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Course:FRST370/Projects/The Cultural and Conservation Significance of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area (MPA), North West Territories, Canada

2019-05-02T06:06:55Z

SimoneMiller:

This case study examines Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam (Ung-u-niak-via Ni-kig-e-um) Marine Protected Area (MPA), which was officially designated an MPA by the Canadian Government in 2016. The MPA is located around the west side of Darnley Bay in the Beaufort Sea, Northwest Territories, and is in close proximity to the Inuvialuit community of Palatuk, who have traditionally hunted and harvested food from the protected area. Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is also home to roughly 40,000 Beluga whales (27% of the world’s population),<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arctictoday.com/inuvialuit-environmentalists-praise-new-marine-protected-area-in-canadian-arctic/?wallit_nosession=1|title=Inuvialuit, environmentalists praise new marine protected area in Canadian Arctic|last=|first=Nunatsiaq News|date=November 22nd, 2016|website=Arctic Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> bowheads, numerous seabirds and other wildlife. Traditional Indigenous knowledge was used extensively in crafting conservational goals, and acknowledgement of Indigenous land usage has also been factored into the creation of this MPA; setting a promising example for future MPAs. This study will be observing the collaboration between different actors—examples being the Inuvialuit and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans—in creating and managing the MPA. It will also be exploring tenure agreements, conservational goals and the cultural significance of this MPA for the Inuvialuit people.

==Description==

==== Location ====
[[File:Northwest Territories municipalities.png|thumb|Map of Northwest Territories; Paulatuk Village indicated on the Northern Coastline. By [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Hwy43 Hwy43] via [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Northwest_Territories_municipalities.png Wikimedia Commons]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en CC BY 3.0.]]]
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is located in Darnley Bay, the Western Canadian Arctic. Approximately 2,361 km2 in size,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2016/2016-06-25/html/reg3-eng.html|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=Department of Fisheries and Oceans|date=June 25, 2016|website=Canada Gazette|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> it lies within the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jointsecretariat.ca/resources/inuvialuit-settlement-region/|title=Inuvialuit Settlement Region|last=|first=|date=|website=Joint Secretariat|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> next to the community of Paulatuk, Northwest Territories. Paulatuk has a population of 300, and "...is the only coastal community in Darnley Bay, and is located on its southern coastline. Darnley Bay is a large productive bay which opens into Amundsen Gulf to the north, thereby linking it to the Beaufort Sea to the west and Northwest Passage to the east.” <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/anaoi-synth.pdf|title=Ecological Overview and Assessment Report Anuniaqvia niqiqyuam Area of Interest|last=Chambers, MacDonell|first=C. , D.|date=December 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|page=3|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Creation of the MPA ====
In 2008, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) received funding to establish a new MPA in the ‘Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area’.<ref name=":0" /> Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was “recognized from the perspective of both science and traditional Inuvialuit knowledge as being an ecologically important area”.<ref name=":0" /> In 2009, along with two other potential marine areas in proximity to the communities of Sachs Harbour and Ulukhaktok, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was nominated as an area of interest (AOI) to be considered for MPA status.<ref name=":1" /> The three areas were then “screened against selection criteria based on ecological, social, economic, and cultural factors”<ref name=":0" /> Selection criteria was as follows:
# Presence of culturally important species in the area;
# Identification of the area in a Community Conservation Plan;
# Ecological importance of the area;
# Level of biodiversity within the area;
# Level of productivity within the area;
# Presence of threats to the area and how immediate such threats are;
# Possibility of future conflicts with stakeholders; and
# Contributions of the area to social and cultural values.<ref name=":1" />

The outcome of the screening lead to Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam being deemed by the three communities and other stakeholders as the most suitable area for establishing an MPA. The boundaries of the MPA were crafted with the assistance of members of Paulatuk, using their knowledge of wildlife migration, marine vegetation, hunting and fishing areas, and culturally important spaces as guidelines for consideration.<ref name=":16" />

It was nominated by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), the territorial government of the NWT and local communities of Paulatuk, Ulukhaktok and Sachs Harbour.<ref name=":1" /> On November 16th 2016, the area was officially announced as an MPA by the Federal Government of Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2016/2016-11-16/html/sor-dors280-eng.html|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=|date=|website=Canada Gazette|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Ecological Importance of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam contains the only nesting ground of Thick-Billed Murre birds in the Western Arctic, and annually hosts 40,000 migrating beluga whales; nearly a third of the world’s population.<ref name=":8" /> Animals of important in the area:[[File:ThickbilledMurre23.jpg|thumb|Thick-Billed Murres. By U.S. Geological Survey via [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ThickbilledMurre23.jpg Wikimedia Commons.] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/public_domain Public Domain]. ]]
# Belugas: The protection of the area will help sustain beluga numbers, and will provide important opportunities for scientific research and monitoring of the beluga population. This monitoring will give important insight into the overall health of the global beluga population.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />
# Thick-Billed Murre: The creation of the MPA would provide protection to the only nesting ground in the Western Canadian Arctic.<ref name=":9" />
# Arctic Char: the Darnley Bay area is a feeding ground and nearshore migration area for these fish of cultural and subsistence importance to the people of Paulatuk. Commercial fishing of Arctic Char was halted in the region due to diminishing numbers.<ref name=":9" />
# Polar Bears: In winter, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam's sea ice provides breeding and feeding grounds for polar bears.<ref name=":9" />
# The area also holds several important ecological sites, such as: deep water holes in the Hornaday river estuary where the Arctic Char overwinter, ice-edge habitats during spring, and kelp beds which are potentially unique to the Beaufort sea area.<ref name=":9" />

==== Cultural Significance of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is of cultural importance to the people of Paulatuk, as it is their traditional hunting and harvesting territory—much of their history is tied directly to the area.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/paulatuk-tk-workshop-report_september_2012_final.pdf|title=Traditional and Local Knowledge Workshop for the Paulatuk Area of Interest|last=|first=|date=September 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The ability to transmit traditional knowledge (such as of hunting and land-based practices) though generations is crucial to the survival of Inuit communities; particularly in light of the history of residential schools, the oppression and diaspora inflicted on Inuit people by the Canadian government.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Hoover, Ostertag, Hornby, Parker, Hansen-Craik, Loseto, Pearce|first=Carie, Sonja, Claire, Colleen, Kayla, Lisa, Tristan|date=July 2016|title=The Continued Importance of Hunting for Future Inuit Food Security|url=https://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/article/continued-importance-hunting-future-inuit-food-security/|journal=Solutions|volume=6|pages=40-51|via=}}</ref>

The people of Paulatuk rely heavily on sustenance harvested or hunted from the MPA due to the remoteness of their community; as food and other supplies need to be brought in via boat, the cost of basic foodstuffs is exponentially higher than in the rest of Canada.<ref name=":12" />

Another consideration is the cost of keeping food in fridges or freezers as opposed to traditional methods of preserving food that was hunted or harvested. The traditional method is much more affordable and sustainable for members of their community, and helps them maintain ties to their history and culture. As there are few economic opportunities for members of the community due to the town's remoteness, many livelihoods of adults within the community come from hunting or fishing.<ref name=":12" />

==== Ecological Threats to the MPA ====
Rapid environmental changes within the Arctic region could lead to an increase of opportunities for socio-economic activities with potentially detrimental effects to the environment. For example, warming of the climate leads to less ice and longer open-sea seasons, which would allow for increase in shipping, resource exploitation (such as for oil and gas), more commercial fishing and tourism. An increase in these activities would pose a great threat for the biodiversity and ecological functions of the area.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/anaoi-synth.pdf|title=Ecological Overview and Assessment Report Anuniaqvia niqiqyuam Area of Interest|last=Chambers, MacDonell|first=C., D.|date=December 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==

==== Treaties ====
[[File:Inuvialuit Settlement Region.jpg|thumb|Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR). By Inuvialuit Final Agreement & Western Arctic (Inuvialuit) Claims Settlement Act via [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region.jpg Wikimedia Commons]. [https://open.canada.ca/en/open-government-licence-canada Open Government License Canada 2.0].]]
Darnley Bay and the community of Paulatuk fall under the area of Treaty 11, a treaty established between the King George V and Indigenous communities across the NWT, signed between 1921 and 1922.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100028912/1100100028914|title=Treaty Research Report - Treaty No. 11 (1921)|last=Coates, Morrison|first=Kenneth S, William R.|date=1986|website=Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A renegotiation of the treaty, finalized on June 5th 1984, is known as the “Inuvialuit Final Agreement”. This agreement established the ISR as land designated specifically for the Inuvialuit people's usage; that in exchange for the Government claiming title to the land, Indigenous people’s rights to traditional land usage, such as trapping, hunting, and fishing are legally secure within certain guidelines.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/inuvialuit-final-agreement|title=Inuvialuit Final Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The agreement states that the “Inuvialuit will receive ownership to the beds of lakes, rivers and water bodies, subject to a 100 foot access strip around the seacoast and shorelines of navigable waters for travel, recreation and emergency purposes”.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/sites/default/files/IFA%20Summary.pdf|title=Summary of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> In all cases, the Crown holds ownership over the water. Although the state holds statutory ownership of the MPA's waters, the people of Paulatuk have legal rights to access the MPA and engage in traditional and sustainable harvesting or hunting.<ref name=":2" />

==== Potential Tenure Conflicts ====
A consideration which helped ensure Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam's MPA status is the region's lack of overlapping tenure claims.

Within the area, the only “current, non-renewable resource sector… is mining.”<ref name=":0" /> Parry Peninsula, adjacent to the MPA, hosts a geological anomaly which is believed to be rich in copper and nickel. There are two companies—Diadem Resources Limited and Darnley Bay Resources Limited (now Pine Point Mining Limited)—which hold mineral rights to the area, but these rights do not overlap with the boundaries of the MPA.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" />

“Commercial fishing in the area has been closed since 1986 due to a population decline of Arctic Char, and is unlikely to develop in the near future…”<ref name=":0" /> Because of this, the MPA does not impose any extra costs on the commercial fishing sector as there is no foregone revenue or “higher costs of operation”, and there is unlikely to be any tenure conflicts in this sector.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" />

==Administrative arrangements==

==== Management of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is within the boundaries of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), “one of five priority areas identified for integrated ocean management planning by the Government of Canada.” The areas within LOMA are under “integrated management”, a collaborative management and planning process lead by the DFO and which operates through several levels of regional governance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/beaufortsea-loma/|title=Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

1) There are “working groups”, which are the ‘on the ground’ management worker; the lowest tier of management created by the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) as they are needed for particular causes. These groups research and construct foundation pieces on which ocean management plans for sustainable development is based. They include experts from BSP organizations. There are Working Groups focusing on community consultation, traditional knowledge, biophysical issues/natural sciences, and more.

2) There is the Beaufort Sea Partnership, to which the Working Groups refer and send their findings to. The BSP builds on the findings of the Working Groups the create management plans, which then continue up the chain to the RCC.

3) There is the RCC, to which the BSP refers to and which is the top tier of regional management overseeing the area under which the MPA falls.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/|title=Governance - Beaufort Sea Partnership|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Members of Paulatuk follow their local community management plans.

==== Reporting System ====
Any activity within the MPA from actors outside of the village of Paulatuk requires a permit issued from the Department of Oceans and Fisheries (DFO). In order to have an Activity Plan approved, a form detailing the activity and its purpose must be submitted to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans for approval 60 days before the proposed activity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/initiatives/anguniaqvia-niqiqyuam-area-of-interest/1085-2/|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Activity Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2016-280/page-1.html#h-5|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=|date=|website=Justice Laws Website|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Management Plans within the MPA ====
[[File:Beluga, Weißwal (Delphinapterus leucas).jpg|thumb|Beluga whale. By [http://fotos.naturspot.de/ Eva Hejda] via [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beluga,_Wei%C3%9Fwal_(Delphinapterus_leucas).jpg Wikimedia Commons]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 2.0]]]
There are three separate management plans operating within the MPA.

1) Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan: this plan is a joint effort between the DFO, the FJMC, Hunters and Trappers Committee (HTC) and the Inuvialuit of Paulatuk and other communities. It aims to protect the beluga population long-term while maintaining sustainable harvesting of belugas by the Inuvialuit. It facilitates co-operative monitoring of the belugas by the Inuvialuit, HTC, FJMC and DFO.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Beaufort-Sea-Beluga-Management-Plan-2013.pdf|title=Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/sceoar_paulatukaoi-17may2012-1.pdf|title=Socio-Economic Assessment of the Darnley Bay Area of Interest|last=|first=Department of Fisheries and Oceans|date=2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

2) The Paulatuk Community Conservation Plan: this plan identifies important ecological, cultural and/or sensitive areas within the MPA. It seeks to create a community process for land use decisions, and outlines a general system for wildlife management as well as conservation measures for each species of concern. It blends "knowledge of community and others with expertise". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.screeningcommittee.ca/pdf/ccp/Paulatuk_CCP.pdf|title=Paulatuk Community Conservation Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Screening Committee|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

3) The Paulatuk Char Management Plan: this plan aims to ensure a "healthy stock of Arctic Char"<ref name=":14" /> by protecting their habitat and managing population while ensuring that Inuvialuit subsistence needs are being met. The plan is a joint effort by the Paulatuk Hunters and Trappers Committee, FJMC and DFO. <ref name=":9" /><ref name=":14" />

==Affected Stakeholders==

==== The Community of Paulatuk ====
The people of Paulatuk are the immediate affected stakeholders in the MPA. They have customary rights to the area of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam as it is their traditional hunting, trapping, and harvesting territory; thus having great cultural significance and providing for the villages major economic activities: hunting, trapping and fishing. The MPA helps to provide security in those activities for the community. <ref name=":15" />

Under the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, they also have statutory rights to access and and continue to use the MPA's resources.<ref name=":13" /> ⅔ of the adult population of Paulatuk engage in hunting, fishing or harvesting from the MPA to supplement their livelihood due to the remoteness of the community.<ref name=":14" />

The community's goals are to preserve and protect the ecological and biological integrity of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam, while maintaining their rights to hunting and harvesting from the land.

Although other stakeholders worked closely with Paulatuk in the creation of the MPA and continue to do so in managing the MPA, the village holds a relatively small amount of power due to being such a small and marginalized community.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==

==== Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) ====
The RCC is an co-operational and overarching planning committee which promotes integrated resource management in the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), an area under which the MPA falls.<ref name=":4" /> This coordination committee oversees the management of the MPA. It is co-chaired by several stakeholders, such as: The DFO, FJMC, and the IRC. Representatives from Paulatuk and other coastal communities in the area also sit on the committee. Other stakeholders who sit on the committee include:
# Inuvialuit Game Council (IGC)
# Parks Canada Agency (PCA)
# Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC)
# Yukon Government (YG)
# Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT)
# Environment Canada (EC)
# Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)
# Transport Canada (TC)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/regional-coordination-committee/|title=Regional Coordination Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== The Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) ====
The DFO is an interested stakeholder in the MPA. The federal department manages Canada’s fisheries, oceans, and freshwater resources. It is a part of the Integrated Management Plan in the Beaufort Sea, which is rooted in “developing international ocean governance processes and Canada’s ocean related international commitments”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/integrated-oceans-management-plan/|title=Integrated Oceans Management Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The DFO holds the most power of all the stakeholders within the MPA, as it is the stakeholder closest to the government, and the stakeholder which receives funding from the federal government for the creation and management of the MPA. The DFO was confirmed in the 1997 Oceans Act as the lead federal authority for oceans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/publications/cos-soc/index-eng.html|title=Canada's Oceans Strategy|last=|first=|date=|website=Fisheries and Oceans Canada|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Their goals were to choose an ecologically and culturally significant area that would benefit from the protection of an MPA, but would also not cause losses to economically important departments within Canada—for example, creating an MPA where there is highly profitable commercial fishing taking place, or where oil or gas are already being extracted.

The DFO sits on the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC).<ref name=":4" />

==== The Fisheries Joint Management Committee (FJMC) ====
The FJMC is an interested stakeholder in the MPA. The FJMC is a “co-management” organization which “works jointly with the DFO to co-manage all with, fish habitat, and marine mammals within the ISR.”<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://jointsecretariat.ca/co-management-system/fisheries-joint-management-committee/|title=Fisheries Joint Management Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=Joint Secretariat|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> On the committee two members are appointed by the Inuvialuit (Inuvialuit Game Council), two are appointed by the Government of Canada (through Orders in Council), and the chair of the committee is selected by the appointed members.

The FJMC works jointly with the DFO and also sits on the RCC, but has less relative power. For example, the FJMC has the power to directly advise the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans on fisheries issues,<ref name=":5" /> but the DFO holds the final call on decision making.

The FJMC is in charge of the Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan (BSBMP), which is in operation in the Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam MPA—the plan focuses on ensuring that the beluga population is maintained at a thriving level and to “provide for optimum sustainable harvest of beluga by the Inuvialuit."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Beaufort-Sea-Beluga-Management-Plan-2013.pdf|title=Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan|last=|first=Fisheries Joint Management Committee|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnerships|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> As Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam hosts such a large number of migrating belugas annually, the protection of the area is integral to the research for the BSBMP and for the implementation of the management plan.

==== The Inuvialuit Regional Corporation (IRC) ====
The IRC is an interested stakeholder in the MPA, and there are some affected stakeholders within the IRC as community members of Paulatuk are involved in the corporation.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/community-corporations|title=Community Corporations|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The IRC was developed in 1984 to manage the settlement between the Federal Government and the Inuvialuit people outlined in the Inuvialuit Final Agreement.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/about-irc|title=About IRC|last=|first=|date=2018|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The IRC holds some power over what occurs within the MPA as it sits on the RCC, but like the FJMC it differs to the DFO.

The IRC “Represents the collective Inuvialuit interests in dealings with governments and the world at large...to continually improve the economic, social, and cultural well-being of the Inuvialuit”<ref name=":7" /> These goals, and the fact that the IRC represents the community of Paulatuk to the government, means that they have a vested interest in the success and maintenance of the MPA.<ref name=":6" />

==== The Beaufort Sea Partnership (BSP) ====
The BSP is the “primary forum for stakeholder engagement in integrated ocean management of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area, with broad stakeholder representation from 54 different organizations”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/beaufortsea-partnership/|title=Beaufort Sea Partnership|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

This forum represents a wide variety of interests and stakeholders, and as such it is difficult to pinpoint what their any particular interest in the MPA may be.

They make recommendations to the RCC, but they are a tier below the members of the RCC in terms of the amount of power held.<ref name=":3" />

==Discussion==
The MPA appears to be a success story, although it is still a new creation and as such it's state and progress can be difficult to assess. However, there appears to be no conflict between actors within or over the MPA, and there has been documented progress made on the study and protection of belugas and other marine wildlife within the MPA.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Loseto, Hoover, Ostertag, Whalen, Pearce, Paulic, Iacozza, MacPhee|first=L.L., C, S., D., T., J., J., S.,|date=November 18, 2018|title=Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), environmental change and marine protected areas in the Western Canadian Arctic|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S0272771417311319|journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science|volume=Volume 212|pages=128-137|via=}}</ref>

==Assessment==
The rights of the people of Paulatuk have also been respected, and they remain involved in the MPA as key stakeholders. The creation and management of the MPA interwove scientific knowledge with traditional Inuvialuit knowledge,<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/paulatuk-tk-workshop-report_september_2012_final.pdf|title=Traditional and Local Knowledge Workshop for the Paulatuk Area of Interest|last=|first=|date=September 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> and worked closely with the affected stakeholders (the people of Paulatuk), which makes it an important example for future MPAs.

Here is a short documentary from 2018 showing a 'day in the life' of the people of Paulatuk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLwTK9xEkEo

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=Simone Miller
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Course:FRST370/Projects/The Cultural and Conservation Significance of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area (MPA), North West Territories, Canada

2019-05-02T05:23:52Z

SimoneMiller:

This case study examines Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam (Ung-u-niak-via Ni-kig-e-um) Marine Protected Area (MPA), which was officially designated an MPA by the Canadian Government in 2016. The MPA is located around the west side of Darnley Bay in the Beaufort Sea, Northwest Territories, and is in close proximity to the Inuvialuit community of Palatuk, who have traditionally hunted and harvested food from the protected area. Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is also home to roughly 40,000 Beluga whales (27% of the world’s population),<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arctictoday.com/inuvialuit-environmentalists-praise-new-marine-protected-area-in-canadian-arctic/?wallit_nosession=1|title=Inuvialuit, environmentalists praise new marine protected area in Canadian Arctic|last=|first=Nunatsiaq News|date=November 22nd, 2016|website=Arctic Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> bowheads, numerous seabirds and other wildlife. Traditional Indigenous knowledge was used extensively in crafting conservational goals, and acknowledgement of Indigenous land usage has also been factored into the creation of this MPA; setting a promising example for future MPAs. This study will be observing the collaboration between different actors—examples being the Inuvialuit and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans—in creating and managing the MPA. It will also be exploring tenure agreements, conservational goals and the cultural significance of this MPA for the Inuvialuit people.

==Description==

==== Location ====
[[File:Northwest Territories municipalities.png|thumb|Map of Northwest Territories; Paulatuk Village indicated on the Northern Coastline. By [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Hwy43 Hwy43] via [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Northwest_Territories_municipalities.png Wikimedia Commons]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en CC BY 3.0.]]]
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is located in Darnley Bay, the Western Canadian Arctic. Approximately 2,361 km2 in size,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2016/2016-06-25/html/reg3-eng.html|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=Department of Fisheries and Oceans|date=June 25, 2016|website=Canada Gazette|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> it lies within the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jointsecretariat.ca/resources/inuvialuit-settlement-region/|title=Inuvialuit Settlement Region|last=|first=|date=|website=Joint Secretariat|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> next to the community of Paulatuk, Northwest Territories. Paulatuk has a population of 300, and "...is the only coastal community in Darnley Bay, and is located on its southern coastline. Darnley Bay is a large productive bay which opens into Amundsen Gulf to the north, thereby linking it to the Beaufort Sea to the west and Northwest Passage to the east.” <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/anaoi-synth.pdf|title=Ecological Overview and Assessment Report Anuniaqvia niqiqyuam Area of Interest|last=Chambers, MacDonell|first=C. , D.|date=December 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|page=3|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Creation of the MPA ====
In 2008, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) received funding to establish a new MPA in the ‘Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area’.<ref name=":0" /> Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was “recognized from the perspective of both science and traditional Inuvialuit knowledge as being an ecologically important area”.<ref name=":0" /> In 2009, along with two other potential marine areas in proximity to the communities of Sachs Harbour and Ulukhaktok, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was nominated as an area of interest (AOI) to be considered for MPA status.<ref name=":1" /> The three areas were then “screened against selection criteria based on ecological, social, economic, and cultural factors”<ref name=":0" /> Selection criteria was as follows:
# Presence of culturally important species in the area;
# Identification of the area in a Community Conservation Plan;
# Ecological importance of the area;
# Level of biodiversity within the area;
# Level of productivity within the area;
# Presence of threats to the area and how immediate such threats are;
# Possibility of future conflicts with stakeholders; and
# Contributions of the area to social and cultural values.<ref name=":1" />

The outcome of the screening lead to Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam being deemed by the three communities and other stakeholders as the most suitable area for establishing an MPA. The boundaries of the MPA were crafted with the assistance of members of Paulatuk, using their knowledge of wildlife migration, marine vegetation, hunting and fishing areas, and culturally important spaces as guidelines for consideration.<ref name=":16" />

It was nominated by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), the territorial government of the NWT and local communities of Paulatuk, Ulukhaktok and Sachs Harbour.<ref name=":1" /> On November 16th 2016, the area was officially announced as an MPA by the Federal Government of Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2016/2016-11-16/html/sor-dors280-eng.html|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=|date=|website=Canada Gazette|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Ecological Importance of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam contains the only nesting ground of Thick-Billed Murre birds in the Western Arctic, and annually hosts 40,000 migrating beluga whales; nearly a third of the world’s population.<ref name=":8" /> Animals of important in the area:[[File:ThickbilledMurre23.jpg|thumb|Thick-Billed Murres. By U.S. Geological Survey via [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ThickbilledMurre23.jpg Wikimedia Commons.] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/public_domain Public Domain]. ]]
# Belugas: The protection of the area will help sustain beluga numbers, and will provide important opportunities for scientific research and monitoring of the beluga population. This monitoring will give important insight into the overall health of the global beluga population.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />
# Thick-Billed Murre: The creation of the MPA would provide protection to the only nesting ground in the Western Canadian Arctic.<ref name=":9" />
# Arctic Char: the Darnley Bay area is a feeding ground and nearshore migration area for these fish of cultural and subsistence importance to the people of Paulatuk. Commercial fishing of Arctic Char was halted in the region due to diminishing numbers.<ref name=":9" />
# Polar Bears: In winter, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam's sea ice provides breeding and feeding grounds for polar bears.<ref name=":9" />
# The area also holds several important ecological sites, such as: deep water holes in the Hornaday river estuary where the Arctic Char overwinter, ice-edge habitats during spring, and kelp beds which are potentially unique to the Beaufort sea area.<ref name=":9" />

==== Cultural Significance of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is of cultural importance to the people of Paulatuk, as it is their traditional hunting and harvesting territory—much of their history is tied directly to the area.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/paulatuk-tk-workshop-report_september_2012_final.pdf|title=Traditional and Local Knowledge Workshop for the Paulatuk Area of Interest|last=|first=|date=September 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The ability to transmit traditional knowledge (such as of hunting and land-based practices) though generations is crucial to the survival of Inuit communities; particularly in light of the history of residential schools, the oppression and diaspora inflicted on Inuit people by the Canadian government.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Hoover, Ostertag, Hornby, Parker, Hansen-Craik, Loseto, Pearce|first=Carie, Sonja, Claire, Colleen, Kayla, Lisa, Tristan|date=July 2016|title=The Continued Importance of Hunting for Future Inuit Food Security|url=https://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/article/continued-importance-hunting-future-inuit-food-security/|journal=Solutions|volume=6|pages=40-51|via=}}</ref>

The people of Paulatuk rely heavily on sustenance harvested or hunted from the MPA due to the remoteness of their community; as food and other supplies need to be brought in via boat, the cost of basic foodstuffs is exponentially higher than in the rest of Canada.<ref name=":12" />

Another consideration is the cost of keeping food in fridges or freezers as opposed to traditional methods of preserving food that was hunted or harvested. The traditional method is much more affordable and sustainable for members of their community and helps them maintain ties to their history and culture. As there are few economic opportunities for members of the community due to its remoteness, many of the livelihoods of adults within the community come from hunting or fishing.<ref name=":12" />

==== Ecological Threats to the MPA ====
Rapid environmental changes within the Arctic region could lead to an increase of opportunities for socio-economic activities with potentially detrimental effects to the environment. For example, warming of the climate leads to less ice and longer open-sea seasons, which would allow for increase in shipping, resource exploitation (such as for oil and gas), more commercial fishing and tourism. An increase in these activities would pose a great threat for the biodiversity and ecological functions of the area.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/anaoi-synth.pdf|title=Ecological Overview and Assessment Report Anuniaqvia niqiqyuam Area of Interest|last=Chambers, MacDonell|first=C., D.|date=December 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==

==== Treaties ====
[[File:Inuvialuit Settlement Region.jpg|thumb|Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR). By Inuvialuit Final Agreement & Western Arctic (Inuvialuit) Claims Settlement Act via [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region.jpg Wikimedia Commons]. [https://open.canada.ca/en/open-government-licence-canada Open Government License Canada 2.0].]]
Darnley Bay and the community of Paulatuk fall under the area of Treaty 11, a treaty established between the King George V and Indigenous communities across the NWT, signed between 1921 and 1922.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100028912/1100100028914|title=Treaty Research Report - Treaty No. 11 (1921)|last=Coates, Morrison|first=Kenneth S, William R.|date=1986|website=Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A renegotiation of the treaty, finalized on June 5th 1984, is known as the “Inuvialuit Final Agreement”. This agreement established the ISR as land designated specifically for the Inuvialuit people's usage; that in exchange for the Government claiming title to the land, Indigenous people’s rights to traditional land usage, such as trapping, hunting, and fishing are legally secure within certain guidelines.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/inuvialuit-final-agreement|title=Inuvialuit Final Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The agreement states that the “Inuvialuit will receive ownership to the beds of lakes, rivers and water bodies, subject to a 100 foot access strip around the seacoast and shorelines of navigable waters for travel, recreation and emergency purposes”.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/sites/default/files/IFA%20Summary.pdf|title=Summary of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> In all cases, the Crown holds ownership over the water. Although the state holds statutory ownership of the MPA's waters, the people of Paulatuk have legal rights to access the MPA and engage in traditional and sustainable harvesting or hunting.<ref name=":2" />

==== Potential Tenure Conflicts ====
A consideration which helped ensure Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam's MPA status is the region's lack of overlapping tenure claims.

Within the area, the only “current, non-renewable resource sector… is mining.”<ref name=":0" /> Parry Peninsula, adjacent to the MPA, hosts a geological anomaly which is believed to be rich in copper and nickel. There are two companies—Diadem Resources Limited and Darnley Bay Resources Limited (now Pine Point Mining Limited)—which hold mineral rights to the area, but these rights do not overlap with the boundaries of the MPA.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" />

“Commercial fishing in the area has been closed since 1986 due to a population decline of Arctic Char, and is unlikely to develop in the near future…”<ref name=":0" /> Because of this, the MPA does not impose any extra costs on the commercial fishing sector as there is no foregone revenue or “higher costs of operation”, and there is unlikely to be any tenure conflicts in this sector.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" />

==Administrative arrangements==

==== Management of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is within the boundaries of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), “one of five priority areas identified for integrated ocean management planning by the Government of Canada.” The areas within LOMA are under “integrated management”, a collaborative management and planning process lead by the DFO and which operates through several levels of regional governance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/beaufortsea-loma/|title=Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

1) There are “working groups”, which are the ‘on the ground’ management worker; the lowest tier of management created by the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) as they are needed for particular causes. These groups research and construct foundation pieces on which ocean management plans for sustainable development is based. They include experts from BSP organizations. There are Working Groups focusing on community consultation, traditional knowledge, biophysical issues/natural sciences, and more.

2) There is the Beaufort Sea Partnership, to which the Working Groups refer and send their findings to. The BSP builds on the findings of the Working Groups the create management plans, which then continue up the chain to the RCC.

3) There is the RCC, to which the BSP refers to and which is the top tier of regional management overseeing the area under which the MPA falls.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/|title=Governance - Beaufort Sea Partnership|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Members of Paulatuk follow their local community management plan, which

==== Reporting System ====
Any activity within the MPA from actors outside of the village of Paulatuk requires a permit issued from the Department of Oceans and Fisheries (DFO). In order to have an Activity Plan approved, a form detailing the activity and its purpose must be submitted to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans for approval 60 days before the proposed activity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/initiatives/anguniaqvia-niqiqyuam-area-of-interest/1085-2/|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Activity Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2016-280/page-1.html#h-5|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=|date=|website=Justice Laws Website|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Management Plans within the MPA ====
[[File:Beluga, Weißwal (Delphinapterus leucas).jpg|thumb|Beluga whale. By [http://fotos.naturspot.de/ Eva Hejda] via [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beluga,_Wei%C3%9Fwal_(Delphinapterus_leucas).jpg Wikimedia Commons]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 2.0]]]
There are three separate management plans operating within the MPA.

1) Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan: this plan is a joint effort between the DFO, the FJMC, Hunters and Trappers Committee (HTC) and the Inuvialuit of Paulatuk and other communities. It aims to protect the beluga population long-term while maintaining sustainable harvesting of belugas by the Inuvialuit. It facilitates co-operative monitoring of the belugas by the Inuvialuit, HTC, FJMC and DFO.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Beaufort-Sea-Beluga-Management-Plan-2013.pdf|title=Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/sceoar_paulatukaoi-17may2012-1.pdf|title=Socio-Economic Assessment of the Darnley Bay Area of Interest|last=|first=Department of Fisheries and Oceans|date=2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

2) The Paulatuk Community Conservation Plan: this plan identifies important ecological, cultural and/or sensitive areas within the MPA. It seeks to create a community process for land use decisions, and outlines a general system for wildlife management as well as conservation measures for each species of concern. It blends "knowledge of community and others with expertise". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.screeningcommittee.ca/pdf/ccp/Paulatuk_CCP.pdf|title=Paulatuk Community Conservation Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Screening Committee|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

3) The Paulatuk Char Management Plan: this plan aims to ensure a "healthy stock of Arctic Char"<ref name=":14" /> by protecting their habitat and managing population while ensuring that Inuvialuit subsistence needs are being met. The plan is a joint effort by the Paulatuk Hunters and Trappers Committee, FJMC and DFO. <ref name=":9" /><ref name=":14" />

==Affected Stakeholders==

==== The Community of Paulatuk ====
The people of Paulatuk are the immediate affected stakeholders in the MPA. They have customary rights to the area of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam as it is their traditional hunting, trapping, and harvesting territory; thus having great cultural significance and providing for the villages major economic activities: hunting, trapping and fishing. The MPA helps to provide security in those activities for the community. <ref name=":15" />

Under the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, they also have statutory rights to access and and continue to use the MPA's resources.<ref name=":13" />

⅔ of the adult population of Paulatuk engage in hunting, fishing or harvesting from the MPA to supplement their livelihood due to the remoteness of the community.<ref name=":14" />

Their goals are to preserve and protect the ecological and biological integrity of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam, while maintaining their rights to hunting and harvesting from the land.

Although other stakeholders worked closely with Paulatuk in the creation of the MPA and continue to do so in managing the MPA, the village holds a relatively small amount of power due to being such a small and marginalized community.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==

==== Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) ====
The RCC is an co-operational and overarching planning committee which promotes integrated resource management in the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), an area under which the MPA falls.<ref name=":4" /> This coordination committee oversees the management of the MPA. It is co-chaired by several stakeholders, such as: The DFO, FJMC, and the IRC. Representatives from Paulatuk and other coastal communities in the area also sit on the committee. Other stakeholders who sit on the committee include:
# Inuvialuit Game Council (IGC)
# Parks Canada Agency (PCA)
# Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC)
# Yukon Government (YG)
# Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT)
# Environment Canada (EC)
# Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)
# Transport Canada (TC)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/regional-coordination-committee/|title=Regional Coordination Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== The Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) ====
The DFO is an interested stakeholder in the MPA. The federal department manages Canada’s fisheries, oceans, and freshwater resources. It is a part of the Integrated Management Plan in the Beaufort Sea, which is rooted in “developing international ocean governance processes and Canada’s ocean related international commitments”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/integrated-oceans-management-plan/|title=Integrated Oceans Management Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The DFO holds the most power of all the stakeholders within the MPA, as it is the stakeholder closest to the government, and the stakeholder which receives funding from the federal government for the creation and management of the MPA. The DFO was confirmed in the 1997 Oceans Act as the lead federal authority for oceans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/publications/cos-soc/index-eng.html|title=Canada's Oceans Strategy|last=|first=|date=|website=Fisheries and Oceans Canada|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Their goals were to choose an ecologically and culturally significant area that would benefit from the protection of an MPA, but would also not cause losses to economically important departments within Canada—for example, creating an MPA where there is highly profitable commercial fishing taking place, or where oil or gas are already being extracted.

The DFO sits on the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC).<ref name=":4" />

==== The Fisheries Joint Management Committee (FJMC) ====
The FJMC is an interested stakeholder in the MPA. The FJMC is a “co-management” organization which “works jointly with the DFO to co-manage all with, fish habitat, and marine mammals within the ISR.”<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://jointsecretariat.ca/co-management-system/fisheries-joint-management-committee/|title=Fisheries Joint Management Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=Joint Secretariat|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> On the committee two members are appointed by the Inuvialuit (Inuvialuit Game Council), two are appointed by the Government of Canada (through Orders in Council), and the chair of the committee is selected by the appointed members.

The FJMC works jointly with the DFO and also sits on the RCC, but has less relative power. For example, the FJMC has the power to directly advise the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans on fisheries issues,<ref name=":5" /> but the DFO holds the final call on decision making.

The FJMC is in charge of the Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan (BSBMP), which is in operation in the Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam MPA—the plan focuses on ensuring that the beluga population is maintained at a thriving level and to “provide for optimum sustainable harvest of beluga by the Inuvialuit."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Beaufort-Sea-Beluga-Management-Plan-2013.pdf|title=Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan|last=|first=Fisheries Joint Management Committee|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnerships|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> As Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam hosts such a large number of migrating belugas annually, the protection of the area is integral to the research for the BSBMP and for the implementation of the management plan.

==== The Inuvialuit Regional Corporation (IRC) ====
The IRC is an interested stakeholder in the MPA, and there are some affected stakeholders within the IRC as community members of Paulatuk are involved in the corporation.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/community-corporations|title=Community Corporations|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The IRC was developed in 1984 to manage the settlement between the Federal Government and the Inuvialuit people outlined in the Inuvialuit Final Agreement.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/about-irc|title=About IRC|last=|first=|date=2018|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The IRC holds some power over what occurs within the MPA as it sits on the RCC, but like the FJMC it differs to the DFO.

The IRC “Represents the collective Inuvialuit interests in dealings with governments and the world at large...to continually improve the economic, social, and cultural well-being of the Inuvialuit”<ref name=":7" /> These goals, and the fact that the IRC represents the community of Paulatuk to the government, means that they have a vested interest in the success and maintenance of the MPA.<ref name=":6" />

==== The Beaufort Sea Partnership (BSP) ====
The BSP is the “primary forum for stakeholder engagement in integrated ocean management of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area, with broad stakeholder representation from 54 different organizations”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/beaufortsea-partnership/|title=Beaufort Sea Partnership|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

This forum represents a wide variety of interests and stakeholders, and as such it is difficult to pinpoint what their any particular interest in the MPA may be.

They make recommendations to the RCC, but they are a tier below the members of the RCC in terms of the amount of power held.<ref name=":3" />

==Discussion==
The MPA appears to be a success story, although it is still a new creation and as such it’s state and progress can be difficult to assess. However, there appears to be no conflict between actors within or over the MPA, and there has been documented progress made on the study and protection of belugas and other marine wildlife within the MPA.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Loseto, Hoover, Ostertag, Whalen, Pearce, Paulic, Iacozza, MacPhee|first=L.L., C, S., D., T., J., J., S.,|date=November 18, 2018|title=Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), environmental change and marine protected areas in the Western Canadian Arctic|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S0272771417311319|journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science|volume=Volume 212|pages=128-137|via=}}</ref>

==Assessment==
The rights of the people of Paulatuk have also been respected, and they remain involved in the MPA as key stakeholders. The creation and management of the MPA interwove scientific knowledge with traditional Inuvialuit knowledge,<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/paulatuk-tk-workshop-report_september_2012_final.pdf|title=Traditional and Local Knowledge Workshop for the Paulatuk Area of Interest|last=|first=|date=September 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> and worked closely with the affected stakeholders (the people of Paulatuk), which makes it an important example for future MPAs.

Here is a short documentary from 2018 showing a 'day in the life' of the people of Paulatuk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLwTK9xEkEo

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=Simone Miller
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The Cultural and Conservation Significance of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area (MPA), North West Territories, Canada

2019-01-09T07:07:25Z

SimoneMiller: added author

This case study examines Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam (Ung-u-niak-via Ni-kig-e-um) MPA, which was officially designated a Marine Protected Area by the Canadian Government in 2016. The MPA is located around the west side of Darnley Bay in the Beaufort Sea, Northwest Territories, and is in close proximity to the Inuvialuit community of Palatuk, who have traditionally hunted and harvested food from the protected area. Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is also home to roughly 40,000 Beluga whales (27% of the world’s population),<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arctictoday.com/inuvialuit-environmentalists-praise-new-marine-protected-area-in-canadian-arctic/?wallit_nosession=1|title=Inuvialuit, environmentalists praise new marine protected area in Canadian Arctic|last=|first=Nunatsiaq News|date=November 22nd, 2016|website=Arctic Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> bowheads, numerous seabirds and other wildlife. Traditional Indigenous knowledge was used extensively in crafting conservational goals, and acknowledgement of Indigenous land usage has also been factored into the creation of this MPA. In this way, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is a promising example for future MPAs. This study will be observing the collaboration between different actors—examples being the Inuvialuit and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans—in creating and managing the MPA. It will also be exploring tenure agreements, conservational goals and the cultural significance of this MPA for the Inuvialuit people.

==Description==

==== Location ====
[[File:Northwest Territories municipalities.png|thumb|Map of Northwest Territories; Paulatuk Village indicated on the Northern Coastline]]
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is located in Darnley Bay, the Western Canadian Arctic. Approximately 2,361 km2 in size,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2016/2016-06-25/html/reg3-eng.html|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=Department of Fisheries and Oceans|date=June 25, 2016|website=Canada Gazette|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> it lies within the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jointsecretariat.ca/resources/inuvialuit-settlement-region/|title=Inuvialuit Settlement Region|last=|first=|date=|website=Joint Secretariat|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> next to the community of Paulatuk, Northwest Territories. Paulatuk has a population of 300, and "...is the only coastal community in Darnley Bay, and is located on its southern coastline. Darnley Bay is a large productive bay which opens into Amundsen Gulf to the north, thereby linking it to the Beaufort Sea to the west and Northwest Passage to the east.” <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/anaoi-synth.pdf|title=Ecological Overview and Assessment Report Anuniaqvia niqiqyuam Area of Interest|last=Chambers, MacDonell|first=C. , D.|date=December 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|page=3|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Creation of the MPA ====
In 2008, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) received funding to establish a new MPA in the ‘Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area’.<ref name=":0" /> Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was “recognized from the perspective of both science and traditional Inuvialuit knowledge as being an ecologically important area”.<ref name=":0" /> In 2009, along with two other potential marine areas in proximity to the communities of Sachs Harbour and Ulukhaktok, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was nominated as an area of interest (AOI) to be considered for MPA status.<ref name=":1" /> The three areas were then “screened against selection criteria based on ecological, social, economic, and cultural factors”<ref name=":0" /> Selection criteria was as follows:

1) Presence of culturally important species in the area;

2) Identification of the area in a Community Conservation Plan;

3) Ecological importance of the area;

4) Level of biodiversity within the area;

5) Level of productivity within the area;

6) Presence of threats to the area and how immediate such threats are;

7) Possibility of future conflicts with stakeholders; and

8) Contributions of the area to social and cultural values.<ref name=":1" />

The outcome of the screening lead to Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam being deemed by the three communities and other stakeholders as the most suitable area for establishing an MPA. The boundaries of the MPA were crafted with the assistance of members of Paulatuk, using their knowledge of wildlife migration, marine vegetation, hunting and fishing areas, and culturally important spaces as guidelines for consideration.<ref name=":16" />

It was nominated by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), the territorial government of the NWT and local communities of Paulatuk, Ulukhaktok and Sachs Harbour.<ref name=":1" /> On November 16th 2016, the area was officially announced as an MPA by the Federal Government of Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2016/2016-11-16/html/sor-dors280-eng.html|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=|date=|website=Canada Gazette|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Ecological Importance of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam contains the only nesting ground of Thick-Billed Murre birds in the Western Arctic, and annually hosts 40,000 migrating beluga whales; nearly a third of the world’s population.<ref name=":8" /> Animals of important in the area:

1) Belugas: The protection of the area will help sustain beluga numbers, and will provide important opportunities for scientific research and monitoring of the beluga population. This monitoring will give important insight into the overall health of the global beluga population.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />
[[File:ThickbilledMurre23.jpg|thumb|Thick-Billed Murres]]
2) Thick-Billed Murre: The creation of the MPA would provide protection to the only nesting ground in the Western Canadian Arctic.<ref name=":9" />

3) Arctic Char: the Darnley Bay area is a feeding ground and nearshore migration area for these fish of cultural and subsistence importance to the people of Paulatuk. Commercial fishing of Arctic Char was halted in the region due to diminishing numbers.<ref name=":9" />

4) Polar Bears: In winter, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam's sea ice provides breeding and feeding grounds for polar bears.<ref name=":9" />

5) The area also holds several important ecological sites, such as: deep water holes in the Hornaday river estuary where the Arctic Char overwinter, ice-edge habitats during spring, and kelp beds which are potentially unique to the Beaufort sea area.<ref name=":9" />

==== Cultural Significance of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is of cultural importance to the people of Paulatuk, as it is their traditional hunting and harvesting territory—much of their history is tied directly to the area.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/paulatuk-tk-workshop-report_september_2012_final.pdf|title=Traditional and Local Knowledge Workshop for the Paulatuk Area of Interest|last=|first=|date=September 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The ability to transmit traditional knowledge (such as of hunting and land-based practices) though generations is crucial to the survival of Inuit communities; particularly in light of the history of residential schools, the oppression and diaspora inflicted on Inuit people by the Canadian government.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Hoover, Ostertag, Hornby, Parker, Hansen-Craik, Loseto, Pearce|first=Carie, Sonja, Claire, Colleen, Kayla, Lisa, Tristan|date=July 2016|title=The Continued Importance of Hunting for Future Inuit Food Security|url=https://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/article/continued-importance-hunting-future-inuit-food-security/|journal=Solutions|volume=6|pages=40-51|via=}}</ref>

The people of Paulatuk rely heavily on sustenance harvested or hunted from the MPA due to the remoteness of their community; as food and other supplies need to be brought in via boat, the cost of basic foodstuffs is exponentially higher than in the rest of Canada.<ref name=":12" />

Another consideration is the cost of keeping food in fridges or freezers as opposed to traditional methods of preserving food that was hunted or harvested. The traditional method is much more affordable and sustainable for members of their community and helps them maintain ties to their history and culture. As there are few economic opportunities for members of the community due to its remoteness, many of the livelihoods of adults within the community come from hunting or fishing.<ref name=":12" />

==== Ecological Threats to the MPA ====
Rapid environmental changes within the Arctic region could lead to an increase of opportunities for socio-economic activities with potentially detrimental effects to the environment. For example, warming of the climate leads to less ice and longer open-sea seasons, which would allow for increase in shipping, resource exploitation (such as for oil and gas), more commercial fishing and tourism. An increase in these activities would pose a great threat for the biodiversity and ecological functions of the area.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/anaoi-synth.pdf|title=Ecological Overview and Assessment Report Anuniaqvia niqiqyuam Area of Interest|last=Chambers, MacDonell|first=C., D.|date=December 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==

==== Treaties ====
[[File:Inuvialuit Settlement Region.jpg|thumb|Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR)]]
Darnley Bay and the community of Paulatuk fall under the area of Treaty 11, a treaty established between the King George V and Indigenous communities across the NWT, signed between 1921 and 1922.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100028912/1100100028914|title=Treaty Research Report - Treaty No. 11 (1921)|last=Coates, Morrison|first=Kenneth S, William R.|date=1986|website=Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A renegotiation of the treaty, finalized on June 5th 1984, is known as the “Inuvialuit Final Agreement”. This agreement established the ISR as land designated specifically for the Inuvialuit people's usage; that in exchange for the Government claiming title to the land, Indigenous people’s rights to traditional land usage, such as trapping, hunting, and fishing are legally secure within certain guidelines.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/inuvialuit-final-agreement|title=Inuvialuit Final Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The agreement states that the “Inuvialuit will receive ownership to the beds of lakes, rivers and water bodies, subject to a 100 foot access strip around the seacoast and shorelines of navigable waters for travel, recreation and emergency purposes”.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/sites/default/files/IFA%20Summary.pdf|title=Summary of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> In all cases, the Crown holds ownership over the water. Although the state holds statutory ownership of the MPA's waters, the people of Paulatuk have legal rights to access the MPA and engage in traditional and sustainable harvesting or hunting.<ref name=":2" />

==== Potential Tenure Conflicts ====
A consideration which helped ensure Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam's MPA status is the region's lack of overlapping tenure claims.

Within the area, the only “current, non-renewable resource sector… is mining.”<ref name=":0" /> Parry Peninsula, adjacent to the MPA, hosts a geological anomaly which is believed to be rich in copper and nickel. There are two companies—Diadem Resources Limited and Darnley Bay Resources Limited (now Pine Point Mining Limited)—which hold mineral rights to the area, but these rights do not overlap with the boundaries of the MPA.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" />

“Commercial fishing in the area has been closed since 1986 due to a population decline of Arctic Char, and is unlikely to develop in the near future…”<ref name=":0" /> Because of this, the MPA does not impose any extra costs on the commercial fishing sector as there is no foregone revenue or “higher costs of operation”, and there is unlikely to be any tenure conflicts in this sector.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" />

==Administrative arrangements==

==== Management of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is within the boundaries of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), “one of five priority areas identified for integrated ocean management planning by the Government of Canada.” The areas within LOMA are under “integrated management”, a collaborative management and planning process lead by the DFO and which operates through several levels of regional governance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/beaufortsea-loma/|title=Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

1) There are “working groups”, which are the ‘on the ground’ management worker; the lowest tier of management created by the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) as they are needed for particular causes. These groups research and construct foundation pieces on which ocean management plans for sustainable development is based. They include experts from BSP organizations. There are Working Groups focusing on community consultation, traditional knowledge, biophysical issues/natural sciences, and more.

2) There is the Beaufort Sea Partnership, to which the Working Groups refer and send their findings to. The BSP builds on the findings of the Working Groups the create management plans, which then continue up the chain to the RCC.

3) There is the RCC, to which the BSP refers to and which is the top tier of regional management overseeing the area under which the MPA falls.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/|title=Governance - Beaufort Sea Partnership|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Members of Paulatuk follow their local community management plan, which

==== Reporting System ====
Any activity within the MPA from actors outside of the village of Paulatuk requires a permit issued from the Department of Oceans and Fisheries (DFO). In order to have an Activity Plan approved, a form detailing the activity and its purpose must be submitted to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans for approval 60 days before the proposed activity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/initiatives/anguniaqvia-niqiqyuam-area-of-interest/1085-2/|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Activity Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2016-280/page-1.html#h-5|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=|date=|website=Justice Laws Website|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Management Plans within the MPA ====
There are three separate management plans operating within the MPA.
[[File:Beluga, Weißwal (Delphinapterus leucas).jpg|thumb|Beluga whale]]
1) Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan: this plan is a joint effort between the DFO, the FJMC, Hunters and Trappers Committee (HTC) and the Inuvialuit of Paulatuk and other communities. It aims to protect the beluga population long-term while maintaining sustainable harvesting of belugas by the Inuvialuit. It facilitates co-operative monitoring of the belugas by the Inuvialuit, HTC, FJMC and DFO.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Beaufort-Sea-Beluga-Management-Plan-2013.pdf|title=Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/sceoar_paulatukaoi-17may2012-1.pdf|title=Socio-Economic Assessment of the Darnley Bay Area of Interest|last=|first=Department of Fisheries and Oceans|date=2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

2)  The Paulatuk Community Conservation Plan: this plan identifies important ecological, cultural and/or sensitive areas within the MPA. It seeks to create a community process for land use decisions, and outlines a general system for wildlife management as well as conservation measures for each species of concern. It blends "knowledge of community and others with expertise". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.screeningcommittee.ca/pdf/ccp/Paulatuk_CCP.pdf|title=Paulatuk Community Conservation Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Screening Committee|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

3)  The Paulatuk Char Management Plan: this plan aims to ensure a "healthy stock of Arctic Char"<ref name=":14" /> by protecting their habitat and managing population while ensuring that Inuvialuit subsistence needs are being met. The plan is a joint effort by the Paulatuk Hunters and Trappers Committee, FJMC and DFO. <ref name=":9" /><ref name=":14" />

==Affected Stakeholders==

==== The Community of Paulatuk ====
The people of Paulatuk are the immediate affected stakeholders in the MPA. They have customary rights to the area of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam as it is their traditional hunting, trapping, and harvesting territory; thus having great cultural significance and providing for the villages major economic activities: hunting, trapping and fishing. The MPA helps to provide security in those activities for the community. <ref name=":15" />

Under the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, they also have statutory rights to access and and continue to use the MPA's resources.<ref name=":13" />

⅔ of the adult population of Paulatuk engage in hunting, fishing or harvesting from the MPA to supplement their livelihood due to the remoteness of the community.<ref name=":14" />

Their goals are to preserve and protect the ecological and biological integrity of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam, while maintaining their rights to hunting and harvesting from the land.

Although other stakeholders worked closely with Paulatuk in the creation of the MPA and continue to do so in managing the MPA, the village holds a relatively small amount of power due to being such a small and marginalized community.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==

==== Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) ====
The RCC is an co-operational and overarching planning committee which promotes integrated resource management in the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), an area under which the MPA falls.<ref name=":4" /> This coordination committee oversees the management of the MPA. It is co-chaired by several stakeholders, such as: The DFO, FJMC, and the IRC. Representatives from Paulatuk and other coastal communities in the area also sit on the committee. Other stakeholders who sit on the committee include:

1.    Inuvialuit Game Council (IGC)

2.    Parks Canada Agency (PCA)

3.    Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC)

4.    Yukon Government (YG)

5.    Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT)

6.    Environment Canada (EC)

7.    Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)

8.    Transport Canada (TC)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/regional-coordination-committee/|title=Regional Coordination Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== The Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) ====
The DFO is an interested stakeholder in the MPA. The federal department manages Canada’s fisheries, oceans, and freshwater resources. It is a part of the Integrated Management Plan in the Beaufort Sea, which is rooted in “developing international ocean governance processes and Canada’s ocean related international commitments”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/integrated-oceans-management-plan/|title=Integrated Oceans Management Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The DFO holds the most power of all the stakeholders within the MPA, as it is the stakeholder closest to the government, and the stakeholder which receives funding from the federal government for the creation and management of the MPA. The DFO was confirmed in the 1997 Oceans Act as the lead federal authority for oceans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/publications/cos-soc/index-eng.html|title=Canada's Oceans Strategy|last=|first=|date=|website=Fisheries and Oceans Canada|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Their goals were to choose an ecologically and culturally significant area that would benefit from the protection of an MPA, but would also not cause losses to economically important departments within Canada—for example, creating an MPA where there is highly profitable commercial fishing taking place, or where oil or gas are already being extracted.

The DFO sits on the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC).<ref name=":4" />

==== The Fisheries Joint Management Committee (FJMC) ====
The FJMC is an interested stakeholder in the MPA. The FJMC is a “co-management” organization which “works jointly with the DFO to co-manage all with, fish habitat, and marine mammals within the ISR.”<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://jointsecretariat.ca/co-management-system/fisheries-joint-management-committee/|title=Fisheries Joint Management Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=Joint Secretariat|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> On the committee two members are appointed by the Inuvialuit (Inuvialuit Game Council), two are appointed by the Government of Canada (through Orders in Council), and the chair of the committee is selected by the appointed members.

The FJMC works jointly with the DFO and also sits on the RCC, but has less relative power. For example, the FJMC has the power to directly advise the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans on fisheries issues,<ref name=":5" /> but the DFO holds the final call on decision making.

The FJMC is in charge of the Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan (BSBMP), which is in operation in the Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam MPA—the plan focuses on ensuring that the beluga population is maintained at a thriving level and to “provide for optimum sustainable harvest of beluga by the Inuvialuit."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Beaufort-Sea-Beluga-Management-Plan-2013.pdf|title=Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan|last=|first=Fisheries Joint Management Committee|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnerships|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> As Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam hosts such a large number of migrating belugas annually, the protection of the area is integral to the research for the BSBMP and for the implementation of the management plan.

==== The Inuvialuit Regional Corporation (IRC) ====
The IRC is an interested stakeholder in the MPA, and there are some affected stakeholders within the IRC as community members of Paulatuk are involved in the corporation.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/community-corporations|title=Community Corporations|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The IRC was developed in 1984 to manage the settlement between the Federal Government and the Inuvialuit people outlined in the Inuvialuit Final Agreement.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/about-irc|title=About IRC|last=|first=|date=2018|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The IRC holds some power over what occurs within the MPA as it sits on the RCC, but like the FJMC it differs to the DFO.

The IRC “Represents the collective Inuvialuit interests in dealings with governments and the world at large...to continually improve the economic, social, and cultural well-being of the Inuvialuit”<ref name=":7" /> These goals, and the fact that the IRC represents the community of Paulatuk to the government, means that they have a vested interest in the success and maintenance of the MPA.<ref name=":6" />

==== The Beaufort Sea Partnership (BSP) ====
The BSP is the “primary forum for stakeholder engagement in integrated ocean management of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area, with broad stakeholder representation from 54 different organizations”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/beaufortsea-partnership/|title=Beaufort Sea Partnership|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

This forum represents a wide variety of interests and stakeholders, and as such it is difficult to pinpoint what their any particular interest in the MPA may be.

They make recommendations to the RCC, but they are a tier below the members of the RCC in terms of the amount of power held.<ref name=":3" />

==Discussion==
The MPA appears to be a success story, although it is still a new creation and as such it’s state and progress can be difficult to assess. However, there appears to be no conflict between actors within or over the MPA, and there has been documented progress made on the study and protection of belugas and other marine wildlife within the MPA.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Loseto, Hoover, Ostertag, Whalen, Pearce, Paulic, Iacozza, MacPhee|first=L.L., C, S., D., T., J., J., S.,|date=November 18, 2018|title=Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), environmental change and marine protected areas in the Western Canadian Arctic|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S0272771417311319|journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science|volume=Volume 212|pages=128-137|via=}}</ref>

==Assessment==
The rights of the people of Paulatuk have also been respected, and they remain involved in the MPA as key stakeholders. The creation and management of the MPA interwove scientific knowledge with traditional Inuvialuit knowledge,<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/paulatuk-tk-workshop-report_september_2012_final.pdf|title=Traditional and Local Knowledge Workshop for the Paulatuk Area of Interest|last=|first=|date=September 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> and worked closely with the affected stakeholders (the people of Paulatuk), which makes it an important example for future MPAs.

Here is a short documentary from 2018 showing a 'day in the life' of the people of Paulatuk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLwTK9xEkEo

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=Simone Miller
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The Cultural and Conservation Significance of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area (MPA), North West Territories, Canada

2018-11-28T06:38:46Z

SimoneMiller: /* Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) */

Course:FRST370/Projects/The Cultural and Conservation Significance of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area (MPA), North West Territories, Canada

2018-11-28T06:30:58Z

SimoneMiller: /* Creation of the MPA */

This case study examines Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam (Ung-u-niak-via Ni-kig-e-um) MPA, which was officially designated a Marine Protected Area by the Canadian Government in 2016. The MPA is located around the west side of Darnley Bay in the Beaufort Sea, Northwest Territories, and is in close proximity to the Inuvialuit community of Palatuk, who have traditionally hunted and harvested food from the protected area. Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is also home to roughly 40,000 Beluga whales (27% of the world’s population),<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arctictoday.com/inuvialuit-environmentalists-praise-new-marine-protected-area-in-canadian-arctic/?wallit_nosession=1|title=Inuvialuit, environmentalists praise new marine protected area in Canadian Arctic|last=|first=Nunatsiaq News|date=November 22nd, 2016|website=Arctic Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> bowheads, numerous seabirds and other wildlife. Traditional Indigenous knowledge was used extensively in crafting conservational goals, and acknowledgement of Indigenous land usage has also been factored into the creation of this MPA. In this way, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is a promising example for future MPAs. This study will be observing the collaboration between different actors—examples being the Inuvialuit and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans—in creating and managing the MPA. It will also be exploring tenure agreements, conservational goals and the cultural significance of this MPA for the Inuvialuit people.

==Description==

==== Location ====
[[File:Northwest Territories municipalities.png|thumb|Map of Northwest Territories; Paulatuk Village indicated on the Northern Coastline]]
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is located in Darnley Bay, the Western Canadian Arctic. Approximately 2,361 km2 in size,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2016/2016-06-25/html/reg3-eng.html|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=Department of Fisheries and Oceans|date=June 25, 2016|website=Canada Gazette|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> it lies within the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jointsecretariat.ca/resources/inuvialuit-settlement-region/|title=Inuvialuit Settlement Region|last=|first=|date=|website=Joint Secretariat|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> next to the community of Paulatuk, Northwest Territories. Paulatuk has a population of 300, and "...is the only coastal community in Darnley Bay, and is located on its southern coastline. Darnley Bay is a large productive bay which opens into Amundsen Gulf to the north, thereby linking it to the Beaufort Sea to the west and Northwest Passage to the east.” <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/anaoi-synth.pdf|title=Ecological Overview and Assessment Report Anuniaqvia niqiqyuam Area of Interest|last=Chambers, MacDonell|first=C. , D.|date=December 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|page=3|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Creation of the MPA ====
In 2008, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) received funding to establish a new MPA in the ‘Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area’.<ref name=":0" /> Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was “recognized from the perspective of both science and traditional Inuvialuit knowledge as being an ecologically important area”.<ref name=":0" /> In 2009, along with two other potential marine areas in proximity to the communities of Sachs Harbour and Ulukhaktok, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was nominated as an area of interest (AOI) to be considered for MPA status.<ref name=":1" /> The three areas were then “screened against selection criteria based on ecological, social, economic, and cultural factors”<ref name=":0" /> Selection criteria was as follows:

1) Presence of culturally important species in the area;

2) Identification of the area in a Community Conservation Plan;

3) Ecological importance of the area;

4) Level of biodiversity within the area;

5) Level of productivity within the area;

6) Presence of threats to the area and how immediate such threats are;

7) Possibility of future conflicts with stakeholders; and

8) Contributions of the area to social and cultural values.<ref name=":1" />

The outcome of the screening lead to Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam being deemed by the three communities and other stakeholders as the most suitable area for establishing an MPA. The boundaries of the MPA were crafted with the assistance of members of Paulatuk, using their knowledge of wildlife migration, marine vegetation, hunting and fishing areas, and culturally important spaces as guidelines for consideration.<ref name=":16" />

It was nominated by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), the territorial government of the NWT and local communities of Paulatuk, Ulukhaktok and Sachs Harbour.<ref name=":1" /> On November 16th 2016, the area was officially announced as an MPA by the Federal Government of Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2016/2016-11-16/html/sor-dors280-eng.html|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=|date=|website=Canada Gazette|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Ecological Importance of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam contains the only nesting ground of Thick-Billed Murre birds in the Western Arctic, and annually hosts 40,000 migrating beluga whales; nearly a third of the world’s population.<ref name=":8" /> Animals of important in the area:

1) Belugas: The protection of the area will help sustain beluga numbers, and will provide important opportunities for scientific research and monitoring of the beluga population. This monitoring will give important insight into the overall health of the global beluga population.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />
[[File:ThickbilledMurre23.jpg|thumb|Thick-Billed Murres]]
2) Thick-Billed Murre: The creation of the MPA would provide protection to the only nesting ground in the Western Canadian Arctic.<ref name=":9" />

3) Arctic Char: the Darnley Bay area is a feeding ground and nearshore migration area for these fish of cultural and subsistence importance to the people of Paulatuk. Commercial fishing of Arctic Char was halted in the region due to diminishing numbers.<ref name=":9" />

4) Polar Bears: In winter, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam's sea ice provides breeding and feeding grounds for polar bears.<ref name=":9" />

5) The area also holds several important ecological sites, such as: deep water holes in the Hornaday river estuary where the Arctic Char overwinter, ice-edge habitats during spring, and kelp beds which are potentially unique to the Beaufort sea area.<ref name=":9" />

==== Cultural Significance of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is of cultural importance to the people of Paulatuk, as it is their traditional hunting and harvesting territory—much of their history is tied directly to the area.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/paulatuk-tk-workshop-report_september_2012_final.pdf|title=Traditional and Local Knowledge Workshop for the Paulatuk Area of Interest|last=|first=|date=September 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The ability to transmit traditional knowledge (such as of hunting and land-based practices) though generations is crucial to the survival of Inuit communities; particularly in light of the history of residential schools, the oppression and diaspora inflicted on Inuit people by the Canadian government.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Hoover, Ostertag, Hornby, Parker, Hansen-Craik, Loseto, Pearce|first=Carie, Sonja, Claire, Colleen, Kayla, Lisa, Tristan|date=July 2016|title=The Continued Importance of Hunting for Future Inuit Food Security|url=https://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/article/continued-importance-hunting-future-inuit-food-security/|journal=Solutions|volume=6|pages=40-51|via=}}</ref>

The people of Paulatuk rely heavily on sustenance harvested or hunted from the MPA due to the remoteness of their community; as food and other supplies need to be brought in via boat, the cost of basic foodstuffs is exponentially higher than in the rest of Canada.<ref name=":12" />

Another consideration is the cost of keeping food in fridges or freezers as opposed to traditional methods of preserving food that was hunted or harvested. The traditional method is much more affordable and sustainable for members of their community and helps them maintain ties to their history and culture. As there are few economic opportunities for members of the community due to its remoteness, many of the livelihoods of adults within the community come from hunting or fishing.<ref name=":12" />

==== Ecological Threats to the MPA ====
Rapid environmental changes within the Arctic region could lead to an increase of opportunities for socio-economic activities with potentially detrimental effects to the environment. For example, warming of the climate leads to less ice and longer open-sea seasons, which would allow for increase in shipping, resource exploitation (such as for oil and gas), more commercial fishing and tourism. An increase in these activities would pose a great threat for the biodiversity and ecological functions of the area.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/anaoi-synth.pdf|title=Ecological Overview and Assessment Report Anuniaqvia niqiqyuam Area of Interest|last=Chambers, MacDonell|first=C., D.|date=December 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==

==== Treaties ====
[[File:Inuvialuit Settlement Region.jpg|thumb|Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR)]]
Darnley Bay and the community of Paulatuk fall under the area of Treaty 11, a treaty established between the King George V and Indigenous communities across the NWT, signed between 1921 and 1922.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100028912/1100100028914|title=Treaty Research Report - Treaty No. 11 (1921)|last=Coates, Morrison|first=Kenneth S, William R.|date=1986|website=Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A renegotiation of the treaty, finalized on June 5th 1984, is known as the “Inuvialuit Final Agreement”. This agreement established the ISR as land designated specifically for the Inuvialuit people's usage; that in exchange for the Government claiming title to the land, Indigenous people’s rights to traditional land usage, such as trapping, hunting, and fishing are legally secure within certain guidelines.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/inuvialuit-final-agreement|title=Inuvialuit Final Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The agreement states that the “Inuvialuit will receive ownership to the beds of lakes, rivers and water bodies, subject to a 100 foot access strip around the seacoast and shorelines of navigable waters for travel, recreation and emergency purposes”.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/sites/default/files/IFA%20Summary.pdf|title=Summary of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> In all cases, the Crown holds ownership over the water. Although the state holds statutory ownership of the MPA's waters, the people of Paulatuk have legal rights to access the MPA and engage in traditional and sustainable harvesting or hunting.<ref name=":2" />

==== Potential Tenure Conflicts ====
A consideration which helped ensure Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam's MPA status is the region's lack of overlapping tenure claims.

Within the area, the only “current, non-renewable resource sector… is mining.”<ref name=":0" /> Parry Peninsula, adjacent to the MPA, hosts a geological anomaly which is believed to be rich in copper and nickel. There are two companies—Diadem Resources Limited and Darnley Bay Resources Limited (now Pine Point Mining Limited)—which hold mineral rights to the area, but these rights do not overlap with the boundaries of the MPA.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" />

“Commercial fishing in the area has been closed since 1986 due to a population decline of Arctic Char, and is unlikely to develop in the near future…”<ref name=":0" /> Because of this, the MPA does not impose any extra costs on the commercial fishing sector as there is no foregone revenue or “higher costs of operation”, and there is unlikely to be any tenure conflicts in this sector.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" />

==Administrative arrangements==

==== Management of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is within the boundaries of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), “one of five priority areas identified for integrated ocean management planning by the Government of Canada.” The areas within LOMA are under “integrated management”, a collaborative management and planning process lead by the DFO and which operates through several levels of regional governance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/beaufortsea-loma/|title=Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

1) There are “working groups”, which are the ‘on the ground’ management worker; the lowest tier of management created by the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) as they are needed for particular causes. These groups research and construct foundation pieces on which ocean management plans for sustainable development is based. They include experts from BSP organizations. There are Working Groups focusing on community consultation, traditional knowledge, biophysical issues/natural sciences, and more.

2) There is the Beaufort Sea Partnership, to which the Working Groups refer and send their findings to. The BSP builds on the findings of the Working Groups the create management plans, which then continue up the chain to the RCC.

3) There is the RCC, to which the BSP refers to and which is the top tier of regional management overseeing the area under which the MPA falls.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/|title=Governance - Beaufort Sea Partnership|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Members of Paulatuk follow their local community management plan, which

==== Reporting System ====
Any activity within the MPA from actors outside of the village of Paulatuk requires a permit issued from the Department of Oceans and Fisheries (DFO). In order to have an Activity Plan approved, a form detailing the activity and its purpose must be submitted to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans for approval 60 days before the proposed activity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/initiatives/anguniaqvia-niqiqyuam-area-of-interest/1085-2/|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Activity Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2016-280/page-1.html#h-5|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=|date=|website=Justice Laws Website|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Management Plans within the MPA ====
There are three separate management plans operating within the MPA.

1) Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan: this plan is a joint effort between the DFO, the FJMC, Hunters and Trappers Committee (HTC) and the Inuvialuit of Paulatuk and other communities. It aims to protect the beluga population long-term while maintaining sustainable harvesting of belugas by the Inuvialuit. It facilitates co-operative monitoring of the belugas by the Inuvialuit, HTC, FJMC and DFO.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Beaufort-Sea-Beluga-Management-Plan-2013.pdf|title=Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/sceoar_paulatukaoi-17may2012-1.pdf|title=Socio-Economic Assessment of the Darnley Bay Area of Interest|last=|first=Department of Fisheries and Oceans|date=2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

2)  The Paulatuk Community Conservation Plan: this plan identifies important ecological, cultural and/or sensitive areas within the MPA. It seeks to create a community process for land use decisions, and outlines a general system for wildlife management as well as conservation measures for each species of concern. It blends "knowledge of community and others with expertise". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.screeningcommittee.ca/pdf/ccp/Paulatuk_CCP.pdf|title=Paulatuk Community Conservation Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Screening Committee|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

3)  The Paulatuk Char Management Plan: this plan aims to ensure a "healthy stock of Arctic Char"<ref name=":14" /> by protecting their habitat and managing population while ensuring that Inuvialuit subsistence needs are being met. The plan is a joint effort by the Paulatuk Hunters and Trappers Committee, FJMC and DFO. <ref name=":9" /><ref name=":14" />

==Affected Stakeholders==

==== The Community of Paulatuk ====
The people of Paulatuk are the immediate affected stakeholders in the MPA. They have customary rights to the area of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam as it is their traditional hunting, trapping, and harvesting territory; thus having great cultural significance and providing for the villages major economic activities: hunting, trapping and fishing. The MPA helps to provide security in those activities for the community. <ref name=":15" />

Under the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, they also have statutory rights to access and and continue to use the MPA's resources.<ref name=":13" />

⅔ of the adult population of Paulatuk engage in hunting, fishing or harvesting from the MPA to supplement their livelihood due to the remoteness of the community.<ref name=":14" />

Their goals are to preserve and protect the ecological and biological integrity of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam, while maintaining their rights to hunting and harvesting from the land.

Although other stakeholders worked closely with Paulatuk in the creation of the MPA and continue to do so in managing the MPA, the village holds a relatively small amount of power due to being such a small and marginalized community.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==

==== Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) ====
The RCC is an co-operational and overarching planning committee which promotes integrated resource management in the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), an area under which the MPA falls.<ref name=":4" /> This coordination committee oversees the management of the MPA. It is co-chaired by several stakeholders, such as: The DFO, FJMC, and the IRC. Representatives from Paulatuk and other coastal communities in the area also sit on the committee. Other stakeholders who sit on the committee include:

1.    Inuvialuit Game Council (IGC)

2.    Parks Canada Agency (PCA)

3.    Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC)

4.    Yukon Government (YG)

5.    Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT)

6.    Environment Canada (EC)

7.    Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)

8.    Transport Canada (TC)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/regional-coordination-committee/|title=Regional Coordination Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== The Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) ====
The DFO is an interested stakeholder in the MPA. The federal department manages Canada’s fisheries, oceans, and freshwater resources. It is a part of the Integrated Management Plan in the Beaufort Sea, which is rooted in “developing international ocean governance processes and Canada’s ocean related international commitments”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/integrated-oceans-management-plan/|title=Integrated Oceans Management Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The DFO holds the most power of all the stakeholders within the MPA, as it is the stakeholder closest to the government, and the stakeholder which receives funding from the federal government for the creation and management of the MPA. The DFO was confirmed in the 1997 Oceans Act as the lead federal authority for oceans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/publications/cos-soc/index-eng.html|title=Canada's Oceans Strategy|last=|first=|date=|website=Fisheries and Oceans Canada|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Their goals were to choose an ecologically and culturally significant area that would benefit from the protection of an MPA, but would also not cause losses to economically important departments within Canada—for example, creating an MPA where there is highly profitable commercial fishing taking place, or where oil or gas are already being extracted.

The DFO sits on the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC).<ref name=":4" />

==== The Fisheries Joint Management Committee (FJMC) ====
The FJMC is an interested stakeholder in the MPA. The FJMC is a “co-management” organization which “works jointly with the DFO to co-manage all with, fish habitat, and marine mammals within the ISR.”<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://jointsecretariat.ca/co-management-system/fisheries-joint-management-committee/|title=Fisheries Joint Management Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=Joint Secretariat|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> On the committee two members are appointed by the Inuvialuit (Inuvialuit Game Council), two are appointed by the Government of Canada (through Orders in Council), and the chair of the committee is selected by the appointed members.

The FJMC works jointly with the DFO and also sits on the RCC, but has less relative power. For example, the FJMC has the power to directly advise the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans on fisheries issues,<ref name=":5" /> but the DFO holds the final call on decision making.

The FJMC is in charge of the Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan (BSBMP), which is in operation in the Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam MPA—the plan focuses on ensuring that the beluga population is maintained at a thriving level and to “provide for optimum sustainable harvest of beluga by the Inuvialuit."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Beaufort-Sea-Beluga-Management-Plan-2013.pdf|title=Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan|last=|first=Fisheries Joint Management Committee|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnerships|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> As Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam hosts such a large number of migrating belugas annually, the protection of the area is integral to the research for the BSBMP and for the implementation of the management plan.

==== The Inuvialuit Regional Corporation (IRC) ====
The IRC is an interested stakeholder in the MPA, and there are some affected stakeholders within the IRC as community members of Paulatuk are involved in the corporation.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/community-corporations|title=Community Corporations|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The IRC was developed in 1984 to manage the settlement between the Federal Government and the Inuvialuit people outlined in the Inuvialuit Final Agreement.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/about-irc|title=About IRC|last=|first=|date=2018|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The IRC holds some power over what occurs within the MPA as it sits on the RCC, but like the FJMC it differs to the DFO.

The IRC “Represents the collective Inuvialuit interests in dealings with governments and the world at large...to continually improve the economic, social, and cultural well-being of the Inuvialuit”<ref name=":7" /> These goals, and the fact that the IRC represents the community of Paulatuk to the government, means that they have a vested interest in the success and maintenance of the MPA.<ref name=":6" />

==== The Beaufort Sea Partnership (BSP) ====
The BSP is the “primary forum for stakeholder engagement in integrated ocean management of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area, with broad stakeholder representation from 54 different organizations”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/beaufortsea-partnership/|title=Beaufort Sea Partnership|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

This forum represents a wide variety of interests and stakeholders, and as such it is difficult to pinpoint what their any particular interest in the MPA may be.

They make recommendations to the RCC, but they are a tier below the members of the RCC in terms of the amount of power held.<ref name=":3" />

==Discussion==
The MPA appears to be a success story, although it is still a new creation and as such it’s state and progress can be difficult to assess. However, there appears to be no conflict between actors within or over the MPA, and there has been documented progress made on the study and protection of belugas and other marine wildlife within the MPA.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Loseto, Hoover, Ostertag, Whalen, Pearce, Paulic, Iacozza, MacPhee|first=L.L., C, S., D., T., J., J., S.,|date=November 18, 2018|title=Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), environmental change and marine protected areas in the Western Canadian Arctic|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S0272771417311319|journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science|volume=Volume 212|pages=128-137|via=}}</ref>

==Assessment==
The rights of the people of Paulatuk have also been respected, and they remain involved in the MPA as key stakeholders. The creation and management of the MPA interwove scientific knowledge with traditional Inuvialuit knowledge,<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/paulatuk-tk-workshop-report_september_2012_final.pdf|title=Traditional and Local Knowledge Workshop for the Paulatuk Area of Interest|last=|first=|date=September 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> and worked closely with the affected stakeholders (the people of Paulatuk), which makes it an important example for future MPAs.

Here is a short documentary from 2018 showing a 'day in the life' of the people of Paulatuk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLwTK9xEkEo

==References==
<references/>

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Course:FRST370/Projects/The Cultural and Conservation Significance of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area (MPA), North West Territories, Canada

2018-11-28T06:26:28Z

SimoneMiller: /* Ecological Importance of the MPA */

This case study examines Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam (Ung-u-niak-via Ni-kig-e-um) MPA, which was officially designated a Marine Protected Area by the Canadian Government in 2016. The MPA is located around the west side of Darnley Bay in the Beaufort Sea, Northwest Territories, and is in close proximity to the Inuvialuit community of Palatuk, who have traditionally hunted and harvested food from the protected area. Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is also home to roughly 40,000 Beluga whales (27% of the world’s population),<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arctictoday.com/inuvialuit-environmentalists-praise-new-marine-protected-area-in-canadian-arctic/?wallit_nosession=1|title=Inuvialuit, environmentalists praise new marine protected area in Canadian Arctic|last=|first=Nunatsiaq News|date=November 22nd, 2016|website=Arctic Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> bowheads, numerous seabirds and other wildlife. Traditional Indigenous knowledge was used extensively in crafting conservational goals, and acknowledgement of Indigenous land usage has also been factored into the creation of this MPA. In this way, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is a promising example for future MPAs. This study will be observing the collaboration between different actors—examples being the Inuvialuit and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans—in creating and managing the MPA. It will also be exploring tenure agreements, conservational goals and the cultural significance of this MPA for the Inuvialuit people.

==Description==

==== Location ====
[[File:Northwest Territories municipalities.png|thumb|Map of Northwest Territories; Paulatuk Village indicated on the Northern Coastline]]
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is located in Darnley Bay, the Western Canadian Arctic. Approximately 2,361 km2 in size,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2016/2016-06-25/html/reg3-eng.html|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=Department of Fisheries and Oceans|date=June 25, 2016|website=Canada Gazette|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> it lies within the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jointsecretariat.ca/resources/inuvialuit-settlement-region/|title=Inuvialuit Settlement Region|last=|first=|date=|website=Joint Secretariat|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> next to the community of Paulatuk, Northwest Territories. Paulatuk has a population of 300, and "...is the only coastal community in Darnley Bay, and is located on its southern coastline. Darnley Bay is a large productive bay which opens into Amundsen Gulf to the north, thereby linking it to the Beaufort Sea to the west and Northwest Passage to the east.” <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/anaoi-synth.pdf|title=Ecological Overview and Assessment Report Anuniaqvia niqiqyuam Area of Interest|last=Chambers, MacDonell|first=C. , D.|date=December 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|page=3|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Creation of the MPA ====
In 2008, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) received funding to establish a new MPA in the ‘Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area’.<ref name=":0" /> Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was “recognized from the perspective of both science and traditional Inuvialuit knowledge as being an ecologically important area”.<ref name=":0" /> In 2009, along with two other potential marine areas in proximity to the communities of Sachs Harbour and Ulukhaktok, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was nominated as an area of interest (AOI) to be considered for MPA status.<ref name=":1" /> The three areas were then “screened against selection criteria based on ecological, social, economic, and cultural factors”<ref name=":0" /> Selection criteria was as follows:

1) Presence of culturally important species in the area;

2) Identification of the area in a Community Conservation Plan;

3) Ecological importance of the area;

4) Level of biodiversity within the area;

5) Level of productivity within the area;

6) Presence of threats to the area and how immediate such threats are;

7) Possibility of future conflicts with stakeholders; and

8) Contributions of the area to social and cultural values.<ref name=":1" />

The outcome of the screening lead to Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam being deemed by the three communities and other stakeholders as the most suitable area for establishing an MPA. It was nominated by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), the territorial government of the NWT and local communities of Paulatuk, Ulukhaktok and Sachs Harbour.<ref name=":1" /> On November 16th 2016, the area was officially announced as an MPA by the Federal Government of Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2016/2016-11-16/html/sor-dors280-eng.html|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=|date=|website=Canada Gazette|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Ecological Importance of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam contains the only nesting ground of Thick-Billed Murre birds in the Western Arctic, and annually hosts 40,000 migrating beluga whales; nearly a third of the world’s population.<ref name=":8" /> Animals of important in the area:

1) Belugas: The protection of the area will help sustain beluga numbers, and will provide important opportunities for scientific research and monitoring of the beluga population. This monitoring will give important insight into the overall health of the global beluga population.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />
[[File:ThickbilledMurre23.jpg|thumb|Thick-Billed Murres]]
2) Thick-Billed Murre: The creation of the MPA would provide protection to the only nesting ground in the Western Canadian Arctic.<ref name=":9" />

3) Arctic Char: the Darnley Bay area is a feeding ground and nearshore migration area for these fish of cultural and subsistence importance to the people of Paulatuk. Commercial fishing of Arctic Char was halted in the region due to diminishing numbers.<ref name=":9" />

4) Polar Bears: In winter, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam's sea ice provides breeding and feeding grounds for polar bears.<ref name=":9" />

5) The area also holds several important ecological sites, such as: deep water holes in the Hornaday river estuary where the Arctic Char overwinter, ice-edge habitats during spring, and kelp beds which are potentially unique to the Beaufort sea area.<ref name=":9" />

==== Cultural Significance of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is of cultural importance to the people of Paulatuk, as it is their traditional hunting and harvesting territory—much of their history is tied directly to the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/paulatuk-tk-workshop-report_september_2012_final.pdf|title=Traditional and Local Knowledge Workshop for the Paulatuk Area of Interest|last=|first=|date=September 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The ability to transmit traditional knowledge (such as of hunting and land-based practices) though generations is crucial to the survival of Inuit communities; particularly in light of the history of residential schools, the oppression and diaspora inflicted on Inuit people by the Canadian government.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Hoover, Ostertag, Hornby, Parker, Hansen-Craik, Loseto, Pearce|first=Carie, Sonja, Claire, Colleen, Kayla, Lisa, Tristan|date=July 2016|title=The Continued Importance of Hunting for Future Inuit Food Security|url=https://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/article/continued-importance-hunting-future-inuit-food-security/|journal=Solutions|volume=6|pages=40-51|via=}}</ref>

The people of Paulatuk rely heavily on sustenance harvested or hunted from the MPA due to the remoteness of their community; as food and other supplies need to be brought in via boat, the cost of basic foodstuffs is exponentially higher than in the rest of Canada.<ref name=":12" />

Another consideration is the cost of keeping food in fridges or freezers as opposed to traditional methods of preserving food that was hunted or harvested. The traditional method is much more affordable and sustainable for members of their community and helps them maintain ties to their history and culture. As there are few economic opportunities for members of the community due to its remoteness, many of the livelihoods of adults within the community come from hunting or fishing.<ref name=":12" />

==== Ecological Threats to the MPA ====
Rapid environmental changes within the Arctic region could lead to an increase of opportunities for socio-economic activities with potentially detrimental effects to the environment. For example, warming of the climate leads to less ice and longer open-sea seasons, which would allow for increase in shipping, resource exploitation (such as for oil and gas), more commercial fishing and tourism. An increase in these activities would pose a great threat for the biodiversity and ecological functions of the area.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/anaoi-synth.pdf|title=Ecological Overview and Assessment Report Anuniaqvia niqiqyuam Area of Interest|last=Chambers, MacDonell|first=C., D.|date=December 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==

==== Treaties ====
[[File:Inuvialuit Settlement Region.jpg|thumb|Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR)]]
Darnley Bay and the community of Paulatuk fall under the area of Treaty 11, a treaty established between the King George V and Indigenous communities across the NWT, signed between 1921 and 1922.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100028912/1100100028914|title=Treaty Research Report - Treaty No. 11 (1921)|last=Coates, Morrison|first=Kenneth S, William R.|date=1986|website=Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A renegotiation of the treaty, finalized on June 5th 1984, is known as the “Inuvialuit Final Agreement”. This agreement established the ISR as land designated specifically for the Inuvialuit people's usage; that in exchange for the Government claiming title to the land, Indigenous people’s rights to traditional land usage, such as trapping, hunting, and fishing are legally secure within certain guidelines.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/inuvialuit-final-agreement|title=Inuvialuit Final Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The agreement states that the “Inuvialuit will receive ownership to the beds of lakes, rivers and water bodies, subject to a 100 foot access strip around the seacoast and shorelines of navigable waters for travel, recreation and emergency purposes”.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/sites/default/files/IFA%20Summary.pdf|title=Summary of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> In all cases, the Crown holds ownership over the water. Although the state holds statutory ownership of the MPA's waters, the people of Paulatuk have legal rights to access the MPA and engage in traditional and sustainable harvesting or hunting.<ref name=":2" />

==== Potential Tenure Conflicts ====
A consideration which helped ensure Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam's MPA status is the region's lack of overlapping tenure claims.

Within the area, the only “current, non-renewable resource sector… is mining.”<ref name=":0" /> Parry Peninsula, adjacent to the MPA, hosts a geological anomaly which is believed to be rich in copper and nickel. There are two companies—Diadem Resources Limited and Darnley Bay Resources Limited (now Pine Point Mining Limited)—which hold mineral rights to the area, but these rights do not overlap with the boundaries of the MPA.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" />

“Commercial fishing in the area has been closed since 1986 due to a population decline of Arctic Char, and is unlikely to develop in the near future…”<ref name=":0" /> Because of this, the MPA does not impose any extra costs on the commercial fishing sector as there is no foregone revenue or “higher costs of operation”, and there is unlikely to be any tenure conflicts in this sector.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" />

==Administrative arrangements==

==== Management of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is within the boundaries of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), “one of five priority areas identified for integrated ocean management planning by the Government of Canada.” The areas within LOMA are under “integrated management”, a collaborative management and planning process lead by the DFO and which operates through several levels of regional governance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/beaufortsea-loma/|title=Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

1) There are “working groups”, which are the ‘on the ground’ management worker; the lowest tier of management created by the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) as they are needed for particular causes. These groups research and construct foundation pieces on which ocean management plans for sustainable development is based. They include experts from BSP organizations. There are Working Groups focusing on community consultation, traditional knowledge, biophysical issues/natural sciences, and more.

2) There is the Beaufort Sea Partnership, to which the Working Groups refer and send their findings to. The BSP builds on the findings of the Working Groups the create management plans, which then continue up the chain to the RCC.

3) There is the RCC, to which the BSP refers to and which is the top tier of regional management overseeing the area under which the MPA falls.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/|title=Governance - Beaufort Sea Partnership|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Members of Paulatuk follow their local community management plan, which

==== Reporting System ====
Any activity within the MPA from actors outside of the village of Paulatuk requires a permit issued from the Department of Oceans and Fisheries (DFO). In order to have an Activity Plan approved, a form detailing the activity and its purpose must be submitted to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans for approval 60 days before the proposed activity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/initiatives/anguniaqvia-niqiqyuam-area-of-interest/1085-2/|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Activity Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2016-280/page-1.html#h-5|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=|date=|website=Justice Laws Website|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Management Plans within the MPA ====
There are three separate management plans operating within the MPA.

1) Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan: this plan is a joint effort between the DFO, the FJMC, Hunters and Trappers Committee (HTC) and the Inuvialuit of Paulatuk and other communities. It aims to protect the beluga population long-term while maintaining sustainable harvesting of belugas by the Inuvialuit. It facilitates co-operative monitoring of the belugas by the Inuvialuit, HTC, FJMC and DFO.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Beaufort-Sea-Beluga-Management-Plan-2013.pdf|title=Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/sceoar_paulatukaoi-17may2012-1.pdf|title=Socio-Economic Assessment of the Darnley Bay Area of Interest|last=|first=Department of Fisheries and Oceans|date=2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

2)  The Paulatuk Community Conservation Plan: this plan identifies important ecological, cultural and/or sensitive areas within the MPA. It seeks to create a community process for land use decisions, and outlines a general system for wildlife management as well as conservation measures for each species of concern. It blends "knowledge of community and others with expertise". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.screeningcommittee.ca/pdf/ccp/Paulatuk_CCP.pdf|title=Paulatuk Community Conservation Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Screening Committee|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

3)  The Paulatuk Char Management Plan: this plan aims to ensure a "healthy stock of Arctic Char"<ref name=":14" /> by protecting their habitat and managing population while ensuring that Inuvialuit subsistence needs are being met. The plan is a joint effort by the Paulatuk Hunters and Trappers Committee, FJMC and DFO. <ref name=":9" /><ref name=":14" />

==Affected Stakeholders==

==== The Community of Paulatuk ====
The people of Paulatuk are the immediate affected stakeholders in the MPA. They have customary rights to the area of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam as it is their traditional hunting, trapping, and harvesting territory; thus having great cultural significance and providing for the villages major economic activities: hunting, trapping and fishing. The MPA helps to provide security in those activities for the community. <ref name=":15" />

Under the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, they also have statutory rights to access and and continue to use the MPA's resources.<ref name=":13" />

⅔ of the adult population of Paulatuk engage in hunting, fishing or harvesting from the MPA to supplement their livelihood due to the remoteness of the community.<ref name=":14" />

Their goals are to preserve and protect the ecological and biological integrity of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam, while maintaining their rights to hunting and harvesting from the land.

Although other stakeholders worked closely with Paulatuk in the creation of the MPA and continue to do so in managing the MPA, the village holds a relatively small amount of power due to being such a small and marginalized community.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==

==== Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) ====
The RCC is an co-operational and overarching planning committee which promotes integrated resource management in the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), an area under which the MPA falls.<ref name=":4" /> This coordination committee oversees the management of the MPA. It is co-chaired by several stakeholders, such as: The DFO, FJMC, and the IRC. Representatives from Paulatuk and other coastal communities in the area also sit on the committee. Other stakeholders who sit on the committee include:

1.    Inuvialuit Game Council (IGC)

2.    Parks Canada Agency (PCA)

3.    Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC)

4.    Yukon Government (YG)

5.    Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT)

6.    Environment Canada (EC)

7.    Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)

8.    Transport Canada (TC)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/regional-coordination-committee/|title=Regional Coordination Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== The Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) ====
The DFO is an interested stakeholder in the MPA. The federal department manages Canada’s fisheries, oceans, and freshwater resources. It is a part of the Integrated Management Plan in the Beaufort Sea, which is rooted in “developing international ocean governance processes and Canada’s ocean related international commitments”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/integrated-oceans-management-plan/|title=Integrated Oceans Management Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The DFO holds the most power of all the stakeholders within the MPA, as it is the stakeholder closest to the government, and the stakeholder which receives funding from the federal government for the creation and management of the MPA. The DFO was confirmed in the 1997 Oceans Act as the lead federal authority for oceans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/publications/cos-soc/index-eng.html|title=Canada's Oceans Strategy|last=|first=|date=|website=Fisheries and Oceans Canada|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Their goals were to choose an ecologically and culturally significant area that would benefit from the protection of an MPA, but would also not cause losses to economically important departments within Canada—for example, creating an MPA where there is highly profitable commercial fishing taking place, or where oil or gas are already being extracted.

The DFO sits on the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC).<ref name=":4" />

==== The Fisheries Joint Management Committee (FJMC) ====
The FJMC is an interested stakeholder in the MPA. The FJMC is a “co-management” organization which “works jointly with the DFO to co-manage all with, fish habitat, and marine mammals within the ISR.”<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://jointsecretariat.ca/co-management-system/fisheries-joint-management-committee/|title=Fisheries Joint Management Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=Joint Secretariat|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> On the committee two members are appointed by the Inuvialuit (Inuvialuit Game Council), two are appointed by the Government of Canada (through Orders in Council), and the chair of the committee is selected by the appointed members.

The FJMC works jointly with the DFO and also sits on the RCC, but has less relative power. For example, the FJMC has the power to directly advise the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans on fisheries issues,<ref name=":5" /> but the DFO holds the final call on decision making.

The FJMC is in charge of the Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan (BSBMP), which is in operation in the Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam MPA—the plan focuses on ensuring that the beluga population is maintained at a thriving level and to “provide for optimum sustainable harvest of beluga by the Inuvialuit."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Beaufort-Sea-Beluga-Management-Plan-2013.pdf|title=Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan|last=|first=Fisheries Joint Management Committee|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnerships|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> As Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam hosts such a large number of migrating belugas annually, the protection of the area is integral to the research for the BSBMP and for the implementation of the management plan.

==== The Inuvialuit Regional Corporation (IRC) ====
The IRC is an interested stakeholder in the MPA, and there are some affected stakeholders within the IRC as community members of Paulatuk are involved in the corporation.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/community-corporations|title=Community Corporations|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The IRC was developed in 1984 to manage the settlement between the Federal Government and the Inuvialuit people outlined in the Inuvialuit Final Agreement.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/about-irc|title=About IRC|last=|first=|date=2018|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The IRC holds some power over what occurs within the MPA as it sits on the RCC, but like the FJMC it differs to the DFO.

The IRC “Represents the collective Inuvialuit interests in dealings with governments and the world at large...to continually improve the economic, social, and cultural well-being of the Inuvialuit”<ref name=":7" /> These goals, and the fact that the IRC represents the community of Paulatuk to the government, means that they have a vested interest in the success and maintenance of the MPA.<ref name=":6" />

==== The Beaufort Sea Partnership (BSP) ====
The BSP is the “primary forum for stakeholder engagement in integrated ocean management of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area, with broad stakeholder representation from 54 different organizations”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/beaufortsea-partnership/|title=Beaufort Sea Partnership|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

This forum represents a wide variety of interests and stakeholders, and as such it is difficult to pinpoint what their any particular interest in the MPA may be.

They make recommendations to the RCC, but they are a tier below the members of the RCC in terms of the amount of power held.<ref name=":3" />

==Discussion==
The MPA appears to be a success story, although it is still a new creation and as such it’s state and progress can be difficult to assess. However, there appears to be no conflict between actors within or over the MPA, and there has been documented progress made on the study and protection of belugas and other marine wildlife within the MPA.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Loseto, Hoover, Ostertag, Whalen, Pearce, Paulic, Iacozza, MacPhee|first=L.L., C, S., D., T., J., J., S.,|date=November 18, 2018|title=Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), environmental change and marine protected areas in the Western Canadian Arctic|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S0272771417311319|journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science|volume=Volume 212|pages=128-137|via=}}</ref>

==Assessment==
The rights of the people of Paulatuk have also been respected, and they remain involved in the MPA as key stakeholders. The creation and management of the MPA interwove scientific knowledge with traditional Inuvialuit knowledge,<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/paulatuk-tk-workshop-report_september_2012_final.pdf|title=Traditional and Local Knowledge Workshop for the Paulatuk Area of Interest|last=|first=|date=September 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> and worked closely with the affected stakeholders (the people of Paulatuk), which makes it an important example for future MPAs.

Here is a short documentary from 2018 showing a 'day in the life' of the people of Paulatuk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLwTK9xEkEo

==References==
<references/>

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Course:FRST370/Projects/The Cultural and Conservation Significance of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area (MPA), North West Territories, Canada

2018-11-28T06:24:34Z

SimoneMiller: /* Ecological Importance of the MPA */

This case study examines Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam (Ung-u-niak-via Ni-kig-e-um) MPA, which was officially designated a Marine Protected Area by the Canadian Government in 2016. The MPA is located around the west side of Darnley Bay in the Beaufort Sea, Northwest Territories, and is in close proximity to the Inuvialuit community of Palatuk, who have traditionally hunted and harvested food from the protected area. Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is also home to roughly 40,000 Beluga whales (27% of the world’s population),<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arctictoday.com/inuvialuit-environmentalists-praise-new-marine-protected-area-in-canadian-arctic/?wallit_nosession=1|title=Inuvialuit, environmentalists praise new marine protected area in Canadian Arctic|last=|first=Nunatsiaq News|date=November 22nd, 2016|website=Arctic Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> bowheads, numerous seabirds and other wildlife. Traditional Indigenous knowledge was used extensively in crafting conservational goals, and acknowledgement of Indigenous land usage has also been factored into the creation of this MPA. In this way, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is a promising example for future MPAs. This study will be observing the collaboration between different actors—examples being the Inuvialuit and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans—in creating and managing the MPA. It will also be exploring tenure agreements, conservational goals and the cultural significance of this MPA for the Inuvialuit people.

==Description==

==== Location ====
[[File:Northwest Territories municipalities.png|thumb|Map of Northwest Territories; Paulatuk Village indicated on the Northern Coastline]]
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is located in Darnley Bay, the Western Canadian Arctic. Approximately 2,361 km2 in size,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2016/2016-06-25/html/reg3-eng.html|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=Department of Fisheries and Oceans|date=June 25, 2016|website=Canada Gazette|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> it lies within the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jointsecretariat.ca/resources/inuvialuit-settlement-region/|title=Inuvialuit Settlement Region|last=|first=|date=|website=Joint Secretariat|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> next to the community of Paulatuk, Northwest Territories. Paulatuk has a population of 300, and "...is the only coastal community in Darnley Bay, and is located on its southern coastline. Darnley Bay is a large productive bay which opens into Amundsen Gulf to the north, thereby linking it to the Beaufort Sea to the west and Northwest Passage to the east.” <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/anaoi-synth.pdf|title=Ecological Overview and Assessment Report Anuniaqvia niqiqyuam Area of Interest|last=Chambers, MacDonell|first=C. , D.|date=December 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|page=3|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Creation of the MPA ====
In 2008, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) received funding to establish a new MPA in the ‘Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area’.<ref name=":0" /> Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was “recognized from the perspective of both science and traditional Inuvialuit knowledge as being an ecologically important area”.<ref name=":0" /> In 2009, along with two other potential marine areas in proximity to the communities of Sachs Harbour and Ulukhaktok, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was nominated as an area of interest (AOI) to be considered for MPA status.<ref name=":1" /> The three areas were then “screened against selection criteria based on ecological, social, economic, and cultural factors”<ref name=":0" /> Selection criteria was as follows:

1) Presence of culturally important species in the area;

2) Identification of the area in a Community Conservation Plan;

3) Ecological importance of the area;

4) Level of biodiversity within the area;

5) Level of productivity within the area;

6) Presence of threats to the area and how immediate such threats are;

7) Possibility of future conflicts with stakeholders; and

8) Contributions of the area to social and cultural values.<ref name=":1" />

The outcome of the screening lead to Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam being deemed by the three communities and other stakeholders as the most suitable area for establishing an MPA. It was nominated by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), the territorial government of the NWT and local communities of Paulatuk, Ulukhaktok and Sachs Harbour.<ref name=":1" /> On November 16th 2016, the area was officially announced as an MPA by the Federal Government of Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2016/2016-11-16/html/sor-dors280-eng.html|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=|date=|website=Canada Gazette|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Ecological Importance of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam contains the only nesting ground of Thick-Billed Murre birds in the Western Arctic, and annually hosts 40,000 migrating beluga whales; nearly a third of the world’s population.<ref name=":8" /> Animals of important in the area:

1.    Belugas: The protection of the area will help sustain beluga numbers, and will provide important opportunities for scientific research and monitoring of the beluga population. This monitoring will give important insight into the overall health of the global beluga population.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />
[[File:ThickbilledMurre23.jpg|thumb|Thick-Billed Murres]]
2.    Thick-Billed Murre: The creation of the MPA would provide protection to the only nesting ground in the Western Canadian Arctic.<ref name=":9" />

3.    Arctic Char: the Darnley Bay area is a feeding ground and nearshore migration area for these fish of cultural and subsistence importance to the people of Paulatuk. Commercial fishing of Arctic Char was halted in the region due to diminishing numbers.<ref name=":9" />

4.    Polar Bears: In winter, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam's sea ice provides breeding and feeding grounds for polar bears.<ref name=":9" />

5.    The area also holds several important ecological sites, such as: deep water holes in the Hornaday river estuary where the Arctic Char overwinter, ice-edge habitats during spring, and kelp beds which are potentially unique to the Beaufort sea area.<ref name=":9" />

==== Cultural Significance of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is of cultural importance to the people of Paulatuk, as it is their traditional hunting and harvesting territory—much of their history is tied directly to the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/paulatuk-tk-workshop-report_september_2012_final.pdf|title=Traditional and Local Knowledge Workshop for the Paulatuk Area of Interest|last=|first=|date=September 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The ability to transmit traditional knowledge (such as of hunting and land-based practices) though generations is crucial to the survival of Inuit communities; particularly in light of the history of residential schools, the oppression and diaspora inflicted on Inuit people by the Canadian government.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Hoover, Ostertag, Hornby, Parker, Hansen-Craik, Loseto, Pearce|first=Carie, Sonja, Claire, Colleen, Kayla, Lisa, Tristan|date=July 2016|title=The Continued Importance of Hunting for Future Inuit Food Security|url=https://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/article/continued-importance-hunting-future-inuit-food-security/|journal=Solutions|volume=6|pages=40-51|via=}}</ref>

The people of Paulatuk rely heavily on sustenance harvested or hunted from the MPA due to the remoteness of their community; as food and other supplies need to be brought in via boat, the cost of basic foodstuffs is exponentially higher than in the rest of Canada.<ref name=":12" />

Another consideration is the cost of keeping food in fridges or freezers as opposed to traditional methods of preserving food that was hunted or harvested. The traditional method is much more affordable and sustainable for members of their community and helps them maintain ties to their history and culture. As there are few economic opportunities for members of the community due to its remoteness, many of the livelihoods of adults within the community come from hunting or fishing.<ref name=":12" />

==== Ecological Threats to the MPA ====
Rapid environmental changes within the Arctic region could lead to an increase of opportunities for socio-economic activities with potentially detrimental effects to the environment. For example, warming of the climate leads to less ice and longer open-sea seasons, which would allow for increase in shipping, resource exploitation (such as for oil and gas), more commercial fishing and tourism. An increase in these activities would pose a great threat for the biodiversity and ecological functions of the area.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/anaoi-synth.pdf|title=Ecological Overview and Assessment Report Anuniaqvia niqiqyuam Area of Interest|last=Chambers, MacDonell|first=C., D.|date=December 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==

==== Treaties ====
[[File:Inuvialuit Settlement Region.jpg|thumb|Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR)]]
Darnley Bay and the community of Paulatuk fall under the area of Treaty 11, a treaty established between the King George V and Indigenous communities across the NWT, signed between 1921 and 1922.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100028912/1100100028914|title=Treaty Research Report - Treaty No. 11 (1921)|last=Coates, Morrison|first=Kenneth S, William R.|date=1986|website=Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A renegotiation of the treaty, finalized on June 5th 1984, is known as the “Inuvialuit Final Agreement”. This agreement established the ISR as land designated specifically for the Inuvialuit people's usage; that in exchange for the Government claiming title to the land, Indigenous people’s rights to traditional land usage, such as trapping, hunting, and fishing are legally secure within certain guidelines.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/inuvialuit-final-agreement|title=Inuvialuit Final Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The agreement states that the “Inuvialuit will receive ownership to the beds of lakes, rivers and water bodies, subject to a 100 foot access strip around the seacoast and shorelines of navigable waters for travel, recreation and emergency purposes”.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/sites/default/files/IFA%20Summary.pdf|title=Summary of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> In all cases, the Crown holds ownership over the water. Although the state holds statutory ownership of the MPA's waters, the people of Paulatuk have legal rights to access the MPA and engage in traditional and sustainable harvesting or hunting.<ref name=":2" />

==== Potential Tenure Conflicts ====
A consideration which helped ensure Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam's MPA status is the region's lack of overlapping tenure claims.

Within the area, the only “current, non-renewable resource sector… is mining.”<ref name=":0" /> Parry Peninsula, adjacent to the MPA, hosts a geological anomaly which is believed to be rich in copper and nickel. There are two companies—Diadem Resources Limited and Darnley Bay Resources Limited (now Pine Point Mining Limited)—which hold mineral rights to the area, but these rights do not overlap with the boundaries of the MPA.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" />

“Commercial fishing in the area has been closed since 1986 due to a population decline of Arctic Char, and is unlikely to develop in the near future…”<ref name=":0" /> Because of this, the MPA does not impose any extra costs on the commercial fishing sector as there is no foregone revenue or “higher costs of operation”, and there is unlikely to be any tenure conflicts in this sector.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" />

==Administrative arrangements==

==== Management of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is within the boundaries of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), “one of five priority areas identified for integrated ocean management planning by the Government of Canada.” The areas within LOMA are under “integrated management”, a collaborative management and planning process lead by the DFO and which operates through several levels of regional governance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/beaufortsea-loma/|title=Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

1. There are “working groups”, which are the ‘on the ground’ management worker; the lowest tier of management created by the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) as they are needed for particular causes. These groups research and construct foundation pieces on which ocean management plans for sustainable development is based. They include experts from BSP organizations. There are Working Groups focusing on community consultation, traditional knowledge, biophysical issues/natural sciences, and more.

2. There is the Beaufort Sea Partnership, to which the Working Groups refer and send their findings to. The BSP builds on the findings of the Working Groups the create management plans, which then continue up the chain to the RCC.

3. There is the RCC, to which the BSP refers to and which is the top tier of regional management overseeing the area under which the MPA falls.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/|title=Governance - Beaufort Sea Partnership|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Members of Paulatuk follow their local community management plan, which

==== Reporting System ====
Any activity within the MPA from actors outside of the village of Paulatuk requires a permit issued from the Department of Oceans and Fisheries (DFO). In order to have an Activity Plan approved, a form detailing the activity and its purpose must be submitted to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans for approval 60 days before the proposed activity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/initiatives/anguniaqvia-niqiqyuam-area-of-interest/1085-2/|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Activity Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2016-280/page-1.html#h-5|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=|date=|website=Justice Laws Website|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Management Plans within the MPA ====
There are three separate management plans operating within the MPA.

1.    Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan: this plan is a joint effort between the DFO, the FJMC, Hunters and Trappers Committee (HTC) and the Inuvialuit of Paulatuk and other communities. It aims to protect the beluga population long-term while maintaining sustainable harvesting of belugas by the Inuvialuit. It facilitates co-operative monitoring of the belugas by the Inuvialuit, HTC, FJMC and DFO.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Beaufort-Sea-Beluga-Management-Plan-2013.pdf|title=Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/sceoar_paulatukaoi-17may2012-1.pdf|title=Socio-Economic Assessment of the Darnley Bay Area of Interest|last=|first=Department of Fisheries and Oceans|date=2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

2.    The Paulatuk Community Conservation Plan: this plan identifies important ecological, cultural and/or sensitive areas within the MPA. It seeks to create a community process for land use decisions, and outlines a general system for wildlife management as well as conservation measures for each species of concern. It blends "knowledge of community and others with expertise". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.screeningcommittee.ca/pdf/ccp/Paulatuk_CCP.pdf|title=Paulatuk Community Conservation Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Screening Committee|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

3.    The Paulatuk Char Management Plan: this plan aims to ensure a "healthy stock of Arctic Char"<ref name=":14" /> by protecting their habitat and managing population while ensuring that Inuvialuit subsistence needs are being met. The plan is a joint effort by the Paulatuk Hunters and Trappers Committee, FJMC and DFO. <ref name=":9" /><ref name=":14" />

==Affected Stakeholders==

==== The Community of Paulatuk ====
The people of Paulatuk are the immediate affected stakeholders in the MPA. They have customary rights to the area of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam as it is their traditional hunting, trapping, and harvesting territory; thus having great cultural significance and providing for the villages major economic activities: hunting, trapping and fishing. The MPA helps to provide security in those activities for the community. <ref name=":15" />

Under the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, they also have statutory rights to access and and continue to use the MPA's resources.<ref name=":13" />

⅔ of the adult population of Paulatuk engage in hunting, fishing or harvesting from the MPA to supplement their livelihood due to the remoteness of the community.<ref name=":14" />

Their goals are to preserve and protect the ecological and biological integrity of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam, while maintaining their rights to hunting and harvesting from the land.

Although other stakeholders worked closely with Paulatuk in the creation of the MPA and continue to do so in managing the MPA, the village holds a relatively small amount of power due to being such a small and marginalized community.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==

==== Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) ====
The RCC is an co-operational and overarching planning committee which promotes integrated resource management in the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), an area under which the MPA falls.<ref name=":4" /> This coordination committee oversees the management of the MPA. It is co-chaired by several stakeholders, such as: The DFO, FJMC, and the IRC. Representatives from Paulatuk and other coastal communities in the area also sit on the committee. Other stakeholders who sit on the committee include:

1.    Inuvialuit Game Council (IGC)

2.    Parks Canada Agency (PCA)

3.    Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC)

4.    Yukon Government (YG)

5.    Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT)

6.    Environment Canada (EC)

7.    Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)

8.    Transport Canada (TC)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/regional-coordination-committee/|title=Regional Coordination Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== The Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) ====
The DFO is an interested stakeholder in the MPA. The federal department manages Canada’s fisheries, oceans, and freshwater resources. It is a part of the Integrated Management Plan in the Beaufort Sea, which is rooted in “developing international ocean governance processes and Canada’s ocean related international commitments”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/integrated-oceans-management-plan/|title=Integrated Oceans Management Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The DFO holds the most power of all the stakeholders within the MPA, as it is the stakeholder closest to the government, and the stakeholder which receives funding from the federal government for the creation and management of the MPA. The DFO was confirmed in the 1997 Oceans Act as the lead federal authority for oceans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/publications/cos-soc/index-eng.html|title=Canada's Oceans Strategy|last=|first=|date=|website=Fisheries and Oceans Canada|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Their goals were to choose an ecologically and culturally significant area that would benefit from the protection of an MPA, but would also not cause losses to economically important departments within Canada—for example, creating an MPA where there is highly profitable commercial fishing taking place, or where oil or gas are already being extracted.

The DFO sits on the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC).<ref name=":4" />

==== The Fisheries Joint Management Committee (FJMC) ====
The FJMC is an interested stakeholder in the MPA. The FJMC is a “co-management” organization which “works jointly with the DFO to co-manage all with, fish habitat, and marine mammals within the ISR.”<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://jointsecretariat.ca/co-management-system/fisheries-joint-management-committee/|title=Fisheries Joint Management Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=Joint Secretariat|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> On the committee two members are appointed by the Inuvialuit (Inuvialuit Game Council), two are appointed by the Government of Canada (through Orders in Council), and the chair of the committee is selected by the appointed members.

The FJMC works jointly with the DFO and also sits on the RCC, but has less relative power. For example, the FJMC has the power to directly advise the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans on fisheries issues,<ref name=":5" /> but the DFO holds the final call on decision making.

The FJMC is in charge of the Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan (BSBMP), which is in operation in the Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam MPA—the plan focuses on ensuring that the beluga population is maintained at a thriving level and to “provide for optimum sustainable harvest of beluga by the Inuvialuit."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Beaufort-Sea-Beluga-Management-Plan-2013.pdf|title=Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan|last=|first=Fisheries Joint Management Committee|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnerships|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> As Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam hosts such a large number of migrating belugas annually, the protection of the area is integral to the research for the BSBMP and for the implementation of the management plan.

==== The Inuvialuit Regional Corporation (IRC) ====
The IRC is an interested stakeholder in the MPA, and there are some affected stakeholders within the IRC as community members of Paulatuk are involved in the corporation.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/community-corporations|title=Community Corporations|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The IRC was developed in 1984 to manage the settlement between the Federal Government and the Inuvialuit people outlined in the Inuvialuit Final Agreement.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/about-irc|title=About IRC|last=|first=|date=2018|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The IRC holds some power over what occurs within the MPA as it sits on the RCC, but like the FJMC it differs to the DFO.

The IRC “Represents the collective Inuvialuit interests in dealings with governments and the world at large...to continually improve the economic, social, and cultural well-being of the Inuvialuit”<ref name=":7" /> These goals, and the fact that the IRC represents the community of Paulatuk to the government, means that they have a vested interest in the success and maintenance of the MPA.<ref name=":6" />

==== The Beaufort Sea Partnership (BSP) ====
The BSP is the “primary forum for stakeholder engagement in integrated ocean management of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area, with broad stakeholder representation from 54 different organizations”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/beaufortsea-partnership/|title=Beaufort Sea Partnership|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

This forum represents a wide variety of interests and stakeholders, and as such it is difficult to pinpoint what their any particular interest in the MPA may be.

They make recommendations to the RCC, but they are a tier below the members of the RCC in terms of the amount of power held.<ref name=":3" />

==Discussion==
The MPA appears to be a success story, although it is still a new creation and as such it’s state and progress can be difficult to assess. However, there appears to be no conflict between actors within or over the MPA, and there has been documented progress made on the study and protection of belugas and other marine wildlife within the MPA.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Loseto, Hoover, Ostertag, Whalen, Pearce, Paulic, Iacozza, MacPhee|first=L.L., C, S., D., T., J., J., S.,|date=November 18, 2018|title=Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), environmental change and marine protected areas in the Western Canadian Arctic|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S0272771417311319|journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science|volume=Volume 212|pages=128-137|via=}}</ref>

==Assessment==
The rights of the people of Paulatuk have also been respected, and they remain involved in the MPA as key stakeholders. The creation and management of the MPA interwove scientific knowledge with traditional Inuvialuit knowledge,<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/paulatuk-tk-workshop-report_september_2012_final.pdf|title=Traditional and Local Knowledge Workshop for the Paulatuk Area of Interest|last=|first=|date=September 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> and worked closely with the affected stakeholders (the people of Paulatuk), which makes it an important example for future MPAs.

Here is a short documentary from 2018 showing a 'day in the life' of the people of Paulatuk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLwTK9xEkEo

==References==
<references/>

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Course:FRST370/Projects/The Cultural and Conservation Significance of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area (MPA), North West Territories, Canada

2018-11-28T05:31:05Z

SimoneMiller: /* Ecological Importance of the MPA */

This case study examines Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam (Ung-u-niak-via Ni-kig-e-um) MPA, which was officially designated a Marine Protected Area by the Canadian Government in 2016. The MPA is located around the west side of Darnley Bay in the Beaufort Sea, Northwest Territories, and is in close proximity to the Inuvialuit community of Palatuk, who have traditionally hunted and harvested food from the protected area. Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is also home to roughly 40,000 Beluga whales (27% of the world’s population),<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arctictoday.com/inuvialuit-environmentalists-praise-new-marine-protected-area-in-canadian-arctic/?wallit_nosession=1|title=Inuvialuit, environmentalists praise new marine protected area in Canadian Arctic|last=|first=Nunatsiaq News|date=November 22nd, 2016|website=Arctic Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> bowheads, numerous seabirds and other wildlife. Traditional Indigenous knowledge was used extensively in crafting conservational goals, and acknowledgement of Indigenous land usage has also been factored into the creation of this MPA. In this way, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is a promising example for future MPAs. This study will be observing the collaboration between different actors—examples being the Inuvialuit and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans—in creating and managing the MPA. It will also be exploring tenure agreements, conservational goals and the cultural significance of this MPA for the Inuvialuit people.

==Description==

==== Location ====
[[File:Northwest Territories municipalities.png|thumb|Map of Northwest Territories; Paulatuk Village indicated on the Northern Coastline]]
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is located in Darnley Bay, the Western Canadian Arctic. Approximately 2,361 km2 in size,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2016/2016-06-25/html/reg3-eng.html|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=Department of Fisheries and Oceans|date=June 25, 2016|website=Canada Gazette|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> it lies within the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jointsecretariat.ca/resources/inuvialuit-settlement-region/|title=Inuvialuit Settlement Region|last=|first=|date=|website=Joint Secretariat|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> next to the community of Paulatuk, Northwest Territories. Paulatuk has a population of 300, and "...is the only coastal community in Darnley Bay, and is located on its southern coastline. Darnley Bay is a large productive bay which opens into Amundsen Gulf to the north, thereby linking it to the Beaufort Sea to the west and Northwest Passage to the east.” <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/anaoi-synth.pdf|title=Ecological Overview and Assessment Report Anuniaqvia niqiqyuam Area of Interest|last=Chambers, MacDonell|first=C. , D.|date=December 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|page=3|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Creation of the MPA ====
In 2008, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) received funding to establish a new MPA in the ‘Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area’.<ref name=":0" /> Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was “recognized from the perspective of both science and traditional Inuvialuit knowledge as being an ecologically important area”.<ref name=":0" /> In 2009, along with two other potential marine areas in proximity to the communities of Sachs Harbour and Ulukhaktok, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was nominated as an area of interest (AOI) to be considered for MPA status.<ref name=":1" /> The three areas were then “screened against selection criteria based on ecological, social, economic, and cultural factors”<ref name=":0" /> Selection criteria was as follows:

1) Presence of culturally important species in the area;

2) Identification of the area in a Community Conservation Plan;

3) Ecological importance of the area;

4) Level of biodiversity within the area;

5) Level of productivity within the area;

6) Presence of threats to the area and how immediate such threats are;

7) Possibility of future conflicts with stakeholders; and

8) Contributions of the area to social and cultural values.<ref name=":1" />

The outcome of the screening lead to Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam being deemed by the three communities and other stakeholders as the most suitable area for establishing an MPA. It was nominated by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), the territorial government of the NWT and local communities of Paulatuk, Ulukhaktok and Sachs Harbour.<ref name=":1" /> On November 16th 2016, the area was officially announced as an MPA by the Federal Government of Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2016/2016-11-16/html/sor-dors280-eng.html|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=|date=|website=Canada Gazette|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Ecological Importance of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam contains the only nesting ground of Thick-Billed Murre birds in the Western Arctic, and annually hosts 40,000 migrating beluga whales; nearly a third of the world’s population.<ref name=":8" /> Animals of important in the area:

1.    Belugas:
[[File:ThickbilledMurre23.jpg|thumb|Thick-Billed Murres]]
2.    Thick-Billed Murre: The creation of the MPA would provide protection to the only nesting ground in the Western Canadian Arctic.

3.    Arctic Char: the Darnley Bay area is a feeding ground and nearshore migration area for these fish of cultural and subsistence importance to the people of Paulatuk. Commercial fishing of Arctic Char was halted in the region due to diminishing numbers.

4.    Polar Bears: In winter, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam's sea ice provides breeding and feeding grounds for polar bears.

5.    The area also holds several important ecological sites, such as: deep water holes in the Hornaday river estuary where the Arctic Char overwinter, ice-edge habitats during spring, and kelp beds which are potentially unique to the Beaufort sea area.<ref name=":9" />

==== Cultural Significance of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is of cultural importance to the people of Paulatuk, as it is their traditional hunting and harvesting territory—much of their history is tied directly to the area. The ability to transmit traditional knowledge (such as of hunting and land-based practices) though generations is crucial to the survival of Inuit communities; particularly in light of the history of residential schools, the oppression and diaspora inflicted on Inuit people by the Canadian government.

The people of Paulatuk rely heavily on sustenance harvested or hunted from the MPA due to the remoteness of their community; as food and other supplies need to be brought in via boat, the cost of basic foodstuffs is exponentially higher than in the rest of Canada.

Another consideration is the cost of keeping food in fridges or freezers as opposed to traditional methods of preserving food that was hunted or harvested. The traditional method is much more affordable and sustainable for members of their community and helps them maintain ties to their history and culture. As there are few economic opportunities for members of the community due to its remoteness, many of the livelihoods of adults within the community come from hunting or fishing.

==== Ecological Threats to the MPA ====
Rapid environmental changes within the Arctic region could lead to an increase of opportunities for socio-economic activities with potentially detrimental effects to the environment. For example, warming of the climate leads to less ice and longer open-sea seasons, which would allow for increase in shipping, resource exploitation (such as for oil and gas), more commercial fishing and tourism. An increase in these activities would pose a great threat for the biodiversity and ecological functions of the area.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/anaoi-synth.pdf|title=Ecological Overview and Assessment Report Anuniaqvia niqiqyuam Area of Interest|last=Chambers, MacDonell|first=C., D.|date=December 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==

==== Treaties ====
[[File:Inuvialuit Settlement Region.jpg|thumb|Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR)]]
Darnley Bay and the community of Paulatuk fall under the area of Treaty 11, a treaty established between the King George V and Indigenous communities across the NWT, signed between 1921 and 1922.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100028912/1100100028914|title=Treaty Research Report - Treaty No. 11 (1921)|last=Coates, Morrison|first=Kenneth S, William R.|date=1986|website=Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A renegotiation of the treaty, finalized on June 5th 1984, is known as the “Inuvialuit Final Agreement”. This agreement established the ISR as land designated specifically for the Inuvialuit people's usage; that in exchange for the Government claiming title to the land, Indigenous people’s rights to traditional land usage, such as trapping, hunting, and fishing are legally secure within certain guidelines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/inuvialuit-final-agreement|title=Inuvialuit Final Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The agreement states that the “Inuvialuit will receive ownership to the beds of lakes, rivers and water bodies, subject to a 100 foot access strip around the seacoast and shorelines of navigable waters for travel, recreation and emergency purposes”.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/sites/default/files/IFA%20Summary.pdf|title=Summary of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> In all cases, the Crown holds ownership over the water. Although the state holds statutory ownership of the MPA's waters, the people of Paulatuk have legal rights to access the MPA and engage in traditional and sustainable harvesting or hunting.<ref name=":2" />

==== Potential Tenure Conflicts ====
A consideration which helped ensure Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam's MPA status is the region's lack of overlapping tenure claims.

Within the area, the only “current, non-renewable resource sector… is mining.”<ref name=":0" /> Parry Peninsula, adjacent to the MPA, hosts a geological anomaly which is believed to be rich in copper and nickel. There are two companies—Diadem Resources Limited and Darnley Bay Resources Limited (now Pine Point Mining Limited)—which hold mineral rights to the area, but these rights do not overlap with the boundaries of the MPA.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" />

“Commercial fishing in the area has been closed since 1986 due to a population decline of Arctic Char, and is unlikely to develop in the near future…”<ref name=":0" /> Because of this, the MPA does not impose any extra costs on the commercial fishing sector as there is no foregone revenue or “higher costs of operation”, and there is unlikely to be any tenure conflicts in this sector.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" />

==Administrative arrangements==

==== Management of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is within the boundaries of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), “one of five priority areas identified for integrated ocean management planning by the Government of Canada.” The areas within LOMA are under “integrated management”, a collaborative management and planning process lead by the DFO and which operates through several levels of regional governance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/beaufortsea-loma/|title=Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

1. There are “working groups”, which are the ‘on the ground’ management worker; the lowest tier of management created by the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) as they are needed for particular causes. These groups research and construct foundation pieces on which ocean management plans for sustainable development is based. They include experts from BSP organizations. There are Working Groups focusing on community consultation, traditional knowledge, biophysical issues/natural sciences, and more.

2. There is the Beaufort Sea Partnership, to which the Working Groups refer and send their findings to. The BSP builds on the findings of the Working Groups the create management plans, which then continue up the chain to the RCC.

3. There is the RCC, to which the BSP refers to and which is the top tier of regional management overseeing the area under which the MPA falls.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/|title=Governance - Beaufort Sea Partnership|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Members of Paulatuk follow their local community management plan, which

==== Reporting System ====
Any activity within the MPA from actors outside of the village of Paulatuk requires a permit issued from the Department of Oceans and Fisheries (DFO). In order to have an Activity Plan approved, a form detailing the activity and its purpose must be submitted to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans for approval 60 days before the proposed activity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/initiatives/anguniaqvia-niqiqyuam-area-of-interest/1085-2/|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Activity Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2016-280/page-1.html#h-5|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=|date=|website=Justice Laws Website|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Management Plans within the MPA ====
There are three separate management plans operating within the MPA.

1.    Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Beaufort-Sea-Beluga-Management-Plan-2013.pdf|title=Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

2.    the Paulatuk Community Conservation Plan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.screeningcommittee.ca/pdf/ccp/Paulatuk_CCP.pdf|title=Paulatuk Community Conservation Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Screening Committee|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

3.    the Paulatuk Char Management Plan<ref name=":9" />

==Affected Stakeholders==

==== The Community of Paulatuk ====
The people of Paulatuk are the immediate affected stakeholders in the MPA. They have customary rights to the area of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam as it is their traditional hunting, trapping, and harvesting territory; thus having great cultural significance and providing for the villages major economic activities: hunting, trapping and fishing. The MPA helps to provide security in those activities for the community.

Under the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, they also have statutory rights to access and and continue to use the MPA's resources.

⅔ of the adult population of Paulatuk engage in hunting, fishing or harvesting from the MPA to supplement their livelihood due to the remoteness of the community.

Their goals are to preserve and protect the ecological and biological integrity of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam, while maintaining their rights to hunting and harvesting from the land.

Although other stakeholders worked closely with Paulatuk in the creation of the MPA and continue to do so in managing the MPA, the village holds a relatively small amount of power due to being such a small and marginalized community.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==

==== Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) ====
The RCC is an co-operational and overarching planning committee which promotes integrated resource management in the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), an area under which the MPA falls.<ref name=":4" /> This coordination committee oversees the management of the MPA. It is co-chaired by several stakeholders, such as: The DFO, FJMC, and the IRC. Representatives from Paulatuk and other coastal communities in the area also sit on the committee. Other stakeholders who sit on the committee include:

1.    Inuvialuit Game Council (IGC)

2.    Parks Canada Agency (PCA)

3.    Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC)

4.    Yukon Government (YG)

5.    Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT)

6.    Environment Canada (EC)

7.    Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)

8.    Transport Canada (TC)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/regional-coordination-committee/|title=Regional Coordination Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== The Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) ====
The DFO is an interested stakeholder in the MPA. The federal department manages Canada’s fisheries, oceans, and freshwater resources. It is a part of the Integrated Management Plan in the Beaufort Sea, which is rooted in “developing international ocean governance processes and Canada’s ocean related international commitments”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/integrated-oceans-management-plan/|title=Integrated Oceans Management Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The DFO holds the most power of all the stakeholders within the MPA, as it is the stakeholder closest to the government, and the stakeholder which receives funding from the federal government for the creation and management of the MPA. The DFO was confirmed in the 1997 Oceans Act as the lead federal authority for oceans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/publications/cos-soc/index-eng.html|title=Canada's Oceans Strategy|last=|first=|date=|website=Fisheries and Oceans Canada|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Their goals were to choose an ecologically and culturally significant area that would benefit from the protection of an MPA, but would also not cause losses to economically important departments within Canada—for example, creating an MPA where there is highly profitable commercial fishing taking place, or where oil or gas are already being extracted.

The DFO sits on the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC).<ref name=":4" />

==== The Fisheries Joint Management Committee (FJMC) ====
The FJMC is an interested stakeholder in the MPA. The FJMC is a “co-management” organization which “works jointly with the DFO to co-manage all with, fish habitat, and marine mammals within the ISR.”<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://jointsecretariat.ca/co-management-system/fisheries-joint-management-committee/|title=Fisheries Joint Management Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=Joint Secretariat|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> On the committee two members are appointed by the Inuvialuit (Inuvialuit Game Council), two are appointed by the Government of Canada (through Orders in Council), and the chair of the committee is selected by the appointed members.

The FJMC works jointly with the DFO and also sits on the RCC, but has less relative power. For example, the FJMC has the power to directly advise the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans on fisheries issues,<ref name=":5" /> but the DFO holds the final call on decision making.

The FJMC is in charge of the Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan (BSBMP), which is in operation in the Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam MPA—the plan focuses on ensuring that the beluga population is maintained at a thriving level and to “provide for optimum sustainable harvest of beluga by the Inuvialuit."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Beaufort-Sea-Beluga-Management-Plan-2013.pdf|title=Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan|last=|first=Fisheries Joint Management Committee|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnerships|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> As Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam hosts such a large number of migrating belugas annually, the protection of the area is integral to the research for the BSBMP and for the implementation of the management plan.

==== The Inuvialuit Regional Corporation (IRC) ====
The IRC is an interested stakeholder in the MPA, and there are some affected stakeholders within the IRC as community members of Paulatuk are involved in the corporation.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/community-corporations|title=Community Corporations|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The IRC was developed in 1984 to manage the settlement between the Federal Government and the Inuvialuit people outlined in the Inuvialuit Final Agreement.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/about-irc|title=About IRC|last=|first=|date=2018|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The IRC holds some power over what occurs within the MPA as it sits on the RCC, but like the FJMC it differs to the DFO.

The IRC “Represents the collective Inuvialuit interests in dealings with governments and the world at large...to continually improve the economic, social, and cultural well-being of the Inuvialuit”<ref name=":7" /> These goals, and the fact that the IRC represents the community of Paulatuk to the government, means that they have a vested interest in the success and maintenance of the MPA.<ref name=":6" />

==== The Beaufort Sea Partnership (BSP) ====
The BSP is the “primary forum for stakeholder engagement in integrated ocean management of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area, with broad stakeholder representation from 54 different organizations”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/beaufortsea-partnership/|title=Beaufort Sea Partnership|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

This forum represents a wide variety of interests and stakeholders, and as such it is difficult to pinpoint what their any particular interest in the MPA may be.

They make recommendations to the RCC, but they are a tier below the members of the RCC in terms of the amount of power held.<ref name=":3" />

==Discussion==
The MPA appears to be a success story, although it is still a new creation and as such it’s state and progress can be difficult to assess. However, there appears to be no conflict between actors within or over the MPA, and there has been documented progress made on the study and protection of belugas and other marine wildlife within the MPA.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Loseto, Hoover, Ostertag, Whalen, Pearce, Paulic, Iacozza, MacPhee|first=L.L., C, S., D., T., J., J., S.,|date=November 18, 2018|title=Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), environmental change and marine protected areas in the Western Canadian Arctic|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S0272771417311319|journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science|volume=Volume 212|pages=128-137|via=}}</ref>

==Assessment==
The rights of the people of Paulatuk have also been respected, and they remain involved in the MPA as key stakeholders. The creation and management of the MPA interwove scientific knowledge with traditional Inuvialuit knowledge,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/paulatuk-tk-workshop-report_september_2012_final.pdf|title=Traditional and Local Knowledge Workshop for the Paulatuk Area of Interest|last=|first=|date=September 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> and worked closely with the affected stakeholders (the people of Paulatuk), which makes it an important example for future MPAs.

Here is a short documentary from 2018 showing a 'day in the life' of the people of Paulatuk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLwTK9xEkEo

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
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Course:FRST370/Projects/The Cultural and Conservation Significance of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area (MPA), North West Territories, Canada

2018-11-28T04:19:57Z

SimoneMiller:

This case study examines Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam (Ung-u-niak-via Ni-kig-e-um) MPA, which was officially designated a Marine Protected Area by the Canadian Government in 2016. The MPA is located around the west side of Darnley Bay in the Beaufort Sea, Northwest Territories, and is in close proximity to the Inuvialuit community of Palatuk, who have traditionally hunted and harvested food from the protected area. Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is also home to roughly 40,000 Beluga whales (27% of the world’s population), bowheads, numerous seabirds and other wildlife. Traditional Indigenous knowledge was used extensively in crafting conservational goals, and acknowledgement of Indigenous land usage has also been factored into the creation of this MPA. In this way, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is a promising example for future MPAs. This study will be observing the collaboration between different actors—examples being the Inuvialuit and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans—in creating the MPA. It will also be exploring tenure agreements, conservational goals and the cultural significance of this MPA for the Inuvialuit people.

==Description==

==== Location ====
[[File:Northwest Territories municipalities.png|thumb|Map of Northwest Territories; Paulatuk Village indicated on the Northern Coastline]]
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is located in Darnley Bay, the Western Canadian Arctic. Approximately 2,361 km2 in size,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2016/2016-06-25/html/reg3-eng.html|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=Department of Fisheries and Oceans|date=June 25, 2016|website=Canada Gazette|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> it lies within the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jointsecretariat.ca/resources/inuvialuit-settlement-region/|title=Inuvialuit Settlement Region|last=|first=|date=|website=Joint Secretariat|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> next to the community of Paulatuk, Northwest Territories. Paulatuk has a population of 300, and "...is the only coastal community in Darnley Bay, and is located on its southern coastline. Darnley Bay is a large productive bay which opens into Amundsen Gulf to the north, thereby linking it to the Beaufort Sea to the west and Northwest Passage to the east.” <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/anaoi-synth.pdf|title=Ecological Overview and Assessment Report Anuniaqvia niqiqyuam Area of Interest|last=Chambers, MacDonell|first=C. , D.|date=December 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|page=3|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Creation of the MPA ====
In 2008, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) received funding to establish a new MPA in the ‘Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area’.<ref name=":0" /> Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was “recognized from the perspective of both science and traditional Inuvialuit knowledge as being an ecologically important area”.<ref name=":0" /> In 2009, along with two other potential marine areas in proximity to the communities of Sachs Harbour and Ulukhaktok, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was nominated as an area of interest (AOI) to be considered for MPA status.<ref name=":1" /> The three areas were then “screened against selection criteria based on ecological, social, economic, and cultural factors”<ref name=":0" /> Selection criteria was as follows:

1) Presence of culturally important species in the area;

2) Identification of the area in a Community Conservation Plan;

3) Ecological importance of the area;

4) Level of biodiversity within the area;

5) Level of productivity within the area;

6) Presence of threats to the area and how immediate such threats are;

7) Possibility of future conflicts with stakeholders; and

8) Contributions of the area to social and cultural values.<ref name=":1" />

The outcome of the screening lead to Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam being deemed by the three communities and other stakeholders as the most suitable area for establishing an MPA. It was nominated by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), the territorial government of the NWT and local communities of Paulatuk, Ulukhaktok and Sachs Harbour.<ref name=":1" /> On November 16th 2016, the area was officially announced as an MPA by the Federal Government of Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2016/2016-11-16/html/sor-dors280-eng.html|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=|date=|website=Canada Gazette|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Ecological Importance of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam contains the only nesting ground of Thick-Billed Murre birds in the Western Arctic, and annually hosts 40,000 migrating beluga whales; nearly a third of the world’s population. Animals of important in the area:

1.    Belugas:
[[File:ThickbilledMurre23.jpg|thumb|Thick-Billed Murres]]
2.    Thick-Billed Murre: The creation of the MPA would provide protection to the only nesting ground in the Western Canadian Arctic.

3.    Arctic Char: the Darnley Bay area is a feeding ground and nearshore migration area for these fish of cultural and subsistence importance to the people of Paulatuk.

4.    Polar Bears: In winter, the sea ice in the AOI provides breeding and feeding grounds for polar bears.

5.    The AOI also holds several important ecological sites, such as: deep water holes in the Hornaday river estuary where the Arctic Char overwinter, ice-edge habitats during spring, and kelp beds which are potentially unique to the Beaufort sea area. (eco)

==== Cultural Significance of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is of cultural importance to the people of Paulatuk, as it is their traditional hunting and harvesting territory—much of their history is tied directly to the area. The ability to transmit traditional knowledge (such as of hunting and land-based practices) though generations is crucial to the survival of Inuit communities; particularly in light of the history of residential schools, the oppression and diaspora inflicted on Inuit people by the Canadian government.

The people of Paulatuk rely heavily on sustenance harvested or hunted from the MPA due to the remoteness of their community; as food and other supplies need to be brought in via boat, the cost of basic foodstuffs is exponentially higher than in the rest of Canada.

Another consideration is the cost of keeping food in fridges or freezers as opposed to traditional methods of preserving food that was hunted or harvested. The traditional method is much more affordable and sustainable for members of their community and helps them maintain ties to their history and culture. As there are few economic opportunities for members of the community due to its remoteness, many of the livelihoods of adults within the community come from hunting or fishing.

==== Ecological Threats to the MPA ====
Rapid environmental changes within the Arctic region could lead to an increase of opportunities for socio-economic activities with potentially detrimental effects to the environment. For example, warming of the climate leads to less ice and longer open-sea seasons, which would allow for increase in shipping, resource exploitation (such as for oil and gas), more commercial fishing and tourism. An increase in these activities would pose a great threat for the biodiversity and ecological functions of the area.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/anaoi-synth.pdf|title=Ecological Overview and Assessment Report Anuniaqvia niqiqyuam Area of Interest|last=Chambers, MacDonell|first=C., D.|date=December 2012|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==

==== Treaties ====
[[File:Inuvialuit Settlement Region.jpg|thumb|Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR)]]
Darnley Bay and the community of Paulatuk fall under the area of Treaty 11, a treaty established between the King George V and Indigenous communities across the NWT, signed between 1921 and 1922.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100028912/1100100028914|title=Treaty Research Report - Treaty No. 11 (1921)|last=Coates, Morrison|first=Kenneth S, William R.|date=1986|website=Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A renegotiation of the treaty, finalized on June 5th 1984, is known as the “Inuvialuit Final Agreement”. This agreement established the ISR as land designated specifically for the Inuvialuit people's usage; that in exchange for the Government claiming title to the land, Indigenous people’s rights to traditional land usage, such as trapping, hunting, and fishing are legally secure within certain guidelines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/inuvialuit-final-agreement|title=Inuvialuit Final Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The agreement states that the “Inuvialuit will receive ownership to the beds of lakes, rivers and water bodies, subject to a 100 foot access strip around the seacoast and shorelines of navigable waters for travel, recreation and emergency purposes”.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/sites/default/files/IFA%20Summary.pdf|title=Summary of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> In all cases, the Crown holds ownership over the water. Although the state holds statutory ownership of the MPA's waters, the people of Paulatuk have legal rights to access the MPA and engage in traditional and sustainable harvesting or hunting.<ref name=":2" />

==== Potential Tenure Conflicts ====
A consideration which helped ensure Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam's MPA status is the region's lack of overlapping tenure claims.

Within the area, the only “current, non-renewable resource sector… is mining.”<ref name=":0" /> Parry Peninsula, adjacent to the MPA, hosts a geological anomaly which is believed to be rich in copper and nickel. There are two companies—Diadem Resources Limited and Darnley Bay Resources Limited (now Pine Point Mining Limited)—which hold mineral rights to the area, but these rights do not overlap with the boundaries of the MPA.<ref name=":0" />

“Commercial fishing in the area has been closed since 1986 due to a population decline of Arctic Char, and is unlikely to develop in the near future…”<ref name=":0" /> Because of this, the MPA does not impose any extra costs on the commercial fishing sector as there is no foregone revenue or “higher costs of operation”, and there is unlikely to be any tenure conflicts in this sector.<ref name=":0" />

==Administrative arrangements==

==== Management of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is within the boundaries of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), “one of five priority areas identified for integrated ocean management planning by the Government of Canada.” The areas within LOMA are under “integrated management”, a collaborative management and planning process lead by the DFO and which operates through several levels of regional governance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/beaufortsea-loma/|title=Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

1. There are “working groups”, which are the ‘on the ground’ management worker; the lowest tier of management created by the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) as they are needed for particular causes. These groups research and construct foundation pieces on which ocean management plans for sustainable development is based. They include experts from BSP organizations. There are Working Groups focusing on community consultation, traditional knowledge, biophysical issues/natural sciences, and more.

2. There is the Beaufort Sea Partnership, to which the Working Groups refer and send their findings to. The BSP builds on the findings of the Working Groups the create management plans, which then continue up the chain to the RCC.

3. There is the RCC, to which the BSP refers to and which is the top tier of regional management overseeing the area under which the MPA falls.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/|title=Governance - Beaufort Sea Partnership|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Members of Paulatuk follow their local community management plan, which

==== Reporting System ====
Any activity within the MPA from actors outside of the village of Paulatuk requires a permit issued from the Department of Oceans and Fisheries (DFO). In order to have an Activity Plan approved, a form detailing the activity and its purpose must be submitted to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans for approval 60 days before the proposed activity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/initiatives/anguniaqvia-niqiqyuam-area-of-interest/1085-2/|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Activity Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2016-280/page-1.html#h-5|title=Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Areas Regulations|last=|first=|date=|website=Justice Laws Website|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Management Plans within the MPA ====
There are three separate management plans operating within the MPA.

1.    Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Beaufort-Sea-Beluga-Management-Plan-2013.pdf|title=Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

2.    the Paulatuk Community Conservation Plan

3.    the Paulatuk Char Management Plan

==Affected Stakeholders==

==== The Community of Paulatuk ====
The people of Paulatuk are the immediate affected stakeholders in the MPA. They have customary rights to the area of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam as it is their traditional hunting, trapping, and harvesting territory; thus having great cultural significance and providing for the villages major economic activities: hunting, trapping and fishing. The MPA helps to provide security in those activities for the community.

Under the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, they also have statutory rights to access and and continue to use the MPA's resources.

⅔ of the adult population of Paulatuk engage in hunting, fishing or harvesting from the MPA to supplement their livelihood due to the remoteness of the community.

Their goals are to preserve and protect the ecological and biological integrity of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam, while maintaining their rights to hunting and harvesting from the land.

Although other stakeholders worked closely with Paulatuk in the creation of the MPA and continue to do so in managing the MPA, the village holds a relatively small amount of power due to being such a small and marginalized community.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==

==== Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) ====
The RCC is an co-operational and overarching planning committee which promotes integrated resource management in the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), an area under which the MPA falls. This coordination committee oversees the management of the MPA. It is co-chaired by several stakeholders, such as: The DFO, FJMC, and the IRC. Representatives from Paulatuk and other coastal communities in the area also sit on the committee. Other stakeholders who sit on the committee include:

1.    Inuvialuit Game Council (IGC)

2.    Parks Canada Agency (PCA)

3.    Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC)

4.    Yukon Government (YG)

5.    Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT)

6.    Environment Canada (EC)

7.    Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)

8.    Transport Canada (TC)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/regional-coordination-committee/|title=Regional Coordination Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== The Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) ====
The DFO is an interested stakeholder in the MPA. The federal department manages Canada’s fisheries, oceans, and freshwater resources. It is a part of the Integrated Management Plan in the Beaufort Sea, which is rooted in “developing international ocean governance processes and Canada’s ocean related international commitments”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/integrated-oceans-management-plan/|title=Integrated Oceans Management Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The DFO holds the most power of all the stakeholders within the MPA, as it is the stakeholder closest to the government, and the stakeholder which receives funding from the federal government for the creation and management of the MPA. The DFO was confirmed in the 1997 Oceans Act as the lead federal authority for oceans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/publications/cos-soc/index-eng.html|title=Canada's Oceans Strategy|last=|first=|date=|website=Fisheries and Oceans Canada|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Their goals were to choose an ecologically and culturally significant area that would benefit from the protection of an MPA, but would also not cause losses to economically important departments within Canada—for example, creating an MPA where there is highly profitable commercial fishing taking place, or where oil or gas are already being extracted.

The DFO sits on the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC).<ref name=":4" />

==== The Fisheries Joint Management Committee (FJMC) ====
The FJMC is an interested stakeholder in the MPA. The FJMC is a “co-management” organization which “works jointly with the DFO to co-manage all with, fish habitat, and marine mammals within the ISR.”<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://jointsecretariat.ca/co-management-system/fisheries-joint-management-committee/|title=Fisheries Joint Management Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=Joint Secretariat|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> On the committee two members are appointed by the Inuvialuit (Inuvialuit Game Council), two are appointed by the Government of Canada (through Orders in Council), and the chair of the committee is selected by the appointed members.

The FJMC works jointly with the DFO and also sits on the RCC, but has less relative power. For example, the FJMC has the power to directly advise the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans on fisheries issues,<ref name=":5" /> but the DFO holds the final call on decision making.

The FJMC is in charge of the Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan (BSBMP), which is in operation in the Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam MPA—the plan focuses on ensuring that the beluga population is maintained at a thriving level and to “provide for optimum sustainable harvest of beluga by the Inuvialuit."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Beaufort-Sea-Beluga-Management-Plan-2013.pdf|title=Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan|last=|first=Fisheries Joint Management Committee|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnerships|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> As Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam hosts such a large number of migrating belugas annually, the protection of the area is integral to the research for the BSBMP and for the implementation of the management plan.

==== The Inuvialuit Regional Corporation (IRC) ====
The IRC is an interested stakeholder in the MPA, and there are some affected stakeholders within the IRC as community members of Paulatuk are involved in the corporation.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/community-corporations|title=Community Corporations|last=|first=|date=|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The IRC was developed in 1984 to manage the settlement between the Federal Government and the Inuvialuit people outlined in the Inuvialuit Final Agreement.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/about-irc|title=About IRC|last=|first=|date=2018|website=Inuvialuit Regional Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The IRC holds some power over what occurs within the MPA as it sits on the RCC, but like the FJMC it differs to the DFO.

The IRC “Represents the collective Inuvialuit interests in dealings with governments and the world at large...to continually improve the economic, social, and cultural well-being of the Inuvialuit”<ref name=":7" /> These goals, and the fact that the IRC represents the community of Paulatuk to the government, means that they have a vested interest in the success and maintenance of the MPA.<ref name=":6" />

==== The Beaufort Sea Partnership (BSP) ====
The BSP is the “primary forum for stakeholder engagement in integrated ocean management of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area, with broad stakeholder representation from 54 different organizations”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beaufortseapartnership.ca/integrated-ocean-management/governance/beaufortsea-partnership/|title=Beaufort Sea Partnership|last=|first=|date=|website=Beaufort Sea Partnership|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

This forum represents a wide variety of interests and stakeholders, and as such it is difficult to pinpoint what their any particular interest in the MPA may be.

They make recommendations to the RCC, but they are a tier below the members of the RCC in terms of the amount of power held.<ref name=":3" />

==Discussion==
The MPA appears to be a success story, although it is still a new creation and as such it’s state and progress can be difficult to assess. However, there appears to be no conflict between actors within or over the MPA, and there has been documented progress made on the study and protection of belugas and other marine wildlife within the MPA.

==Assessment==
The rights of the people of Paulatuk have also been respected, and they remain involved in the MPA as key stakeholders. The creation and management of the MPA interwove scientific knowledge with traditional Inuvialuit knowledge, and worked closely with the affected stakeholders (the people of Paulatuk), which makes it an important example for future MPAs.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The Cultural and Conservation Significance of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area (MPA), North West Territories, Canada

2018-11-26T20:42:22Z

SimoneMiller: /* Management of the MPA */

Course:FRST370/Projects/The Cultural and Conservation Significance of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area (MPA), North West Territories, Canada

2018-11-26T20:13:27Z

SimoneMiller: /* Location */

Course:FRST370/Projects/The Cultural and Conservation Significance of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area (MPA), North West Territories, Canada

2018-11-26T19:38:55Z

SimoneMiller: images

Course:FRST370/Projects/The Cultural and Conservation Significance of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area (MPA), North West Territories, Canada

2018-11-26T19:01:49Z

SimoneMiller: /* Treaties */

Course:FRST370/Projects/The Cultural and Conservation Significance of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area (MPA), North West Territories, Canada

2018-11-26T18:50:47Z

SimoneMiller: /* Location */

Course:FRST370/Projects/The Cultural and Conservation Significance of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area (MPA), North West Territories, Canada

2018-11-21T19:39:35Z

SimoneMiller: /* Creation of the MPA */

This case study examines Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam MPA, which was officially designated a Marine Protected Area by the Canadian Government in 2016. The MPA is located around the west side of Darnley Bay in the Beaufort Sea, Northwest Territories, and is in close proximity to the Inuvialuit community of Palatuk, who have traditionally hunted and harvested food from the protected area. Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is also home to roughly 40,000 Beluga whales (27% of the world’s population), bowheads, numerous seabirds and other wildlife. Traditional Indigenous knowledge was used extensively in crafting conservational goals, and acknowledgement of Indigenous land usage has also been factored into the creation of this MPA. In this way, Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is a promising example for future MPAs. This study will be observing the collaboration between different actors—examples being the Inuvialuit and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans—in creating the MPA. It will also be exploring tenure agreements, conservational goals and the cultural significance of this MPA for the Inuvialuit people.

==Description==

==== Location ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam (Ung-u-niak-via Ni-kig-e-um) is located in Darnley Bay, the Western Canadian Arctic. Approximately 2,361 km2 in size, (1) it lies within the Inuit Settlement Region (ISR), next to the community of Paulatuk, Northwest Territories. Paulatuk has a population of 300, and "...is the only coastal community in Darnley Bay, and is located on its southern coastline. Darnley Bay is a large productive bay which opens into Amundsen Gulf to the north, thereby linking it to the Beaufort Sea to the west and Northwest Passage to the east.” (KAVIK-AXYS, 3)

==== Creation of the MPA ====
In 2008, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) received funding to establish a new MPA in the ‘Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area’. (1) Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was “recognized from the perspective of both science and traditional Inuvialuit knowledge as being an ecologically important area”, (1) and along with two other potential marine areas in proximity to the communities of Sachs Harbour and Ulukhaktok,in 2009Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam was nominated as an area of interest (AOI) to be considered for MPA status. The three areas were then “screened against selection criteria based on ecological, social, economic, and cultural factors” (1) Selection criteria is as follows:

1) Presence of culturally important species in the area;

2) Identification of the area in a Community Conservation Plan;

3) Ecological importance of the area;

4) Level of biodiversity within the area;

5) Level of productivity within the area;

6) Presence of threats to the area and how immediate such threats are;

7) Possibility of future conflicts with stakeholders; and

8) Contributions of the area to social and cultural values. (Eco)

The outcome of the screening lead to Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam being deemed by the three communities and other stakeholders as the most suitable area for establishing an MPA. It was nominated by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), the territorial government of the NWT and local communities of Paulatuk, Ulukhaktok and Sachs Harbour. (KAVIK-AXYS, 3) On November 16th 2016, the area was officially announced as an MPA by the Federal Government of Canada.

==== Ecological Importance of the MPA ====
* Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam contains the only nesting ground of Thick-Billed Murre birds in the Western Arctic, and annually hosts 40,000 migrating beluga whales; nearly a third of the world’s population. Animals of important in the area:
1.    Belugas:

2.    Thick-Billed Murre: The creation of the MPA would provide protection to the only nesting ground in the Western Canadian Arctic.

3.    Arctic Char: the Darnley Bay area is a feeding ground and nearshore migration area for these fish of cultural and subsistence importance to the people of Paulatuk.

4.    Polar Bears: In winter, the sea ice in the AOI provides breeding and feeding grounds for polar bears.

5.    The AOI also holds several important ecological sites, such as: deep water holes in the Hornaday river estuary where the Arctic Char overwinter, ice-edge habitats during spring, and kelp beds which are potentially unique to the Beaufort sea area. (eco)

==== Cultural Significance of the MPA ====
The area of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is of cultural importance to the people of Paulatuk, as it is their traditional hunting and harvesting territory—much of their history is tied directly to the area. The people of Paulatuk rely heavily on sustenance harvested or hunted from the MPA due to the remoteness of their community—as food and other supplies need to be brought in via boat, the cost of basic foodstuffs is exponentially higher than anywhere else in Canada.

Another consideration is the cost of keeping food in fridges or freezers as opposed to traditional methods of preserving food that was hunted or harvested; the traditional method is much more affordable and sustainable for members of their community and helps them maintain ties to their history and culture. As there are few economic opportunities for members of the community due to its remoteness, many of the livelihoods of adults within the community come from hunting or fishing.

==== Ecological Threats to the MPA ====
Rapid environmental changes within the Arctic region could lead to an increase of opportunities for socio-economic activities with potentially detrimental effects on the environment. For example, warming of the climate leads to less ice and longer open-sea seasons, which would allow for increase in shipping, resource exploitation (such as for oil and gas), more commercial fishing and tourism. An increase in these activities would pose a great threat for the biodiversity and ecological functions of the area. (1)

==Tenure arrangements==
Darnley Bay and the community of Paulatuk fall under the area of Treaty 11, a treaty established between the King George V and Indigenous communities across the NWT, signed between 1921 and 1922. (2)

A renegotiation of the treaty, finalized on June 5th 1984, is known as the “Inuvialuit Final Agreement”. This agreement establishes that in exchange for the Government claiming title to the land, Indigenous people’s rights to traditional land usage, such as trapping, hunting, and fishing are legally secure within certain guidelines.

The agreement states that the “Inuvialuit will receive ownership to the beds of lakes, rivers and water bodies, subject to a 100 foot access strip around the seacoast and shorelines of navigable waters for travel, recreation and emergency purposes”. (2) In all cases, the Crown holds ownership over the water of the MPA, though the people of Paulatuk have legal rights to access the MPA and engage in traditional and sustainable harvesting or hunting.

==Administrative arrangements==

==== Management of the MPA ====
Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam is within the boundaries of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), “one of five priority areas identified for integrated ocean management planning by the Government of Canada.” (3) The areas within LOMA under “integrated management”, a collaborative management and planning process lead by the DFO and which operates through several levels of regional governance.

1.    There are “working groups”, which are the ‘on the ground’ management worker; the lowest tier of management created by the RCC as they are needed for particular causes. These groups research and construct foundation pieces on which ocean management plans for sustainable development is based. They include experts from BSP organizations. There are Working Groups focusing on community consultation, traditional knowledge, biophysical issues/natural sciences, and more.

2.    There is the Beaufort Sea Partnership, to which the Working Groups refer and send their findings to. The BSP builds on the findings of the Working Groups the create management plans, which then continue up the chain to the RCC.

3.    There is the RCC, to which the BSP refers to and which is the top tier of regional management overseeing the area under which the MPA falls. (3)

(Add something about how the people of Paulatuk assist in management)

==== Reporting System ====
Any activity within the MPA from actors outside of the village of Paulatuk requires a permit issued from the Department of Oceans and Fisheries (DFO). In order to have an Activity Plan approved, a form detailing the activity and its purpose must be submitted to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans for approval 60 days before the proposed activity. (5)

==== Management Plans within the MPA ====
There are three separate management plans operating within the MPA:

1.    Beaufort Sea Beluga Management Plan:

2.    the Paulatuk Community Conservation Plan:

3.    the Paulatuk Char Management Plan:

==Affected Stakeholders==

==== The Community of Paulatuk ====
The people of Paulatuk are the immediate affected stakeholders in the MPA. They have customary rights to the area of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam as it is their traditional hunting, trapping, and harvesting territory; thus having great cultural significance and providing necessary resources for many community members. Under the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, they have legal rights to access and and continue to use the MPA's resources.

⅔ of the adult population of Paulatuk engage in hunting, fishing or harvesting from the MPA to supplement their livelihood due to the remoteness of the community.

Their goals are to preserve and protect the ecological and biological integrity of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam, while maintaining their rights to hunting and harvesting from the land.

The village holds a relatively small amount of power over the MPA due to being such a small and marginalized community, but the other stakeholders worked closely with them in the creation of the MPA and continue to do so in managing the MPA.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==

==== The Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) ====
The DFO is an interested stakeholder in the MPA. The federal department managed Canada’s fisheries, oceans, and freshwater resources. It is a part of the Integrated Management Plan in the Beaufort Sea, which is rooted in “developing international ocean governance processes and Canada’s ocean related international commitments”.

The DFO holds the most power of all the stakeholders within the MPA, as it is the stakeholder closest to the government, and the stakeholder which receives funding from the federal government for the creation and management of the MPA. The DFO was confirmed in the 1997 Oceans Act as the lead federal authority for oceans.

Their goals were to choose an ecologically and culturally significant area that would benefit from the protection of an MPA, but would also not cause losses to economically important departments within Canada—for example, creating an MPA where there is highly profitable commercial fishing taking place, or where oil or gas are already being extracted. (3) (7)

The DFO sits on the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC), an co-operational and overarching planning committee which promotes integrated resource management in the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA), an area under which the MPA falls. This coordination committee oversees the management of the MPA. It is co-chaired by several other stakeholders, and representatives from Paulatuk and other coastal communities in the area also sit on the committee.

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The Cultural and Conservation Significance of Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area (MPA), North West Territories, Canada

2018-11-21T19:10:26Z

SimoneMiller: