UBC Wiki - User contributions [en]

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-05T07:28:25Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] belonging to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes contain a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The recorder has a musical range of two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Yamaha"> Group, Y. (n.d.). The origins of the Recorder Varieties of recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/</ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> Phypers, J. (n.d.). The Amazing Recorder: A Brief History. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> The instrument's popularity peaked during the Baroque music era around the 16th to 18th century.<ref name="range"/> Recorders in this era had a broader timbre and less stimulating sound than recorders today.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="Yamaha"/>
During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th to 19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="Yamaha"/> For approximately 150 years until the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder as the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

The recorder re-emerged as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes in the 20th century.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, meaning to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval entertainers who recited poems with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. </ref> As jongleurs were 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

The 17th century French name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online </ref> After its introduction to England, the recorder was referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> As the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref name="French"> Bolton, P. (n.d.). Technical, historical and musical documents and videos on the recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.flute-a-bec.com/documentsgb.html </ref>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure & Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The recorder is roughly cylindrical in shape and has 7 finger holes on the front, and one thumb hole on the back.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of holes.
The head joint contains the labium.<ref name="Yamaha"/> At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which the player places between their lips.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The middle joint contains 6 finger holes, and the thumb hole on the back of the recorder.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

High quality recorders may be constructed by hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and easier to maintain.
Recorders are produced in a variety of sizes. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, the pitch range of the instrument decreases. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

As a wind instrument, the recorder plays with the properties of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends].<ref name="Chris"> Waltham,C.E. (2018). PHYS341: Woodwind, lecture 27 notes [Lecture Summary]. Retrieved from: http://wiki.ubc.ca/Course:PHYS341/2018/Calendar/Lecture_27</ref> The air column is approximately cylindrical. <ref name="Chris"/> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipe when a player blows into the mouthpiece.<ref name="Chris"/> Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end.<ref name="Chris"/> The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency].<ref name="Chris"/> Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.<ref name="French"/>

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]

==Playing the recorder==

The recorder is held with both hands. In standard modern practice, the right hand is the lower hand and the left hand is the upper hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

Producing pitches requires coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest starting from hole 7.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0.<ref name="Yamaha"/> However, recorder fingering is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches.<ref name="French"/> For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound.<ref name="French"/> Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.<ref name="French"/>

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments.<ref name="breathing"> Lander, N. S. (n.d.). Recorder Home Page. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.recorderhomepage.net/technique/breathing-2/# Bolton, P. (n.d.). </ref> Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure.<ref name="breathing"/> Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

The modern Baroque recorder has a range of two octaves and a tone. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs an air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder).<ref name="Yamaha"/> This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental.<ref name="French"/> This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, producing its perceived pitch.<ref name="French"/>

[[File:Frequency Analysis of D5 Played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for D5.]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5 played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for G5.]]

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

Recorder pitch is manipulated by covering and uncovering of the finger holes.<ref name="French"/> The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, resulting in the lowest frequency and pitch.<ref name="French"/> This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch.<ref name="French"/> For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567.
The recorder's second octave range can be played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole).<ref name="French"/> This shortens the length of each segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.<ref name="French"/>
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering holes, known as leaking or shading.<ref name="French"/> Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing pressure nodes to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.<ref name="French"/> An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of D5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"> Audacity Team (2012) Audacity®. Version 2.0.0. Audio editor and recorder. Available from: http://audacityteam.org/. </ref> Note the first peak at 588 Hz, corresponding with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"/> Note the first peak at 785 Hz, corresponding with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-04T21:49:29Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] belonging to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes contain a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The recorder has a musical range of two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Yamaha"> Group, Y. (n.d.). The origins of the Recorder Varieties of recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/</ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> Phypers, J. (n.d.). The Amazing Recorder: A Brief History. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> The instrument's popularity peaked during the Baroque music era around the 16th to18th century.<ref name="range"/> Recorders in this era had a broader timbre and less stimulating sound than recorders today.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="Yamaha"/>
During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="Yamaha"/> For approximately 150 years until the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder as the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

The recorder re-emerged as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes in the 20th century.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, meaning to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers who recited poems with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online </ref> After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref name="French"> Bolton, P. (n.d.). Technical, historical and musical documents and videos on the recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.flute-a-bec.com/documentsgb.html </ref>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The recorder is roughly cylindrical shaped that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the front, and one thumb hole on the back.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium.<ref name="Yamaha"/> At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which the player places between their lips.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0.<ref name="Yamaha"/> However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches.<ref name="French"/> For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound.<ref name="French"/> Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.<ref name="French"/>

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments.<ref name="breathing"> Lander, N. S. (n.d.). Recorder Home Page. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.recorderhomepage.net/technique/breathing-2/# Bolton, P. (n.d.). </ref> Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure.<ref name="breathing"/> Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs an air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder).<ref name="Yamaha"/> This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental.<ref name="French"/> This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.<ref name="French"/>

[[File:Frequency Analysis of D5 Played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for D5.]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5 played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for G5.]]

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

Recorder pitch is manipulated by covering and uncovering of the 7 finger holes.<ref name="French"/> The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, resulting in the lowest frequency and pitch.<ref name="French"/> This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch.<ref name="French"/> For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567.
The recorder's second octave range can be played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole).<ref name="French"/> This shortens the length of each segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.<ref name="French"/>
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering holes, known as leaking or shading.<ref name="French"/> Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing pressure nodes to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.<ref name="French"/> An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of D5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"> Audacity Team (2012) Audacity®. Version 2.0.0. Audio editor and recorder. Available from: http://audacityteam.org/. </ref> Note the first peak at 588 Hz, corresponding with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"/> Note the first peak at 785 Hz, corresponding with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-04T21:44:41Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] belonging to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes contain a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The recorder has a musical range of two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Yamaha"> Group, Y. (n.d.). The origins of the Recorder Varieties of recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/</ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> Phypers, J. (n.d.). The Amazing Recorder: A Brief History. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> The instrument's popularity peaked during the Baroque music era around the 16th to18th century.<ref name="range"/> Recorders in this era had a broader timbre and less stimulating sound than recorders today.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="Yamaha"/>
During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="Yamaha"/> For approximately 150 years until the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder as the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

The recorder re-emerged as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes in the 20th century.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, meaning to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers who recited poems with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online </ref> After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref name="French"> Bolton, P. (n.d.). Technical, historical and musical documents and videos on the recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.flute-a-bec.com/documentsgb.html </ref>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The recorder is roughly cylindrical shaped that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the front, and one thumb hole on the back.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium.<ref name="Yamaha"/> At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which the player places between their lips.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0.<ref name="Yamaha"/> However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches.<ref name="French"/> For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound.<ref name="French"/> Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.<ref name="French"/>

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments.<ref name="breathing"> Lander, N. S. (n.d.). Recorder Home Page. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.recorderhomepage.net/technique/breathing-2/# Bolton, P. (n.d.). </ref> Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure.<ref name="breathing"/> Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs an air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder).<ref name="Yamaha"/> This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental.<ref name="French"/> This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.<ref name="French"/>

[[File:Frequency Analysis of D5 Played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for D5.]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5 played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for G5.]]

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

Recorder pitch is manipulated by covering and uncovering of the 7 finger holes.<ref name="French"/> The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, resulting in the lowest frequency and pitch.<ref name="French"/> This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch.<ref name="French"/> For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567.
The recorder's second octave range can be played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole).<ref name="French"/> This shortens the length of each segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.<ref name="French"/>
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering holes, known as leaking or shading.<ref name="French"/> Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing pressure nodes to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.<ref name="French"/> An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of D5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"> Audacity Team (2012) Audacity®. Version 2.0.0. Audio editor and recorder. Available from: http://audacityteam.org/. </ref> Note the first peak at 588 Hz, corresponding with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"/> Note the first peakat 785 Hz, correspondingwith the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-04T21:40:52Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] belonging to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes contain a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The recorder has a musical range of two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Yamaha"> Group, Y. (n.d.). The origins of the Recorder Varieties of recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/</ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> Phypers, J. (n.d.). The Amazing Recorder: A Brief History. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> The instrument's popularity peaked during the Baroque music era around the 16th to18th century.<ref name="range"/> Recorders in this era had a broader timbre and less stimulating sound than recorders today.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="Yamaha"/>
During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="Yamaha"/> For approximately 150 years until the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder as the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

The recorder re-emerged as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes in the 20th century.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, meaning to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers who recited poems with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online </ref> After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref name="French"> Bolton, P. (n.d.). Technical, historical and musical documents and videos on the recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.flute-a-bec.com/documentsgb.html </ref>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The recorder is roughly cylindrical shaped that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the front, and one thumb hole on the back.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium.<ref name="Yamaha"/> At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which the player places between their lips.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0.<ref name="Yamaha"/> However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches.<ref name="French"/> For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound.<ref name="French"/> Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.<ref name="French"/>

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments.<ref name="breathing"> Lander, N. S. (n.d.). Recorder Home Page. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.recorderhomepage.net/technique/breathing-2/# Bolton, P. (n.d.). </ref> Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure.<ref name="breathing"/> Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs an air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

[[File:Frequency Analysis of D5 Played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for D5.]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5 played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for G5.]]

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

Recorder pitch is manipulated by covering and uncovering of the 7 finger holes.<ref name="French"/> The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, resulting in the lowest frequency and pitch.<ref name="French"/> This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch.<ref name="French"/> For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567.
The recorder's second octave range can be played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole).<ref name="French"/> This shortens the length of each segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.<ref name="French"/>
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering holes, known as leaking or shading.<ref name="French"/> Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing pressure nodes to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.<ref name="French"/> An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of D5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"> Audacity Team (2012) Audacity®. Version 2.0.0. Audio editor and recorder. Available from: http://audacityteam.org/. </ref> Note the first peak at 588 Hz, corresponding with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"/> Note the first peakat 785 Hz, correspondingwith the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-04T21:32:32Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Yamaha"> Group, Y. (n.d.). The origins of the Recorder Varieties of recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/</ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> Phypers, J. (n.d.). The Amazing Recorder: A Brief History. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="Yamaha"/>
During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="Yamaha"/> For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online </ref> After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref name="French"> Bolton, P. (n.d.). Technical, historical and musical documents and videos on the recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.flute-a-bec.com/documentsgb.html </ref>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The recorder is roughly cylindrical shaped that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the front, and one thumb hole on the back.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium.<ref name="Yamaha"/> At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which the player places between their lips.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0.<ref name="Yamaha"/> However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches.<ref name="French"/> For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound.<ref name="French"/> Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.<ref name="French"/>

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments.<ref name="breathing"> Lander, N. S. (n.d.). Recorder Home Page. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.recorderhomepage.net/technique/breathing-2/# Bolton, P. (n.d.). </ref> Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure.<ref name="breathing"/> Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs an air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

[[File:Frequency Analysis of D5 Played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for D5.]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5 played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for G5.]]

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

Recorder pitch is manipulated by covering and uncovering of the 7 finger holes.<ref name="French"/> The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, resulting in the lowest frequency and pitch.<ref name="French"/> This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch.<ref name="French"/> For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567.
The recorder's second octave range can be played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole).<ref name="French"/> This shortens the length of each segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.<ref name="French"/>
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering holes, known as leaking or shading.<ref name="French"/> Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing pressure nodes to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.<ref name="French"/> An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of D5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"> Audacity Team (2012) Audacity®. Version 2.0.0. Audio editor and recorder. Available from: http://audacityteam.org/. </ref> Note the first peak at 588 Hz, corresponding with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"/> Note the first peakat 785 Hz, correspondingwith the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-04T21:31:19Z

TrinyFong:

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-04T21:25:18Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Yamaha"> Group, Y. (n.d.). The origins of the Recorder Varieties of recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/</ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> Phypers, J. (n.d.). The Amazing Recorder: A Brief History. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="Yamaha"/>
During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="Yamaha"/> For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online </ref> After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref name="French"> Bolton, P. (n.d.). Technical, historical and musical documents and videos on the recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.flute-a-bec.com/documentsgb.html </ref>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The recorder is roughly cylindrical shaped that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the front, and one thumb hole on the back.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium.<ref name="Yamaha"/> At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0.<ref name="Yamaha"/> However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches.<ref name="French"/> For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound.<ref name="French"/> Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.<ref name="French"/>

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments.<ref name="breathing"> Lander, N. S. (n.d.). Recorder Home Page. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.recorderhomepage.net/technique/breathing-2/# Bolton, P. (n.d.). </ref> Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure.<ref name="breathing"/> Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

[[File:Frequency Analysis of D5 Played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for D5.]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5 played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for G5.]]

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some, or all, of the 7 finger holes.<ref name="French"/> The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch.<ref name="French"/> This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch.<ref name="French"/> For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole).<ref name="French"/> This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.<ref name="French"/>
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading.<ref name="French"/> Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.<ref name="French"/> An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of D5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"> Audacity Team (2012) Audacity®. Version 2.0.0. Audio editor and recorder. Available from: http://audacityteam.org/. </ref> Note the first peak at 588 Hz, corresponding with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"/> Note the first peakat 785 Hz, correspondingwith the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-04T21:09:19Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Yamaha"> Group, Y. (n.d.). The origins of the Recorder Varieties of recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/</ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> Phypers, J. (n.d.). The Amazing Recorder: A Brief History. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="Yamaha"/>
During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="Yamaha"/> For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online </ref> After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref name="French"> Bolton, P. (n.d.). Technical, historical and musical documents and videos on the recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.flute-a-bec.com/documentsgb.html </ref>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="Yamaha"/>The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the front of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the back.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium.<ref name="Yamaha"/> At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0.<ref name="Yamaha"/> However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches.<ref name="French"/> For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound.<ref name="French"/> Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.<ref name="French"/>

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments.<ref name="breathing"> Lander, N. S. (n.d.). Recorder Home Page. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.recorderhomepage.net/technique/breathing-2/# Bolton, P. (n.d.). </ref> Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure.<ref name="breathing"/> Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

[[File:Frequency Analysis of D5 Played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for D5.]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5 played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for G5.]]

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some, or all, of the 7 finger holes.<ref name="French"/> The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch.<ref name="French"/> This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch.<ref name="French"/> For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole).<ref name="French"/> This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.<ref name="French"/>
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading.<ref name="French"/> Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.<ref name="French"/> An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of C5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"> Audacity Team (2012) Audacity®. Version 2.0.0. Audio editor and recorder. Available from: http://audacityteam.org/. </ref> The first peak is found at 523 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"/> The first peak is found at 785 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-04T21:07:29Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Yamaha"> Group, Y. (n.d.). The origins of the Recorder Varieties of recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/</ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> Phypers, J. (n.d.). The Amazing Recorder: A Brief History. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="Yamaha"/>
During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="Yamaha"/> For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online </ref> After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref name="French"> Bolton, P. (n.d.). Technical, historical and musical documents and videos on the recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.flute-a-bec.com/documentsgb.html </ref>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="Yamaha"/>The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the front of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the back.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium.<ref name="Yamaha"/> At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0.<ref name="Yamaha"/> However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches.<ref name="French"/> For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound.<ref name="French"/> Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.<ref name="French"/>

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments.<ref name="breathing"> Lander, N. S. (n.d.). Recorder Home Page. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.recorderhomepage.net/technique/breathing-2/# Bolton, P. (n.d.). </ref> Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure.<ref name="breathing"/> Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

[[File:Frequency Analysis of D5 Played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for D5.]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5 played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for G5.]]

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some, or all, of the 7 finger holes.<ref name="French"/> The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch.<ref name="French"/> This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch.<ref name="French"/> For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole).<ref name="French"/> This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.<ref name="French"/>
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading.<ref name="French"/> Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.<ref name="French"/> An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of C5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"> Audacity Team (2012) Audacity®. Version 2.0.0. Audio editor and recorder. Available from: http://audacityteam.org/ (Accessed 26/04/2012). </ref> The first peak is found at 523 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"/> The first peak is found at 785 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-04T21:01:05Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Yamaha"> Group, Y. (n.d.). The origins of the Recorder Varieties of recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/</ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> Phypers, J. (n.d.). The Amazing Recorder: A Brief History. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="Yamaha"/>
During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="Yamaha"/> For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Retrieved 2016-02-05. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online </ref> After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref name="French"> Bolton, P. (n.d.). Technical, historical and musical documents and videos on the recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.flute-a-bec.com/documentsgb.html </ref>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="Yamaha"/>The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the front of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the back.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium.<ref name="Yamaha"/> At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0.<ref name="Yamaha"/> However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches.<ref name="French"/> For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound.<ref name="French"/> Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.<ref name="French"/>

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments.<ref name="breathing"> Lander, N. S. (n.d.). Recorder Home Page. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.recorderhomepage.net/technique/breathing-2/# Bolton, P. (n.d.). </ref> Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure.<ref name="breathing"/> Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

[[File:Frequency Analysis of D5 Played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for D5.]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5 played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for G5.]]

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some, or all, of the 7 finger holes.<ref name="French"/> The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch.<ref name="French"/> This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch.<ref name="French"/> For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole).<ref name="French"/> This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.<ref name="French"/>
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading.<ref name="French"/> Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.<ref name="French"/> An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of C5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"> Audacity Team (2012) Audacity®. Version 2.0.0. Audio editor and recorder. Available from: http://audacityteam.org/ (Accessed 26/04/2012). </ref> The first peak is found at 523 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"/> The first peak is found at 785 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-04T20:58:57Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Yamaha"> Group, Y. (n.d.). The origins of the Recorder Varieties of recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/</ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="Yamaha"/>
During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="Yamaha"/> For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Retrieved 2016-02-05. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online </ref> After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref name="French"> Bolton, P. (n.d.). Technical, historical and musical documents and videos on the recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.flute-a-bec.com/documentsgb.html </ref>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="Yamaha"/>The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the front of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the back.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium.<ref name="Yamaha"/> At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0.<ref name="Yamaha"/> However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches.<ref name="French"/> For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound.<ref name="French"/> Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.<ref name="French"/>

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments.<ref name="breathing"> Lander, N. S. (n.d.). Recorder Home Page. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.recorderhomepage.net/technique/breathing-2/# Bolton, P. (n.d.). </ref> Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure.<ref name="breathing"/> Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

[[File:Frequency Analysis of D5 Played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for D5.]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5 played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for G5.]]

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some, or all, of the 7 finger holes.<ref name="French"/> The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch.<ref name="French"/> This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch.<ref name="French"/> For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole).<ref name="French"/> This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.<ref name="French"/>
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading.<ref name="French"/> Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.<ref name="French"/> An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of C5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"> Audacity Team (2012) Audacity®. Version 2.0.0. Audio editor and recorder. Available from: http://audacityteam.org/ (Accessed 26/04/2012). </ref> The first peak is found at 523 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"/> The first peak is found at 785 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.

==To do List==
1.How to move Freq Analysis pics next to pics

2. Ask Chris about frequency analysis: Do the peaks represent fundamental + harmonics

3.Fix Refernces (turn into APA)

4. Check over physics concepts, use notes + tb
5. Word Count: 1500

Bolton, P. (n.d.). Technical, historical and musical documents and videos on the recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.flute-a-bec.com/documentsgb.html

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-04T20:53:26Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Yamaha"> Group, Y. (n.d.). The origins of the Recorder Varieties of recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/</ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="Yamaha"/>
During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="Yamaha"/> For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Retrieved 2016-02-05. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online </ref> After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref> name="French>http://www.flute-a-bec.com/medievgb.html </ref>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="Yamaha"/>The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the front of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the back.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium.<ref name="Yamaha"/> At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0.<ref name="Yamaha"/> However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches.<ref name="French"/> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it.<ref name="French"/> For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound.<ref name="French"/> Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.<ref name="French"/>

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments.<ref name="breathing"> Lander, N. S. (n.d.). Recorder Home Page. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.recorderhomepage.net/technique/breathing-2/# Bolton, P. (n.d.). </ref> Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure.<ref name="breathing"/> Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

[[File:Frequency Analysis of D5 Played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for D5.]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5 played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for G5.]]

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some, or all, of the 7 finger holes.<ref name="French"> http://www.flute-a-bec.com/acoustiquegb.html </ref> The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch.<ref name="French"/> This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch.<ref name="French"/> For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole).<ref name="French"/> This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.<ref name="French"/>
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading.<ref name="French"/> Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.<ref name="French"/> An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of C5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"> Audacity Team (2012) Audacity®. Version 2.0.0. Audio editor and recorder. Available from: http://audacityteam.org/ (Accessed 26/04/2012). </ref> The first peak is found at 523 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"/> The first peak is found at 785 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.

==To do List==
1.How to move Freq Analysis pics next to pics

2. Ask Chris about frequency analysis: Do the peaks represent fundamental + harmonics

3.Fix Refernces (turn into APA)

4. Check over physics concepts, use notes + tb
5. Word Count: 1500

Bolton, P. (n.d.). Technical, historical and musical documents and videos on the recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.flute-a-bec.com/documentsgb.html

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-04T20:51:14Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Yamaha"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/ </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="Yamaha"/>
During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="Yamaha"/> For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Retrieved 2016-02-05. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online </ref> After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref> name="French>http://www.flute-a-bec.com/medievgb.html </ref>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="Yamaha"/>The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the front of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the back.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium.<ref name="Yamaha"/> At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0.<ref name="Yamaha"/> However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches.<ref name="French"/> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it.<ref name="French"/> For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound.<ref name="French"/> Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.<ref name="French"/>

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments.<ref name="breathing"> Lander, N. S. (n.d.). Recorder Home Page. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.recorderhomepage.net/technique/breathing-2/# Bolton, P. (n.d.). </ref> Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure.<ref name="breathing"/> Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

[[File:Frequency Analysis of D5 Played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for D5.]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5 played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for G5.]]

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some, or all, of the 7 finger holes.<ref name="French"> http://www.flute-a-bec.com/acoustiquegb.html </ref> The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch.<ref name="French"/> This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch.<ref name="French"/> For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole).<ref name="French"/> This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.<ref name="French"/>
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading.<ref name="French"/> Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.<ref name="French"/> An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of C5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"> Audacity Team (2012) Audacity®. Version 2.0.0. Audio editor and recorder. Available from: http://audacityteam.org/ (Accessed 26/04/2012). </ref> The first peak is found at 523 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"/> The first peak is found at 785 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.

==To do List==
1.How to move Freq Analysis pics next to pics

2. Ask Chris about frequency analysis: Do the peaks represent fundamental + harmonics

3.Fix Refernces (turn into APA)

4. Check over physics concepts, use notes + tb
5. Word Count: 1500

Lander, N. S. (n.d.). Recorder Home Page. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.recorderhomepage.net/technique/breathing-2/#
Bolton, P. (n.d.). Technical, historical and musical documents and videos on the recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.flute-a-bec.com/documentsgb.htmlGroup
Y. (n.d.). The origins of the Recorder Varieties of recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html
==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-04T20:41:18Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Yamaha"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/ </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="Yamaha"/>
During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="history"/> For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="history"/>

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Retrieved 2016-02-05. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online </ref> After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref> name="French>http://www.flute-a-bec.com/medievgb.html </ref>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="Yamaha"/>The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the front of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the back.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium.<ref name="Yamaha"/> At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.<ref name="Yamaha"/>

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Yamaha"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Yamaha"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand.<ref name="Yamaha"/> While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7.<ref name="Yamaha"/> The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0.<ref name="Yamaha"/> However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches.<ref name="French"/> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it.<ref name="French"/> For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound.<ref name="French"/> Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.<ref name="French"/>

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments.<ref name="breathing"> "Breathing | Recorder Home Page". www.recorderhomepage.net. Retrieved 2018-01-19. </ref> Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure.<ref name="breathing"/> Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone. <ref name="play"/>

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

[[File:Frequency Analysis of D5 Played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for D5.]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5 played on the Recorder..png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for G5.]]

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some, or all, of the 7 finger holes.<ref name="French"> http://www.flute-a-bec.com/acoustiquegb.html </ref> The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch.<ref name="French"/> This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch.<ref name="French"/> For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole).<ref name="French"/> This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.<ref name="French"/>
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading.<ref name="French"/> Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.<ref name="French"/> An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of C5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"> Audacity Team (2012) Audacity®. Version 2.0.0. Audio editor and recorder. Available from: http://audacityteam.org/ (Accessed 26/04/2012). </ref> The first peak is found at 523 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. <ref name="Audacity"/> The first peak is found at 785 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.

==To do List==
1.How to move Freq Analysis pics next to pics

2. Ask Chris about frequency analysis: Do the peaks represent fundamental + harmonics

3.Fix Refernces (turn into APA)

4. Check over physics concepts, use notes + tb
5. Word Count: 1500

Lander, N. S. (n.d.). Recorder Home Page. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.recorderhomepage.net/technique/breathing-2/#
Bolton, P. (n.d.). Technical, historical and musical documents and videos on the recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.flute-a-bec.com/documentsgb.htmlGroup
Y. (n.d.). The origins of the Recorder Varieties of recorder. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html
==References==
{{Reflist}}

File:Frequency Analysis of G5 played on the Recorder..png

2018-04-04T20:39:26Z

TrinyFong: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for G5.}}
|date=2018-04-04 13:37:00
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:TrinyFong|TrinyFong]]
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[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

File:Frequency Analysis of D5 Played on the Recorder..png

2018-04-04T20:39:19Z

TrinyFong: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Recorder frequency ranges against relative sound pressure level for D5.}}
|date=2018-04-04 13:36:57
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:TrinyFong|TrinyFong]]
|permission=
|other_versions=
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{{self|cc-by-sa-3.0}}

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-03T22:59:08Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Structure"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/mechanism002.html </ref>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today.<ref name="history"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure002.html </ref> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="history"/>

During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="history"/> For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="history"/>

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes. <ref name="revival"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure003.html </ref>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Retrieved 2016-02-05. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online </ref> After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref> name="French>http://www.flute-a-bec.com/medievgb.html </ref>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="mechanism"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/ </ref> The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the front of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the back.<ref name="mechanism"/> The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium.<ref name="mechanism"/> At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips.<ref name="mechanism"/> The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder.<ref name="mechanism"/> The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.<ref name="mechanism"/>

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Structure"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Structure"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand.<ref name="play"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/play/ </ref> There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand.<ref name="play"/> While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments.<ref name="breathing"> "Breathing | Recorder Home Page". www.recorderhomepage.net. Retrieved 2018-01-19. </ref> Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure.<ref name="breathing"/> Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

[[File:Frequency Analysis of C5.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Analysis of C5]] <ref name="Audacity"> Audacity Team (2012) Audacity®. Version 2.0.0. Audio editor and recorder. Available from: http://audacityteam.org/ (Accessed 26/04/2012). </ref>
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5.png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Analysis of G5]] <ref name="Audacity"/>
==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register. An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of C5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 523 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 785 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies

==To do List==
1.move pictures next to pictures

2. Ask Chris about frequency analysis

4. FINISH REFERENCES + cite audacity

6. Check over physics concepts, use notes + tb

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-03T22:24:40Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Structure"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/mechanism002.html </ref>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today.<ref name="history"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure002.html </ref> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="history"/>

During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="history"/> For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="history"/>

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes. <ref name="revival"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure003.html </ref>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Retrieved 2016-02-05. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online </ref> After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref> http://www.flute-a-bec.com/textestanesbygb.htm </ref>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="mechanism"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/ </ref> The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the front of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the back.<ref name="mechanism"/> The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium.<ref name="mechanism"/> At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips.<ref name="mechanism"/> The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder.<ref name="mechanism"/> The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.<ref name="mechanism"/>

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Structure"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Structure"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand.<ref name="play"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/play/ </ref> There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand.<ref name="play"/> While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments.<ref name="breathing"> "Breathing | Recorder Home Page". www.recorderhomepage.net. Retrieved 2018-01-19. </ref> Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure.<ref name="breathing"/> Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

[[File:Frequency Analysis of C5.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Analysis of C5]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5.png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Analysis of G5]]
==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register. An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of C5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 523 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 785 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies

==To do List==
1.move pictures next to pictures

2. Ask Chris about frequency analysis

4. FINISH REFERENCES + cite audacity

5. Recorder: as length of recorder increase, the pitch drops or something

6. Check over physics concepts, use notes + tb

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-03T22:21:57Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Structure"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/mechanism002.html </ref>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today.<ref name="history"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure002.html </ref> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="history"/>

During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="history"/> For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="history"/>

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes. <ref name="revival"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure003.html </ref>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Retrieved 2016-02-05. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online </ref> After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref> http://www.flute-a-bec.com/textestanesbygb.htm </ref>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="mechanism"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/ </ref> The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the front of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the back.<ref name="mechanism"/> The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium.<ref name="mechanism"/> At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips.<ref name="mechanism"/> The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder.<ref name="mechanism"/> The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.<ref name="mechanism"/>

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Structure"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Structure"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand.<ref name="play"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/play/ </ref> There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand.<ref name="play"/> While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments.<ref name="breathing"> "Breathing | Recorder Home Page". www.recorderhomepage.net. Retrieved 2018-01-19. </ref> Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure.<ref name="breathing"/> Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register. An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of C5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 523 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 785 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies

==To do List==
1.move pictures next to pictures

2. Ask Chris about frequency analysis

4. FINISH REFERENCES + cite audacity

5. Recorder: as length of recorder increase, the pitch drops or something

6. Check over physics concepts, use notes + tb

[[File:Frequency Analysis of C5.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Analysis of C5]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5.png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Analysis of G5]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-03T22:11:37Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Structure"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/mechanism002.html </ref>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today.<ref name="history"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure002.html </ref> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="history"/>

During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="history"/> For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="history"/>

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes. <ref name="revival"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure003.html </ref>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Retrieved 2016-02-05. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online </ref> After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref> http://www.flute-a-bec.com/textestanesbygb.htm </ref>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="mechanism"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/ <ref/> The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the front of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the back. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Structure"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Structure"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register. An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of C5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 523 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 785 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies

==To do List==
1.move pictures next to pictures

2. Ask Chris about frequency analysis

4. FINISH REFERENCES + cite audacity

5. Recorder: as length of recorder increase, the pitch drops or something

6. Check over physics concepts, use notes + tb

[[File:Frequency Analysis of C5.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Analysis of C5]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5.png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Analysis of G5]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-03T22:08:11Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Structure"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/mechanism002.html </ref>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today.<ref name="history"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure002.html </ref> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="history"/>

During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="history"/> For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="history"/>

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes. <ref name="revival"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure003.html </ref>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Retrieved 2016-02-05. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". <ref name="etymology"> David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online <ref/> After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period.<ref name="etymology"/> When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute", "Flute" and "recorder." <ref> http://www.flute-a-bec.com/textestanesbygb.htm <ref/>

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint.<ref name="mechanism"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/ <ref/> The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the front of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the back. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Structure"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Structure"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register. An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of C5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 523 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 785 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies

==To do List==
1.move pictures next to pictures

2. Ask Chris about frequency analysis

4. FINISH REFERENCES + cite audacity

5. Recorder: as length of recorder increase, the pitch drops or something

6. Check over physics concepts, use notes + tb

[[File:Frequency Analysis of C5.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Analysis of C5]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5.png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Analysis of G5]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-03T21:55:50Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref name="Structure"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/mechanism002.html </ref>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today.<ref name="history"> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure002.html </ref> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="history"/>

During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="history"/> For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="history"/>

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes. <ref name="revival"> name=https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure003.html </ref>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Retrieved 2016-02-05. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders may be constructed by types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
Recorders can also greatly vary in size. The sopranino recorder is comparable to the size of a mechanical pencil, while a bass recorder is the largest size.<ref name="Structure"/> Musically, as the size of recorder increases, it decreases the pitch range of the instrument. <ref name="Structure"/>

As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register. An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of C5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 523 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 785 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies

==To do List==
1.move pictures next to pictures

2. Ask Chris about frequency analysis

4. FINISH REFERENCES + cite audacity

5. Recorder: as length of recorder increase, the pitch drops or something

6. Check over physics concepts, use notes + tb

[[File:Frequency Analysis of C5.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Analysis of C5]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5.png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Analysis of G5]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-03T21:52:03Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/mechanism002.html </ref>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> name=http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today.<ref name="history"> name=https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure002.html </ref> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="history"/>

During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="history"/> For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="history"/>

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes. <ref name="revival"> name=https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure003.html </ref>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> "recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Retrieved 2016-02-05. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register. An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of C5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 523 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 785 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies

==To do List==
1.move pictures next to pictures

2. Ask Chris about frequency analysis

4. FINISH REFERENCES + cite audacity

5. Recorder: as length of recorder increase, the pitch drops or something

6. Check over physics concepts, use notes + tb

[[File:Frequency Analysis of C5.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Analysis of C5]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5.png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Analysis of G5]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-03T21:48:30Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/mechanism002.html </ref>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> name=http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today.<ref name="history"> name=https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure002.html </ref> Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”<ref name="history"/>

During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras.<ref name="history"/> For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.<ref name="history"/>

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes. <ref name="revival"> name=https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure003.html </ref>

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect.<ref> record, v.1. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2005. </ref> The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment.<ref name="record"> name="recorder1, verbe". Dictionnaire du Moyen Français. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Retrieved 2016-02-05. </ref> Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder. <ref name="record"/>

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register. An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of C5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 523 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 785 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies

==To do List==
1.move pictures next to pictures

2. Ask Chris about frequency analysis

4. FINISH REFERENCES + cite audacity

5. Recorder: as length of recorder increase, the pitch drops or something

6. Check over physics concepts, use notes + tb

[[File:Frequency Analysis of C5.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Analysis of C5]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5.png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Analysis of G5]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-02T08:38:53Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/mechanism002.html </ref>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> name=http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today. Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”

During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras. For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect. The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment. Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder.

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register. An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of C5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 523 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 785 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies

==To do List==
1.move pictures next to pictures

2. Ask Chris about frequency analysis

3. multiple citations without changing the number

4. FINISH REFERENCES + cite audacity

5. Recorder: as length of recorder increase, the pitch drops or something

6. Check over physics concepts, use notes + tb

[[File:Frequency Analysis of C5.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Analysis of C5]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5.png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Analysis of G5]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-02T08:37:54Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref> name=https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/mechanism002.html </ref>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref name="range"> name=http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref name="range"/> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today. Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”

During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras. For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect. The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment. Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder.

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register. An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

Fig. 3a depicts a frequency analysis of C5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 523 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of C5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies.
Fig. 3b depicts a frequency analysis of G5 played on the recorder. The first peak is found at 785 Hz, which corresponds with the fundamental frequency of G5. The subsequent peaks corresponds with the subsequent harmonic frequencies

==To do List==
1.move pictures next to pictures

2. Ask Chris about frequency analysis

3. multiple citations without changing the number

4. FINISH REFERENCES + cite audacity

5. Recorder: as length of recorder increase, the pitch drops or something

6. Check over physics concepts, use notes + tb

[[File:Frequency Analysis of C5.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Analysis of C5]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5.png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Analysis of G5]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-02T08:16:44Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref> name=https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/mechanism002.html </ref>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref> name=http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref> name=http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today. Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”

During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras. For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect. The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment. Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder.

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register. An example of cross fingering is illustrated in Fig. 2b.

[[File:Frequency Analysis of C5.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Analysis of C5]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5.png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Analysis of G5]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-02T08:09:16Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref> name=https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/mechanism002.html </ref>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref> name=http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref> name=http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today. Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”

During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras. For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect. The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment. Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder.

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

Fig. 1a is a labelled picture of the front of a recorder. Fig. 1b is a labelled picture of the back of the recorder and shows the thumbhole.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register. This is shown in Fig. 2b.

[[File:Frequency Analysis of C5.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Analysis of C5]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5.png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Analysis of G5]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-02T07:59:54Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref> name=https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/mechanism002.html </ref>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref> name=http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref> name=http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today. Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”

During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras. For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect. The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment. Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder.

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.

[[File:Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

[[File:Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level (dB).png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

When plotting the frequency range of a certain note, such as C4 or D4, the graph shows that from 0-7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level gradually increases from 80 dB to approximately 90 dB. However, once the frequency passes 7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level rises to a steady 130 dB (approximately). This is maintained up to 2200 Hz (approximately).

[[File:Frequency Analysis of C5.png|thumb|Frequency Analysis of C5]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5.png|thumb|Frequency Analysis of G5]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-02T07:59:16Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref> name=https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/mechanism002.html </ref>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref> name=http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref> name=http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today. Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”

During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras. For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect. The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment. Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder.

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.

[[File:Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

[[File:Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level (dB).png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

When plotting the frequency range of a certain note, such as C4 or D4, the graph shows that from 0-7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level gradually increases from 80 dB to approximately 90 dB. However, once the frequency passes 7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level rises to a steady 130 dB (approximately). This is maintained up to 2200 Hz (approximately).

[[File:Frequency Analysis of C5.png|thumb|Frequency Analysis of C5]]
[[File:Frequency Analysis of G5.png|thumb|Frequency Analysis of C5]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

File:Frequency Analysis of G5.png

2018-04-02T07:58:29Z

TrinyFong: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Frequency Analysis of C5}}
|date=2018-04-02 00:57:15
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File:Frequency Analysis of C5.png

2018-04-02T07:58:28Z

TrinyFong: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Frequency Analysis of C5}}
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|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:TrinyFong|TrinyFong]]
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[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-02T07:06:59Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref> name=https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/mechanism002.html </ref>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref> name=http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref> name=http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today. Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”

During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras. For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect. The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment. Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder.

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.

[[File:Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

[[File:Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level (dB).png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

When plotting the frequency range of a certain note, such as C4 or D4, the graph shows that from 0-7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level gradually increases from 80 dB to approximately 90 dB. However, once the frequency passes 7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level rises to a steady 130 dB (approximately). This is maintained up to 2200 Hz (approximately).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-02T06:44:16Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/mechanism002.html </ref>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established.<ref> http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity.<ref> http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today. Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”

During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras. For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect. The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment. Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder.

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.

[[File:Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

[[File:Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level (dB).png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

When plotting the frequency range of a certain note, such as C4 or D4, the graph shows that from 0-7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level gradually increases from 80 dB to approximately 90 dB. However, once the frequency passes 7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level rises to a steady 130 dB (approximately). This is maintained up to 2200 Hz (approximately).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-02T06:42:50Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute| flute] that belongs to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument| wind instrument] family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)| mouthpiece]. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone. <ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/structure/structure004.html </ref> Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.<ref> https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/recorder/mechanism/mechanism002.html </ref>
==History==

In the 15th century, the current form of the recorder was established. <ref> http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> However, it wasn’t until the 16th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity. <ref> http://www.solarhaven.org/recorder.htm </ref> The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today. Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel| G.F. Handel’s] “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”

During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)| Classical period] (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras. For approximately 150 years going into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music| Romantic period], no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect. The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel| jongleurs], medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment. Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder.

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder is a roughly cylindrical shaped instrument that behaves approximately like a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open_at_both_ends| pipe open at both ends]. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave| Standing waves] are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)| nodes] and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the wavelength of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency| fundamental frequency]. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Forked_fingerings| Forked fingering] is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone| harmonic partials], which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance| resonant frequencies] of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Cross-fingering| cross-fingering], forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.

[[File:Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

[[File:Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level (dB).png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

When plotting the frequency range of a certain note, such as C4 or D4, the graph shows that from 0-7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level gradually increases from 80 dB to approximately 90 dB. However, once the frequency passes 7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level rises to a steady 130 dB (approximately). This is maintained up to 2200 Hz (approximately).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-02T04:55:01Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [[Flute|flute]] that belongs to the wind instrument family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle mouthpiece. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone. Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.

==History==

The origin of the recorder dates back to prehistoric times when they were made out of animal bones. In the 15th and 16th century, the current form of the recorder was established. However, it wasn’t until the 17th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity. The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today. Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including G.F. Handel’s “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”

During the Classical period (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras. For approximately 150 years going into the Romantic period, no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect. The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by jongleur's, medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment. Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder.

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. Standing waves are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure nodes and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the fundamental wavelength. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. Forked fingering is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its partials, which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the resonant frequencies of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by cross-fingering, forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.

[[File:Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

[[File:Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level (dB).png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

When plotting the frequency range of a certain note, such as C4 or D4, the graph shows that from 0-7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level gradually increases from 80 dB to approximately 90 dB. However, once the frequency passes 7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level rises to a steady 130 dB (approximately). This is maintained up to 2200 Hz (approximately).

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-02T04:53:41Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct [[Flute|flute]] that belongs to the wind instrument family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle mouthpiece. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone. Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.

==History==

The origin of the recorder dates back to prehistoric times when they were made out of animal bones. In the 15th and 16th century, the current form of the recorder was established. However, it wasn’t until the 17th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity. The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today. Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including G.F. Handel’s “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”

During the Classical period (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited sounding volume in orchestras. For approximately 150 years going into the Romantic period, no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect. The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by jongleur's, medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment. Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder.

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1a. The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|Fig. 1b. The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. Standing waves are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure nodes and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the fundamental wavelength. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2a. Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig.2 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Fig. 2b. Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. Forked fingering is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its partials, which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the resonant frequencies of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by cross-fingering, forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.

[[File:Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level.png|thumb|Fig. 3a. Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

[[File:Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level (dB).png|thumb|Fig. 3b. Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

When plotting the frequency range of a certain note, such as C4 or D4, the graph shows that from 0-7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level gradually increases from 80 dB to approximately 90 dB. However, once the frequency passes 7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level rises to a steady 130 dB (approximately). This is maintained up to 2200 Hz (approximately).

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-02T04:46:24Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct flute that belongs to the wind instrument family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle mouthpiece. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone. Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.

==History==

The origin of the recorder dates back to prehistoric times when they were made out of animal bones. In the 15th and 16th century, the current form of the recorder was established. However, it wasn’t until the 17th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity. The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today. Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including G.F. Handel’s “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”

During the Classical period (mid-18th-19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited volume in orchestras. For approximately 150 years going into the Romantic period, no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect. The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by jongleur's, medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment. Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder.

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. Standing waves are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure nodes and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the fundamental wavelength. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. Forked fingering is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its partials, which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the resonant frequencies of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by cross-fingering, forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.

[[File:Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level.png|thumb|Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

[[File:Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level (dB).png|thumb|Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

When plotting the frequency range of a certain note, such as C4 or D4, the graph shows that from 0-7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level gradually increases from 80 dB to approximately 90 dB. However, once the frequency passes 7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level rises to a steady 130 dB (approximately). This is maintained up to 2200 Hz (approximately).

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-02T04:45:56Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct flute that belongs to the wind instrument family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle mouthpiece. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone. Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.

==History==

The origin of the recorder dates back to prehistoric times when they were made out of animal bones. In the 15th and 16th century, the current form of the recorder was established. However, it wasn’t until the 17th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity. The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating sound than the recorders today. Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including G.F. Handel’s “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”

During the Classical period (mid-18th century to 19th century), the recorder decreased in popularity due to its limited volume in orchestras. For approximately 150 years going into the Romantic period, no music was written for the recorder and the flute overtook its popularity.

In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect. The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by jongleur's, medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompaniment. Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder.

In the 17th century, the french name for the recorder was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is by manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. Standing waves are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure nodes and velocity anti-nodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the fundamental wavelength. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumb-hole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. Forked fingering is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This stream of air travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its partials, which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the resonant frequencies of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by cross-fingering, forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.

[[File:Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level.png|thumb|Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

[[File:Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level (dB).png|thumb|Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

When plotting the frequency range of a certain note, such as C4 or D4, the graph shows that from 0-7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level gradually increases from 80 dB to approximately 90 dB. However, once the frequency passes 7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level rises to a steady 130 dB (approximately). This is maintained up to 2200 Hz (approximately).

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-02T04:38:17Z

TrinyFong:

The recorder is a type of internal duct flute that belongs to the wind instrument family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle mouthpiece. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone. Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.

==History==

The origin of the recorder dates back to prehistoric time when they were made out of animal bones. In the 15th and 16th century, the current form of the recorder was established. However, it wasn’t until the 17th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity. The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating than the recorders today. Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including G.F. Hande’s “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”

Unfortunately, during the Classical period from the mid-18th century to 19th century, the popularity of orchestras with pieces by Mozart and Beethoven proved the recorder to be limited in volume and the flute and for approximately 150 years going into the Romantic period, no music was written for the recorder.
In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect. The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by jongleur's, medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompanyment. Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder.

In the 17th century, the french name for the instrument was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. Standing waves are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure nodes and velocity antinodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the fundamental wavelength. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumbhole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. Forked fingering is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This airstream travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its partials, which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the resonant frequencies of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by cross-fingering, forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.

[[File:Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level.png|thumb|Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

[[File:Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level (dB).png|thumb|Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

When plotting the frequency range of a certain note, such as C4 or D4, the graph shows that from 0-7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level gradually increases from 80 dB to approximately 90 dB. However, once the frequency passes 7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level rises to a steady 130 dB (approximately). This is maintained up to 2200 Hz (approximately).

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-04-02T04:37:41Z

TrinyFong:

Intro

The recorder is a type of internal duct flute that belongs to the wind instrument family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle mouthpiece. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone. Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.

==History==

The origin of the recorder dates back to prehistoric time when they were made out of animal bones. In the 15th and 16th century, the current form of the recorder was established. However, it wasn’t until the 17th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity. The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating than the recorders today. Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including G.F. Hande’s “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”

Unfortunately, during the Classical period from the mid-18th century to 19th century, the popularity of orchestras with pieces by Mozart and Beethoven proved the recorder to be limited in volume and the flute and for approximately 150 years going into the Romantic period, no music was written for the recorder.
In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect. The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by jongleur's, medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompanyment. Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder.

In the 17th century, the french name for the instrument was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. Standing waves are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure nodes and velocity antinodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the fundamental wavelength. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumbhole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. Forked fingering is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This airstream travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its partials, which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the resonant frequencies of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest frequency and pitch. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by cross-fingering, forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.

[[File:Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level.png|thumb|Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

[[File:Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level (dB).png|thumb|Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

When plotting the frequency range of a certain note, such as C4 or D4, the graph shows that from 0-7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level gradually increases from 80 dB to approximately 90 dB. However, once the frequency passes 7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level rises to a steady 130 dB (approximately). This is maintained up to 2200 Hz (approximately).

Thread:Course talk:PHYS341/2018/project/saxophone/Diagrams

2018-03-25T01:47:42Z

TrinyFong: New thread: Diagrams

Great photographs but you would need to include diagrams for full marks. It's worth 3 marks. Full marks only for own work, maximum one mark for diagrams wholly copied from the web - zero if not cited. Diagrams are part of the criteria and will help visually explain the physics concepts.

Thread:Course talk:PHYS341/2018/project/saxophone/How to Play the Saxophone

2018-03-25T01:42:12Z

TrinyFong: New thread: How to Play the Saxophone

It would be good to explain the basics of how to hold and play the saxophone. For example, which hand is on top or bottom, what posture the player is in, and positional orientation of the instrument.

Thread:Course talk:PHYS341/2018/project/saxophone/Acoustics: Different Pitch Production

2018-03-25T01:41:42Z

TrinyFong: New thread: Acoustics: Different Pitch Production

Great, elaborate explanation on how the reed works to produce sound. However, it would be good to explain how different pitches are produced. For example, how is the sounding length of the instrument changed while playing the saxophone?

Thread:User talk:TrinyFong/How to Play the Saxophone

2018-03-25T01:39:14Z

TrinyFong: New thread: How to Play the Saxophone

It would be good to explain the basics of how to hold and play the saxophone. For example, which hand is on top or bottom, what posture the player is in, and positional orientation of the instrument.

User talk:TrinyFong

2018-03-25T01:35:51Z

TrinyFong: Talk page autocreated when first thread was posted

Thread:User talk:TrinyFong/Acoustics: Different Pitch Production

2018-03-25T01:35:51Z

TrinyFong: New thread: Acoustics: Different Pitch Production

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-03-16T19:47:04Z

TrinyFong:

==Intro==

The recorder is a type of internal duct flute that belongs to the wind instrument family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle mouthpiece. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone. Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.

==History==

The origin of the recorder dates back to prehistoric time when they were made out of animal bones. In the 15th and 16th century, the current form of the recorder was established. However, it wasn’t until the 17th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity. The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating than the recorders today. Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including G.F. Hande’s “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”

Unfortunately, during the Classical period from the mid-18th century to 19th century, the popularity of orchestras with pieces by Mozart and Beethoven proved the recorder to be limited in volume and the flute and for approximately 150 years going into the Romantic period, no music was written for the recorder.
In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect. The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by jongleur's, medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompanyment. Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder.

In the 17th century, the french name for the instrument was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. Standing waves are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure nodes and velocity antinodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the fundamental wavelength. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumbhole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. Forked fingering is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This airstream travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its partials, which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the resonant frequencies of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.

==Basic Production of Different Pitches==

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest pitch. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by cross-fingering, forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.

[[File:Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level.png|thumb|Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

[[File:Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level (dB).png|thumb|Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

When plotting the frequency range of a certain note, such as C4 or D4, the graph shows that from 0-7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level gradually increases from 80 dB to approximately 90 dB. However, once the frequency passes 7500 Hz, the relative sound pressure level rises to a steady 130 dB (approximately). This is maintained up to 2200 Hz (approximately).

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-03-16T19:41:27Z

TrinyFong:

Course:PHYS341/2018/project/recorder

2018-03-16T19:38:12Z

TrinyFong:

==Intro==

The recorder is a type of internal duct flute that belongs to the wind instrument family. Internal duct flutes are flutes with a whistle mouthpiece. The musical range of a recorder is two octaves and one tone. Sound is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece, and pitch can be controlled by covering and uncovering of the instrument's finger holes.

==History==

The origin of the recorder dates back to prehistoric time when they were made out of animal bones. In the 15th and 16th century, the current form of the recorder was established. However, it wasn’t until the 17th to mid-18th century, during the Baroque musical era when it peaked in popularity. The recorders in this era had a cylindrical bore, a broader timber and less stimulating than the recorders today. Sonata and concerto works were also produced for the recorders, including G.F. Hande’s “Seven Sonatas” and “Two Trio Sonatas.”

Unfortunately, during the Classical period from the mid-18th century to 19th century, the popularity of orchestras with pieces by Mozart and Beethoven proved the recorder to be limited in volume and the flute and for approximately 150 years going into the Romantic period, no music was written for the recorder.
In the 20th century, the recorder once again re-emerges as an instrument for amateur and educational purposes.

=== Etymology ===

The instrument name "recorder" derives from the Latin term recordārī, which means to remember, or recollect. The source of the instrument's name comes from the usage of the instrument by jongleur's, medieval European entertainers whose roles were to recite poems and present them often with musical accompanyment. Due to the jongleurs being 'recorders' of poems and stories, their musical instrument was termed the recorder.

In the 17th century, the french name for the instrument was 'flute douce' or simply "flute". After introduction of the instrument to England, the recorder was often referred to as the flute for some period. When the modern transverse flute overtook the popularity of the recorder by the 18th century, the recorder was called 'the common flute" or "English Flute".
"Flute" and "recorder"

[[File:Fig. 2 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|The front side of a recorder]][[File:Fig. 1 Recorder and Labelled Parts.JPG|thumb|The back side of a recorder.]]
==Structure/Construction==

From top to bottom, all recorders consist of a mouthpiece, head joint, middle joint, and foot joint. The recorder has 7 finger holes on the top of the recorder, and one thumb hole on the bottom. The mechanism of tonal change is manipulating the length of the air column through covering and uncovering of the holes.
The head joint contains the labium. At the top of the head joint is the mouthpiece, which is the part of the recorder the player places between their lips. The middle joint contains 6 of the finger holes, and the thumb hole on the bottom of the recorder. The foot joint contains the final finger hole, which has two smaller holes, and is turned slightly to the side.

High quality recorders are made of types of hardwoods, but plastic recorders are cheaper and lower maintenance.
As a member of the wind instrument family, the recorder plays with the properties of a pipe open at both ends. It has an approximately cylindrical air column. Standing waves are established in the pipes when a player blows into the mouthpiece. Pressure nodes and velocity antinodes are established at each end. The length of the recorder is equal to one half the fundamental wavelength. Uncovering of finger holes decreases the sounding length of the recorder and increases the pitch.

[[File:Fig. 3 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Playing a recorder with all tone holes covered.]][[File:Fig. 4 Playing a recorder.JPG|thumb|Playing a different pitch with some holes uncovered.]]
==Playing the recorder==

To play the recorder, hold it with both hands. Standard modern practice has the right hand as the lower hand and the left hand as the upper hand. There are 3 holes and a thumb hole in the back for the upper hand, and 4 holes for the lower hand. While playing, the recorder is supported by the lips that loosely seals around the beak and the thumb of the lower hand. Additional support from the other fingers are provided depending on the note that is being played. The instrument angle varies between the horizontal and vertical plane depending on the player’s preference.

To produce a sound, there must be coordination between the breath and fingers. Basic level of fingering involves sequential uncovering from the lowest hole to the highest start from hole 7. The holes are numbered 1-7 from the hole closest to the beak to the furthest, with the thumbhole numbered as 0. However, the fingering of the recorder is not strictly sequential. Half-covering or uncovering of holes can produce adjustment in pitches. Forked fingering is a technique where an open hole has covered holes below it. For example, 123 56 would be forked fingering. This alternate fingering also has a different harmonic profile from non-forked fingerings, generally producing a weaker sound. Other fingering techniques also involve partial covering of holes.

The recorder requires very little air pressure to produce a sound compared to reed or brasswind instruments. Players aim to produce long, controlled streams of air at lower pressure. Gradually increasing breath pressure and partial covering of holes is a more advanced technique that can increase volume and change the timbre, without changing the pitch.

For the modern Baroque model, the recorder allows for a range of two octaves and a tone.

===Recorder sound production===

Blowing into the mouthpiece directs a air stream across the labium (if the labium is covered, no sound is heard from the recorder). This airstream travels above or below the labium and excites standing waves within the tube of the recorder. The resulting wave has several vibrating nodes, corresponding to the fundamental and its partials, which are approximate integer multiples of the fundamental. This standing wave vibrates at the resonant frequencies of the tube, which produces its perceived pitch.
Basic Production of Different Pitches

=== Production of Musical Pitches ===

The pitch of the recorder is manipulated by covering and uncovering of some or all of the 7 finger holes. The sounding wavelength of the recorder is highest when all 7 holes are covered, which results in the lowest pitch. Sequentially uncovering of the finger holes shortens the vibrating length, which increases the pitch. For example, covering holes 0123456 produces a higher pitch than 01234567 when played.
The second octave range of the recorder is played by allowing the thumb hole to leak (covering half the thumb hole). This shortens the length of each of segment, and allows playing at the instrument’s second register. The second register has two velocity nodes.
More distinct tones can be produced by partially uncovering or covering the holes, also known as leaking or shading. Higher modes can be selected by cross-fingering, forcing the pressure node to be played at a different spot, thus allowing the tone to be played in a higher register.

[[File:Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level.png|thumb|Frequency Range of C4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]

[[File:Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level (dB).png|thumb|Frequency Range of D4 Plotted Against Relative Sound Pressure Level]]