will inevitably dampen some of the sound. However, the dampening is minimal because the percussionist is sitting on one of the smallest sides of the cajón.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The cajon resembles a neckless Helmholtz resonator, in that the air within the cavity of the cajon acts as a spring. Upon hitting the tapa, the air within the cajon is compressed, and a jet of air leaves the cajon via the resonance hole. Following the compression of air, the cajon returns to its original volume...

The frequency of the drum vibration is dependent on the air mass volume within the cajon and the size of the resonance hole. The greater the hold diameter, the greater the sound pressure level.

The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, only the bass tone and the low tone will be evaluated.

[[File:Standard Cajon Trad Chart.PNG|frame|center|Fig. 3. A Chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass Tone, Low Tone, and Air Mode on the Traditional side. Note the _____]]

Talk about the tones

[[File:Standard Cajon Snare Chart.PNG|frame|center|Fig.4. A Chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass Tone, Low Tone, and Air Mode on the Traditional side. Note the _____]]

Talk about the tones

[[File:Mini Cajon Chart.PNG|frame|center|Fig. 4. Chart of Mini Cajón's bass and low tone, lowest mode respectively at x and x]]

Fix this picture, talk about the tones

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-03T02:21:38Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a box drum, is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a thinner piece of wood. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place little feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add some distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==
[[File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 1. A standard cajon]]

[[File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 2. A miniature cajon]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=2tK6mlgAml4|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic techniques of playing the cajón.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
===Posture===
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.
Due to the fact that the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, the percussionist's body will inevitably dampen some of the sound. However, the dampening is minimal because the percussionist is sitting on one of the smallest sides of the cajón.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The cajon resembles a neckless Helmholtz resonator, in that the air within the cavity of the cajon acts as a spring. Upon hitting the tapa, the air within the cajon is compressed, and a jet of air leaves the cajon via the resonance hole. Following the compression of air, the cajon returns to its original volume...

The frequency of the drum vibration is dependent on the air mass volume within the cajon and the size of the resonance hole. The greater the hold diameter, the greater the sound pressure level.

The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, only the bass tone and the low tone will be evaluated.

[[File:Standard Cajon Trad Chart.PNG|frame|center|Fig. 3. A Chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass Tone, Low Tone, and Air Mode on the Traditional side. Note the _____]]

Talk about the tones

[[File:Standard Cajon Snare Chart.PNG|frame|center|Fig.4. A Chart comparing the Standard Cajon's Bass Tone, Low Tone, and Air Mode on the Traditional side. Note the _____]]

Talk about the tones

[[File:Mini Cajon Chart.PNG|frame|center|Fig. 4. Chart of Mini Cajón's bass and low tone, lowest mode respectively at x and x]]

Fix this picture, talk about the tones

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-04-03T01:31:19Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a box drum, is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
The cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a thinner piece of wood. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place little feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add some distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==
[[File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 1. A standard cajon]]
[[File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 2. A miniature cajon]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=2tK6mlgAml4|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic techniques of playing the cajón.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
===Posture===
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.
Due to the fact that the percussionist is sitting on top of the cajón, the percussionist's body will inevitably dampen some of the sound. However, the dampening is minimal because the percussionist is sitting on one of the smallest sides of the cajón.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, only the bass tone and the low tone will be evaluated.

[[File:Mini Cajon Chart.PNG| Fig. 4. Chart of Mini Cajón's bass and low tone, lowest mode respectively at x and x]]

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-03-31T07:10:20Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a box drum, is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
Some say the cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a thinner piece of wood. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place little feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add some distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==
[[File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 1. A standard cajon]]
[[File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 2. A miniature cajon]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=2tK6mlgAml4|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic techniques of playing the cajón.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
===Posture===
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, only the bass tone and the low tone will be evaluated.

[[File:Mini Cajon Chart.PNG| Fig. 4. Chart of Mini Cajón's bass and low tone, lowest mode respectively at x and x]]

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-03-31T07:09:55Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a box drum, is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
Some say the cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a thinner piece of wood. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place little feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add some distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==
[[File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 2. A standard cajon]]
[[File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 1. A miniature cajon]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=2tK6mlgAml4|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic techniques of playing the cajón.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
===Posture===
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

==Acoustics==
The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, only the bass tone and the low tone will be evaluated.

[[File:Mini Cajon Chart.PNG| Fig. 4. Chart of Mini Cajón's bass and low tone, lowest mode respectively at x and x]]

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-03-31T07:06:17Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a box drum, is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
Some say the cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a thinner piece of wood. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place little feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add some distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==
[[File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 2. A standard cajon]]
[[File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 1. A miniature cajon]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=2tK6mlgAml4|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic techniques of playing the cajón.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
===Posture===
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

[[File:Mini Cajon Chart.PNG| Fig. 4. Chart of Mini Cajón's bass and low tone, lowest mode respectively at x and x]]
==Acoustics==
The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone. For the purposes of our project, only the bass tone and the low tone will be evaluated.

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-03-31T07:02:05Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a box drum, is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==History==
Some say the cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

==Physical Structure and Construction==
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a thinner piece of wood. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place little feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add some distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

==Geometric Measurements==
[[File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 2. A standard cajon]]
[[File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 1. A miniature cajon]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

==Playing Technique==
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=2tK6mlgAml4|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic techniques of playing the cajón.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
===Posture===
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.

===Hand Techniques===
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

[[File:Mini Cajon Chart.PNG| Fig. 4. Chart of Mini Cajón's bass and high tone, lowest mode respectively at x and x]]
==Acoustics==
The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone.

==See Also==
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-03-31T07:01:08Z

YanSinChoi:

=Cajón=
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a box drum, is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

===History===
Some say the cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

===Physical Structure and Construction===
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a thinner piece of wood. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place little feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add some distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

===Geometric Measurements===
[[File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 2. A standard cajon]]
[[File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 1. A miniature cajon]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Characteristics !! Standard Cajón !! Mini Cajón
|-
| Height (from the ground up) || 43 cm || 37.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Height || 45.3 cm || 36.7 cm
|-
| Tapa Width || 34.5 cm || 25.9 cm
|-
| Frame Width || 30.3 cm || 26.7 cm
|-
| Sound Hole Diameter || 11 cm || 10 cm
|-
| Wood Thickness || 1.5 cm || 0.5 cm
|}

===Playing Technique===
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=2tK6mlgAml4|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic techniques of playing the cajón.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
====Posture====
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.

====Hand Techniques====
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

[[File:Mini Cajon Chart.PNG| Fig. 4. Chart of Mini Cajón's bass and high tone, lowest mode respectively at x and x]]
===Acoustics===
The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone.

===See Also===
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Thread:Course talk:PHYS341/2018/project/cochlear/Peer Review/reply

2018-03-27T00:08:08Z

YanSinChoi: Reply to Peer Review

Sorry for the lateness I clicked show preview instead of save page.......

Course talk:PHYS341/2018/project/cochlear

2018-03-27T00:07:29Z

YanSinChoi: Talk page autocreated when first thread was posted

Thread:Course talk:PHYS341/2018/project/cochlear/Peer Review

2018-03-27T00:07:29Z

YanSinChoi: New thread: Peer Review

Hello,
Great job on your project! It’s well-written. The course material is incorporated nicely (e.g. sine waves, information about frequency, etc.).

Sabrina and I have a few suggestions for you.
In general we think more diagrams/images would be to your benefit, such as in the overview maybe a map showing how the sound gets processed into signals detectable by individuals with hearing impairments.
In the History section, you can be more clear about what exactly were the findings by Djourno and Eyries. Is it that Djourno and Eyries figured out how to stimulate the auditory nerve? By making a clarification as to what exactly their findings were, your subsequent statements about Doyle will make more sense. We were confused as to how research had been halted UNTIL the the development of the first cochlear implant (how can there be development if research has been halted?).
Another interesting point you might want to mention is who the first individuals to receive the first successful cochlear implants (that is, if you can find research on this).
To aid the flow of content, consider putting “Sound Quality Challenges” after “Perception of Music”?

Consider these suggestions. Overall, we think you did an excellent job providing details concisely, and incorporating relevant course materials. Keep up the good work!

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-03-17T00:30:43Z

YanSinChoi:

==Cajón==
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a box drum, is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

===History===
Some say the cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

===Physical Structure and Construction===
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a thinner piece of wood. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place little feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add some distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

===Geometric Measurements===
[[File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 2. A standard cajon]]
[[File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 1. A miniature cajon]]
====Standard Cajon====
* Height: 47 cm (from the ground up)
* Tapa Height: 45.3cm
* Tapa Width: 34.5cm
* Frame Width: 30.3cm
* Sound hole diameter: 11cm
* Wood thickness: 1.5cm

====Miniature Cajon====
* Height: 37.7cm
* Tapa Height: 36.7cm
* Tapa Width: 25.9cm
* Frame Width: 26.7cm
* Sound hole diameter: 10cm
* Wood thickness: 0.5cm

===Playing Technique===
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=2tK6mlgAml4|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic techniques of playing the cajón.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
====Posture====
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.

====Hand Techniques====
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

===Acoustics===
[[File:CajonHiTone.PNG|thumbnail| Fig. x. Graph of Mini Cajón hit on high tone, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonTradSideBass.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 4. Center of Traditional side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonTradSideTop.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 5. Top of Traditional Side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonSnareSideBass.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 6. Center of Snare side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonSnareSideTop.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 7. Top of Snare side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone.

===See Also===
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-03-17T00:29:07Z

YanSinChoi:

==Cajón==
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a box drum, is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru]. Despite the simplicity of its appearance, the cajón is a versatile percussion instrument that can achieve a vast variety of tones.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

===History===
Some say the cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

===Physical Structure and Construction===
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a thinner piece of wood. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place little feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add some distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

===Geometric Measurements===
[[File:Standard cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 2. A standard cajon]]
[[File:Mini cajon cropped.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 1. A miniature cajon]]
====Standard Cajon====
* Height: 47 cm (from the ground up)
* Tapa Height: 45.3cm
* Tapa Width: 34.5cm
* Frame Width: 30.3cm
* Sound hole diameter: 11cm
* Wood thickness: 1.5cm

====Miniature Cajon====
* Height: 37.7cm
* Tapa Height: 36.7cm
* Tapa Width: 25.9cm
* Frame Width: 26.7cm
* Sound hole diameter: 10cm
* Wood thickness: 0.5cm

===Playing Technique===
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=2tK6mlgAml4|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic techniques of playing the cajón.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
====Posture====
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.

====Hand Techniques====
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

===Acoustics===
[[File: File:CajonHiTone.PNG|thumbnail| Fig. x. Graph of Mini Cajón hit on high tone, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonTradSideBass.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 4. Center of Traditional side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonTradSideTop.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 5. Top of Traditional Side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonSnareSideBass.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 6. Center of Snare side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonSnareSideTop.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 7. Top of Snare side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone.

===See Also===
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

File:CajonHiTone.PNG

2018-03-16T22:41:57Z

YanSinChoi:

== Summary ==

== Copyright status: ==

== Source: ==

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-03-16T06:59:10Z

YanSinChoi:

==Cajón==
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a box drum, is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru].
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

===History===
Some say the cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

===Physical Structure and Construction===
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a thinner piece of wood. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place little feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add some distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

===Geometric Measurements===

===How It's Played===
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=2tK6mlgAml4|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic techniques of playing the cajón.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
====Posture====
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.

====Hand Techniques====
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

===Acoustics===
[[File:ChurchCajonTradSideBass.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 4. Center of Traditional side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonTradSideTop.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 5. Top of Traditional Side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonSnareSideBass.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 6. Center of Snare side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonSnareSideTop.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 7. Top of Snare side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone.

===See Also===
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-03-16T06:56:54Z

YanSinChoi:

==Cajón==
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a box drum, is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru].
{{Help Nav}}
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===History===
Some say the cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

===Physical Structure and Construction===
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a thinner piece of wood. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place little feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add some distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

===Geometric Measurements===

===How It's Played===
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=2tK6mlgAml4|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic techniques of playing the cajón.<br/>
</div></div></div>
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
====Posture====
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.

====Hand Techniques====
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

===Acoustics===
The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone.

[[File:ChurchCajonTradSideBass.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 4. Center of Traditional side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonTradSideTop.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 5. Top of Traditional Side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonSnareSideBass.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 6. Center of Snare side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonSnareSideTop.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 7. Top of Snare side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]

===See Also===
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-03-16T06:29:30Z

YanSinChoi:

==Cajón==
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a box drum, is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru].
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

===History===
Some say the cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

===Physical Structure and Construction===
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole on one of the sides for resonance. Typically, the frame is created with thicker pieces of hardwood (such as beech, birch, oak, and mahogany) while the playing surface, or “tapa”, is made with a thinner piece of wood. Tapas may also be created with plastic or other synthetic materials. Cajón manufacturers often place little feet on the bottom side of the cajón to add some distance between the drum and the ground for resonance purposes. A hole is located on the back of the drum (directly opposite of the tapa). If the cajón has two tapas (i.e. the front and the back side), then the hole is located on the side of the drum.

Nowadays, prior to attaching the tapa to the frame of the cajón, guitar strings or other materials are added to the back of the tapa to create a snare effect. Modern cajóns differ in snare placement and even in tones as snares in cajóns are made to be adjustable.

===Geometric Measurements===

===How It's Played===
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=2tK6mlgAml4|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic techniques of playing the cajón.<br/>
</div></div></div>
====Posture====
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.

====Hand Techniques====
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

===Acoustics===
The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone.

[[File:ChurchCajonTradSideBass.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 4. Center of Traditional side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonTradSideTop.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 5. Top of Traditional Side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonSnareSideBass.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 6. Center of Snare side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonSnareSideTop.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 7. Top of Snare side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]

===See Also===
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-03-16T06:05:14Z

YanSinChoi:

==Cajón==
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n Cajón], also known as a box drum, is a box-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument percussion instrument] originally from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Peru].
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

===History===
Some say the cajón is the descendent of box drums found in parts of Africa and the Antilles while another popular theory asserts the cajón to have been invented by African slaves in coastal Peru to escape the attention of Spanish authorities who prohibited music-making amongst the Black slaves<ref>Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006). ''Black Rhythms of Peru''. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, p. 21-22.</ref>. The wooden crate or box would be seen as a stool or seat instead of a musical instrument.
Since the early 1980s, the cajón began to be played in contemporary flamenco<ref name="Chuse">Chuse, Loren (2003). ''The Cantaoras: Music, Gender, and Identity in Flamenco Song''. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 50.</ref>. It is now a central feature in the rhythm section of most flamenco groups<ref name="Chuse"/>.

===Physical Structure and Construction===
In its simplest form, the cajón is a rectangular wooden box with a sound hole in the back. Later additions such as guitar strings were added to the drum to create a "buzz-like tone or effect" (need reference)

The cajón examined here is one of numerous variations of the traditional cajón, with a traditional side and a snare side (guitar strings attached on the inside). As such, the sound hole is not in the back, but on the side.

===Geometric Measurements===

===How It's Played===
The cajón is designed such that the percussionist sits on the instrument itself (i.e. sit on the “box”), and percussionists will use their palms or fingertips to hit the face of the instrument. Depending on the style of music or tone that the percussionist wants to achieve, plastic and metal brushes can be used on the cajón.
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
{{#widget:YouTube|id=2tK6mlgAml4|height=200|width=300}}<br/>
<div class="thumbcaption">Tutorial on the three basic techniques of playing the cajón.<br/>
</div></div></div>
====Posture====
Often percussionists will tilt the instrument back, such that the surface on which they drum is tilted slightly upwards. This technique ensures that acoustics do not get lost in the ground. With the drum tilted back, the percussionist will lean forward slightly (Fig. 3) and use both hands to hit the drum.

====Hand Techniques====
The cajón is a versatile instrument and percussionists can create a vast variety of tones. The three basic techniques are: hitting the center of the drum face with the palm, striking the top edge with the fingers, and striking the top corners with the fingertips. The three basic techniques will produce three separate tones, but note that other tones can be achieved through the percussionist’s artistic agency.

===Acoustics===
The three basic techniques produce respectively, a bass tone, low tone and a high tone.

[[File:ChurchCajonTradSideBass.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 4. Center of Traditional side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonTradSideTop.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 5. Top of Traditional Side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonSnareSideBass.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 6. Center of Snare side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]
[[File:ChurchCajonSnareSideTop.jpg|thumbnail| Fig. 7. Top of Snare side of Cajón hit, fundamental frequency at __]]

===See Also===
*[[Cajón]]
*[[Percussion instrument]]
*[[Peru]]

==References==
<references/>

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-03-16T00:29:13Z

YanSinChoi:

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-03-16T00:28:03Z

YanSinChoi:

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-03-15T23:59:48Z

YanSinChoi:

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-03-15T23:35:17Z

YanSinChoi:

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-03-15T23:15:32Z

YanSinChoi:

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/cajon

2018-03-15T23:11:50Z

YanSinChoi: