https://wiki.ubc.ca/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=SharonGhirra 2026-08-02T00:06:35Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.9 https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Course:GEOG352/Gentrification_in_Rio,_Brazil&diff=511569 2018-04-06T06:44:04Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div>==Rio de Janeiro: An Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> Many countries in the Global South have seen rapid developments over the last decade. Countries like Brazil, China, and India are all part of a collection of emerging economies known as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), and are a few examples of countries experiencing economic development at an accelerated pace. The focus on economic growth within the Global South often sidelines other important themes and issues that may exist within these nations. This wiki aims to discuss the theme of land, housing, and gentrification, focusing on the Brazilian city Rio de Janeiro.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro is the second-most populous city in Brazil after San Paulo and is famously known as a divided city where the extremely wealthy live in close proximity with those in poverty. Rio has been the host of certain mega events in the recent past; namely, the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. mega events such as these make use of specific strategies of spatio-temporal scale-making to produce an idealistic environment of global togetherness, modern urban development, and sporting festivity. However, representations such as these simultaneously work to conceal the recognition of the violence of infrastructural development, as securitization and privatization facilitate the mass displacement of residents of Rio’s favelas (urban slums). <br /> <br /> <br /> Understanding land, housing, and gentrification within a global south context are necessary in order to produce a geography of gentrification. Land, housing, and gentrification research are often focused on global north cities, however, this research may not translate to processes occurring in the Global South. Thus it is important to analyze such issues within the Global South to get an understanding of the differences in processes between the North and the South.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Mega Events: 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics== <br /> <br /> <br /> In the era of mega events, the future is always a near future, it is marked by urgency and exceptionalism - All mega events must be hyper-visible and comparable &lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. This statement stands true for the city of Rio de Janeiro, which seemed to be in a competition with itself while hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. An analysis by The Associated Press shows that the cost of putting on the latter was USD $13.1 billion, paid for with a mixture of public and private money, while the former cost the Brazilian government about USD $3 billion- mostly spent on new and refurbished stadiums, 90 percent of it being public money. Barre argues that the singular focus on mega events draws focus to a new trend wherein “the ‘banal everyday’ becomes a parenthesis, the past becomes a mere heritage, and the present an ongoing euphoric escape towards an increasingly developed future” &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. Highlighting the trade-off of hyper-realizing mega events is the invisibility of the marginalized social.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Relevance of Land, Housing, and Gentrification Issues in Rio de Janeiro==<br /> <br /> <br /> Land, housing, and gentrification is a global issue that affects many living in urban cities. Gentrification is often hidden behind various urban land and housing development terminology, such as “regeneration, social mixing or even urban sustainability”(p.2471) &lt;ref&gt; Ley, D. and Dobson, C. (2008). Are There Limits to Gentrification? The Contexts of Impeded Gentrification in Vancouver. Urban Studies, [online] 45(12), pp.2471-2498. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/abs/10.1177/0042098008097103 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. &lt;/ref&gt;. Rio de Janeiro provides a unique view on land, housing, and gentrification for various reasons, one of which is that Rio was recently host two mega sporting events. The effects of these mega sporting events on Rio’s land, housing, and gentrification have been studied by various scholars &lt;ref&gt; Donaghy, M. (2015). Resisting Removal: The Impact of Community Mobilization in Rio de Janeiro. Latin American Politics and Society, 57(4), pp.74-96. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Freeman, J. &amp; Burgos, M. (2017;2016). &quot;Accumulation by Forced Removal: The Thinning of Rio de Janeiro's Favelas in Preparation for the Games&quot;, JOURNAL OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 549-577. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Goode, R.J. (2015). Rio de Janeiro's Emerging Sporting mega event Geography: Unraveling the Carioca Pattern of Urban Development, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Ren, X. (2017). &quot;Aspirational urbanism from Beijing to Rio de Janeiro: Olympic cities in the Global South and contradictions&quot;, JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 894-908. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Sánchez, F. and Broudehoux, A. (2013). “mega events and urban regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: planning in a state of emergency.” International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), pp. 132-153 &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> Gaffney suggests that there are three processes at work with regards to gentrification in Rio. First is the reorganization of urban geography, with one group replacing another due to the financialization of urban land markets. Secondly, pressures created by the rent gap are being enhanced by external factors like state-led infrastructure and security investments resulting from the mega sporting events. Thirdly, zoning law alterations have increased land rents &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153.&lt;/ref&gt;. With these three processes in mind, several topics can be discussed to further understand these gentrification processes. One of these topics is the locus of power, which is understanding the political and social implications of land, housing, and gentrification, specifically with regards to who has the power in decision making regarding these land, housing, and gentrification policies. The locus of power is crucial to understanding the importance of state powers in creating financialized urban land markets, the building pressures of the rent gap as a result of state-led infrastructure and security investments, and the various zoning laws against certain neighbourhoods. Beyond state powers, the power, or lack of power, that local communities have in resisting gentrification is also key in understanding the power structure of Rio with regards to gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> Second, Karl Polanyi’s fictitious commodity is important in understanding the economic issue with commodification of land, labour, and money in relation to housing and gentrification. If land, labour, and money are sold on markets, people become subservient to the market, and the market system becomes embedded with society &lt;ref&gt; Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press. &lt;/ref&gt;. Looking at Rio, specifically in the context of the recent mega sporting events, we can take Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and apply it to various aspects of gentrification, including the changing value of land, the creation of the rent gap, and the selling of land and housing on the market.<br /> <br /> <br /> Although gentrification is a global phenomenon that affects cities in the Global North and the Global South, studies on gentrification must be situated in local context, and processes of gentrification are unique to the local context. Ananya Roy highlights in her article 21st Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory the importance of rethinking the geographies of urban and regional theory in order to contextualize urban experiences &lt;ref&gt; Roy, A. (2009). &quot;The 21st-Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory&quot;, Regional Studies, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 819-830. &lt;/ref&gt;. Most theorietic work on city-regions is located in the urban experience of the Global North. However, Roy argues that the urban future is found in cities in the Global South, especially in cities that were once labelled as underdeveloped but has since become a production of space and a site of capital accumulation &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. Rio de Janeiro is a unique city to study gentrification not only because it is one of the rapidly developing BRICS nations, but also because it is one of few cities of the Global South that have hosted mega sporting events like the Olympics. Rio de Janeiro hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics was an attempt at rebranding and invigorating urban growth. These urban space developments, especially with regards to the mega sporting events, masked many land, housing and gentrification issues that simultaneously ensued alongside the change of the urban space. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Impacts of Mega-Events on Land, Housing, and Gentrification==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Urban Entrepreneurialism through Urban Policy Initiatives===<br /> <br /> <br /> Mega events have noticeably incited a wave of new urban policy initiatives in Rio &lt;ref&gt; Goode, R.J. (2015). Rio de Janeiro's Emerging Sporting mega event Geography: Unraveling the <br /> Carioca Pattern of Urban Development, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. &lt;/ref&gt;. The urban policy initiatives are efforts made the government to “hasten the transformation” of Rio the Janeiro into a “global city” in light of global events. As favelas are located adjacent to the wealthier neighbourhoods in Rio, since the announced 2016 Olympic games in the city, wealthy real-estate individuals took it upon themselves to buy housing in these areas for low cost to only make a profit as the prices skyrocketed just before and continuing after the Summer Olympic games &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. These rising prices put the favelados communities (favela dwellers) in a danger of being pushed out to the city’s western and northern peripheries where federal and municipal programmes are currently being implemented &lt;ref&gt; Timerman, J. (2013). Is a Favela Still a Favela Once It Starts Gentrifying?. [online] Available at: http://m.theatlanticcities.com/housing/2013/12/favelastill-favela-once-it-starts-gentrifying/7726/ [Accessed: 15 Feb 2018]. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> <br /> Along with the 2016 Olympic games and 2014 World Cups bringing up the land prices and forcefully relocating the working-class to the peripheries, Rio de Janeiro has also been subjected to processes of gentrification &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; and land redevelopment &lt;ref&gt; Canales, F.(2011). The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Architectural Design, 81(3), 52-57. &lt;/ref&gt;. Gentrification is not just a western ideology nor is it new, but in fact, can be seen in all regions on a global scale. Specifically looking at Rio de Janeiro, gentrification can be seen run by the state with an outbreak of communities and regions transforming their neighbourhoods into areas commercially run &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt;. These highly marginalized targeted communities known as favelas that reside on the hillsides of Rio de Janeiro are those in which the state seizes to transform. However, it is important to note that prior to the mega-sporting events in the city, that there was deep marginalization of the urban poor. In the mid-1960s to the early 2000s, drug-related violence, the failure of democracy to deliver a voice for the impoverished, the stigma of place and race, and high unemployment rates further plagued the favela residents &lt;ref&gt; Benmergui, L.D. (2012). Housing development: Housing policy, slums, and squatter settlements in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1948-1973, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.&lt;/ref&gt;. Despite Brazil’s overall growth in the economy and significant improvements in both the consumption of goods and the investment into education, the transition into a job or better living conditions have been limited.<br /> <br /> <br /> When considering gentrification in Rio, it is equally as important to note the city’s turn to urban entrepreneurialism in order to facilitate the production of space. David Harvey describes in his study of urban governance that as cities shift to urban entrepreneurialism, they become an agent rather than a regulator of the market &lt;ref&gt; Harvey, D. 1989, &quot;From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism&quot;, Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 3-17. &lt;/ref&gt;. Through factors such as increased capital mobility, globalization and locational capability, Rio de Janeiro has been able to develop rapidly as a global city. However, such shift into urban entrepreneurialism has also been a primary vehicle that yield a highly uneven metropolitan landscape. The unevenness and growing inequality within the city landscape makes possible for new rounds of gentrification and urban redevelopment &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. Urban policy initiatives facilitate in accelerating interurban flows to create an environment that can not only foster additional capital growth within firms, but to commodify the urban landscape to promote foreign investment, tourism and additional recognition as a global city. <br /> <br /> <br /> In Brazil, the gentrification is not only divided between incomes of individuals but there is also a dominant ethnic divide in the nation. The phenomenon of gentrification as described by Gaffney &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; can be seen as “social cleansing”, “removal by whites”, and “asphalting” and is noted to be on a national scale with state involvement directly imposed onto the land of low-income households by state-led programs of eradication, uprooting, and zone relocation &lt;ref&gt; Watts, J. (2015, June 03). Forced evictions in Rio favela for 2016 Olympics trigger violent clashes. Retrieved April 06, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/03/forced-evictions-vila-autodromo-rio-olympics-protests&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Douglas, B. (2015, October 28). Brazil officials evict families from homes ahead of 2016 Olympic Games. Retrieved April 06, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/28/brazil-officials-evicting-families-2016-olympic-games &lt;/ref&gt;. These implications however, are done so forcefully and without empathy towards those who originally resided in the area and as a result, outbreaks of protests emerged from these neighbourhoods.<br /> <br /> <br /> State-led programs include removal of low-income communities and transportation improvements in the west that benefit the middle-class dominantly white individuals in Rio de Janeiro. One of these programs is ‘Minha Casa Minha Vida’ (MCMV), which translates to My House, My Life. MCMV is Brazil’s first large-scale public housing project. In Rio, MCMV units were constructed in an abrupt manner in light of the aforementioned mega events. Most of the MCMV housing units are located in Rio’s West Zone, an extensive and predominantly underserved location. These units have been a subject of widespread criticism. Residents have complained about the lack of adequate infrastructure, transportation links to the South and North Zones and fact that these units are in the vicinity of militia-controlled territories. MCMV residents who work in the North and South Zones; that make up the city’s commercial centre, have had trouble with transportation therefore making steady employment difficult. Favelas are hubs of complex social networks, mixed-use properties and are rooted in the accessibility of public space. Favela residents used to such a lifestyle have had trouble acclimating with severely regulated and single-use MCMV units. To make matters worse, these units are mostly occupied by favela residents who were forcibly evicted from their houses for the development of mega event related projects and the beautification of the South Zone. These residents were given the choice between monetary compensation and new housing units. Families in dire need of housing who have opted for the program are waitlisted. &lt;ref&gt; (n.d.). Retrieved April 06, 2018, from http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=14887 &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> These changes that were forcefully implemented by the neoliberal mayors of Rio de Janeiro during and after mega-sporting events were strategic in efforts to put blame on the Olympics and World Cups for reasons of harsh gentrification. Nevertheless, the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2014 World Cup only enhanced the increasing gentrification in cities &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt;. Therefore, it is safe to assume that “the process of gentrification in Brazilian cities is imbued with a conflict between the poor and city governments” (p.1132)&lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. This conflict can be seen specifically in Rio de Janeiro as a displacement of heritage accumulation, cultural dispossession, militarization, and ground rent dispossession are seen in historic events prior to the mega events &lt;ref&gt; Canales, F.(2011). The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Architectural Design, 81(3), 52-57. &lt;/ref&gt;. Nevertheless, these notes do not fall short of the understanding that these mega events did, in fact, have an impact on Rio de Janeiro's gentrification problem &lt;ref&gt; Janoschka, M., &amp; Sequera, J. (2016). Gentrification in Latin America: Addressing the Politics and Geographies of displacement. Urban Geography, 37(8),1175-1194. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Fictitious Commodities in Rio de Janeiro:=== <br /> <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro’s urban entrepreneurialism has commodified the city, promoting tourism, urban regeneration, and global recognition through the hosting of mega events. Commodification of the city through urban entrepreneurialism has caused “selling [the city] becomes the basic objective of local governments… In this sense, urban marketing becomes the model of city management” (p. 360)&lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. The commodification of land, labour, and money under Polanyi’s fictitious commodities is also an issue in Rio de Janeiro, specifically land values. Land is an essential part of production, however, the buying and selling of land and thus the buying and selling of the process of production, creates and extremely artificial market economy. As seen in the sections regarding urban policy initiatives, the Rio government has made attempts to revitalize the poorer areas of Rio, specifically favelas, by improving the infrastructure of those areas. Revitalization of favelas was a move by the government in advance of the sporting mega events to improve public image, however, the development of favela areas has led to the trading of land. Improvements of infrastructure in favelas have caused the price of land and thus rent prices to rise. These rising land prices has forced the original favela dwellers to move to different parts of the city, generally into other favelas while enticing the growing middle class of Rio to move into these newly developed areas. This is an example of how the buying and selling of fictitious commodities like land lead to inefficient economic, social, and political solutions. The Rio government wanted to develop favela areas surrounding the mega sporting events to improve public image, but due to the issues regarding land as a fictitious commodity, inadvertently promoted gentrification and rather than solving the issue of growing urban poor, simply forced them to move to other favelas.<br /> <br /> <br /> Polanyi further describes this process as the double movement, “the extension of the market organization in respect to genuine commodities… accompanied by its restriction in respect to fictitious ones” (p. 79) &lt;ref&gt; Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press. &lt;/ref&gt;. This double movement is seen in Rio, where the government is commodifying the city and selling it as a tourist destination through hosting the sporting mega events. While this can be seen as the genuine sale of a service, it is accompanied by the restriction of the fictitious commodity of land, specifically restricted by the various policies and revitalization plans that have led to the commodification of land. Through Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and double movement theories, we can see that the control that the Rio government has on land with regards to the commodification of land and its rising value is a step towards further land, housing, and gentrification issues, especially for the urban poor.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Lessons Learned - Theoretical Application in Other Urban Contexts==<br /> <br /> <br /> There are several key takeaways from our analysis of land, housing, and gentrification issues in Rio de Janeiro. First is the importance of local geographies in understanding geographical themes such as land, housing, and gentrification. In the case of Rio, the rapidly growing population, the presence of various favelas and other poor neighbourhoods, and the two sporting mega events all create a unique geographical landscape that changes how land, housing, and gentrification are seen and produced. Our focus on sporting mega events and the context of Rio de Janeiro as a city in the Global South exemplifies the importance of context in understanding geographical phenomenon such as gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> With the importance of locatedness of geographical theories in mind, there are some lessons that are applicable to other urban contexts, one being the concept of land as a fictitious commodity. Under our analysis of land as a fictitious commodity in Rio, we have found that issues of gentrification and forced movement of those living in favelas present themselves when land is bought and sold in the market. The double movement presents itself in Rio as a potential culprit of further worsening the current gentrification. These concepts can be applied to other global south cities looking to promote an urban entrepreneurial image of tourism through various means such as hosting sporting mega events. To avoid similar issues of land, housing, and gentrification, cities of the Global South can take note in avoiding the commodification of land and limiting the effects that the double movement and production of fictitious commodities when promoting the urban entrepreneurial image of tourism and international fame.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=User:SharonGhirra&diff=511563 2018-04-06T06:39:34Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div>==Rio de Janeiro: An Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> Many countries in the Global South have seen rapid developments over the last decade. Countries like Brazil, China, and India are all part of a collection of emerging economies known as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), and are a few examples of countries experiencing economic development at an accelerated pace. The focus on economic growth within the Global South often sidelines other important themes and issues that may exist within these nations. This wiki aims to discuss the theme of land, housing, and gentrification, focusing on the Brazilian city Rio de Janeiro.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro is the second-most populous city in Brazil after San Paulo and is famously known as a divided city where the extremely wealthy live in close proximity with those in poverty. Rio has been the host of certain mega events in the recent past; namely, the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. mega events such as these make use of specific strategies of spatio-temporal scale-making to produce an idealistic environment of global togetherness, modern urban development, and sporting festivity. However, representations such as these simultaneously work to conceal the recognition of the violence of infrastructural development, as securitization and privatization facilitate the mass displacement of residents of Rio’s favelas (urban slums). <br /> <br /> <br /> Understanding land, housing, and gentrification within a global south context are necessary in order to produce a geography of gentrification. Land, housing, and gentrification research are often focused on global north cities, however, this research may not translate to processes occurring in the Global South. Thus it is important to analyze such issues within the Global South to get an understanding of the differences in processes between the North and the South.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Mega Events: 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics== <br /> <br /> <br /> In the era of mega events, the future is always a near future, it is marked by urgency and exceptionalism - All mega events must be hyper-visible and comparable &lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. This statement stands true for the city of Rio de Janeiro, which seemed to be in a competition with itself while hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. An analysis by The Associated Press shows that the cost of putting on the latter was USD $13.1 billion, paid for with a mixture of public and private money, while the former cost the Brazilian government about USD $3 billion- mostly spent on new and refurbished stadiums, 90 percent of it being public money. Barre argues that the singular focus on mega events draws focus to a new trend wherein “the ‘banal everyday’ becomes a parenthesis, the past becomes a mere heritage, and the present an ongoing euphoric escape towards an increasingly developed future” &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. Highlighting the trade-off of hyper-realizing mega events is the invisibility of the marginalized social.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Relevance of Land, Housing, and Gentrification Issues in Rio de Janeiro==<br /> <br /> <br /> Land, housing, and gentrification is a global issue that affects many living in urban cities. Gentrification is often hidden behind various urban land and housing development terminology, such as “regeneration, social mixing or even urban sustainability”(p.2471) &lt;ref&gt; Ley, D. and Dobson, C. (2008). Are There Limits to Gentrification? The Contexts of Impeded Gentrification in Vancouver. Urban Studies, [online] 45(12), pp.2471-2498. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/abs/10.1177/0042098008097103 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. &lt;/ref&gt;. Rio de Janeiro provides a unique view on land, housing, and gentrification for various reasons, one of which is that Rio was recently host two mega sporting events. The effects of these mega sporting events on Rio’s land, housing, and gentrification have been studied by various scholars &lt;ref&gt; Donaghy, M. (2015). Resisting Removal: The Impact of Community Mobilization in Rio de Janeiro. Latin American Politics and Society, 57(4), pp.74-96. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Freeman, J. &amp; Burgos, M. (2017;2016). &quot;Accumulation by Forced Removal: The Thinning of Rio de Janeiro's Favelas in Preparation for the Games&quot;, JOURNAL OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 549-577. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Goode, R.J. (2015). Rio de Janeiro's Emerging Sporting mega event Geography: Unraveling the Carioca Pattern of Urban Development, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Ren, X. (2017). &quot;Aspirational urbanism from Beijing to Rio de Janeiro: Olympic cities in the Global South and contradictions&quot;, JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 894-908. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Sánchez, F. and Broudehoux, A. (2013). “mega events and urban regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: planning in a state of emergency.” International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), pp. 132-153 &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> Gaffney suggests that there are three processes at work with regards to gentrification in Rio. First is the reorganization of urban geography, with one group replacing another due to the financialization of urban land markets. Secondly, pressures created by the rent gap are being enhanced by external factors like state-led infrastructure and security investments resulting from the mega sporting events. Thirdly, zoning law alterations have increased land rents &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153.&lt;/ref&gt;. With these three processes in mind, several topics can be discussed to further understand these gentrification processes. One of these topics is the locus of power, which is understanding the political and social implications of land, housing, and gentrification, specifically with regards to who has the power in decision making regarding these land, housing, and gentrification policies. The locus of power is crucial to understanding the importance of state powers in creating financialized urban land markets, the building pressures of the rent gap as a result of state-led infrastructure and security investments, and the various zoning laws against certain neighbourhoods. Beyond state powers, the power, or lack of power, that local communities have in resisting gentrification is also key in understanding the power structure of Rio with regards to gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> Second, Karl Polanyi’s fictitious commodity is important in understanding the economic issue with commodification of land, labour, and money in relation to housing and gentrification. If land, labour, and money are sold on markets, people become subservient to the market, and the market system becomes embedded with society &lt;ref&gt; Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press. &lt;/ref&gt;. Looking at Rio, specifically in the context of the recent mega sporting events, we can take Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and apply it to various aspects of gentrification, including the changing value of land, the creation of the rent gap, and the selling of land and housing on the market.<br /> <br /> <br /> Although gentrification is a global phenomenon that affects cities in the Global North and the Global South, studies on gentrification must be situated in local context, and processes of gentrification are unique to the local context. Ananya Roy highlights in her article 21st Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory the importance of rethinking the geographies of urban and regional theory in order to contextualize urban experiences &lt;ref&gt; Roy, A. (2009). &quot;The 21st-Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory&quot;, Regional Studies, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 819-830. &lt;/ref&gt;. Most theorietic work on city-regions is located in the urban experience of the Global North. However, Roy argues that the urban future is found in cities in the Global South, especially in cities that were once labelled as underdeveloped but has since become a production of space and a site of capital accumulation &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. Rio de Janeiro is a unique city to study gentrification not only because it is one of the rapidly developing BRICS nations, but also because it is one of few cities of the Global South that have hosted mega sporting events like the Olympics. Rio de Janeiro hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics was an attempt at rebranding and invigorating urban growth. These urban space developments, especially with regards to the mega sporting events, masked many land, housing and gentrification issues that simultaneously ensued alongside the change of the urban space. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Impacts of Mega-Events on Land, Housing, and Gentrification==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Urban Entrepreneurialism through Urban Policy Initiatives===<br /> <br /> <br /> Mega events have noticeably incited a wave of new urban policy initiatives in Rio &lt;ref&gt; Goode, R.J. (2015). Rio de Janeiro's Emerging Sporting mega event Geography: Unraveling the <br /> Carioca Pattern of Urban Development, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. &lt;/ref&gt;. The urban policy initiatives are efforts made the government to “hasten the transformation” of Rio the Janeiro into a “global city” in light of global events. As favelas are located adjacent to the wealthier neighbourhoods in Rio, since the announced 2016 Olympic games in the city, wealthy real-estate individuals took it upon themselves to buy housing in these areas for low cost to only make a profit as the prices skyrocketed just before and continuing after the Summer Olympic games &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. These rising prices put the favelados communities (favela dwellers) in a danger of being pushed out to the city’s western and northern peripheries where federal and municipal programmes are currently being implemented &lt;ref&gt; Timerman, J. (2013). Is a Favela Still a Favela Once It Starts Gentrifying?. [online] Available at: http://m.theatlanticcities.com/housing/2013/12/favelastill-favela-once-it-starts-gentrifying/7726/ [Accessed: 15 Feb 2018]. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> <br /> Along with the 2016 Olympic games and 2014 World Cups bringing up the land prices and forcefully relocating the working-class to the peripheries, Rio de Janeiro has also been subjected to processes of gentrification &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; and land redevelopment &lt;ref&gt; Canales, F.(2011). The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Architectural Design, 81(3), 52-57. &lt;/ref&gt;. Gentrification is not just a western ideology nor is it new, but in fact, can be seen in all regions on a global scale. Specifically looking at Rio de Janeiro, gentrification can be seen run by the state with an outbreak of communities and regions transforming their neighbourhoods into areas commercially run &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt;. These highly marginalized targeted communities known as favelas that reside on the hillsides of Rio de Janeiro are those in which the state seizes to transform. However, it is important to note that prior to the mega-sporting events in the city, that there was deep marginalization of the urban poor. In the mid-1960s to the early 2000s, drug-related violence, the failure of democracy to deliver a voice for the impoverished, the stigma of place and race, and high unemployment rates further plagued the favela residents &lt;ref&gt; Benmergui, L.D. (2012). Housing development: Housing policy, slums, and squatter settlements in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1948-1973, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.&lt;/ref&gt;. Despite Brazil’s overall growth in the economy and significant improvements in both the consumption of goods and the investment into education, the transition into a job or better living conditions have been limited.<br /> <br /> <br /> When considering gentrification in Rio, it is equally as important to note the city’s turn to urban entrepreneurialism in order to facilitate the production of space. David Harvey describes in his study of urban governance that as cities shift to urban entrepreneurialism, they become an agent rather than a regulator of the market &lt;ref&gt; Harvey, D. 1989, &quot;From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism&quot;, Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 3-17. &lt;/ref&gt;. Through factors such as increased capital mobility, globalization and locational capability, Rio de Janeiro has been able to develop rapidly as a global city. However, such shift into urban entrepreneurialism has also been a primary vehicle that yield a highly uneven metropolitan landscape. The unevenness and growing inequality within the city landscape makes possible for new rounds of gentrification and urban redevelopment &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. Urban policy initiatives facilitate in accelerating interurban flows to create an environment that can not only foster additional capital growth within firms, but to commodify the urban landscape to promote foreign investment, tourism and additional recognition as a global city. <br /> <br /> <br /> In Brazil, the gentrification is not only divided between incomes of individuals but there is also a dominant ethnic divide in the nation. The phenomenon of gentrification as described by Gaffney &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; can be seen as “social cleansing”, “removal by whites”, and “asphalting” and is noted to be on a national scale with state involvement directly imposed onto the land of low-income households by state-led programs of eradication, uprooting, and zone relocation &lt;ref&gt; Watts, J. (2015, June 03). Forced evictions in Rio favela for 2016 Olympics trigger violent clashes. Retrieved April 06, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/03/forced-evictions-vila-autodromo-rio-olympics-protests&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Douglas, B. (2015, October 28). Brazil officials evict families from homes ahead of 2016 Olympic Games. Retrieved April 06, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/28/brazil-officials-evicting-families-2016-olympic-games &lt;/ref&gt;. These implications however, are done so forcefully and without empathy towards those who originally resided in the area and as a result, outbreaks of protests emerged from these neighbourhoods.<br /> <br /> <br /> State-led programs include removal of low-income communities and transportation improvements in the west that benefit the middle-class dominantly white individuals in Rio de Janeiro. One of these programs is ‘Minha Casa Minha Vida’ (MCMV), which translates to My House, My Life. MCMV is Brazil’s first large-scale public housing project. In Rio, MCMV units were constructed in an abrupt manner in light of the aforementioned mega events. Most of the MCMV housing units are located in Rio’s West Zone, an extensive and predominantly underserved location. These units have been a subject of widespread criticism. Residents have complained about the lack of adequate infrastructure, transportation links to the South and North Zones and fact that these units are in the vicinity of militia-controlled territories. MCMV residents who work in the North and South Zones; that make up the city’s commercial centre, have had trouble with transportation therefore making steady employment difficult. Favelas are hubs of complex social networks, mixed-use properties and are rooted in the accessibility of public space. Favela residents used to such a lifestyle have had trouble acclimating with severely regulated and single-use MCMV units. To make matters worse, these units are mostly occupied by favela residents who were forcibly evicted from their houses for the development of mega event related projects and the beautification of the South Zone. These residents were given the choice between monetary compensation and new housing units. Families in dire need of housing who have opted for the program are waitlisted. &lt;ref&gt; (n.d.). Retrieved April 06, 2018, from http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=14887 &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> These changes that were forcefully implemented by the neoliberal mayors of Rio de Janeiro during and after mega-sporting events were strategic in efforts to put blame on the Olympics and World Cups for reasons of harsh gentrification. Nevertheless, the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2014 World Cup only enhanced the increasing gentrification in cities &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt;. Therefore, it is safe to assume that “the process of gentrification in Brazilian cities is imbued with a conflict between the poor and city governments” (p.1132)&lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. This conflict can be seen specifically in Rio de Janeiro as a displacement of heritage accumulation, cultural dispossession, militarization, and ground rent dispossession are seen in historic events prior to the mega events &lt;ref&gt; Canales, F.(2011). The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Architectural Design, 81(3), 52-57. &lt;/ref&gt;. Nevertheless, these notes do not fall short of the understanding that these mega events did, in fact, have an impact on Rio de Janeiro's gentrification problem &lt;ref&gt; Janoschka, M., &amp; Sequera, J. (2016). Gentrification in Latin America: Addressing the Politics and Geographies of displacement. Urban Geography, 37(8),1175-1194. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Fictitious Commodities in Rio de Janeiro:=== <br /> <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro’s urban entrepreneurialism has commodified the city, promoting tourism, urban regeneration, and global recognition through the hosting of mega events. Commodification of the city through urban entrepreneurialism has caused “selling [the city] becomes the basic objective of local governments… In this sense, urban marketing becomes the model of city management” (p. 360)&lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. The commodification of land, labour, and money under Polanyi’s fictitious commodities is also an issue in Rio de Janeiro, specifically land values. Land is an essential part of production, however, the buying and selling of land and thus the buying and selling of the process of production, creates and extremely artificial market economy. As seen in the sections regarding urban policy initiatives, the Rio government has made attempts to revitalize the poorer areas of Rio, specifically favelas, by improving the infrastructure of those areas. Revitalization of favelas was a move by the government in advance of the sporting mega events to improve public image, however, the development of favela areas has led to the trading of land. Improvements of infrastructure in favelas have caused the price of land and thus rent prices to rise. These rising land prices has forced the original favela dwellers to move to different parts of the city, generally into other favelas while enticing the growing middle class of Rio to move into these newly developed areas. This is an example of how the buying and selling of fictitious commodities like land lead to inefficient economic, social, and political solutions. The Rio government wanted to develop favela areas surrounding the mega sporting events to improve public image, but due to the issues regarding land as a fictitious commodity, inadvertently promoted gentrification and rather than solving the issue of growing urban poor, simply forced them to move to other favelas.<br /> <br /> <br /> Polanyi further describes this process as the double movement, “the extension of the market organization in respect to genuine commodities… accompanied by its restriction in respect to fictitious ones” (p. 79) &lt;ref&gt; Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press. &lt;/ref&gt;. This double movement is seen in Rio, where the government is commodifying the city and selling it as a tourist destination through hosting the sporting mega events. While this can be seen as the genuine sale of a service, it is accompanied by the restriction of the fictitious commodity of land, specifically restricted by the various policies and revitalization plans that have led to the commodification of land. Through Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and double movement theories, we can see that the control that the Rio government has on land with regards to the commodification of land and its rising value is a step towards further land, housing, and gentrification issues, especially for the urban poor.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Lessons Learned - Theoretical Application in Other Urban Contexts==<br /> <br /> <br /> There are several key takeaways from our analysis of land, housing, and gentrification issues in Rio de Janeiro. First is the importance of local geographies in understanding geographical themes such as land, housing, and gentrification. In the case of Rio, the rapidly growing population, the presence of various favelas and other poor neighbourhoods, and the two sporting mega events all create a unique geographical landscape that changes how land, housing, and gentrification are seen and produced. Our focus on sporting mega events and the context of Rio de Janeiro as a city in the Global South exemplifies the importance of context in understanding geographical phenomenon such as gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> With the importance of locatedness of geographical theories in mind, there are some lessons that are applicable to other urban contexts, one being the concept of land as a fictitious commodity. Under our analysis of land as a fictitious commodity in Rio, we have found that issues of gentrification and forced movement of those living in favelas present themselves when land is bought and sold in the market. The double movement presents itself in Rio as a potential culprit of further worsening the current gentrification. These concepts can be applied to other global south cities looking to promote an urban entrepreneurial image of tourism through various means such as hosting sporting mega events. To avoid similar issues of land, housing, and gentrification, cities of the Global South can take note in avoiding the commodification of land and limiting the effects that the double movement and production of fictitious commodities when promoting the urban entrepreneurial image of tourism and international fame.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=User:SharonGhirra&diff=511561 2018-04-06T06:36:17Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div>==Rio de Janeiro: An Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> Many countries in the Global South have seen rapid developments over the last decade. Countries like Brazil, China, and India are all part of a collection of emerging economies known as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), and are a few examples of countries experiencing economic development at an accelerated pace. The focus on economic growth within the Global South often sidelines other important themes and issues that may exist within these nations. This wiki aims to discuss the theme of land, housing, and gentrification, focusing on the Brazilian city Rio de Janeiro.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro is the second-most populous city in Brazil after San Paulo and is famously known as a divided city where the extremely wealthy live in close proximity with those in poverty. Rio has been the host of certain mega events in the recent past; namely, the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. mega events such as these make use of specific strategies of spatio-temporal scale-making to produce an idealistic environment of global togetherness, modern urban development, and sporting festivity. However, representations such as these simultaneously work to conceal the recognition of the violence of infrastructural development, as securitization and privatization facilitate the mass displacement of residents of Rio’s favelas (urban slums). <br /> <br /> <br /> Understanding land, housing, and gentrification within a global south context are necessary in order to produce a geography of gentrification. Land, housing, and gentrification research are often focused on global north cities, however, this research may not translate to processes occurring in the Global South. Thus it is important to analyze such issues within the Global South to get an understanding of the differences in processes between the North and the South.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Mega Events: 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics== <br /> <br /> <br /> In the era of mega events, the future is always a near future, it is marked by urgency and exceptionalism - All mega events must be hyper-visible and comparable &lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. This statement stands true for the city of Rio de Janeiro, which seemed to be in a competition with itself while hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. An analysis by The Associated Press shows that the cost of putting on the latter was USD $13.1 billion, paid for with a mixture of public and private money, while the former cost the Brazilian government about USD $3 billion- mostly spent on new and refurbished stadiums, 90 percent of it being public money. Barre argues that the singular focus on mega events draws focus to a new trend wherein “the ‘banal everyday’ becomes a parenthesis, the past becomes a mere heritage, and the present an ongoing euphoric escape towards an increasingly developed future” &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. Highlighting the trade-off of hyper-realizing mega events is the invisibility of the marginalized social.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Relevance of Land, Housing, and Gentrification Issues in Rio de Janeiro==<br /> <br /> <br /> Land, housing, and gentrification is a global issue that affects many living in urban cities. Gentrification is often hidden behind various urban land and housing development terminology, such as “regeneration, social mixing or even urban sustainability”(p.2471) &lt;ref&gt; Ley, D. and Dobson, C. (2008). Are There Limits to Gentrification? The Contexts of Impeded Gentrification in Vancouver. Urban Studies, [online] 45(12), pp.2471-2498. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/abs/10.1177/0042098008097103 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. &lt;/ref&gt;. Rio de Janeiro provides a unique view on land, housing, and gentrification for various reasons, one of which is that Rio was recently host two mega sporting events. The effects of these mega sporting events on Rio’s land, housing, and gentrification have been studied by various scholars &lt;ref&gt; Donaghy, M. (2015). Resisting Removal: The Impact of Community Mobilization in Rio de Janeiro. Latin American Politics and Society, 57(4), pp.74-96. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Freeman, J. &amp; Burgos, M. (2017;2016). &quot;Accumulation by Forced Removal: The Thinning of Rio de Janeiro's Favelas in Preparation for the Games&quot;, JOURNAL OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 549-577. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Goode, R.J. (2015). Rio de Janeiro's Emerging Sporting mega event Geography: Unraveling the Carioca Pattern of Urban Development, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Ren, X. (2017). &quot;Aspirational urbanism from Beijing to Rio de Janeiro: Olympic cities in the Global South and contradictions&quot;, JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 894-908. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Sánchez, F. and Broudehoux, A. (2013). “mega events and urban regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: planning in a state of emergency.” International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), pp. 132-153 &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> Gaffney suggests that there are three processes at work with regards to gentrification in Rio. First is the reorganization of urban geography, with one group replacing another due to the financialization of urban land markets. Secondly, pressures created by the rent gap are being enhanced by external factors like state-led infrastructure and security investments resulting from the mega sporting events. Thirdly, zoning law alterations have increased land rents &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153.&lt;/ref&gt;. With these three processes in mind, several topics can be discussed to further understand these gentrification processes. One of these topics is the locus of power, which is understanding the political and social implications of land, housing, and gentrification, specifically with regards to who has the power in decision making regarding these land, housing, and gentrification policies. The locus of power is crucial to understanding the importance of state powers in creating financialized urban land markets, the building pressures of the rent gap as a result of state-led infrastructure and security investments, and the various zoning laws against certain neighbourhoods. Beyond state powers, the power, or lack of power, that local communities have in resisting gentrification is also key in understanding the power structure of Rio with regards to gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> Second, Karl Polanyi’s fictitious commodity is important in understanding the economic issue with commodification of land, labour, and money in relation to housing and gentrification. If land, labour, and money are sold on markets, people become subservient to the market, and the market system becomes embedded with society &lt;ref&gt; Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press. &lt;/ref&gt;. Looking at Rio, specifically in the context of the recent mega sporting events, we can take Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and apply it to various aspects of gentrification, including the changing value of land, the creation of the rent gap, and the selling of land and housing on the market.<br /> <br /> <br /> Although gentrification is a global phenomenon that affects cities in the Global North and the Global South, studies on gentrification must be situated in local context, and processes of gentrification are unique to the local context. Ananya Roy highlights in her article 21st Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory the importance of rethinking the geographies of urban and regional theory in order to contextualize urban experiences &lt;ref&gt; Roy, A. (2009). &quot;The 21st-Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory&quot;, Regional Studies, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 819-830. &lt;/ref&gt;. Most theorietic work on city-regions is located in the urban experience of the Global North. However, Roy argues that the urban future is found in cities in the Global South, especially in cities that were once labelled as underdeveloped but has since become a production of space and a site of capital accumulation &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. Rio de Janeiro is a unique city to study gentrification not only because it is one of the rapidly developing BRICS nations, but also because it is one of few cities of the Global South that have hosted mega sporting events like the Olympics. Rio de Janeiro hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics was an attempt at rebranding and invigorating urban growth. These urban space developments, especially with regards to the mega sporting events, masked many land, housing and gentrification issues that simultaneously ensued alongside the change of the urban space. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Impacts of Mega-Events on Land, Housing, and Gentrification==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Urban Entrepreneurialism through Urban Policy Initiatives===<br /> <br /> <br /> Mega events have noticeably incited a wave of new urban policy initiatives in Rio &lt;ref&gt; Goode, R.J. (2015). Rio de Janeiro's Emerging Sporting mega event Geography: Unraveling the <br /> Carioca Pattern of Urban Development, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. &lt;/ref&gt;. The urban policy initiatives are efforts made the government to “hasten the transformation” of Rio the Janeiro into a “global city” in light of global events. As favelas are located adjacent to the wealthier neighbourhoods in Rio, since the announced 2016 Olympic games in the city, wealthy real-estate individuals took it upon themselves to buy housing in these areas for low cost to only make a profit as the prices skyrocketed just before and continuing after the Summer Olympic games &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. These rising prices put the favelados communities (favela dwellers) in a danger of being pushed out to the city’s western and northern peripheries where federal and municipal programmes are currently being implemented &lt;ref&gt; Timerman, J. (2013). Is a Favela Still a Favela Once It Starts Gentrifying?. [online] Available at: http://m.theatlanticcities.com/housing/2013/12/favelastill-favela-once-it-starts-gentrifying/7726/ [Accessed: 15 Feb 2018]. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> <br /> Along with the 2016 Olympic games and 2014 World Cups bringing up the land prices and forcefully relocating the working-class to the peripheries, Rio de Janeiro has also been subjected to processes of gentrification &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; and land redevelopment &lt;ref&gt; Canales, F.(2011). The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Architectural Design, 81(3), 52-57. &lt;/ref&gt;. Gentrification is not just a western ideology nor is it new, but in fact, can be seen in all regions on a global scale. Specifically looking at Rio de Janeiro, gentrification can be seen run by the state with an outbreak of communities and regions transforming their neighbourhoods into areas commercially run &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt;. These highly marginalized targeted communities known as favelas that reside on the hillsides of Rio de Janeiro are those in which the state seizes to transform. However, it is important to note that prior to the mega-sporting events in the city, that there was deep marginalization of the urban poor. In the mid-1960s to the early 2000s, drug-related violence, the failure of democracy to deliver a voice for the impoverished, the stigma of place and race, and high unemployment rates further plagued the favela residents &lt;ref&gt; Benmergui, L.D. (2012). Housing development: Housing policy, slums, and squatter settlements in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1948-1973, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.&lt;/ref&gt;. Despite Brazil’s overall growth in the economy and significant improvements in both the consumption of goods and the investment into education, the transition into a job or better living conditions have been limited.<br /> <br /> <br /> When considering gentrification in Rio, it is equally as important to note the city’s turn to urban entrepreneurialism in order to facilitate the production of space. David Harvey describes in his study of urban governance that as cities shift to urban entrepreneurialism, they become an agent rather than a regulator of the market &lt;ref&gt; Harvey, D. 1989, &quot;From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism&quot;, Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 3-17. &lt;/ref&gt;. Through factors such as increased capital mobility, globalization and locational capability, Rio de Janeiro has been able to develop rapidly as a global city. However, such shift into urban entrepreneurialism has also been a primary vehicle that yield a highly uneven metropolitan landscape. The unevenness and growing inequality within the city landscape makes possible for new rounds of gentrification and urban redevelopment &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. Urban policy initiatives facilitate in accelerating interurban flows to create an environment that can not only foster additional capital growth within firms, but to commodify the urban landscape to promote foreign investment, tourism and additional recognition as a global city. <br /> <br /> <br /> In Brazil, the gentrification is not only divided between incomes of individuals but there is also a dominant ethnic divide in the nation. The phenomenon of gentrification as described by Gaffney &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; can be seen as “social cleansing”, “removal by whites”, and “asphalting” and is noted to be on a national scale with state involvement directly imposed onto the land of low-income households by state-led programs of eradication, uprooting, and zone relocation &lt;ref&gt; Watts, J. (2015, June 03). Forced evictions in Rio favela for 2016 Olympics trigger violent clashes. Retrieved April 06, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/03/forced-evictions-vila-autodromo-rio-olympics-protests&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Douglas, B. (2015, October 28). Brazil officials evict families from homes ahead of 2016 Olympic Games. Retrieved April 06, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/28/brazil-officials-evicting-families-2016-olympic-games &lt;/ref&gt;. These implications however, are done so forcefully and without empathy towards those who originally resided in the area and as a result, outbreaks of protests emerged from these neighbourhoods.<br /> <br /> <br /> State-led programs include removal of low-income communities and transportation improvements in the west that benefit the middle-class dominantly white individuals in Rio de Janeiro. One of these programs is ‘Minha Casa Minha Vida’ (MCMV), which translates to My House, My Life. MCMV is Brazil’s first large-scale public housing project. In Rio, MCMV units were constructed in an abrupt manner in light of the aforementioned mega events. Most of the MCMV housing units are located in Rio’s West Zone, an extensive and predominantly underserved location. These units have been a subject of widespread criticism. Residents have complained about the lack of adequate infrastructure, transportation links to the South and North Zones and fact that these units are in the vicinity of militia-controlled territories. MCMV residents who work in the North and South Zones; that make up the city’s commercial centre, have had trouble with transportation therefore making steady employment difficult. Favelas are hubs of complex social networks, mixed-use properties and are rooted in the accessibility of public space. Favela residents used to such a lifestyle have had trouble acclimating with severely regulated and single-use MCMV units. To make matters worse, these units are mostly occupied by favela residents who were forcibly evicted from their houses for the development of mega event related projects and the beautification of the South Zone. These residents were given the choice between monetary compensation and new housing units. Families in dire need of housing who have opted for the program are waitlisted. &lt;ref&gt; (n.d.). Retrieved April 06, 2018, from http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=14887 &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> These changes that were forcefully implemented by the neoliberal mayors of Rio de Janeiro during and after mega-sporting events were strategic in efforts to put blame on the Olympics and World Cups for reasons of harsh gentrification. Nevertheless, the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2014 World Cup only enhanced the increasing gentrification in cities &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt;. Therefore, it is safe to assume that “the process of gentrification in Brazilian cities is imbued with a conflict between the poor and city governments” (p.1132). This conflict can be seen specifically in Rio de Janeiro as a displacement of heritage accumulation, cultural dispossession, militarization, and ground rent dispossession are seen in historic events prior to the mega events &lt;ref&gt; Canales, F.(2011). The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Architectural Design, 81(3), 52-57. &lt;/ref&gt;. Nevertheless, these notes do not fall short of the understanding that these mega events did, in fact, have an impact on Rio de Janeiro's gentrification problem &lt;ref&gt; Janoschka, M., &amp; Sequera, J. (2016). Gentrification in Latin America: Addressing the Politics and Geographies of displacement. Urban Geography, 37(8),1175-1194. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Fictitious Commodities in Rio de Janeiro:=== <br /> <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro’s urban entrepreneurialism has commodified the city, promoting tourism, urban regeneration, and global recognition through the hosting of mega events. Commodification of the city through urban entrepreneurialism has caused “selling [the city] becomes the basic objective of local governments… In this sense, urban marketing becomes the model of city management” (p. 360)&lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. The commodification of land, labour, and money under Polanyi’s fictitious commodities is also an issue in Rio de Janeiro, specifically land values. Land is an essential part of production, however, the buying and selling of land and thus the buying and selling of the process of production, creates and extremely artificial market economy. As seen in the sections regarding urban policy initiatives, the Rio government has made attempts to revitalize the poorer areas of Rio, specifically favelas, by improving the infrastructure of those areas. Revitalization of favelas was a move by the government in advance of the sporting mega events to improve public image, however, the development of favela areas has led to the trading of land. Improvements of infrastructure in favelas have caused the price of land and thus rent prices to rise. These rising land prices has forced the original favela dwellers to move to different parts of the city, generally into other favelas while enticing the growing middle class of Rio to move into these newly developed areas. This is an example of how the buying and selling of fictitious commodities like land lead to inefficient economic, social, and political solutions. The Rio government wanted to develop favela areas surrounding the mega sporting events to improve public image, but due to the issues regarding land as a fictitious commodity, inadvertently promoted gentrification and rather than solving the issue of growing urban poor, simply forced them to move to other favelas.<br /> <br /> <br /> Polanyi further describes this process as the double movement, “the extension of the market organization in respect to genuine commodities… accompanied by its restriction in respect to fictitious ones” (p. 79) &lt;ref&gt; Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press. &lt;/ref&gt;. This double movement is seen in Rio, where the government is commodifying the city and selling it as a tourist destination through hosting the sporting mega events. While this can be seen as the genuine sale of a service, it is accompanied by the restriction of the fictitious commodity of land, specifically restricted by the various policies and revitalization plans that have led to the commodification of land. Through Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and double movement theories, we can see that the control that the Rio government has on land with regards to the commodification of land and its rising value is a step towards further land, housing, and gentrification issues, especially for the urban poor.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Lessons Learned - Theoretical Application in Other Urban Contexts==<br /> <br /> <br /> There are several key takeaways from our analysis of land, housing, and gentrification issues in Rio de Janeiro. First is the importance of local geographies in understanding geographical themes such as land, housing, and gentrification. In the case of Rio, the rapidly growing population, the presence of various favelas and other poor neighbourhoods, and the two sporting mega events all create a unique geographical landscape that changes how land, housing, and gentrification are seen and produced. Our focus on sporting mega events and the context of Rio de Janeiro as a city in the Global South exemplifies the importance of context in understanding geographical phenomenon such as gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> With the importance of locatedness of geographical theories in mind, there are some lessons that are applicable to other urban contexts, one being the concept of land as a fictitious commodity. Under our analysis of land as a fictitious commodity in Rio, we have found that issues of gentrification and forced movement of those living in favelas present themselves when land is bought and sold in the market. The double movement presents itself in Rio as a potential culprit of further worsening the current gentrification. These concepts can be applied to other global south cities looking to promote an urban entrepreneurial image of tourism through various means such as hosting sporting mega events. To avoid similar issues of land, housing, and gentrification, cities of the Global South can take note in avoiding the commodification of land and limiting the effects that the double movement and production of fictitious commodities when promoting the urban entrepreneurial image of tourism and international fame.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=User:SharonGhirra&diff=511560 2018-04-06T06:35:17Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div>==Rio de Janeiro: An Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> Many countries in the Global South have seen rapid developments over the last decade. Countries like Brazil, China, and India are all part of a collection of emerging economies known as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), and are a few examples of countries experiencing economic development at an accelerated pace. The focus on economic growth within the Global South often sidelines other important themes and issues that may exist within these nations. This wiki aims to discuss the theme of land, housing, and gentrification, focusing on the Brazilian city Rio de Janeiro.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro is the second-most populous city in Brazil after San Paulo and is famously known as a divided city where the extremely wealthy live in close proximity with those in poverty. Rio has been the host of certain mega events in the recent past; namely, the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. mega events such as these make use of specific strategies of spatio-temporal scale-making to produce an idealistic environment of global togetherness, modern urban development, and sporting festivity. However, representations such as these simultaneously work to conceal the recognition of the violence of infrastructural development, as securitization and privatization facilitate the mass displacement of residents of Rio’s favelas (urban slums). <br /> <br /> <br /> Understanding land, housing, and gentrification within a global south context are necessary in order to produce a geography of gentrification. Land, housing, and gentrification research are often focused on global north cities, however, this research may not translate to processes occurring in the Global South. Thus it is important to analyze such issues within the Global South to get an understanding of the differences in processes between the North and the South.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Mega Events: 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics== <br /> <br /> <br /> In the era of mega events, the future is always a near future, it is marked by urgency and exceptionalism - All mega events must be hyper-visible and comparable &lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. This statement stands true for the city of Rio de Janeiro, which seemed to be in a competition with itself while hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. An analysis by The Associated Press shows that the cost of putting on the latter was USD $13.1 billion, paid for with a mixture of public and private money, while the former cost the Brazilian government about USD $3 billion- mostly spent on new and refurbished stadiums, 90 percent of it being public money. Barre argues that the singular focus on mega events draws focus to a new trend wherein “the ‘banal everyday’ becomes a parenthesis, the past becomes a mere heritage, and the present an ongoing euphoric escape towards an increasingly developed future” &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. Highlighting the trade-off of hyper-realizing mega events is the invisibility of the marginalized social.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Relevance of Land, Housing, and Gentrification Issues in Rio de Janeiro==<br /> <br /> <br /> Land, housing, and gentrification is a global issue that affects many living in urban cities. Gentrification is often hidden behind various urban land and housing development terminology, such as “regeneration, social mixing or even urban sustainability”(p.2471) &lt;ref&gt; Ley, D. and Dobson, C. (2008). Are There Limits to Gentrification? The Contexts of Impeded Gentrification in Vancouver. Urban Studies, [online] 45(12), pp.2471-2498. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/abs/10.1177/0042098008097103 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. &lt;/ref&gt;. Rio de Janeiro provides a unique view on land, housing, and gentrification for various reasons, one of which is that Rio was recently host two mega sporting events. The effects of these mega sporting events on Rio’s land, housing, and gentrification have been studied by various scholars &lt;ref&gt; Donaghy, M. (2015). Resisting Removal: The Impact of Community Mobilization in Rio de Janeiro. Latin American Politics and Society, 57(4), pp.74-96. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Freeman, J. &amp; Burgos, M. (2017;2016). &quot;Accumulation by Forced Removal: The Thinning of Rio de Janeiro's Favelas in Preparation for the Games&quot;, JOURNAL OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 549-577. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Goode, R.J. (2015). Rio de Janeiro's Emerging Sporting mega event Geography: Unraveling the Carioca Pattern of Urban Development, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Ren, X. (2017). &quot;Aspirational urbanism from Beijing to Rio de Janeiro: Olympic cities in the Global South and contradictions&quot;, JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 894-908. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Sánchez, F. and Broudehoux, A. (2013). “mega events and urban regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: planning in a state of emergency.” International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), pp. 132-153 &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> Gaffney suggests that there are three processes at work with regards to gentrification in Rio. First is the reorganization of urban geography, with one group replacing another due to the financialization of urban land markets. Secondly, pressures created by the rent gap are being enhanced by external factors like state-led infrastructure and security investments resulting from the mega sporting events. Thirdly, zoning law alterations have increased land rents &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153.&lt;/ref&gt;. With these three processes in mind, several topics can be discussed to further understand these gentrification processes. One of these topics is the locus of power, which is understanding the political and social implications of land, housing, and gentrification, specifically with regards to who has the power in decision making regarding these land, housing, and gentrification policies. The locus of power is crucial to understanding the importance of state powers in creating financialized urban land markets, the building pressures of the rent gap as a result of state-led infrastructure and security investments, and the various zoning laws against certain neighbourhoods. Beyond state powers, the power, or lack of power, that local communities have in resisting gentrification is also key in understanding the power structure of Rio with regards to gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> Second, Karl Polanyi’s fictitious commodity is important in understanding the economic issue with commodification of land, labour, and money in relation to housing and gentrification. If land, labour, and money are sold on markets, people become subservient to the market, and the market system becomes embedded with society &lt;ref&gt; Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press. &lt;/ref&gt;. Looking at Rio, specifically in the context of the recent mega sporting events, we can take Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and apply it to various aspects of gentrification, including the changing value of land, the creation of the rent gap, and the selling of land and housing on the market.<br /> <br /> <br /> Although gentrification is a global phenomenon that affects cities in the Global North and the Global South, studies on gentrification must be situated in local context, and processes of gentrification are unique to the local context. Ananya Roy highlights in her article 21st Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory the importance of rethinking the geographies of urban and regional theory in order to contextualize urban experiences &lt;ref&gt; Roy, A. (2009). &quot;The 21st-Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory&quot;, Regional Studies, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 819-830. &lt;/ref&gt;. Most theorietic work on city-regions is located in the urban experience of the Global North. However, Roy argues that the urban future is found in cities in the Global South, especially in cities that were once labelled as underdeveloped but has since become a production of space and a site of capital accumulation &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. Rio de Janeiro is a unique city to study gentrification not only because it is one of the rapidly developing BRICS nations, but also because it is one of few cities of the Global South that have hosted mega sporting events like the Olympics. Rio de Janeiro hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics was an attempt at rebranding and invigorating urban growth. These urban space developments, especially with regards to the mega sporting events, masked many land, housing and gentrification issues that simultaneously ensued alongside the change of the urban space. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Impacts of Mega-Events on Land, Housing, and Gentrification==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Urban Entrepreneurialism through Urban Policy Initiatives===<br /> <br /> <br /> Mega events have noticeably incited a wave of new urban policy initiatives in Rio &lt;ref&gt; Goode, R.J. (2015). Rio de Janeiro's Emerging Sporting mega event Geography: Unraveling the <br /> Carioca Pattern of Urban Development, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. &lt;/ref&gt;. The urban policy initiatives are efforts made the government to “hasten the transformation” of Rio the Janeiro into a “global city” in light of global events. As favelas are located adjacent to the wealthier neighbourhoods in Rio, since the announced 2016 Olympic games in the city, wealthy real-estate individuals took it upon themselves to buy housing in these areas for low cost to only make a profit as the prices skyrocketed just before and continuing after the Summer Olympic games &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. These rising prices put the favelados communities (favela dwellers) in a danger of being pushed out to the city’s western and northern peripheries where federal and municipal programmes are currently being implemented &lt;ref&gt; Timerman, J. (2013). Is a Favela Still a Favela Once It Starts Gentrifying?. [online] Available at: http://m.theatlanticcities.com/housing/2013/12/favelastill-favela-once-it-starts-gentrifying/7726/ [Accessed: 15 Feb 2018]. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> <br /> Along with the 2016 Olympic games and 2014 World Cups bringing up the land prices and forcefully relocating the working-class to the peripheries, Rio de Janeiro has also been subjected to processes of gentrification &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; and land redevelopment &lt;ref&gt; Canales, F.(2011). The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Architectural Design, 81(3), 52-57. &lt;/ref&gt;. Gentrification is not just a western ideology nor is it new, but in fact, can be seen in all regions on a global scale. Specifically looking at Rio de Janeiro, gentrification can be seen run by the state with an outbreak of communities and regions transforming their neighbourhoods into areas commercially run &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt;. These highly marginalized targeted communities known as favelas that reside on the hillsides of Rio de Janeiro are those in which the state seizes to transform. However, it is important to note that prior to the mega-sporting events in the city, that there was deep marginalization of the urban poor. In the mid-1960s to the early 2000s, drug-related violence, the failure of democracy to deliver a voice for the impoverished, the stigma of place and race, and high unemployment rates further plagued the favela residents &lt;ref&gt; Benmergui, L.D. (2012). Housing development: Housing policy, slums, and squatter settlements in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1948-1973, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.&lt;/ref&gt;. Despite Brazil’s overall growth in the economy and significant improvements in both the consumption of goods and the investment into education, the transition into a job or better living conditions have been limited.<br /> <br /> <br /> When considering gentrification in Rio, it is equally as important to note the city’s turn to urban entrepreneurialism in order to facilitate the production of space. David Harvey describes in his study of urban governance that as cities shift to urban entrepreneurialism, they become an agent rather than a regulator of the market &lt;ref&gt; Harvey, D. 1989, &quot;From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism&quot;, Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 3-17. &lt;/ref&gt;. Through factors such as increased capital mobility, globalization and locational capability, Rio de Janeiro has been able to develop rapidly as a global city. However, such shift into urban entrepreneurialism has also been a primary vehicle that yield a highly uneven metropolitan landscape. The unevenness and growing inequality within the city landscape makes possible for new rounds of gentrification and urban redevelopment &lt;ref&gt; Harvey, D. 1989, &quot;From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism&quot;, Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 3-17 &lt;/ref&gt;. Urban policy initiatives facilitate in accelerating interurban flows to create an environment that can not only foster additional capital growth within firms, but to commodify the urban landscape to promote foreign investment, tourism and additional recognition as a global city. <br /> <br /> <br /> In Brazil, the gentrification is not only divided between incomes of individuals but there is also a dominant ethnic divide in the nation. The phenomenon of gentrification as described by Gaffney &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; can be seen as “social cleansing”, “removal by whites”, and “asphalting” and is noted to be on a national scale with state involvement directly imposed onto the land of low-income households by state-led programs of eradication, uprooting, and zone relocation &lt;ref&gt; Watts, J. (2015, June 03). Forced evictions in Rio favela for 2016 Olympics trigger violent clashes. Retrieved April 06, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/03/forced-evictions-vila-autodromo-rio-olympics-protests&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Douglas, B. (2015, October 28). Brazil officials evict families from homes ahead of 2016 Olympic Games. Retrieved April 06, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/28/brazil-officials-evicting-families-2016-olympic-games &lt;/ref&gt;. These implications however, are done so forcefully and without empathy towards those who originally resided in the area and as a result, outbreaks of protests emerged from these neighbourhoods.<br /> <br /> <br /> State-led programs include removal of low-income communities and transportation improvements in the west that benefit the middle-class dominantly white individuals in Rio de Janeiro. One of these programs is ‘Minha Casa Minha Vida’ (MCMV), which translates to My House, My Life. MCMV is Brazil’s first large-scale public housing project. In Rio, MCMV units were constructed in an abrupt manner in light of the aforementioned mega events. Most of the MCMV housing units are located in Rio’s West Zone, an extensive and predominantly underserved location. These units have been a subject of widespread criticism. Residents have complained about the lack of adequate infrastructure, transportation links to the South and North Zones and fact that these units are in the vicinity of militia-controlled territories. MCMV residents who work in the North and South Zones; that make up the city’s commercial centre, have had trouble with transportation therefore making steady employment difficult. Favelas are hubs of complex social networks, mixed-use properties and are rooted in the accessibility of public space. Favela residents used to such a lifestyle have had trouble acclimating with severely regulated and single-use MCMV units. To make matters worse, these units are mostly occupied by favela residents who were forcibly evicted from their houses for the development of mega event related projects and the beautification of the South Zone. These residents were given the choice between monetary compensation and new housing units. Families in dire need of housing who have opted for the program are waitlisted. &lt;ref&gt; (n.d.). Retrieved April 06, 2018, from http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=14887 &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> These changes that were forcefully implemented by the neoliberal mayors of Rio de Janeiro during and after mega-sporting events were strategic in efforts to put blame on the Olympics and World Cups for reasons of harsh gentrification. Nevertheless, the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2014 World Cup only enhanced the increasing gentrification in cities &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt;. Therefore, it is safe to assume that “the process of gentrification in Brazilian cities is imbued with a conflict between the poor and city governments” (p.1132). This conflict can be seen specifically in Rio de Janeiro as a displacement of heritage accumulation, cultural dispossession, militarization, and ground rent dispossession are seen in historic events prior to the mega events &lt;ref&gt; Canales, F.(2011). The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Architectural Design, 81(3), 52-57. &lt;/ref&gt;. Nevertheless, these notes do not fall short of the understanding that these mega events did, in fact, have an impact on Rio de Janeiro's gentrification problem &lt;ref&gt; Janoschka, M., &amp; Sequera, J. (2016). Gentrification in Latin America: Addressing the Politics and Geographies of displacement. Urban Geography, 37(8),1175-1194. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Fictitious Commodities in Rio de Janeiro:=== <br /> <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro’s urban entrepreneurialism has commodified the city, promoting tourism, urban regeneration, and global recognition through the hosting of mega events. Commodification of the city through urban entrepreneurialism has caused “selling [the city] becomes the basic objective of local governments… In this sense, urban marketing becomes the model of city management” (p. 360)&lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. The commodification of land, labour, and money under Polanyi’s fictitious commodities is also an issue in Rio de Janeiro, specifically land values. Land is an essential part of production, however, the buying and selling of land and thus the buying and selling of the process of production, creates and extremely artificial market economy. As seen in the sections regarding urban policy initiatives, the Rio government has made attempts to revitalize the poorer areas of Rio, specifically favelas, by improving the infrastructure of those areas. Revitalization of favelas was a move by the government in advance of the sporting mega events to improve public image, however, the development of favela areas has led to the trading of land. Improvements of infrastructure in favelas have caused the price of land and thus rent prices to rise. These rising land prices has forced the original favela dwellers to move to different parts of the city, generally into other favelas while enticing the growing middle class of Rio to move into these newly developed areas. This is an example of how the buying and selling of fictitious commodities like land lead to inefficient economic, social, and political solutions. The Rio government wanted to develop favela areas surrounding the mega sporting events to improve public image, but due to the issues regarding land as a fictitious commodity, inadvertently promoted gentrification and rather than solving the issue of growing urban poor, simply forced them to move to other favelas.<br /> <br /> <br /> Polanyi further describes this process as the double movement, “the extension of the market organization in respect to genuine commodities… accompanied by its restriction in respect to fictitious ones” (p. 79) &lt;ref&gt; Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press. &lt;/ref&gt;. This double movement is seen in Rio, where the government is commodifying the city and selling it as a tourist destination through hosting the sporting mega events. While this can be seen as the genuine sale of a service, it is accompanied by the restriction of the fictitious commodity of land, specifically restricted by the various policies and revitalization plans that have led to the commodification of land. Through Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and double movement theories, we can see that the control that the Rio government has on land with regards to the commodification of land and its rising value is a step towards further land, housing, and gentrification issues, especially for the urban poor.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Lessons Learned - Theoretical Application in Other Urban Contexts==<br /> <br /> <br /> There are several key takeaways from our analysis of land, housing, and gentrification issues in Rio de Janeiro. First is the importance of local geographies in understanding geographical themes such as land, housing, and gentrification. In the case of Rio, the rapidly growing population, the presence of various favelas and other poor neighbourhoods, and the two sporting mega events all create a unique geographical landscape that changes how land, housing, and gentrification are seen and produced. Our focus on sporting mega events and the context of Rio de Janeiro as a city in the Global South exemplifies the importance of context in understanding geographical phenomenon such as gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> With the importance of locatedness of geographical theories in mind, there are some lessons that are applicable to other urban contexts, one being the concept of land as a fictitious commodity. Under our analysis of land as a fictitious commodity in Rio, we have found that issues of gentrification and forced movement of those living in favelas present themselves when land is bought and sold in the market. The double movement presents itself in Rio as a potential culprit of further worsening the current gentrification. These concepts can be applied to other global south cities looking to promote an urban entrepreneurial image of tourism through various means such as hosting sporting mega events. To avoid similar issues of land, housing, and gentrification, cities of the Global South can take note in avoiding the commodification of land and limiting the effects that the double movement and production of fictitious commodities when promoting the urban entrepreneurial image of tourism and international fame.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=User:SharonGhirra&diff=511559 2018-04-06T06:34:27Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div>==Rio de Janeiro: An Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> Many countries in the Global South have seen rapid developments over the last decade. Countries like Brazil, China, and India are all part of a collection of emerging economies known as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), and are a few examples of countries experiencing economic development at an accelerated pace. The focus on economic growth within the Global South often sidelines other important themes and issues that may exist within these nations. This wiki aims to discuss the theme of land, housing, and gentrification, focusing on the Brazilian city Rio de Janeiro.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro is the second-most populous city in Brazil after San Paulo and is famously known as a divided city where the extremely wealthy live in close proximity with those in poverty. Rio has been the host of certain mega events in the recent past; namely, the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. mega events such as these make use of specific strategies of spatio-temporal scale-making to produce an idealistic environment of global togetherness, modern urban development, and sporting festivity. However, representations such as these simultaneously work to conceal the recognition of the violence of infrastructural development, as securitization and privatization facilitate the mass displacement of residents of Rio’s favelas (urban slums). <br /> <br /> <br /> Understanding land, housing, and gentrification within a global south context are necessary in order to produce a geography of gentrification. Land, housing, and gentrification research are often focused on global north cities, however, this research may not translate to processes occurring in the Global South. Thus it is important to analyze such issues within the Global South to get an understanding of the differences in processes between the North and the South.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Mega Events: 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics== <br /> <br /> <br /> In the era of mega events, the future is always a near future, it is marked by urgency and exceptionalism - All mega events must be hyper-visible and comparable &lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. This statement stands true for the city of Rio de Janeiro, which seemed to be in a competition with itself while hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. An analysis by The Associated Press shows that the cost of putting on the latter was USD $13.1 billion, paid for with a mixture of public and private money, while the former cost the Brazilian government about USD $3 billion- mostly spent on new and refurbished stadiums, 90 percent of it being public money. Barre argues that the singular focus on mega events draws focus to a new trend wherein “the ‘banal everyday’ becomes a parenthesis, the past becomes a mere heritage, and the present an ongoing euphoric escape towards an increasingly developed future” &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. Highlighting the trade-off of hyper-realizing mega events is the invisibility of the marginalized social.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Relevance of Land, Housing, and Gentrification Issues in Rio de Janeiro==<br /> <br /> <br /> Land, housing, and gentrification is a global issue that affects many living in urban cities. Gentrification is often hidden behind various urban land and housing development terminology, such as “regeneration, social mixing or even urban sustainability”(p.2471) &lt;ref&gt; Ley, D. and Dobson, C. (2008). Are There Limits to Gentrification? The Contexts of Impeded Gentrification in Vancouver. Urban Studies, [online] 45(12), pp.2471-2498. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/abs/10.1177/0042098008097103 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. &lt;/ref&gt;. Rio de Janeiro provides a unique view on land, housing, and gentrification for various reasons, one of which is that Rio was recently host two mega sporting events. The effects of these mega sporting events on Rio’s land, housing, and gentrification have been studied by various scholars &lt;ref&gt; Donaghy, M. (2015). Resisting Removal: The Impact of Community Mobilization in Rio de Janeiro. Latin American Politics and Society, 57(4), pp.74-96. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Freeman, J. &amp; Burgos, M. (2017;2016). &quot;Accumulation by Forced Removal: The Thinning of Rio de Janeiro's Favelas in Preparation for the Games&quot;, JOURNAL OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 549-577. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Goode, R.J. (2015). Rio de Janeiro's Emerging Sporting mega event Geography: Unraveling the Carioca Pattern of Urban Development, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Ren, X. (2017). &quot;Aspirational urbanism from Beijing to Rio de Janeiro: Olympic cities in the Global South and contradictions&quot;, JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 894-908. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Sánchez, F. and Broudehoux, A. (2013). “mega events and urban regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: planning in a state of emergency.” International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), pp. 132-153 &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> Gaffney suggests that there are three processes at work with regards to gentrification in Rio. First is the reorganization of urban geography, with one group replacing another due to the financialization of urban land markets. Secondly, pressures created by the rent gap are being enhanced by external factors like state-led infrastructure and security investments resulting from the mega sporting events. Thirdly, zoning law alterations have increased land rents &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153.&lt;/ref&gt;. With these three processes in mind, several topics can be discussed to further understand these gentrification processes. One of these topics is the locus of power, which is understanding the political and social implications of land, housing, and gentrification, specifically with regards to who has the power in decision making regarding these land, housing, and gentrification policies. The locus of power is crucial to understanding the importance of state powers in creating financialized urban land markets, the building pressures of the rent gap as a result of state-led infrastructure and security investments, and the various zoning laws against certain neighbourhoods. Beyond state powers, the power, or lack of power, that local communities have in resisting gentrification is also key in understanding the power structure of Rio with regards to gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> Second, Karl Polanyi’s fictitious commodity is important in understanding the economic issue with commodification of land, labour, and money in relation to housing and gentrification. If land, labour, and money are sold on markets, people become subservient to the market, and the market system becomes embedded with society &lt;ref&gt; Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press. &lt;/ref&gt;. Looking at Rio, specifically in the context of the recent mega sporting events, we can take Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and apply it to various aspects of gentrification, including the changing value of land, the creation of the rent gap, and the selling of land and housing on the market.<br /> <br /> <br /> Although gentrification is a global phenomenon that affects cities in the Global North and the Global South, studies on gentrification must be situated in local context, and processes of gentrification are unique to the local context. Ananya Roy highlights in her article 21st Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory the importance of rethinking the geographies of urban and regional theory in order to contextualize urban experiences &lt;ref&gt; Roy, A. (2009). &quot;The 21st-Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory&quot;, Regional Studies, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 819-830. &lt;/ref&gt;. Most theorietic work on city-regions is located in the urban experience of the Global North. However, Roy argues that the urban future is found in cities in the Global South, especially in cities that were once labelled as underdeveloped but has since become a production of space and a site of capital accumulation &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. Rio de Janeiro is a unique city to study gentrification not only because it is one of the rapidly developing BRICS nations, but also because it is one of few cities of the Global South that have hosted mega sporting events like the Olympics. Rio de Janeiro hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics was an attempt at rebranding and invigorating urban growth. These urban space developments, especially with regards to the mega sporting events, masked many land, housing and gentrification issues that simultaneously ensued alongside the change of the urban space. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Impacts of Mega-Events on Land, Housing, and Gentrification==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Urban Entrepreneurialism through Urban Policy Initiatives===<br /> <br /> <br /> Mega events have noticeably incited a wave of new urban policy initiatives in Rio &lt;ref&gt; Goode, R.J. (2015). Rio de Janeiro's Emerging Sporting mega event Geography: Unraveling the <br /> Carioca Pattern of Urban Development, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. &lt;/ref&gt;. The urban policy initiatives are efforts made the government to “hasten the transformation” of Rio the Janeiro into a “global city” in light of global events. As favelas are located adjacent to the wealthier neighbourhoods in Rio, since the announced 2016 Olympic games in the city, wealthy real-estate individuals took it upon themselves to buy housing in these areas for low cost to only make a profit as the prices skyrocketed just before and continuing after the Summer Olympic games &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. These rising prices put the favelados communities (favela dwellers) in a danger of being pushed out to the city’s western and northern peripheries where federal and municipal programmes are currently being implemented &lt;ref&gt; Timerman, J. (2013). Is a Favela Still a Favela Once It Starts Gentrifying?. [online] Available at: http://m.theatlanticcities.com/housing/2013/12/favelastill-favela-once-it-starts-gentrifying/7726/ [Accessed: 15 Feb 2018]. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> <br /> Along with the 2016 Olympic games and 2014 World Cups bringing up the land prices and forcefully relocating the working-class to the peripheries, Rio de Janeiro has also been subjected to processes of gentrification &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; and land redevelopment &lt;ref&gt; Canales, F.(2011). The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Architectural Design, 81(3), 52-57. &lt;/ref&gt;. Gentrification is not just a western ideology nor is it new, but in fact, can be seen in all regions on a global scale. Specifically looking at Rio de Janeiro, gentrification can be seen run by the state with an outbreak of communities and regions transforming their neighbourhoods into areas commercially run &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt;. These highly marginalized targeted communities known as favelas that reside on the hillsides of Rio de Janeiro are those in which the state seizes to transform. However, it is important to note that prior to the mega-sporting events in the city, that there was deep marginalization of the urban poor. In the mid-1960s to the early 2000s, drug-related violence, the failure of democracy to deliver a voice for the impoverished, the stigma of place and race, and high unemployment rates further plagued the favela residents &lt;ref&gt; Benmergui, L.D. (2012). Housing development: Housing policy, slums, and squatter settlements in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1948-1973, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.&lt;/ref&gt;. Despite Brazil’s overall growth in the economy and significant improvements in both the consumption of goods and the investment into education, the transition into a job or better living conditions have been limited.<br /> <br /> <br /> When considering gentrification in Rio, it is equally as important to note the city’s turn to urban entrepreneurialism in order to facilitate the production of space. David Harvey describes in his study of urban governance that as cities shift to urban entrepreneurialism, they become an agent rather than a regulator of the market &lt;ref&gt; Harvey, D. 1989, &quot;From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism&quot;, Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 3-17. &lt;/ref&gt;. Through factors such as increased capital mobility, globalization and locational capability, Rio de Janeiro has been able to develop rapidly as a global city. However, such shift into urban entrepreneurialism has also been a primary vehicle that yield a highly uneven metropolitan landscape. The unevenness and growing inequality within the city landscape makes possible for new rounds of gentrification and urban redevelopment &lt;ref&gt; Harvey, D. 1989, &quot;From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism&quot;, Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 3-17 &lt;/ref&gt;. Urban policy initiatives facilitate in accelerating interurban flows to create an environment that can not only foster additional capital growth within firms, but to commodify the urban landscape to promote foreign investment, tourism and additional recognition as a global city. <br /> <br /> <br /> In Brazil, the gentrification is not only divided between incomes of individuals but there is also a dominant ethnic divide in the nation. The phenomenon of gentrification as described by Gaffney &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; can be seen as “social cleansing”, “removal by whites”, and “asphalting” and is noted to be on a national scale with state involvement directly imposed onto the land of low-income households by state-led programs of eradication, uprooting, and zone relocation &lt;ref&gt; Watts, J. (2015, June 03). Forced evictions in Rio favela for 2016 Olympics trigger violent clashes. Retrieved April 06, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/03/forced-evictions-vila-autodromo-rio-olympics-protests&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Douglas, B. (2015, October 28). Brazil officials evict families from homes ahead of 2016 Olympic Games. Retrieved April 06, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/28/brazil-officials-evicting-families-2016-olympic-games &lt;/ref&gt;. These implications however, are done so forcefully and without empathy towards those who originally resided in the area and as a result, outbreaks of protests emerged from these neighbourhoods.<br /> <br /> <br /> State-led programs include removal of low-income communities and transportation improvements in the west that benefit the middle-class dominantly white individuals in Rio de Janeiro. One of these programs is ‘Minha Casa Minha Vida’ (MCMV), which translates to My House, My Life. MCMV is Brazil’s first large-scale public housing project. In Rio, MCMV units were constructed in an abrupt manner in light of the aforementioned mega events. Most of the MCMV housing units are located in Rio’s West Zone, an extensive and predominantly underserved location. These units have been a subject of widespread criticism. Residents have complained about the lack of adequate infrastructure, transportation links to the South and North Zones and fact that these units are in the vicinity of militia-controlled territories. MCMV residents who work in the North and South Zones; that make up the city’s commercial centre, have had trouble with transportation therefore making steady employment difficult. Favelas are hubs of complex social networks, mixed-use properties and are rooted in the accessibility of public space. Favela residents used to such a lifestyle have had trouble acclimating with severely regulated and single-use MCMV units. To make matters worse, these units are mostly occupied by favela residents who were forcibly evicted from their houses for the development of mega event related projects and the beautification of the South Zone. These residents were given the choice between monetary compensation and new housing units. Families in dire need of housing who have opted for the program are waitlisted. &lt;ref&gt; (n.d.). Retrieved April 06, 2018, from http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=14887 &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> These changes that were forcefully implemented by the neoliberal mayors of Rio de Janeiro during and after mega-sporting events were strategic in efforts to put blame on the Olympics and World Cups for reasons of harsh gentrification. Nevertheless, the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2014 World Cup only enhanced the increasing gentrification in cities &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt;. Therefore, it is safe to assume that “the process of gentrification in Brazilian cities is imbued with a conflict between the poor and city governments” (p.1132). This conflict can be seen specifically in Rio de Janeiro as a displacement of heritage accumulation, cultural dispossession, militarization, and ground rent dispossession are seen in historic events prior to the mega events &lt;ref&gt; Canales, F.(2011). The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Architectural Design, 81(3), 52-57. &lt;/ref&gt;. Nevertheless, these notes do not fall short of the understanding that these mega events did, in fact, have an impact on Rio de Janeiro's gentrification problem &lt;ref&gt; Janoschka, M., &amp; Sequera, J. (2016). Gentrification in Latin America: Addressing the Politics and Geographies of displacement. Urban Geography, 37(8),1175-1194. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Fictitious Commodities in Rio de Janeiro:=== <br /> <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro’s urban entrepreneurialism has commodified the city, promoting tourism, urban regeneration, and global recognition through the hosting of mega events. Commodification of the city through urban entrepreneurialism has caused “selling [the city] becomes the basic objective of local governments… In this sense, urban marketing becomes the model of city management” (p. 360) &lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. The commodification of land, labour, and money under Polanyi’s fictitious commodities is also an issue in Rio de Janeiro, specifically land values. Land is an essential part of production, however, the buying and selling of land and thus the buying and selling of the process of production, creates and extremely artificial market economy. As seen in the sections regarding urban policy initiatives, the Rio government has made attempts to revitalize the poorer areas of Rio, specifically favelas, by improving the infrastructure of those areas. Revitalization of favelas was a move by the government in advance of the sporting mega events to improve public image, however, the development of favela areas has led to the trading of land. Improvements of infrastructure in favelas have caused the price of land and thus rent prices to rise. These rising land prices has forced the original favela dwellers to move to different parts of the city, generally into other favelas while enticing the growing middle class of Rio to move into these newly developed areas. This is an example of how the buying and selling of fictitious commodities like land lead to inefficient economic, social, and political solutions. The Rio government wanted to develop favela areas surrounding the mega sporting events to improve public image, but due to the issues regarding land as a fictitious commodity, inadvertently promoted gentrification and rather than solving the issue of growing urban poor, simply forced them to move to other favelas.<br /> <br /> <br /> Polanyi further describes this process as the double movement, “the extension of the market organization in respect to genuine commodities… accompanied by its restriction in respect to fictitious ones” (p. 79) &lt;ref&gt; Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press. &lt;/ref&gt;. This double movement is seen in Rio, where the government is commodifying the city and selling it as a tourist destination through hosting the sporting mega events. While this can be seen as the genuine sale of a service, it is accompanied by the restriction of the fictitious commodity of land, specifically restricted by the various policies and revitalization plans that have led to the commodification of land. Through Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and double movement theories, we can see that the control that the Rio government has on land with regards to the commodification of land and its rising value is a step towards further land, housing, and gentrification issues, especially for the urban poor.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Lessons Learned - Theoretical Application in Other Urban Contexts==<br /> <br /> <br /> There are several key takeaways from our analysis of land, housing, and gentrification issues in Rio de Janeiro. First is the importance of local geographies in understanding geographical themes such as land, housing, and gentrification. In the case of Rio, the rapidly growing population, the presence of various favelas and other poor neighbourhoods, and the two sporting mega events all create a unique geographical landscape that changes how land, housing, and gentrification are seen and produced. Our focus on sporting mega events and the context of Rio de Janeiro as a city in the Global South exemplifies the importance of context in understanding geographical phenomenon such as gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> With the importance of locatedness of geographical theories in mind, there are some lessons that are applicable to other urban contexts, one being the concept of land as a fictitious commodity. Under our analysis of land as a fictitious commodity in Rio, we have found that issues of gentrification and forced movement of those living in favelas present themselves when land is bought and sold in the market. The double movement presents itself in Rio as a potential culprit of further worsening the current gentrification. These concepts can be applied to other global south cities looking to promote an urban entrepreneurial image of tourism through various means such as hosting sporting mega events. To avoid similar issues of land, housing, and gentrification, cities of the Global South can take note in avoiding the commodification of land and limiting the effects that the double movement and production of fictitious commodities when promoting the urban entrepreneurial image of tourism and international fame.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=User:SharonGhirra&diff=511557 2018-04-06T06:30:58Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div>==Rio de Janeiro: An Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> Many countries in the Global South have seen rapid developments over the last decade. Countries like Brazil, China, and India are all part of a collection of emerging economies known as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), and are a few examples of countries experiencing economic development at an accelerated pace. The focus on economic growth within the Global South often sidelines other important themes and issues that may exist within these nations. This wiki aims to discuss the theme of land, housing, and gentrification, focusing on the Brazilian city Rio de Janeiro.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro is the second-most populous city in Brazil after San Paulo and is famously known as a divided city where the extremely wealthy live in close proximity with those in poverty. Rio has been the host of certain mega events in the recent past; namely, the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. mega events such as these make use of specific strategies of spatio-temporal scale-making to produce an idealistic environment of global togetherness, modern urban development, and sporting festivity. However, representations such as these simultaneously work to conceal the recognition of the violence of infrastructural development, as securitization and privatization facilitate the mass displacement of residents of Rio’s favelas (urban slums). <br /> <br /> <br /> Understanding land, housing, and gentrification within a global south context are necessary in order to produce a geography of gentrification. Land, housing, and gentrification research are often focused on global north cities, however, this research may not translate to processes occurring in the Global South. Thus it is important to analyze such issues within the Global South to get an understanding of the differences in processes between the North and the South.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Mega Events: 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics== <br /> <br /> <br /> In the era of mega events, the future is always a near future, it is marked by urgency and exceptionalism - All mega events must be hyper-visible and comparable &lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. This statement stands true for the city of Rio de Janeiro, which seemed to be in a competition with itself while hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. An analysis by The Associated Press shows that the cost of putting on the latter was USD $13.1 billion, paid for with a mixture of public and private money, while the former cost the Brazilian government about USD $3 billion- mostly spent on new and refurbished stadiums, 90 percent of it being public money. Barre argues that the singular focus on mega events draws focus to a new trend wherein “the ‘banal everyday’ becomes a parenthesis, the past becomes a mere heritage, and the present an ongoing euphoric escape towards an increasingly developed future” &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. Highlighting the trade-off of hyper-realizing mega events is the invisibility of the marginalized social.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Relevance of Land, Housing, and Gentrification Issues in Rio de Janeiro==<br /> <br /> <br /> Land, housing, and gentrification is a global issue that affects many living in urban cities. Gentrification is often hidden behind various urban land and housing development terminology, such as “regeneration, social mixing or even urban sustainability”(p.2471) &lt;ref&gt; Ley, D. and Dobson, C. (2008). Are There Limits to Gentrification? The Contexts of Impeded Gentrification in Vancouver. Urban Studies, [online] 45(12), pp.2471-2498. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/abs/10.1177/0042098008097103 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. &lt;/ref&gt;. Rio de Janeiro provides a unique view on land, housing, and gentrification for various reasons, one of which is that Rio was recently host two mega sporting events. The effects of these mega sporting events on Rio’s land, housing, and gentrification have been studied by various scholars &lt;ref&gt; Donaghy, M. (2015). Resisting Removal: The Impact of Community Mobilization in Rio de Janeiro. Latin American Politics and Society, 57(4), pp.74-96. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Freeman, J. &amp; Burgos, M. (2017;2016). &quot;Accumulation by Forced Removal: The Thinning of Rio de Janeiro's Favelas in Preparation for the Games&quot;, JOURNAL OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 549-577. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Goode, R.J. (2015). Rio de Janeiro's Emerging Sporting mega event Geography: Unraveling the Carioca Pattern of Urban Development, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Ren, X. (2017). &quot;Aspirational urbanism from Beijing to Rio de Janeiro: Olympic cities in the Global South and contradictions&quot;, JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 894-908. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Sánchez, F. and Broudehoux, A. (2013). “mega events and urban regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: planning in a state of emergency.” International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), pp. 132-153 &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> Gaffney suggests that there are three processes at work with regards to gentrification in Rio. First is the reorganization of urban geography, with one group replacing another due to the financialization of urban land markets. Secondly, pressures created by the rent gap are being enhanced by external factors like state-led infrastructure and security investments resulting from the mega sporting events. Thirdly, zoning law alterations have increased land rents &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153.&lt;/ref&gt;. With these three processes in mind, several topics can be discussed to further understand these gentrification processes. One of these topics is the locus of power, which is understanding the political and social implications of land, housing, and gentrification, specifically with regards to who has the power in decision making regarding these land, housing, and gentrification policies. The locus of power is crucial to understanding the importance of state powers in creating financialized urban land markets, the building pressures of the rent gap as a result of state-led infrastructure and security investments, and the various zoning laws against certain neighbourhoods. Beyond state powers, the power, or lack of power, that local communities have in resisting gentrification is also key in understanding the power structure of Rio with regards to gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> Second, Karl Polanyi’s fictitious commodity is important in understanding the economic issue with commodification of land, labour, and money in relation to housing and gentrification. If land, labour, and money are sold on markets, people become subservient to the market, and the market system becomes embedded with society &lt;ref&gt; Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press. &lt;/ref&gt;. Looking at Rio, specifically in the context of the recent mega sporting events, we can take Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and apply it to various aspects of gentrification, including the changing value of land, the creation of the rent gap, and the selling of land and housing on the market.<br /> <br /> <br /> Although gentrification is a global phenomenon that affects cities in the Global North and the Global South, studies on gentrification must be situated in local context, and processes of gentrification are unique to the local context. Ananya Roy highlights in her article 21st Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory the importance of rethinking the geographies of urban and regional theory in order to contextualize urban experiences &lt;ref&gt; Roy, A. (2009). &quot;The 21st-Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory&quot;, Regional Studies, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 819-830. &lt;/ref&gt;. Most theorietic work on city-regions is located in the urban experience of the Global North. However, Roy argues that the urban future is found in cities in the Global South, especially in cities that were once labelled as underdeveloped but has since become a production of space and a site of capital accumulation &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. Rio de Janeiro is a unique city to study gentrification not only because it is one of the rapidly developing BRICS nations, but also because it is one of few cities of the Global South that have hosted mega sporting events like the Olympics. Rio de Janeiro hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics was an attempt at rebranding and invigorating urban growth. These urban space developments, especially with regards to the mega sporting events, masked many land, housing and gentrification issues that simultaneously ensued alongside the change of the urban space. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Impacts of Mega-Events on Land, Housing, and Gentrification==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Urban Entrepreneurialism through Urban Policy Initiatives===<br /> <br /> <br /> Mega events have noticeably incited a wave of new urban policy initiatives in Rio &lt;ref&gt; Goode, R.J. (2015). Rio de Janeiro's Emerging Sporting mega event Geography: Unraveling the <br /> Carioca Pattern of Urban Development, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. &lt;/ref&gt;. The urban policy initiatives are efforts made the government to “hasten the transformation” of Rio the Janeiro into a “global city” in light of global events. As favelas are located adjacent to the wealthier neighbourhoods in Rio, since the announced 2016 Olympic games in the city, wealthy real-estate individuals took it upon themselves to buy housing in these areas for low cost to only make a profit as the prices skyrocketed just before and continuing after the Summer Olympic games &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. These rising prices put the favelados communities (favela dwellers) in a danger of being pushed out to the city’s western and northern peripheries where federal and municipal programmes are currently being implemented &lt;ref&gt; Timerman, J. (2013). Is a Favela Still a Favela Once It Starts Gentrifying?. [online] Available at: http://m.theatlanticcities.com/housing/2013/12/favelastill-favela-once-it-starts-gentrifying/7726/ [Accessed: 15 Feb 2018]. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> <br /> Along with the 2016 Olympic games and 2014 World Cups bringing up the land prices and forcefully relocating the working-class to the peripheries, Rio de Janeiro has also been subjected to processes of gentrification &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; and land redevelopment &lt;ref&gt; Canales, F.(2011). The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Architectural Design, 81(3), 52-57. &lt;/ref&gt;. Gentrification is not just a western ideology nor is it new, but in fact, can be seen in all regions on a global scale. Specifically looking at Rio de Janeiro, gentrification can be seen run by the state with an outbreak of communities and regions transforming their neighbourhoods into areas commercially run &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt;. These highly marginalized targeted communities known as favelas that reside on the hillsides of Rio de Janeiro are those in which the state seizes to transform. However, it is important to note that prior to the mega-sporting events in the city, that there was deep marginalization of the urban poor. In the mid-1960s to the early 2000s, drug-related violence, the failure of democracy to deliver a voice for the impoverished, the stigma of place and race, and high unemployment rates further plagued the favela residents &lt;ref&gt; Benmergui, L.D. (2012). Housing development: Housing policy, slums, and squatter settlements in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1948-1973, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.&lt;/ref&gt;. Despite Brazil’s overall growth in the economy and significant improvements in both the consumption of goods and the investment into education, the transition into a job or better living conditions have been limited.<br /> <br /> <br /> When considering gentrification in Rio, it is equally as important to note the city’s turn to urban entrepreneurialism in order to facilitate the production of space. David Harvey describes in his study of urban governance that as cities shift to urban entrepreneurialism, they become an agent rather than a regulator of the market &lt;ref&gt; Harvey, D. 1989, &quot;From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism&quot;, Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 3-17. &lt;/ref&gt;. Through factors such as increased capital mobility, globalization and locational capability, Rio de Janeiro has been able to develop rapidly as a global city. However, such shift into urban entrepreneurialism has also been a primary vehicle that yield a highly uneven metropolitan landscape. The unevenness and growing inequality within the city landscape makes possible for new rounds of gentrification and urban redevelopment &lt;ref&gt; Harvey, D. 1989, &quot;From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism&quot;, Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 3-17 &lt;/ref&gt;. Urban policy initiatives facilitate in accelerating interurban flows to create an environment that can not only foster additional capital growth within firms, but to commodify the urban landscape to promote foreign investment, tourism and additional recognition as a global city. <br /> <br /> <br /> In Brazil, the gentrification is not only divided between incomes of individuals but there is also a dominant ethnic divide in the nation. The phenomenon of gentrification as described by Gaffney &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; can be seen as “social cleansing”, “removal by whites”, and “asphalting” and is noted to be on a national scale with state involvement directly imposed onto the land of low-income households by state-led programs of eradication, uprooting, and zone relocation &lt;ref&gt; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/03/forced-evictions-vila-autodromo-rio-olympics-protests &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/28/brazil-officials-evicting-families-2016-olympic-games &lt;/ref&gt;. These implications however, are done so forcefully and without empathy towards those who originally resided in the area and as a result, outbreaks of protests emerged from these neighbourhoods.<br /> <br /> <br /> State-led programs include removal of low-income communities and transportation improvements in the west that benefit the middle-class dominantly white individuals in Rio de Janeiro. One of these programs is ‘Minha Casa Minha Vida’ (MCMV), which translates to My House, My Life. MCMV is Brazil’s first large-scale public housing project. In Rio, MCMV units were constructed in an abrupt manner in light of the aforementioned mega events. Most of the MCMV housing units are located in Rio’s West Zone, an extensive and predominantly underserved location. These units have been a subject of widespread criticism. Residents have complained about the lack of adequate infrastructure, transportation links to the South and North Zones and fact that these units are in the vicinity of militia-controlled territories. MCMV residents who work in the North and South Zones; that make up the city’s commercial centre, have had trouble with transportation therefore making steady employment difficult. Favelas are hubs of complex social networks, mixed-use properties and are rooted in the accessibility of public space. Favela residents used to such a lifestyle have had trouble acclimating with severely regulated and single-use MCMV units. To make matters worse, these units are mostly occupied by favela residents who were forcibly evicted from their houses for the development of mega event related projects and the beautification of the South Zone. These residents were given the choice between monetary compensation and new housing units. Families in dire need of housing who have opted for the program are waitlisted. &lt;ref&gt; http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=14887 &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> These changes that were forcefully implemented by the neoliberal mayors of Rio de Janeiro during and after mega-sporting events were strategic in efforts to put blame on the Olympics and World Cups for reasons of harsh gentrification. Nevertheless, the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2014 World Cup only enhanced the increasing gentrification in cities &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt;. Therefore, it is safe to assume that “the process of gentrification in Brazilian cities is imbued with a conflict between the poor and city governments” (p.1132). This conflict can be seen specifically in Rio de Janeiro as a displacement of heritage accumulation, cultural dispossession, militarization, and ground rent dispossession are seen in historic events prior to the mega events &lt;ref&gt; Canales, F.(2011). The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Architectural Design, 81(3), 52-57. &lt;/ref&gt;. Nevertheless, these notes do not fall short of the understanding that these mega events did, in fact, have an impact on Rio de Janeiro's gentrification problem &lt;ref&gt; Janoschka, M., &amp; Sequera, J. (2016). Gentrification in Latin America: Addressing the Politics and Geographies of displacement. Urban Geography, 37(8),1175-1194. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Fictitious Commodities in Rio de Janeiro:=== <br /> <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro’s urban entrepreneurialism has commodified the city, promoting tourism, urban regeneration, and global recognition through the hosting of mega events. Commodification of the city through urban entrepreneurialism has caused “selling [the city] becomes the basic objective of local governments… In this sense, urban marketing becomes the model of city management” (p. 360) &lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. The commodification of land, labour, and money under Polanyi’s fictitious commodities is also an issue in Rio de Janeiro, specifically land values. Land is an essential part of production, however, the buying and selling of land and thus the buying and selling of the process of production, creates and extremely artificial market economy. As seen in the sections regarding urban policy initiatives, the Rio government has made attempts to revitalize the poorer areas of Rio, specifically favelas, by improving the infrastructure of those areas. Revitalization of favelas was a move by the government in advance of the sporting mega events to improve public image, however, the development of favela areas has led to the trading of land. Improvements of infrastructure in favelas have caused the price of land and thus rent prices to rise. These rising land prices has forced the original favela dwellers to move to different parts of the city, generally into other favelas while enticing the growing middle class of Rio to move into these newly developed areas. This is an example of how the buying and selling of fictitious commodities like land lead to inefficient economic, social, and political solutions. The Rio government wanted to develop favela areas surrounding the mega sporting events to improve public image, but due to the issues regarding land as a fictitious commodity, inadvertently promoted gentrification and rather than solving the issue of growing urban poor, simply forced them to move to other favelas.<br /> <br /> <br /> Polanyi further describes this process as the double movement, “the extension of the market organization in respect to genuine commodities… accompanied by its restriction in respect to fictitious ones” (p. 79) &lt;ref&gt; Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press. &lt;/ref&gt;. This double movement is seen in Rio, where the government is commodifying the city and selling it as a tourist destination through hosting the sporting mega events. While this can be seen as the genuine sale of a service, it is accompanied by the restriction of the fictitious commodity of land, specifically restricted by the various policies and revitalization plans that have led to the commodification of land. Through Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and double movement theories, we can see that the control that the Rio government has on land with regards to the commodification of land and its rising value is a step towards further land, housing, and gentrification issues, especially for the urban poor.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Lessons Learned - Theoretical Application in Other Urban Contexts==<br /> <br /> <br /> There are several key takeaways from our analysis of land, housing, and gentrification issues in Rio de Janeiro. First is the importance of local geographies in understanding geographical themes such as land, housing, and gentrification. In the case of Rio, the rapidly growing population, the presence of various favelas and other poor neighbourhoods, and the two sporting mega events all create a unique geographical landscape that changes how land, housing, and gentrification are seen and produced. Our focus on sporting mega events and the context of Rio de Janeiro as a city in the Global South exemplifies the importance of context in understanding geographical phenomenon such as gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> With the importance of locatedness of geographical theories in mind, there are some lessons that are applicable to other urban contexts, one being the concept of land as a fictitious commodity. Under our analysis of land as a fictitious commodity in Rio, we have found that issues of gentrification and forced movement of those living in favelas present themselves when land is bought and sold in the market. The double movement presents itself in Rio as a potential culprit of further worsening the current gentrification. These concepts can be applied to other global south cities looking to promote an urban entrepreneurial image of tourism through various means such as hosting sporting mega events. To avoid similar issues of land, housing, and gentrification, cities of the Global South can take note in avoiding the commodification of land and limiting the effects that the double movement and production of fictitious commodities when promoting the urban entrepreneurial image of tourism and international fame.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=User:SharonGhirra&diff=511556 2018-04-06T06:28:49Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div>==Rio de Janeiro: An Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> Many countries in the Global South have seen rapid developments over the last decade. Countries like Brazil, China, and India are all part of a collection of emerging economies known as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), and are a few examples of countries experiencing economic development at an accelerated pace. The focus on economic growth within the Global South often sidelines other important themes and issues that may exist within these nations. This wiki aims to discuss the theme of land, housing, and gentrification, focusing on the Brazilian city Rio de Janeiro.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro is the second-most populous city in Brazil after San Paulo and is famously known as a divided city where the extremely wealthy live in close proximity with those in poverty. Rio has been the host of certain mega events in the recent past; namely, the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. mega events such as these make use of specific strategies of spatio-temporal scale-making to produce an idealistic environment of global togetherness, modern urban development, and sporting festivity. However, representations such as these simultaneously work to conceal the recognition of the violence of infrastructural development, as securitization and privatization facilitate the mass displacement of residents of Rio’s favelas (urban slums). <br /> <br /> <br /> Understanding land, housing, and gentrification within a global south context are necessary in order to produce a geography of gentrification. Land, housing, and gentrification research are often focused on global north cities, however, this research may not translate to processes occurring in the Global South. Thus it is important to analyze such issues within the Global South to get an understanding of the differences in processes between the North and the South.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Mega Events: 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics== <br /> <br /> <br /> In the era of mega events, the future is always a near future, it is marked by urgency and exceptionalism - All mega events must be hyper-visible and comparable &lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. This statement stands true for the city of Rio de Janeiro, which seemed to be in a competition with itself while hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. An analysis by The Associated Press shows that the cost of putting on the latter was USD $13.1 billion, paid for with a mixture of public and private money, while the former cost the Brazilian government about USD $3 billion- mostly spent on new and refurbished stadiums, 90 percent of it being public money. Barre argues that the singular focus on mega events draws focus to a new trend wherein “the ‘banal everyday’ becomes a parenthesis, the past becomes a mere heritage, and the present an ongoing euphoric escape towards an increasingly developed future” &lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. Highlighting the trade-off of hyper-realizing mega events is the invisibility of the marginalized social.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Relevance of Land, Housing, and Gentrification Issues in Rio de Janeiro==<br /> <br /> <br /> Land, housing, and gentrification is a global issue that affects many living in urban cities. Gentrification is often hidden behind various urban land and housing development terminology, such as “regeneration, social mixing or even urban sustainability”(p.2471) &lt;ref&gt; Ley, D. and Dobson, C. (2008). Are There Limits to Gentrification? The Contexts of Impeded Gentrification in Vancouver. Urban Studies, [online] 45(12), pp.2471-2498. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/abs/10.1177/0042098008097103 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. &lt;/ref&gt;. Rio de Janeiro provides a unique view on land, housing, and gentrification for various reasons, one of which is that Rio was recently host two mega sporting events. The effects of these mega sporting events on Rio’s land, housing, and gentrification have been studied by various scholars &lt;ref&gt; Donaghy, M. (2015). Resisting Removal: The Impact of Community Mobilization in Rio de Janeiro. Latin American Politics and Society, 57(4), pp.74-96. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Freeman, J. &amp; Burgos, M. (2017;2016). &quot;Accumulation by Forced Removal: The Thinning of Rio de Janeiro's Favelas in Preparation for the Games&quot;, JOURNAL OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 549-577. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Goode, R.J. (2015). Rio de Janeiro's Emerging Sporting mega event Geography: Unraveling the Carioca Pattern of Urban Development, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Ren, X. (2017). &quot;Aspirational urbanism from Beijing to Rio de Janeiro: Olympic cities in the Global South and contradictions&quot;, JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 894-908. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Sánchez, F. and Broudehoux, A. (2013). “mega events and urban regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: planning in a state of emergency.” International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), pp. 132-153 &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> Gaffney suggests that there are three processes at work with regards to gentrification in Rio. First is the reorganization of urban geography, with one group replacing another due to the financialization of urban land markets. Secondly, pressures created by the rent gap are being enhanced by external factors like state-led infrastructure and security investments resulting from the mega sporting events. Thirdly, zoning law alterations have increased land rents &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153.&lt;/ref&gt;. With these three processes in mind, several topics can be discussed to further understand these gentrification processes. One of these topics is the locus of power, which is understanding the political and social implications of land, housing, and gentrification, specifically with regards to who has the power in decision making regarding these land, housing, and gentrification policies. The locus of power is crucial to understanding the importance of state powers in creating financialized urban land markets, the building pressures of the rent gap as a result of state-led infrastructure and security investments, and the various zoning laws against certain neighbourhoods. Beyond state powers, the power, or lack of power, that local communities have in resisting gentrification is also key in understanding the power structure of Rio with regards to gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> Second, Karl Polanyi’s fictitious commodity is important in understanding the economic issue with commodification of land, labour, and money in relation to housing and gentrification. If land, labour, and money are sold on markets, people become subservient to the market, and the market system becomes embedded with society &lt;ref&gt; Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press. &lt;/ref&gt;. Looking at Rio, specifically in the context of the recent mega sporting events, we can take Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and apply it to various aspects of gentrification, including the changing value of land, the creation of the rent gap, and the selling of land and housing on the market.<br /> <br /> <br /> Although gentrification is a global phenomenon that affects cities in the Global North and the Global South, studies on gentrification must be situated in local context, and processes of gentrification are unique to the local context. Ananya Roy highlights in her article 21st Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory the importance of rethinking the geographies of urban and regional theory in order to contextualize urban experiences &lt;ref&gt; Roy, A. (2009). &quot;The 21st-Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory&quot;, Regional Studies, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 819-830. &lt;/ref&gt;. Most theorietic work on city-regions is located in the urban experience of the Global North. However, Roy argues that the urban future is found in cities in the Global South, especially in cities that were once labelled as underdeveloped but has since become a production of space and a site of capital accumulation &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. Rio de Janeiro is a unique city to study gentrification not only because it is one of the rapidly developing BRICS nations, but also because it is one of few cities of the Global South that have hosted mega sporting events like the Olympics. Rio de Janeiro hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics was an attempt at rebranding and invigorating urban growth. These urban space developments, especially with regards to the mega sporting events, masked many land, housing and gentrification issues that simultaneously ensued alongside the change of the urban space. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Impacts of Mega-Events on Land, Housing, and Gentrification==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Urban Entrepreneurialism through Urban Policy Initiatives===<br /> <br /> <br /> Mega events have noticeably incited a wave of new urban policy initiatives in Rio &lt;ref&gt; Goode, R.J. (2015). Rio de Janeiro's Emerging Sporting mega event Geography: Unraveling the <br /> Carioca Pattern of Urban Development, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. &lt;/ref&gt;. The urban policy initiatives are efforts made the government to “hasten the transformation” of Rio the Janeiro into a “global city” in light of global events. As favelas are located adjacent to the wealthier neighbourhoods in Rio, since the announced 2016 Olympic games in the city, wealthy real-estate individuals took it upon themselves to buy housing in these areas for low cost to only make a profit as the prices skyrocketed just before and continuing after the Summer Olympic games &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. These rising prices put the favelados communities (favela dwellers) in a danger of being pushed out to the city’s western and northern peripheries where federal and municipal programmes are currently being implemented &lt;ref&gt; Timerman, J. (2013). Is a Favela Still a Favela Once It Starts Gentrifying?. [online] Available at: http://m.theatlanticcities.com/housing/2013/12/favelastill-favela-once-it-starts-gentrifying/7726/ [Accessed: 15 Feb 2018]. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> <br /> Along with the 2016 Olympic games and 2014 World Cups bringing up the land prices and forcefully relocating the working-class to the peripheries, Rio de Janeiro has also been subjected to processes of gentrification &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; and land redevelopment &lt;ref&gt; Canales, F.(2011). The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Architectural Design, 81(3), 52-57. &lt;/ref&gt;. Gentrification is not just a western ideology nor is it new, but in fact, can be seen in all regions on a global scale. Specifically looking at Rio de Janeiro, gentrification can be seen run by the state with an outbreak of communities and regions transforming their neighbourhoods into areas commercially run &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt;. These highly marginalized targeted communities known as favelas that reside on the hillsides of Rio de Janeiro are those in which the state seizes to transform. However, it is important to note that prior to the mega-sporting events in the city, that there was deep marginalization of the urban poor. In the mid-1960s to the early 2000s, drug-related violence, the failure of democracy to deliver a voice for the impoverished, the stigma of place and race, and high unemployment rates further plagued the favela residents &lt;ref&gt; Benmergui, L.D. (2012). Housing development: Housing policy, slums, and squatter settlements in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1948-1973, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.&lt;/ref&gt;. Despite Brazil’s overall growth in the economy and significant improvements in both the consumption of goods and the investment into education, the transition into a job or better living conditions have been limited.<br /> <br /> <br /> When considering gentrification in Rio, it is equally as important to note the city’s turn to urban entrepreneurialism in order to facilitate the production of space. David Harvey describes in his study of urban governance that as cities shift to urban entrepreneurialism, they become an agent rather than a regulator of the market &lt;ref&gt; Harvey, D. 1989, &quot;From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism&quot;, Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 3-17. &lt;/ref&gt;. Through factors such as increased capital mobility, globalization and locational capability, Rio de Janeiro has been able to develop rapidly as a global city. However, such shift into urban entrepreneurialism has also been a primary vehicle that yield a highly uneven metropolitan landscape. The unevenness and growing inequality within the city landscape makes possible for new rounds of gentrification and urban redevelopment &lt;ref&gt; Harvey, D. 1989, &quot;From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism&quot;, Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 3-17 &lt;/ref&gt;. Urban policy initiatives facilitate in accelerating interurban flows to create an environment that can not only foster additional capital growth within firms, but to commodify the urban landscape to promote foreign investment, tourism and additional recognition as a global city. <br /> <br /> <br /> In Brazil, the gentrification is not only divided between incomes of individuals but there is also a dominant ethnic divide in the nation. The phenomenon of gentrification as described by Gaffney &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; can be seen as “social cleansing”, “removal by whites”, and “asphalting” and is noted to be on a national scale with state involvement directly imposed onto the land of low-income households by state-led programs of eradication, uprooting, and zone relocation &lt;ref&gt; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/03/forced-evictions-vila-autodromo-rio-olympics-protests &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/28/brazil-officials-evicting-families-2016-olympic-games &lt;/ref&gt;. These implications however, are done so forcefully and without empathy towards those who originally resided in the area and as a result, outbreaks of protests emerged from these neighbourhoods.<br /> <br /> <br /> State-led programs include removal of low-income communities and transportation improvements in the west that benefit the middle-class dominantly white individuals in Rio de Janeiro. One of these programs is ‘Minha Casa Minha Vida’ (MCMV), which translates to My House, My Life. MCMV is Brazil’s first large-scale public housing project. In Rio, MCMV units were constructed in an abrupt manner in light of the aforementioned mega events. Most of the MCMV housing units are located in Rio’s West Zone, an extensive and predominantly underserved location. These units have been a subject of widespread criticism. Residents have complained about the lack of adequate infrastructure, transportation links to the South and North Zones and fact that these units are in the vicinity of militia-controlled territories. MCMV residents who work in the North and South Zones; that make up the city’s commercial centre, have had trouble with transportation therefore making steady employment difficult. Favelas are hubs of complex social networks, mixed-use properties and are rooted in the accessibility of public space. Favela residents used to such a lifestyle have had trouble acclimating with severely regulated and single-use MCMV units. To make matters worse, these units are mostly occupied by favela residents who were forcibly evicted from their houses for the development of mega event related projects and the beautification of the South Zone. These residents were given the choice between monetary compensation and new housing units. Families in dire need of housing who have opted for the program are waitlisted. &lt;ref&gt; http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=14887 &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> These changes that were forcefully implemented by the neoliberal mayors of Rio de Janeiro during and after mega-sporting events were strategic in efforts to put blame on the Olympics and World Cups for reasons of harsh gentrification. Nevertheless, the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2014 World Cup only enhanced the increasing gentrification in cities &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt;. Therefore, it is safe to assume that “the process of gentrification in Brazilian cities is imbued with a conflict between the poor and city governments” (p.1132). This conflict can be seen specifically in Rio de Janeiro as a displacement of heritage accumulation, cultural dispossession, militarization, and ground rent dispossession are seen in historic events prior to the mega events &lt;ref&gt; Canales, F.(2011). The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Architectural Design, 81(3), 52-57. &lt;/ref&gt;. Nevertheless, these notes do not fall short of the understanding that these mega events did, in fact, have an impact on Rio de Janeiro's gentrification problem &lt;ref&gt; Janoschka, M., &amp; Sequera, J. (2016). Gentrification in Latin America: Addressing the Politics and Geographies of displacement. Urban Geography, 37(8),1175-1194. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Fictitious Commodities in Rio de Janeiro:=== <br /> <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro’s urban entrepreneurialism has commodified the city, promoting tourism, urban regeneration, and global recognition through the hosting of mega events. Commodification of the city through urban entrepreneurialism has caused “selling [the city] becomes the basic objective of local governments… In this sense, urban marketing becomes the model of city management” (p. 360) &lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. The commodification of land, labour, and money under Polanyi’s fictitious commodities is also an issue in Rio de Janeiro, specifically land values. Land is an essential part of production, however, the buying and selling of land and thus the buying and selling of the process of production, creates and extremely artificial market economy. As seen in the sections regarding urban policy initiatives, the Rio government has made attempts to revitalize the poorer areas of Rio, specifically favelas, by improving the infrastructure of those areas. Revitalization of favelas was a move by the government in advance of the sporting mega events to improve public image, however, the development of favela areas has led to the trading of land. Improvements of infrastructure in favelas have caused the price of land and thus rent prices to rise. These rising land prices has forced the original favela dwellers to move to different parts of the city, generally into other favelas while enticing the growing middle class of Rio to move into these newly developed areas. This is an example of how the buying and selling of fictitious commodities like land lead to inefficient economic, social, and political solutions. The Rio government wanted to develop favela areas surrounding the mega sporting events to improve public image, but due to the issues regarding land as a fictitious commodity, inadvertently promoted gentrification and rather than solving the issue of growing urban poor, simply forced them to move to other favelas.<br /> <br /> <br /> Polanyi further describes this process as the double movement, “the extension of the market organization in respect to genuine commodities… accompanied by its restriction in respect to fictitious ones” (p. 79) &lt;ref&gt; Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press. &lt;/ref&gt;. This double movement is seen in Rio, where the government is commodifying the city and selling it as a tourist destination through hosting the sporting mega events. While this can be seen as the genuine sale of a service, it is accompanied by the restriction of the fictitious commodity of land, specifically restricted by the various policies and revitalization plans that have led to the commodification of land. Through Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and double movement theories, we can see that the control that the Rio government has on land with regards to the commodification of land and its rising value is a step towards further land, housing, and gentrification issues, especially for the urban poor.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Lessons Learned - Theoretical Application in Other Urban Contexts==<br /> <br /> <br /> There are several key takeaways from our analysis of land, housing, and gentrification issues in Rio de Janeiro. First is the importance of local geographies in understanding geographical themes such as land, housing, and gentrification. In the case of Rio, the rapidly growing population, the presence of various favelas and other poor neighbourhoods, and the two sporting mega events all create a unique geographical landscape that changes how land, housing, and gentrification are seen and produced. Our focus on sporting mega events and the context of Rio de Janeiro as a city in the Global South exemplifies the importance of context in understanding geographical phenomenon such as gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> With the importance of locatedness of geographical theories in mind, there are some lessons that are applicable to other urban contexts, one being the concept of land as a fictitious commodity. Under our analysis of land as a fictitious commodity in Rio, we have found that issues of gentrification and forced movement of those living in favelas present themselves when land is bought and sold in the market. The double movement presents itself in Rio as a potential culprit of further worsening the current gentrification. These concepts can be applied to other global south cities looking to promote an urban entrepreneurial image of tourism through various means such as hosting sporting mega events. To avoid similar issues of land, housing, and gentrification, cities of the Global South can take note in avoiding the commodification of land and limiting the effects that the double movement and production of fictitious commodities when promoting the urban entrepreneurial image of tourism and international fame.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=User:SharonGhirra&diff=511554 2018-04-06T06:27:11Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div>==Rio de Janeiro: An Introduction==<br /> <br /> Many countries in the Global South have seen rapid developments over the last decade. Countries like Brazil, China, and India are all part of a collection of emerging economies known as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), and are a few examples of countries experiencing economic development at an accelerated pace. The focus on economic growth within the Global South often sidelines other important themes and issues that may exist within these nations. This wiki aims to discuss the theme of land, housing, and gentrification, focusing on the Brazilian city Rio de Janeiro.<br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro is the second-most populous city in Brazil after San Paulo and is famously known as a divided city where the extremely wealthy live in close proximity with those in poverty. Rio has been the host of certain mega events in the recent past; namely, the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. mega events such as these make use of specific strategies of spatio-temporal scale-making to produce an idealistic environment of global togetherness, modern urban development, and sporting festivity. However, representations such as these simultaneously work to conceal the recognition of the violence of infrastructural development, as securitization and privatization facilitate the mass displacement of residents of Rio’s favelas (urban slums). <br /> <br /> Understanding land, housing, and gentrification within a global south context are necessary in order to produce a geography of gentrification. Land, housing, and gentrification research are often focused on global north cities, however, this research may not translate to processes occurring in the Global South. Thus it is important to analyze such issues within the Global South to get an understanding of the differences in processes between the North and the South.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Mega Events: 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics== <br /> <br /> In the era of mega events, the future is always a near future, it is marked by urgency and exceptionalism - All mega events must be hyper-visible and comparable &lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. This statement stands true for the city of Rio de Janeiro, which seemed to be in a competition with itself while hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. An analysis by The Associated Press shows that the cost of putting on the latter was USD $13.1 billion, paid for with a mixture of public and private money, while the former cost the Brazilian government about USD $3 billion- mostly spent on new and refurbished stadiums, 90 percent of it being public money. Barre argues that the singular focus on mega events draws focus to a new trend wherein “the ‘banal everyday’ becomes a parenthesis, the past becomes a mere heritage, and the present an ongoing euphoric escape towards an increasingly developed future” &lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. Highlighting the trade-off of hyper-realizing mega events is the invisibility of the marginalized social.<br /> <br /> ==Relevance of Land, Housing, and Gentrification Issues in Rio de Janeiro==<br /> <br /> Land, housing, and gentrification is a global issue that affects many living in urban cities. Gentrification is often hidden behind various urban land and housing development terminology, such as “regeneration, social mixing or even urban sustainability”(p.2471) &lt;ref&gt; Ley, D. and Dobson, C. (2008). Are There Limits to Gentrification? The Contexts of Impeded Gentrification in Vancouver. Urban Studies, [online] 45(12), pp.2471-2498. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/abs/10.1177/0042098008097103 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. &lt;/ref&gt;. Rio de Janeiro provides a unique view on land, housing, and gentrification for various reasons, one of which is that Rio was recently host two mega sporting events. The effects of these mega sporting events on Rio’s land, housing, and gentrification have been studied by various scholars &lt;ref&gt; Donaghy, M. (2015). Resisting Removal: The Impact of Community Mobilization in Rio de Janeiro. Latin American Politics and Society, 57(4), pp.74-96. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Freeman, J. &amp; Burgos, M. (2017;2016). &quot;Accumulation by Forced Removal: The Thinning of Rio de Janeiro's Favelas in Preparation for the Games&quot;, JOURNAL OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 549-577. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Goode, R.J. (2015). Rio de Janeiro's Emerging Sporting mega event Geography: Unraveling the Carioca Pattern of Urban Development, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Ren, X. (2017). &quot;Aspirational urbanism from Beijing to Rio de Janeiro: Olympic cities in the Global South and contradictions&quot;, JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 894-908. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Sánchez, F. and Broudehoux, A. (2013). “mega events and urban regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: planning in a state of emergency.” International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), pp. 132-153 &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gaffney suggests that there are three processes at work with regards to gentrification in Rio. First is the reorganization of urban geography, with one group replacing another due to the financialization of urban land markets. Secondly, pressures created by the rent gap are being enhanced by external factors like state-led infrastructure and security investments resulting from the mega sporting events. Thirdly, zoning law alterations have increased land rents &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153.&lt;/ref&gt;. With these three processes in mind, several topics can be discussed to further understand these gentrification processes. One of these topics is the locus of power, which is understanding the political and social implications of land, housing, and gentrification, specifically with regards to who has the power in decision making regarding these land, housing, and gentrification policies. The locus of power is crucial to understanding the importance of state powers in creating financialized urban land markets, the building pressures of the rent gap as a result of state-led infrastructure and security investments, and the various zoning laws against certain neighbourhoods. Beyond state powers, the power, or lack of power, that local communities have in resisting gentrification is also key in understanding the power structure of Rio with regards to gentrification.<br /> <br /> Second, Karl Polanyi’s fictitious commodity is important in understanding the economic issue with commodification of land, labour, and money in relation to housing and gentrification. If land, labour, and money are sold on markets, people become subservient to the market, and the market system becomes embedded with society &lt;ref&gt; Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press. &lt;/ref&gt;. Looking at Rio, specifically in the context of the recent mega sporting events, we can take Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and apply it to various aspects of gentrification, including the changing value of land, the creation of the rent gap, and the selling of land and housing on the market.<br /> <br /> Although gentrification is a global phenomenon that affects cities in the Global North and the Global South, studies on gentrification must be situated in local context, and processes of gentrification are unique to the local context. Ananya Roy highlights in her article 21st Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory the importance of rethinking the geographies of urban and regional theory in order to contextualize urban experiences &lt;ref&gt; Roy, A. (2009). &quot;The 21st-Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory&quot;, Regional Studies, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 819-830. &lt;/ref&gt;. Most theorietic work on city-regions is located in the urban experience of the Global North. However, Roy argues that the urban future is found in cities in the Global South, especially in cities that were once labelled as underdeveloped but has since become a production of space and a site of capital accumulation &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. Rio de Janeiro is a unique city to study gentrification not only because it is one of the rapidly developing BRICS nations, but also because it is one of few cities of the Global South that have hosted mega sporting events like the Olympics. Rio de Janeiro hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics was an attempt at rebranding and invigorating urban growth. These urban space developments, especially with regards to the mega sporting events, masked many land, housing and gentrification issues that simultaneously ensued alongside the change of the urban space. <br /> �<br /> <br /> ==Impacts of Mega-Events on Land, Housing, and Gentrification==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Urban Entrepreneurialism through Urban Policy Initiatives===<br /> <br /> Mega events have noticeably incited a wave of new urban policy initiatives in Rio &lt;ref&gt; Goode, R.J. (2015). Rio de Janeiro's Emerging Sporting mega event Geography: Unraveling the <br /> Carioca Pattern of Urban Development, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. &lt;/ref&gt;. The urban policy initiatives are efforts made the government to “hasten the transformation” of Rio the Janeiro into a “global city” in light of global events. As favelas are located adjacent to the wealthier neighbourhoods in Rio, since the announced 2016 Olympic games in the city, wealthy real-estate individuals took it upon themselves to buy housing in these areas for low cost to only make a profit as the prices skyrocketed just before and continuing after the Summer Olympic games &lt;ref&gt; Ibid. &lt;/ref&gt;. These rising prices put the favelados communities (favela dwellers) in a danger of being pushed out to the city’s western and northern peripheries where federal and municipal programmes are currently being implemented &lt;ref&gt; Timerman, J. (2013). Is a Favela Still a Favela Once It Starts Gentrifying?. [online] Available at: http://m.theatlanticcities.com/housing/2013/12/favelastill-favela-once-it-starts-gentrifying/7726/ [Accessed: 15 Feb 2018]. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> Along with the 2016 Olympic games and 2014 World Cups bringing up the land prices and forcefully relocating the working-class to the peripheries, Rio de Janeiro has also been subjected to processes of gentrification &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; and land redevelopment &lt;ref&gt; Canales, F.(2011). The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Architectural Design, 81(3), 52-57. &lt;/ref&gt;. Gentrification is not just a western ideology nor is it new, but in fact, can be seen in all regions on a global scale. Specifically looking at Rio de Janeiro, gentrification can be seen run by the state with an outbreak of communities and regions transforming their neighbourhoods into areas commercially run &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt;. These highly marginalized targeted communities known as favelas that reside on the hillsides of Rio de Janeiro are those in which the state seizes to transform. However, it is important to note that prior to the mega-sporting events in the city, that there was deep marginalization of the urban poor. In the mid-1960s to the early 2000s, drug-related violence, the failure of democracy to deliver a voice for the impoverished, the stigma of place and race, and high unemployment rates further plagued the favela residents &lt;ref&gt; Benmergui, L.D. (2012). Housing development: Housing policy, slums, and squatter settlements in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1948-1973, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.&lt;/ref&gt;. Despite Brazil’s overall growth in the economy and significant improvements in both the consumption of goods and the investment into education, the transition into a job or better living conditions have been limited.<br /> <br /> When considering gentrification in Rio, it is equally as important to note the city’s turn to urban entrepreneurialism in order to facilitate the production of space. David Harvey describes in his study of urban governance that as cities shift to urban entrepreneurialism, they become an agent rather than a regulator of the market &lt;ref&gt; Harvey, D. 1989, &quot;From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism&quot;, Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 3-17. &lt;/ref&gt;. Through factors such as increased capital mobility, globalization and locational capability, Rio de Janeiro has been able to develop rapidly as a global city. However, such shift into urban entrepreneurialism has also been a primary vehicle that yield a highly uneven metropolitan landscape. The unevenness and growing inequality within the city landscape makes possible for new rounds of gentrification and urban redevelopment &lt;ref&gt; Harvey, D. 1989, &quot;From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism&quot;, Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 3-17 &lt;/ref&gt;. Urban policy initiatives facilitate in accelerating interurban flows to create an environment that can not only foster additional capital growth within firms, but to commodify the urban landscape to promote foreign investment, tourism and additional recognition as a global city. <br /> <br /> In Brazil, the gentrification is not only divided between incomes of individuals but there is also a dominant ethnic divide in the nation. The phenomenon of gentrification as described by Gaffney &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt; can be seen as “social cleansing”, “removal by whites”, and “asphalting” and is noted to be on a national scale with state involvement directly imposed onto the land of low-income households by state-led programs of eradication, uprooting, and zone relocation &lt;ref&gt; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/03/forced-evictions-vila-autodromo-rio-olympics-protests &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/28/brazil-officials-evicting-families-2016-olympic-games &lt;/ref&gt;. These implications however, are done so forcefully and without empathy towards those who originally resided in the area and as a result, outbreaks of protests emerged from these neighbourhoods.<br /> <br /> State-led programs include removal of low-income communities and transportation improvements in the west that benefit the middle-class dominantly white individuals in Rio de Janeiro. One of these programs is ‘Minha Casa Minha Vida’ (MCMV), which translates to My House, My Life. MCMV is Brazil’s first large-scale public housing project. In Rio, MCMV units were constructed in an abrupt manner in light of the aforementioned mega events. Most of the MCMV housing units are located in Rio’s West Zone, an extensive and predominantly underserved location. These units have been a subject of widespread criticism. Residents have complained about the lack of adequate infrastructure, transportation links to the South and North Zones and fact that these units are in the vicinity of militia-controlled territories. MCMV residents who work in the North and South Zones; that make up the city’s commercial centre, have had trouble with transportation therefore making steady employment difficult. Favelas are hubs of complex social networks, mixed-use properties and are rooted in the accessibility of public space. Favela residents used to such a lifestyle have had trouble acclimating with severely regulated and single-use MCMV units. To make matters worse, these units are mostly occupied by favela residents who were forcibly evicted from their houses for the development of mega event related projects and the beautification of the South Zone. These residents were given the choice between monetary compensation and new housing units. Families in dire need of housing who have opted for the program are waitlisted. &lt;ref&gt; http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=14887 &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> These changes that were forcefully implemented by the neoliberal mayors of Rio de Janeiro during and after mega-sporting events were strategic in efforts to put blame on the Olympics and World Cups for reasons of harsh gentrification. Nevertheless, the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2014 World Cup only enhanced the increasing gentrification in cities &lt;ref&gt; Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), Pp.1132-1153. &lt;/ref&gt;. Therefore, it is safe to assume that “the process of gentrification in Brazilian cities is imbued with a conflict between the poor and city governments” (p.1132). This conflict can be seen specifically in Rio de Janeiro as a displacement of heritage accumulation, cultural dispossession, militarization, and ground rent dispossession are seen in historic events prior to the mega events &lt;ref&gt; Canales, F.(2011). The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Architectural Design, 81(3), 52-57. &lt;/ref&gt;. Nevertheless, these notes do not fall short of the understanding that these mega events did, in fact, have an impact on Rio de Janeiro's gentrification problem &lt;ref&gt; Janoschka, M., &amp; Sequera, J. (2016). Gentrification in Latin America: Addressing the Politics and Geographies of displacement. Urban Geography, 37(8),1175-1194. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> ===Fictitious Commodities in Rio de Janeiro:=== <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro’s urban entrepreneurialism has commodified the city, promoting tourism, urban regeneration, and global recognition through the hosting of mega events. Commodification of the city through urban entrepreneurialism has caused “selling [the city] becomes the basic objective of local governments… In this sense, urban marketing becomes the model of city management” (p. 360) &lt;ref&gt; De La Barre, J. (2015). Future shock: Mega-events in rio de janeiro. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 352-668 &lt;/ref&gt;. The commodification of land, labour, and money under Polanyi’s fictitious commodities is also an issue in Rio de Janeiro, specifically land values. Land is an essential part of production, however, the buying and selling of land and thus the buying and selling of the process of production, creates and extremely artificial market economy. As seen in the sections regarding urban policy initiatives, the Rio government has made attempts to revitalize the poorer areas of Rio, specifically favelas, by improving the infrastructure of those areas. Revitalization of favelas was a move by the government in advance of the sporting mega events to improve public image, however, the development of favela areas has led to the trading of land. Improvements of infrastructure in favelas have caused the price of land and thus rent prices to rise. These rising land prices has forced the original favela dwellers to move to different parts of the city, generally into other favelas while enticing the growing middle class of Rio to move into these newly developed areas. This is an example of how the buying and selling of fictitious commodities like land lead to inefficient economic, social, and political solutions. The Rio government wanted to develop favela areas surrounding the mega sporting events to improve public image, but due to the issues regarding land as a fictitious commodity, inadvertently promoted gentrification and rather than solving the issue of growing urban poor, simply forced them to move to other favelas.<br /> <br /> <br /> Polanyi further describes this process as the double movement, “the extension of the market organization in respect to genuine commodities… accompanied by its restriction in respect to fictitious ones” (p. 79) &lt;ref&gt; Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press. &lt;/ref&gt;. This double movement is seen in Rio, where the government is commodifying the city and selling it as a tourist destination through hosting the sporting mega events. While this can be seen as the genuine sale of a service, it is accompanied by the restriction of the fictitious commodity of land, specifically restricted by the various policies and revitalization plans that have led to the commodification of land. Through Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and double movement theories, we can see that the control that the Rio government has on land with regards to the commodification of land and its rising value is a step towards further land, housing, and gentrification issues, especially for the urban poor.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Lessons Learned - Theoretical Application in Other Urban Contexts==<br /> <br /> There are several key takeaways from our analysis of land, housing, and gentrification issues in Rio de Janeiro. First is the importance of local geographies in understanding geographical themes such as land, housing, and gentrification. In the case of Rio, the rapidly growing population, presence of various favelas and other poor neighbourhoods, and the two sporting mega events all create a unique geographical landscape that changes how land, housing, and gentrification are seen and produced. Our focus on sporting mega events and the context of Rio de Janeiro as a city in the Global South exemplifies the importance of context in understanding geographical phenomenon such as gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> With the importance of locatedness of geographical theories in mind, there are some lessons that are applicable to other urban contexts, one being the concept of land as a fictitious commodity. Under our analysis of land as a fictitious commodity in Rio, we have found that issues of gentrification and forced movement of those living in favelas present themselves when land is bought and sold in the market. The double movement presents itself in Rio as a potential culprit of further worsening the current gentrification. These concepts can be applied to other global south cities looking to promote an urban entrepreneurial image of tourism through various means such as hosting sporting mega events. To avoid similar issues of land, housing, and gentrification, cities of the Global South can take note in avoiding the commodification of land and limiting the effects that the double movement and production of fictitious commodities when promoting the urban entrepreneurial image of tourism and international fame.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=User:SharonGhirra&diff=511494 2018-04-06T05:40:13Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div>==Rio de Janeiro: An Introduction==<br /> <br /> Many countries in the Global South have seen rapid developments over the last decade. Countries like Brazil, China, and India are all part of a collection of emerging economies known as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), and are a few examples of countries experiencing economic development at an accelerated pace. The focus on economic growth within the Global South often sidelines other important themes and issues that may exist within these nations. This wiki aims to discuss the theme of land, housing, and gentrification, focusing on the Brazilian city Rio de Janeiro.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro is the second-most populous city in Brazil after San Paulo and is famously known as a divided city where the extremely wealthy live in close proximity with those in poverty. Rio has been the host of certain mega events in the recent past; namely, the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. mega events such as these make use of specific strategies of spatio-temporal scale-making to produce an idealistic environment of global togetherness, modern urban development, and sporting festivity. However, representations such as these simultaneously work to conceal the recognition of the violence of infrastructural development, as securitization and privatization facilitate the mass displacement of residents of Rio’s favelas (urban slums). <br /> <br /> <br /> Understanding land, housing, and gentrification within a global south context are necessary in order to produce a geography of gentrification. Land, housing, and gentrification research are often focused on global north cities, however, this research may not translate to processes occurring in the Global South. Thus it is important to analyze such issues within the Global South to get an understanding of the differences in processes between the North and the South.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Mega Events: 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics== <br /> <br /> In the era of mega events, the future is always a near future, it is marked by urgency and exceptionalism - All mega events must be hyper-visible and comparable (Barre, 2015). This statement stands true for the city of Rio de Janeiro, which seemed to be in a competition with itself while hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. An analysis by The Associated Press shows that the cost of putting on the latter was USD $13.1 billion, paid for with a mixture of public and private money, while the former cost the Brazilian government about USD $3 billion- mostly spent on new and refurbished stadiums, 90 percent of it being public money. Barre argues that the singular focus on mega events draws focus to a new trend wherein “the ‘banal everyday’ becomes a parenthesis, the past becomes a mere heritage, and the present an ongoing euphoric escape towards an increasingly developed future” (Barre, 2015). Highlighting the trade-off of hyper-realizing mega events is the invisibility of the marginalized social.<br /> <br /> ==Relevance of Land, Housing, and Gentrification Issues in Rio de Janeiro==<br /> <br /> Land, housing, and gentrification is a global issue that affects many living in urban cities. Gentrification is often hidden behind various urban land and housing development terminology, such as “regeneration, social mixing or even urban sustainability” (Ley, 2008, p. 2471). Rio de Janeiro provides a unique view on land, housing, and gentrification for various reasons, one of which is that Rio was recently host two mega sporting events. The effects of these mega sporting events on Rio’s land, housing, and gentrification have been studied by various scholars (Donaghy, 2015; Freeman &amp; Burgos, 2017; Gaffney, 2015; Goode, 2015; Ren, 2017; Sánchez &amp; Broudehoux, 2013)<br /> <br /> <br /> Gaffney suggests that there are three processes at work with regards to gentrification in Rio. First is the reorganization of urban geography, with one group replacing another due to the financialization of urban land markets. Secondly, pressures created by the rent gap are being enhanced by external factors like state-led infrastructure and security investments resulting from the mega sporting events. Thirdly, zoning law alterations have increased land rents (Gaffney, 2015, p. 1134). With these three processes in mind, several topics can be discussed to further understand these gentrification processes. One of these topics is the locus of power, which is understanding the political and social implications of land, housing, and gentrification, specifically with regards to who has the power in decision making regarding these land, housing, and gentrification policies. The locus of power is crucial to understanding the importance of state powers in creating financialized urban land markets, the building pressures of the rent gap as a result of state-led infrastructure and security investments, and the various zoning laws against certain neighbourhoods. Beyond state powers, the power, or lack of power, that local communities have in resisting gentrification is also key in understanding the power structure of Rio with regards to gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> Second, Karl Polanyi’s fictitious commodity is important in understanding the economic issue with commodification of land, labour, and money in relation to housing and gentrification. If land, labour, and money are sold on markets, people become subservient to the market, and the market system becomes embedded with society (Polanyi, 2001, p. 72). Looking at Rio, specifically in the context of the recent mega sporting events, we can take Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and apply it to various aspects of gentrification, including the changing value of land, the creation of the rent gap, and the selling of land and housing on the market.<br /> <br /> <br /> Although gentrification is a global phenomenon that affects cities in the Global North and the Global South, studies on gentrification must be situated in local context, and processes of gentrification are unique to the local context. Ananya Roy highlights in her article 21st Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory the importance of rethinking the geographies of urban and regional theory in order to contextualize urban experiences (Roy). Most theorietic work on city-regions is located in the urban experience of the Global North. However, Roy argues that the urban future is found in cities in the Global South, especially in cities that were once labelled as underdeveloped but has since become a production of space and a site of capital accumulation (Roy). Rio de Janeiro is a unique city to study gentrification not only because it is one of the rapidly developing BRICS nations, but also because it is one of few cities of the Global South that have hosted mega sporting events like the Olympics. Rio de Janeiro hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics was an attempt at rebranding and invigorating urban growth. These urban space developments, especially with regards to the mega sporting events, masked many land, housing and gentrification issues that simultaneously ensued alongside the change of the urban space. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Impacts of Mega-Events on Land, Housing, and Gentrification==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Urban Entrepreneurialism through Urban Policy Initiatives===<br /> <br /> Mega events have noticeably incited new urban policy initiatives in Rio (Goode, 2015). These urban policy initiatives are efforts made the government to “hasten the transformation” of Rio the Janeiro into a “global city” in light of global events. As favelas are located adjacent to the wealthier neighbourhoods in Rio, since the announced 2016 Olympic games in the city, wealthy real-estate individuals took it upon themselves to buy housing in these areas for low cost to only make a profit as the prices skyrocketed just before and continuing after the Summer Olympic games (Goode, 2015). These rising prices put the favelados communities (favela dwellers) in a danger of being pushed out to the city’s western and northern peripheries where federal and municipal programmes are currently being implemented (Timmerman, 2013).<br /> <br /> <br /> Along with the 2016 Olympic games and 2014 World Cups bringing up the land prices and forcefully relocating the working-class to the peripheries, Rio de Janeiro has also been subjected to processes of gentrification (Gaffney, 2015) and land redevelopment (Canales, 2011). Gentrification is not just a western ideology nor is it new, but in fact, can be seen in all regions on a global scale. Specifically looking at Rio de Janeiro, gentrification can be seen run by the state with an outbreak of communities and regions transforming their neighbourhoods into areas commercially run (Gaffney, 2015). These highly marginalized targeted communities known as favelas that reside on the hillsides of Rio de Janeiro are those in which the state seizes to transform. However, it is important to note that prior to the mega-sporting events in the city, that there was deep marginalization of the urban poor. In the mid-1960s to the early 2000s, drug-related violence, the failure of democracy to deliver a voice for the impoverished, the stigma of place and race, and high unemployment rates further plagued the favela residents (Benmergui, 2012). Despite Brazil’s overall growth in the economy and significant improvements in the both the consumption of goods and the investment into education, the transition into a job or better living conditions have been limited.<br /> <br /> <br /> In Brazil, the gentrification is not only divided between incomes of individuals but there is also a dominant ethnic divide in the nation. The phenomenon of gentrification as described by Gaffney (2015) can be seen as “social cleansing”, “removal by whites”, and “asphalting” and is noted to be on a national scale with state involvement directly imposed onto the land of low-income households by state-led programs of eradication, uprooting, and zone relocation (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/03/forced-evictions-vila-autodromo-rio-olympics-protests)((https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/28/brazil-officials-evicting-families-2016-olympic-games). These implications however, are done so forcefully and without empathy towards those who originally resided in the area and as a result, outbreaks of protests emerged from these neighbourhoods.<br /> <br /> <br /> State-led programs include removal of low-income communities and transportation improvements in the west that benefit the middle-class dominantly white individuals in Rio de Janeiro. One of these programs is ‘Minha Casa Minha Vida’ (MCMV), which translates to My House, My Life. MCMV is Brazil’s first large-scale public housing project. In Rio, MCMV units were constructed in an abrupt manner in light of the aforementioned mega events. Most of the MCMV housing units are located in Rio’s West Zone, an extensive and predominantly underserved location. These units have been a subject of widespread criticism. Residents have complained about the lack of adequate infrastructure, transportation links to the South and North Zones and fact that these units are in the vicinity of militia-controlled territories. MCMV residents who work in the North and South Zones; that make up the city’s commercial centre, have had trouble with transportation therefore making steady employment difficult. Favelas are hubs of complex social networks, mixed-use properties and are rooted in the accessibility of public space. Favela residents used to such a lifestyle have had trouble acclimating with severely regulated and single-use MCMV units. To make matters worse, these units are mostly occupied by favela residents who were forcibly evicted from their houses for the development of mega event related projects and the beautification of the South Zone. These residents were given the choice between monetary compensation and new housing units. Families in dire need of housing who have opted for the program are waitlisted. (http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=14887) <br /> <br /> <br /> These changes that were forcefully implemented by the neoliberal mayors of Rio de Janeiro during and after mega-sporting events were strategic in efforts to put blame on the Olympics and World Cups for reasons of harsh gentrification. Nevertheless, the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2014 World Cup only enhanced the increasing gentrification in cities (Gaffney, 2015). Therefore, it is safe to assume that “the process of gentrification in Brazilian cities is imbued with a conflict between the poor and city governments” (p.1132). This conflict can be seen specifically in Rio de Janeiro as a displacement of heritage accumulation, cultural dispossession, militarization, and ground rent dispossession are seen in historic events prior to the mega events (Canales, 2011). Nevertheless, these notes do not fall short of the understanding that these mega events did, in fact, have an impact on Rio de Janeiro's gentrification problem (Janoschka &amp; Sequera, 2016).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Fictitious Commodities in Rio de Janeiro:=== <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro’s urban entrepreneurialism has commodified the city, promoting tourism, urban regeneration, and global recognition through the hosting of mega events. Commodification of the city through urban entrepreneurialism has caused “selling [the city] becomes the basic objective of local governments… In this sense, urban marketing becomes the model of city management” (de La Barre, 2015, p. 360). The commodification of land, labour, and money under Polanyi’s fictitious commodities is also an issue in Rio de Janeiro, specifically land values. Land is an essential part of production, however, the buying and selling of land and thus the buying and selling of the process of production, creates and extremely artificial market economy. As seen in the sections regarding urban policy initiatives, the Rio government has made attempts to revitalize the poorer areas of Rio, specifically favelas, by improving the infrastructure of those areas. Revitalization of favelas was a move by the government in advance of the sporting mega events to improve public image, however, the development of favela areas has led to the trading of land. Improvements of infrastructure in favelas have caused the price of land and thus rent prices to rise. These rising land prices has forced the original favela dwellers to move to different parts of the city, generally into other favelas while enticing the growing middle class of Rio to move into these newly developed areas. This is an example of how the buying and selling of fictitious commodities like land lead to inefficient economic, social, and political solutions. The Rio government wanted to develop favela areas surrounding the mega sporting events to improve public image, but due to the issues regarding land as a fictitious commodity, inadvertently promoted gentrification and rather than solving the issue of growing urban poor, simply forced them to move to other favelas.<br /> <br /> <br /> Polanyi further describes this process as the double movement, “the extension of the market organization in respect to genuine commodities… accompanied by its restriction in respect to fictitious ones” (Polanyi, 2001, p. 79). This double movement is seen in Rio, where the government is commodifying the city and selling it as a tourist destination through hosting the sporting mega events. While this can be seen as the genuine sale of a service, it is accompanied by the restriction of the fictitious commodity of land, specifically restricted by the various policies and revitalization plans that have led to the commodification of land. Through Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and double movement theories, we can see that the control that the Rio government has on land with regards to the commodification of land and its rising value is a step towards further land, housing, and gentrification issues, especially for the urban poor.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Lessons Learned - Theoretical Application in Other Urban Contexts==<br /> <br /> There are several key takeaways from our analysis of land, housing, and gentrification issues in Rio de Janeiro. First is the importance of local geographies in understanding geographical themes such as land, housing, and gentrification. In the case of Rio, the rapidly growing population, presence of various favelas and other poor neighbourhoods, and the two sporting mega events all create a unique geographical landscape that changes how land, housing, and gentrification are seen and produced. Our focus on sporting mega events and the context of Rio de Janeiro as a city in the Global South exemplifies the importance of context in understanding geographical phenomenon such as gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> With the importance of locatedness of geographical theories in mind, there are some lessons that are applicable to other urban contexts, one being the concept of land as a fictitious commodity. Under our analysis of land as a fictitious commodity in Rio, we have found that issues of gentrification and forced movement of those living in favelas present themselves when land is bought and sold in the market. The double movement presents itself in Rio as a potential culprit of further worsening the current gentrification. These concepts can be applied to other global south cities looking to promote an urban entrepreneurial image of tourism through various means such as hosting sporting mega events. To avoid similar issues of land, housing, and gentrification, cities of the Global South can take note in avoiding the commodification of land and limiting the effects that the double movement and production of fictitious commodities when promoting the urban entrepreneurial image of tourism and international fame.<br /> <br /> <br /> example of how notes work. In rio genetrication...... &lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/jun/15/rio-olympics-exclusion-zone-gentrification-favela-babilonia/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=User:SharonGhirra&diff=510226 2018-04-05T18:25:02Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div>==Rio de Janeiro: An Introduction==<br /> <br /> Many countries in the Global South have seen rapid developments over the last decade. Countries like Brazil, China, and India are all part of a collection of emerging economies known as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), and are a few examples of countries experiencing economic development at an accelerated pace. The focus on economic growth within the Global South often sidelines other important themes and issues that may exist within these nations. This wiki aims to discuss the theme of land, housing, and gentrification, focusing on the Brazilian city Rio de Janeiro.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro is the second-most populous city in Brazil after San Paulo and is famously known as a divided city where the extremely wealthy live in close proximity with those in poverty. Rio has been the host of certain mega-events in the recent past; namely, the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. Mega-events such as these make use of specific strategies of spatio-temporal scale-making to produce an idealistic environment of global togetherness, modern urban development, and sporting festivity. However, representations such as these simultaneously work to conceal the recognition of the violence of infrastructural development, as securitization and privatization facilitate the mass displacement of residents of Rio’s favelas (urban slums). <br /> <br /> <br /> Understanding land, housing, and gentrification within a Global South context are necessary in order to produce a geography of gentrification. Land, housing, and gentrification research are often focused on Global North cities, however, this research may not translate to processes occurring in the Global South. Thus it is important to analyze such issues within the Global South to get an understanding of the differences in processes between the North and the South.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Mega Events: 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics== <br /> <br /> In the era of mega-events, the future is always a near future, it is marked by urgency and exceptionalism - All mega-events must be hyper-visible and comparable (Barre, 2015). This statement stands true for the city of Rio de Janeiro, which seemed to be in a competition with itself while hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. An analysis by The Associated Press shows that the cost of putting on the latter was USD $13.1 billion, paid for with a mixture of public and private money, while the former cost the Brazilian government about USD $3 billion- mostly spent on new and refurbished stadiums, 90 percent of it being public money. Barre argues that the singular focus on mega-events draws focus to a new trend wherein “the ‘banal everyday’ becomes a parenthesis, the past becomes a mere heritage, and the present an ongoing euphoric escape towards an increasingly developed future” (Barre, 2015). <br /> <br /> <br /> Highlighting the trade-off of hyper-realizing mega-events is the invisibility of the marginalized social.<br /> <br /> ==Relevance of Land, Housing, and Gentrification Issues in Rio de Janeiro==<br /> <br /> Land, housing, and gentrification is a global issue that affects many living in urban cities. Gentrification is often hidden behind various urban land and housing development terminology, such as “regeneration, social mixing or even urban sustainability” (Ley, 2008, p. 2471). Rio de Janeiro provides a unique view on land, housing, and gentrification for various reasons, one of which is that Rio was recently host two mega sporting events. The effects of these mega sporting events on Rio’s land, housing, and gentrification have been studied by various scholars (Donaghy, 2015; Freeman &amp; Burgos, 2017; Gaffney, 2015; Goode, 2015; Ren, 2017; Sánchez &amp; Broudehoux, 2013)<br /> <br /> <br /> Gaffney suggests that there are three processes at work with regards to gentrification in Rio. First is the reorganization of urban geography, with one group replacing another due to the financialization of urban land markets. Secondly, pressures created by the rent gap are being enhanced by external factors like state-led infrastructure and security investments resulting from the mega sporting events. Thirdly, zoning law alterations have increased land rents (Gaffney, 2015, p. 1134). With these three processes in mind, several topics can be discussed to further understand these gentrification processes. One of these topics is the locus of power, which is understanding the political and social implications of land, housing, and gentrification, specifically with regards to who has the power in decision making regarding these land, housing, and gentrification policies. The locus of power is crucial to understanding the importance of state powers in creating financialized urban land markets, the building pressures of the rent gap as a result of state-led infrastructure and security investments, and the various zoning laws against certain neighbourhoods. Beyond state powers, the power, or lack of power, that local communities have in resisting gentrification is also key in understanding the power structure of Rio with regards to gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> Second, Karl Polanyi’s fictitious commodity is important in understanding the economic issue with commodification of land, labour, and money in relation to housing and gentrification. If land, labour, and money are sold on markets, people become subservient to the market, and the market system becomes embedded with society (Polanyi, 2001, p. 72). Looking at Rio, specifically in the context of the recent mega sporting events, we can take Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and apply it to various aspects of gentrification, including the changing value of land, the creation of the rent gap, and the selling of land and housing on the market.<br /> <br /> <br /> Although gentrification is a global phenomenon that affects cities in the global north and the global south, studies on gentrification must be situated in local context, and processes of gentrification are unique to the local context. Rio de Janeiro is a unique city to study gentrification not only because it is one of the rapidly developing BRICS nations, but also because it is one of few cities of the global south that have hosted mega sporting events like the Olympics. Rio de Janeiro hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics was an attempt at rebranding and invigorating urban growth. These urban space developments, especially with regards to the mega sporting events, masked many issues in land, housing and gentrification that arose with those developments.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Impacts of Mega-Events on Land, Housing, and Gentrification==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Urban Entrepreneurialism through Urban Policy Initiatives===<br /> <br /> Mega events have noticeably incited new urban policy initiatives in Rio (Goode, 2015). These urban policy initiatives are efforts made the government to “hasten the transformation” of Rio the Janeiro into a “global city” in light of global events. As favelas are located adjacent to the wealthier neighbourhoods in Rio, since the announced 2016 Olympic games in the city, wealthy real-estate individuals took it upon themselves to buy housing in these areas for low cost to only make a profit as the prices skyrocketed just before and continuing after the Summer Olympic games (Goode, 2015). These rising prices put the favelados communities (favela dwellers) in a danger of being pushed out to the city’s western and northern peripheries where federal and municipal programmes are currently being implemented (Timmerman, 2013).<br /> <br /> <br /> Along with the 2016 Olympic games and 2014 World Cups scoring land prices and forcefully relocating the working-class to the peripheries, Rio de Janeiro has also been subjected to processes of gentrification (Gaffney, 2015) and land redevelopment (Canales, 2011). Gentrification is not just a western ideology nor is it new, but in fact, can be seen in all regions on a global scale. Specifically looking at Rio de Janeiro, gentrification can be seen run by the state with an outbreak of communities and regions transforming their neighbourhoods into areas commercially run (Gaffney, 2015). These highly marginalized targeted communities known as favelas that reside on the hillsides of Rio de Janeiro are those in which the state seizes to transform. However, it is important to note that prior to the mega-sporting events in the city, that there was deep marginalization of the urban poor. In the mid-1960s to the early 2000s, drug-related violence, the failure of democracy to deliver a voice for the impoverished, the stigma of place and race, and high unemployment rates further plagued the favela residents (Benmergui, 2012). Despite Brazil’s overall growth in the economy and significant improvements in the both the consumption of goods and the investment into education, the transition into a job or better living conditions have been limited.<br /> <br /> <br /> In Brazil, the gentrification is not only divided between incomes of individuals but there is also a dominant ethnic divide in the nation. The phenomenon of gentrification as described by Gaffney (2015) can be seen as “social cleansing”, “removal by whites”, and “asphalting” and is noted to be on a national scale with state involvement directly imposed onto the land of low-income households by state-led programs of eradication. <br /> <br /> <br /> State-led programs such as Minha Casa Minha Vida (MCMV -“My house, my life”) include removal of low-income communities and transportation improvements in the west that benefit the middle-class dominantly white individuals in Rio de Janeiro. MCMV is Brazil’s first large-scale public housing project. In Rio, MCMV units were constructed in an abrupt manner in light of the aforementioned mega-events. <br /> <br /> <br /> These changes that were forcefully implemented by the neoliberal mayors of Rio de Janeiro during and after mega-sporting events were strategic in efforts to put blame on the Olympics and World Cups for reasons of harsh gentrification. Nevertheless, the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2014 World Cup only enhanced the increasing gentrification in cities (Gaffney, 2015). Therefore, it is safe to assume that “the process of gentrification in Brazilian cities is imbued with a conflict between the poor and city governments” (p.1132). This conflict can be seen specifically in Rio de Janeiro as a displacement of heritage accumulation, cultural dispossession, militarization, and ground rent dispossession are seen in historic events prior to the mega-events (Canales, 2011). Nevertheless, these notes do not fall short of the understanding that these mega-events did, in fact, have an impact on Rio de Janeiro's gentrification problem (Janoschka &amp; Sequera, 2016).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Fictitious Commodities in Rio de Janeiro:=== <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro’s urban entrepreneurialism has commodified the city, promoting tourism, urban regeneration, and global recognition through the hosting of mega events. Commodification of the city through urban entrepreneurialism has caused “selling [the city] becomes the basic objective of local governments… In this sense, urban marketing becomes the model of city management” (de La Barre, 2015, p. 360). The commodification of land, labour, and money under Polanyi’s fictitious commodities is also an issue in Rio de Janeiro, specifically land values. <br /> <br /> <br /> Second, Karl Polanyi’s fictitious commodity is important in understanding the economic issue with commodification of land, labour, and money in relation to housing and gentrification. If land, labour, and money are sold on markets, people become subservient to the market, and the market system becomes embedded with society (Polanyi, 2001, p. 72). Looking at Rio, specifically in the context of the recent mega sporting events, we can take Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and apply it to various aspects of gentrification, including the changing value of land, the creation of the rent gap, and the selling of land and housing on the market.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Lessons Learned==<br /> <br /> Write about the Importance of urban mobilization and social activism in fighting for the rights of low-income neighborhoods<br /> <br /> <br /> example of how notes work. In rio genetrication...... &lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/jun/15/rio-olympics-exclusion-zone-gentrification-favela-babilonia/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=User:SharonGhirra&diff=510221 2018-04-05T18:23:34Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div>==Rio de Janeiro: An Introduction==<br /> <br /> Many countries in the Global South have seen rapid developments over the last decade. Countries like Brazil, China, and India are all part of a collection of emerging economies known as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), and are a few examples of countries experiencing economic development at an accelerated pace. The focus on economic growth within the Global South often sidelines other important themes and issues that may exist within these nations. This wiki aims to discuss the theme of land, housing, and gentrification, focusing on the Brazilian city Rio de Janeiro.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro is the second-most populous city in Brazil after San Paulo and is famously known as a divided city where the extremely wealthy live in close proximity with those in poverty. Rio has been the host of certain mega-events in the recent past; namely, the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. Mega-events such as these make use of specific strategies of spatio-temporal scale-making to produce an idealistic environment of global togetherness, modern urban development, and sporting festivity. However, representations such as these simultaneously work to conceal the recognition of the violence of infrastructural development, as securitization and privatization facilitate the mass displacement of residents of Rio’s favelas (urban slums). <br /> <br /> <br /> Understanding land, housing, and gentrification within a Global South context are necessary in order to produce a geography of gentrification. Land, housing, and gentrification research are often focused on Global North cities, however, this research may not translate to processes occurring in the Global South. Thus it is important to analyze such issues within the Global South to get an understanding of the differences in processes between the North and the South.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Mega Events: 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics== <br /> <br /> In the era of mega-events, the future is always a near future, it is marked by urgency and exceptionalism - All mega-events must be hyper-visible and comparable (Barre, 2015). This statement stands true for the city of Rio de Janeiro, which seemed to be in a competition with itself while hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. An analysis by The Associated Press shows that the cost of putting on the latter was USD $13.1 billion, paid for with a mixture of public and private money, while the former cost the Brazilian government about USD $3 billion- mostly spent on new and refurbished stadiums, 90 percent of it being public money. Barre argues that the singular focus on mega-events draws focus to a new trend wherein “the ‘banal everyday’ becomes a parenthesis, the past becomes a mere heritage, and the present an ongoing euphoric escape towards an increasingly developed future” (Barre, 2015). <br /> <br /> <br /> Highlighting the trade-off of hyper-realizing mega-events is the invisibility of the marginalized social.<br /> <br /> ==Relevance of Land, Housing, and Gentrification Issues in Rio de Janeiro==<br /> <br /> Land, housing, and gentrification is a global issue that affects many living in urban cities. Gentrification is often hidden behind various urban land and housing development terminology, such as “regeneration, social mixing or even urban sustainability” (Ley, 2008, p. 2471). Rio de Janeiro provides a unique view on land, housing, and gentrification for various reasons, one of which is that Rio was recently host two mega sporting events. The effects of these mega sporting events on Rio’s land, housing, and gentrification have been studied by various scholars (Donaghy, 2015; Freeman &amp; Burgos, 2017; Gaffney, 2015; Goode, 2015; Ren, 2017; Sánchez &amp; Broudehoux, 2013)<br /> <br /> <br /> Gaffney suggests that there are three processes at work with regards to gentrification in Rio. First is the reorganization of urban geography, with one group replacing another due to the financialization of urban land markets. Secondly, pressures created by the rent gap are being enhanced by external factors like state-led infrastructure and security investments resulting from the mega sporting events. Thirdly, zoning law alterations have increased land rents (Gaffney, 2015, p. 1134). With these three processes in mind, several topics can be discussed to further understand these gentrification processes. One of these topics is the locus of power, which is understanding the political and social implications of land, housing, and gentrification, specifically with regards to who has the power in decision making regarding these land, housing, and gentrification policies. The locus of power is crucial to understanding the importance of state powers in creating financialized urban land markets, the building pressures of the rent gap as a result of state-led infrastructure and security investments, and the various zoning laws against certain neighbourhoods. Beyond state powers, the power, or lack of power, that local communities have in resisting gentrification is also key in understanding the power structure of Rio with regards to gentrification.<br /> <br /> <br /> Second, Karl Polanyi’s fictitious commodity is important in understanding the economic issue with commodification of land, labour, and money in relation to housing and gentrification. If land, labour, and money are sold on markets, people become subservient to the market, and the market system becomes embedded with society (Polanyi, 2001, p. 72). Looking at Rio, specifically in the context of the recent mega sporting events, we can take Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and apply it to various aspects of gentrification, including the changing value of land, the creation of the rent gap, and the selling of land and housing on the market.<br /> <br /> <br /> Although gentrification is a global phenomenon that affects cities in the global north and the global south, studies on gentrification must be situated in local context, and processes of gentrification are unique to the local context. Rio de Janeiro is a unique city to study gentrification not only because it is one of the rapidly developing BRICS nations, but also because it is one of few cities of the global south that have hosted mega sporting events like the Olympics. Rio de Janeiro hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics was an attempt at rebranding and invigorating urban growth. These urban space developments, especially with regards to the mega sporting events, masked many issues in land, housing and gentrification that arose with those developments.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Impacts of Mega-Events on Land, Housing, and Gentrification==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Urban Entrepreneurialism through Urban Policy Initiatives===<br /> <br /> Mega events have noticeably incited new urban policy initiatives in Rio (Goode, 2015). These urban policy initiatives are efforts made the government to “hasten the transformation” of Rio the Janeiro into a “global city” in light of global events. As favelas are located adjacent to the wealthier neighbourhoods in Rio, since the announced 2016 Olympic games in the city, wealthy real-estate individuals took it upon themselves to buy housing in these areas for low cost to only make a profit as the prices skyrocketed just before and continuing after the Summer Olympic games (Goode, 2015). These rising prices put the favelados communities (favela dwellers) in a danger of being pushed out to the city’s western and northern peripheries where federal and municipal programmes are currently being implemented (Timmerman, 2013).<br /> <br /> <br /> Along with the 2016 Olympic games and 2014 World Cups scoring land prices and forcefully relocating the working-class to the peripheries, Rio de Janeiro has also been subjected to processes of gentrification (Gaffney, 2015) and land redevelopment (Canales, 2011). Gentrification is not just a western ideology nor is it new, but in fact, can be seen in all regions on a global scale. Specifically looking at Rio de Janeiro, gentrification can be seen run by the state with an outbreak of communities and regions transforming their neighbourhoods into areas commercially run (Gaffney, 2015). These highly marginalized targeted communities known as favelas that reside on the hillsides of Rio de Janeiro are those in which the state seizes to transform. However, it is important to note that prior to the mega-sporting events in the city, that there was deep marginalization of the urban poor. In the mid-1960s to the early 2000s, drug-related violence, the failure of democracy to deliver a voice for the impoverished, the stigma of place and race, and high unemployment rates further plagued the favela residents (Benmergui, 2012). Despite Brazil’s overall growth in the economy and significant improvements in the both the consumption of goods and the investment into education, the transition into a job or better living conditions have been limited.<br /> <br /> <br /> In Brazil, the gentrification is not only divided between incomes of individuals but there is also a dominant ethnic divide in the nation. The phenomenon of gentrification as described by Gaffney (2015) can be seen as “social cleansing”, “removal by whites”, and “asphalting” and is noted to be on a national scale with state involvement directly imposed onto the land of low-income households by state-led programs of eradication. <br /> <br /> <br /> State-led programs such as Minha Casa Minha Vida (MCMV -“My house, my life”) include removal of low-income communities and transportation improvements in the west that benefit the middle-class dominantly white individuals in Rio de Janeiro. MCMV is Brazil’s first large-scale public housing project. In Rio, MCMV units were constructed in an abrupt manner in light of the aforementioned mega-events. <br /> <br /> <br /> These changes that were forcefully implemented by the neoliberal mayors of Rio de Janeiro during and after mega-sporting events were strategic in efforts to put blame on the Olympics and World Cups for reasons of harsh gentrification. Nevertheless, the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2014 World Cup only enhanced the increasing gentrification in cities (Gaffney, 2015). Therefore, it is safe to assume that “the process of gentrification in Brazilian cities is imbued with a conflict between the poor and city governments” (p.1132). This conflict can be seen specifically in Rio de Janeiro as a displacement of heritage accumulation, cultural dispossession, militarization, and ground rent dispossession are seen in historic events prior to the mega-events (Canales, 2011). Nevertheless, these notes do not fall short of the understanding that these mega-events did, in fact, have an impact on Rio de Janeiro's gentrification problem (Janoschka &amp; Sequera, 2016).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Fictitious Commodities in Rio de Janeiro:=== <br /> <br /> Rio de Janeiro’s urban entrepreneurialism has commodified the city, promoting tourism, urban regeneration, and global recognition through the hosting of mega events. Commodification of the city through urban entrepreneurialism has caused “selling [the city] becomes the basic objective of local governments… In this sense, urban marketing becomes the model of city management” (de La Barre, 2015, p. 360). The commodification of land, labour, and money under Polanyi’s fictitious commodities is also an issue in Rio de Janeiro, specifically land values. <br /> <br /> <br /> Second, Karl Polanyi’s fictitious commodity is important in understanding the economic issue with commodification of land, labour, and money in relation to housing and gentrification. If land, labour, and money are sold on markets, people become subservient to the market, and the market system becomes embedded with society (Polanyi, 2001, p. 72). Looking at Rio, specifically in the context of the recent mega sporting events, we can take Polanyi’s fictitious commodity and apply it to various aspects of gentrification, including the changing value of land, the creation of the rent gap, and the selling of land and housing on the market.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Lessons Learned==<br /> <br /> Write about the Importance of urban mobilization and social activism in fighting for the rights of low-income neighborhoods<br /> <br /> <br /> example of how notes work. In rio genetrication...... &lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/jun/15/rio-olympics-exclusion-zone-gentrification-favela-babilonia/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> Benmergui, L.D. 2012, Housing development: Housing policy, slums, and squatter settlements in <br /> Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1948-1973, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.<br /> <br /> <br /> Canales, F.(2011). The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City <br /> 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Architectural Design, 81(3), 52-57.<br /> <br /> <br /> Donaghy, M. (2015). Resisting Removal: The Impact of Community Mobilization in Rio de <br /> Janeiro. Latin American Politics and Society, 57(4), pp.74-96. <br /> <br /> <br /> Freeman, J. (2012), “ Neoliberal accumulation strategies and the visible hand of police <br /> pacification in Rio de Janeiro.” REU Sorocobar, SP, 38 (1), pp. 95-126<br /> <br /> <br /> Freeman, J. &amp; Burgos, M. (2017;2016);, &quot;Accumulation by Forced Removal: The Thinning of <br /> Rio de Janeiro's Favelas in Preparation for the Games&quot;, JOURNAL OF LATIN <br /> AMERICAN STUDIES, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 549-577.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gaffney, C. (2015). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), <br /> Pp.1132-1153.<br /> <br /> <br /> Goode, R.J. (2015), Rio de Janeiro's Emerging Sporting Mega-Event Geography: Unraveling the <br /> Carioca Pattern of Urban Development, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.<br /> <br /> <br /> Janoschka, M., &amp; Sequera, J. (2016). Gentrification in Latin America: Addressing the Politics <br /> and Geographies of displacement. Urban Geography, 37(8),1175-1194.<br /> <br /> <br /> Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ley, D. and Dobson, C. (2008). Are There Limits to Gentrification? The Contexts of Impeded <br /> Gentrification in Vancouver. Urban Studies, [online] 45(12), pp.2471-2498. Available at: <br /> http://journals.sagepub.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/abs/10.1177/0042098008097103 <br /> [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018].<br /> <br /> <br /> Ren, X. (2017), &quot;Aspirational urbanism from Beijing to Rio de Janeiro: Olympic cities in the <br /> Global South and contradictions&quot;, JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. <br /> 894-908.<br /> <br /> <br /> Sánchez, F. and Broudehoux, A. (2013), “Mega-events and urban regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: <br /> planning in a state of emergency.” International Journal of Urban Sustainable <br /> Development, 5(2), pp. 132-153<br /> <br /> <br /> Timerman, J. (2013), Is a Favela Still a Favela Once It Starts Gentrifying?. [online] Available at: <br /> http://m.theatlanticcities.com/housing/2013/12/favelastill-favela-once-it-starts-<br /> gentrifying/7726/ [Accessed: 15 Feb 2018].</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Course:GEOG352/Gentrification_in_Rio,_Brazil&diff=494667 2018-01-18T19:44:40Z

<p>SharonGhirra: Created page with &quot;A short introduction on the theme and why it is important in the context of the course. Introduce the city you plan to use as your case study. (300 words) File:LaPaz1.jpg|th...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>A short introduction on the theme and why it is important in the context of the course. Introduce the city you plan to use as your case study. (300 words) [[File:LaPaz1.jpg|thumbnail|right|La Paz, Bolivia]]<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> A detailed overview of urban issue/theme you selected (600 words)<br /> *What is the issue/theme? Define the issue/theme.<br /> *Why is this issue/theme important in general and for specifically for your city?<br /> *What is the scale and scope of this particular issue/theme?<br /> *Is it a global phenomenon or a local one?<br /> <br /> ==Case Study of Theme/Issue==<br /> A detailed case study of the city experiencing/relating to the issue/theme (1000 words)<br /> *Why is this issue/theme specifically relevant in this city? I suggest dividing into sections based on your chosen theme and city. Suggestions:<br /> :*Problems/situations/solutions experienced by the urban population as related to the issue/theme <br /> :*How is the urban population of your city directly or indirectly affected by the selected issue/theme?<br /> :*Evidence of this<br /> <br /> ==Lessons Learned==<br /> •Lessons learned applicable to other urban contexts (300 words)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> '''Note:''' Before writing your wiki article on the UBC Wiki, it may be helpful to review the tips in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia: Writing better articles].&lt;ref&gt;En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Writing better articles. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles [Accessed 18 Jan. 2018].&lt;/ref&gt; (Note that - if you look on the edit screen for this page when you are logged in - you will also see this as an example of how to create a reference!)<br /> *You must use at least 5 academic sources for your blog but are welcome to use more <br /> *Please use websites, videos, podcasts but ensure they are from a reliable sources and include a citation<br /> *All material used should be cited at the bottom of the relevant page <br /> *Please use Harvard referencing system http://www.citethisforme.com/harvard-referencing&lt;ref&gt;Cite This For Me. (2018). Save Time and Improve your Marks with CiteThisForMe, The No. 1 Citation Tool. [online] Available at: http://www.citethisforme.com/harvard-referencing [Accessed 18 Jan. 2018].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Reference List===<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Projectbox GEOG352<br /> |names=<br /> |share=<br /> }}<br /> [[Category: Urbanization]][[Category:Geography]]</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=User:SharonGhirra&diff=494589 2018-01-18T19:36:04Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div>==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Introduction .....<br /> <br /> ==Types of Gentrification== <br /> <br /> example of how notes work. In rio genetrication...... &lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/jun/15/rio-olympics-exclusion-zone-gentrification-favela-babilonia/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Gentrifcation of Population===<br /> <br /> one type <br /> <br /> ===Gentrification of Favela (Slums)===<br /> <br /> second type<br /> <br /> ===Pre/Post Gentrification of Olympics===<br /> <br /> third type<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Historical Background of Rio, Brazil== <br /> <br /> more writing<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=User:SharonGhirra&diff=494479 2018-01-18T19:29:16Z

<p>SharonGhirra: Created page with &quot;==lntroduction== Introduction ..... ==Types of Gentrification== a little bit of info ===Gentrifcation of Population=== one type ===Gentrification of Favela (Slums)===...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Introduction .....<br /> <br /> ==Types of Gentrification== <br /> <br /> a little bit of info<br /> <br /> ===Gentrifcation of Population===<br /> <br /> one type <br /> <br /> ===Gentrification of Favela (Slums)===<br /> <br /> second type<br /> <br /> ===Pre/Post Gentrification of Olympics===<br /> <br /> third type<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Historical Background of Rio, Brazil== <br /> <br /> more writing<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405201 2016-04-08T13:36:52Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28-week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore, emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how people's perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used worldwide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion&lt;/ref&gt; This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta. &lt;ref&gt;http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/&lt;/ref&gt;. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion&lt;/ref&gt; In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining. &lt;ref&gt;http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan as much as other nations[http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks. &lt;ref&gt;http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/&lt;/ref&gt; The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html&lt;/ref&gt; On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (Miyazaki, 2007). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years (Miyazaki, 2007).<br /> <br /> Historically, abortion was criminalized in 1880 under the first penal code which increased the number of birth rates within this time frame. After World War II, ideas of overpopulation scared many nations and &quot;was considered a threat to economic progress in light of postwar baby boom&quot;(Mato, 2009) therefore, it was finally legalized and remains legal in Japan since 1948. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL80&lt;/ref&gt; When it comes to the history of Japan in regards to abortion issues, Japan is seen to be late on the legalization of abortion and medicines promoting abortion but does legalize these practices as the nation puts its citizen's health and safety first.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> Population growth, abortion rate, and infant mortality are all things that are monitored around the world. While monitoring the emergence, reemergence, and development of a population, abortion rates are linked to this understanding. The abortion rate is calculated by taking the number of legal and recorded abortions per 1,000 live births. This number is observed in order to determine countries population progress as well as the amount of services the country should be giving the citizens. Abortion rates are calculated to the best of the nations ability, in some cases determining a numerical value can be hard as laws and regulations can increase the number of unregulated illegal abortions that can not be tracked and recorded. <br /> <br /> ===Abortion Rates===<br /> <br /> [[File:Abortion_Rates_Around_The_World.png#filel100pxlthumblrightlalt text]]<br /> <br /> In Japan, the recorded abortion rate has declined after 1955 because of the rate of pregnancy of women after 1955 had declined overall (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). As the overall rate has decreased the abortion rate for those women younger than 20 remain relatively high. This high rate is linked with stigmas towards teenagers as they are labeled unfit to care for a child economically and socially. Media has also played a huge part in emphasizing the fact that teenagers and young adults that become pregnant should abort the child unless they want to end up like those who are highlighted in Teen Mom, the 'reality' tv show for underage moms.<br /> <br /> The Japan Times newspaper has noted that abortions in Japan has decreased from 40-50 procedures per 1000 women in 1950 to 9.3 procedures per 1000 women, a significant decline. Out of these abortion procedures, 95% of them have been monitored to be abortions within the first 11 weeks of pregnancy. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8&lt;/ref&gt; Another factor helping the decline of pregnancy and therefore abortion is the manufacturing of better quality pregnancy protection products such as condoms for both men and women and birth control pills. Increase quality as well as increased &quot;preferability by nearly 80 percent of married women in Japan&quot;(Mato, 2009) has helped to combat the once high abortion rates.<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> Some influencing factors to choose to have an abortion are partner relationship, fertility intentions, maternal health, psychological attitudes, and economic reasons (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). Not only are these influencing factors weighing down on the woman's decision to abort or not but age and what generation that woman grew up in will also have an impact of her decision. With a vast majority of factors to keep into consideration, the decision of abortion is never an easy one.<br /> <br /> ===Economic Living Conditions===<br /> <br /> When pregnant one must question if they can financially afford a child in their life. Money is always an aspect that should be taken into consideration as well as time and space. Will the impregnated woman be able to support the child financially? Are the living conditions of the partners house stable enough to bring in a child addition to the family? and, Do I have enough time to manage a child in my life? - all questions that run through the woman's mind when weighing her options of barring a child or abortion. The Japanese Healthcare Information outlines the cost of pregnancy and delivery. Unlike other nations, Japanese Health Insurence does not cover the costs of pregnancy and therefore the entire process costs about an average of 10,000 Japanese yen per check up (120 Canadian dollars). &lt;ref&gt;http://japanhealthinfo.com/pregnancy-and-childbirth/pregnancy-and-delivery-costs/&lt;/ref&gt; On top of these weekly check-ups, delivery costs are 5000,000 yen to 1,000,000 Japanese yen (6-12 thousand Candian Dollars). &lt;ref&gt;http://japanhealthinfo.com/pregnancy-and-childbirth/pregnancy-and-delivery-costs/&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, because of these high costs associated with giving birth in Japan, many choose abortion as a decision to combat their financial status. Hense the reason why the number of abortions with teenagers are relatively high as they are unable to pay for the costs of having a child.<br /> <br /> ===Sex Trafficing===<br /> <br /> Another factor for abortion in Japan is linked to nations sex industry. On a global scale, Japan is known for its participation in human trafficking and sex trade which began early 1980's. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.globalministries.org/human_trafficking_and_the_sex_trade&lt;/ref&gt; This massive industry targets women and forces them into the sex industry in order to pay off debt. These victims of human trafficking are often forced into the sex industry and spend years in the system abused, tortured, and neglected. With this field, unsafe and unprotected sex is accompanied there many of the women become pregnant. Mike Douglass and Glenda Roberts (2015) explain the way in which the sex industry in Japan works as well as notes the conditions in which these women are forced to live in as abortion is a limited option to most due to the fact that is it costly.<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> Bankole, A., Hussain, R., Sedgh, G., Singh, S., &amp; Wulf, D. (2009). Abortion worldwide: A decade of uneven progress. New York, NY: Alan Guttmacher Institute.<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> Douglass, M., &amp; Roberts, G. S. (2000). Japan and global migration: Foreign workers and the advent of a multicultural society. London: Routledge.<br /> <br /> Goto, A., Fujiyama-Koriyama, C., Fukao, A., &amp; Reich, M. R.. (2000). Abortion Trends in Japan, 1975-95. Studies in Family Planning, 31(4), 301–308. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/172238<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Mato, M. (2009). Abortion and The Pill. The Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8<br /> <br /> Mensendiek, M. (2014). Human Trafficking and the Sex Trade in Japan. Global Ministries. Retrieved from http://www.globalministries.org/human_trafficking_and_the_sex_trade<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.<br /> <br /> Sato, R., Shiraishi, N., Bando, R. (2008). Induced Abortion in Japan, A Demographic Analysis of Its Trends and Causes.<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405200 2016-04-08T13:31:41Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28-week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore, emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how people's perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used worldwide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion&lt;/ref&gt; [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan as much as other nations[http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (Miyazaki, 2007). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years (Miyazaki, 2007).<br /> <br /> Historically, abortion was criminalized in 1880 under the first penal code which increased the number of birth rates within this time frame. After World War II, ideas of overpopulation scared many nations and &quot;was considered a threat to economic progress in light of postwar baby boom&quot;(Mato, 2009) therefore, it was finally legalized and remains legal in Japan since 1948 [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL80]. When it comes to the history of Japan in regards to abortion issues, Japan is seen to be late on the legalization of abortion and medicines promoting abortion but does legalize these practices as the nation puts its citizen's health and safety first.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> Population growth, abortion rate, and infant mortality are all things that are monitored around the world. While monitoring the emergence, reemergence, and development of a population, abortion rates are linked to this understanding. The abortion rate is calculated by taking the number of legal and recorded abortions per 1,000 live births. This number is observed in order to determine countries population progress as well as the amount of services the country should be giving the citizens. Abortion rates are calculated to the best of the nations ability, in some cases determining a numerical value can be hard as laws and regulations can increase the number of unregulated illegal abortions that can not be tracked and recorded. <br /> <br /> ===Abortion Rates===<br /> <br /> [[File:Abortion_Rates_Around_The_World.png#filel100pxlthumblrightlalt text]]<br /> <br /> In Japan, the recorded abortion rate has declined after 1955 because of the rate of pregnancy of women after 1955 had declined overall (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). As the overall rate has decreased the abortion rate for those women younger than 20 remain relatively high. This high rate is linked with stigmas towards teenagers as they are labeled unfit to care for a child economically and socially. Media has also played a huge part in emphasizing the fact that teenagers and young adults that become pregnant should abort the child unless they want to end up like those who are highlighted in Teen Mom, the 'reality' tv show for underage moms.<br /> <br /> The Japan Times newspaper has noted that abortions in Japan has decreased from 40-50 procedures per 1000 women in 1950 to 9.3 procedures per 1000 women, a significant decline. Out of these abortion procedures, 95% of them have been monitored to be abortions within the first 11 weeks of pregnancy [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8]. Another factor helping the decline of pregnancy and therefore abortion is the manufacturing of better quality pregnancy protection products such as condoms for both men and women and birth control pills. Increase quality as well as increased &quot;preferability by nearly 80 percent of married women in Japan&quot;(Mato, 2009) has helped to combat the once high abortion rates.<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> Some influencing factors to choose to have an abortion are partner relationship, fertility intentions, maternal health, psychological attitudes, and economic reasons (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). Not only are these influencing factors weighing down on the woman's decision to abort or not but age and what generation that woman grew up in will also have an impact of her decision. With a vast majority of factors to keep into consideration, the decision of abortion is never an easy one.<br /> <br /> ===Economic Living Conditions===<br /> <br /> When pregnant one must question if they can financially afford a child in their life. Money is always an aspect that should be taken into consideration as well as time and space. Will the impregnated woman be able to support the child financially? Are the living conditions of the partners house stable enough to bring in a child addition to the family? and, Do I have enough time to manage a child in my life? - all questions that run through the woman's mind when weighing her options of barring a child or abortion. The Japanese Healthcare Information outlines the cost of pregnancy and delivery. Unlike other nations, Japanese Health Insurence does not cover the costs of pregnancy and therefore the entire process costs about an average of 10,000 Japanese yen per check up (120 Canadian dollars) [http://japanhealthinfo.com/pregnancy-and-childbirth/pregnancy-and-delivery-costs/]. On top of these weekly check-ups, delivery costs are 5000,000 yen to 1,000,000 Japanese yen (6-12 thousand Candian Dollars) [http://japanhealthinfo.com/pregnancy-and-childbirth/pregnancy-and-delivery-costs/]. As a result, because of these high costs associated with giving birth in Japan, many choose abortion as a decision to combat their financial status. Hense the reason why the number of abortions with teenagers are relatively high as they are unable to pay for the costs of having a child.<br /> <br /> ===Sex Trafficing===<br /> <br /> Another factor for abortion in Japan is linked to nations sex industry. On a global scale, Japan is known for its participation in human trafficking and sex trade which began early 1980's [http://www.globalministries.org/human_trafficking_and_the_sex_trade]. This massive industry targets women and forces them into the sex industry in order to pay off debt. These victims of human trafficking are often forced into the sex industry and spend years in the system abused, tortured, and neglected. With this field, unsafe and unprotected sex is accompanied there many of the women become pregnant. Mike Douglass and Glenda Roberts (2015) explain the way in which the sex industry in Japan works as well as notes the conditions in which these women are forced to live in as abortion is a limited option to most due to the fact that is it costly.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> Bankole, A., Hussain, R., Sedgh, G., Singh, S., &amp; Wulf, D. (2009). Abortion worldwide: A decade of uneven progress. New York, NY: Alan Guttmacher Institute.<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> Douglass, M., &amp; Roberts, G. S. (2000). Japan and global migration: Foreign workers and the advent of a multicultural society. London: Routledge.<br /> <br /> Goto, A., Fujiyama-Koriyama, C., Fukao, A., &amp; Reich, M. R.. (2000). Abortion Trends in Japan, 1975-95. Studies in Family Planning, 31(4), 301–308. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/172238<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Mato, M. (2009). Abortion and The Pill. The Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8<br /> <br /> Mensendiek, M. (2014). Human Trafficking and the Sex Trade in Japan. Global Ministries. Retrieved from http://www.globalministries.org/human_trafficking_and_the_sex_trade<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.<br /> <br /> Sato, R., Shiraishi, N., Bando, R. (2008). Induced Abortion in Japan, A Demographic Analysis of Its Trends and Causes.<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_North_American_Film&diff=405198 2016-04-08T13:22:01Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div>Abortion, the ending of pregnancy, has been largely considered taboo for most part of the motion picture era. The term is generally used to describe therapeutic abortion, but not spontaneous abortion which is commonly referred to as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriage miscarriage]. It is only within the past few decades that abortion-related plot lines have become more commonly featured in TV shows and movies. Some research indicates that abortion in film is still inaccurately portrayed and is occurring onscreen at a rate much lower than in reality. While about four in ten of pregnancies among Americans end in abortion&lt;ref&gt;Finer LB and Zolna MR, Shifts in intended and unintended pregnancies in the United States, 2001–2008, American Journal of Public Health, 2014, 104(S1): S44-S48.&lt;/ref&gt; and 30 abortions to every 100 live births in Canada,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.statcan.ca/bsolc/english/bsolc?catno=82-223-XWE Induced Abortion Statistics], Table 3-1, Statistics Canada, 2003&lt;/ref&gt; many believe that abortion is featured much more rarely onscreen, especially in comparison to pregnancy.&lt;ref&gt;H. Anderson,&quot;What TV teaches us about abortion&quot;,The Gospel Coalition (2014), http://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/what-tv-teaches-us-about-abortion&lt;/ref&gt; The potential disparity between reality and movies has led to social myths and altered public perception of abortion. <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The number of reproductive representations in general, including abortion, parenting, pregnancy loss and so forth, has unsteadily increased in the past millennium.&lt;ref&gt;ANSIRH, &quot;Abortion Onscreen&quot;, http://www.ansirh.org/research/abortion-onscreen.php&lt;/ref&gt;. The earliest abortion related plot line is identified in a silent film called Where are My Children?[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HwrkAyH0-8A], directed by Lois Weber.&lt;ref name=&quot;ml&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theabortiondiaries.com/archive.htm |title=A TIMELINE OF ABORTION STORIES IN POPULAR U.S. MEDIA |accessdate=2014-10-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1951 and again in 1956, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Production_Code Motion Picture Production Code] was amended to classify abortion as improper subject for theatrical motion picture.&lt;ref name=&quot;code&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://productioncode.dhwritings.com/multipleframes_productioncode.php |title=The Motion Picture Production Code |work=The Production Code of the Motion Picture Industry (1930-1967) |accessdate=2014-10-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Code not only prohibited the presentation of abortion, but also the use of the very word &quot;abortion&quot; itself.&lt;ref name=&quot;code&quot; /&gt; After the American landmark court decision [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade Roe v. Wade], the appearance of abortion onscreen increased by at least 31%.&lt;ref name=&quot;plots&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Telling stories about abortion: abortion-related plots in American film and television, 1916–2013 |journal=Contraception |date=2013-12-15 |last=Sisson |first=Gretchen |last2=Kimport |first2=Katrina |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=413-418 |accessdate=2014-10-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; From 2003 to 2012, the number of abortion plotlines saw a 105% increase over the total number from the decade before.&lt;ref name=&quot;plots&quot; /&gt; Although the rate of representation varied from year to year, possibly due to influence of cultural attitudes and politics, the overall trend is increasing overtime.<br /> <br /> [[File:On_Screen_Abortion_Rate_by_Date.png#filel100pxlthumblrightlalt text]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Common Themes==<br /> A number of themes can be seen to recur in films featuring abortions such as romance, fetal personhood, complication, anti-abortion movements, and mortality. These common themes can be seen in all abortion-related films but I will make the relation specifically towards these themes and North American Films.<br /> <br /> ===Romance===<br /> Instead of stating that romance is commonly featured in abortion-related movies, it is more sensible to conclude that abortion is sometimes a byproduct of romance. Discussion and consideration of abortion can be seen to follow common plot elements of a romance movie, such as a one-night-stand in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knocked_Up Knocked Up]. Abortion has often served as a major conflict between characters, such is the case in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_Carter Coach Carter] when the boyfriend becomes furious when he learns about his girlfriend's recent abortion.<br /> <br /> ===Fetal Personhood===<br /> The debate of the existence of fetal personhood is often featured in dialogue between characters in the movies concerning abortion. The idea that an unborn child is a human person is often used by pro-lifers as an argument against abortion, thus inferring that it is equivalent to murder. In the Oscar-winning film [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_(film) Juno], the protagonist Juno MacGuff encounters a pro-life protester outside an abortion clinic, who tries to change Juno's mind about abortion. She tells Juno, “Your baby’s heart is probably beating. It can feel pain. It has fingernails.” Juno ultimately reconsiders having an abortion due to the fingernail idea. The movie has been criticized for its paradox of right and choice and its stance on fetal personhood.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://summit.sfu.ca/item/9822 |title=Reproducing and representing reproductive politics in contemporary North American texts |last=Latimer |first=Heather |accessdate=2014-10-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Complication===<br /> Surgical complication is the event following an illegal or unsafe abortion in movies, although the rate of having one is extremely low.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/women/tc/abortion-before-during-and-after-an-abortion-when-to-call-a-doctor |title=Abortion - Before, During, and After an Abortion: When to Call a Doctor |authorlink2=Less than 1 out of 100 women who have an abortion have serious problems afterward. |work=WebMD |accessdate=2014-10-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The nature and severity of complication varies, but the depiction of risk is arguably higher in films than in reality.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ansirh.org/research/abortion-onscreen.php |title=Abortion Onscreen Infographics |accessdate=2014-10-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Dancing Dirty Dancing (1987)], the dancer who went through an illegal abortion suffers from agonizing pain but recovers after treatment. In more extreme cases, the women suffer infertility or even death as a result of complications. <br /> <br /> ===Anti-abortion Movement===<br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements Anti-abortion movements], also known as [[GRSJ224/prolifevsprochoice|pro-life]] or right to life arguments, are not surprisingly a reoccurring theme in abortion movies. For example, in the 2007 movie 'Juno', the theme of pro-life versus pro-choice can be seen throughout the movie. The film 'Juno' (2007) had a very strong sense of anti-abortion which was one of the first oscar winning films to reflect our true society. Even though this film supported a new style of media that was scarcely documented on film, it also angered many because of its lack of information when it comes to pregnancy and abortion. A particular section that stands out would be the section where Juno is going to the clinic for a check up and the protester outside insists the fetus inside her has fingernails. Juno may have highlighted societies lack of talk about pregnancy and anti-abortion movements but it does so with misleading information. <br /> <br /> ===Mortality===<br /> The character in the movie who considers or obtains an abortion sometimes, and perhaps too often, dies. In a study that examines abortion-related TV shows and films, of the 310 plotlines, 42 end with the death of the woman, whether or not she obtained an abortion.&lt;ref name=&quot;gs&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Telling stories about abortion: abortion-related plots in American film and television, 1916–2013 |journal=Contraception |date=2014-07-26 |last=Sisson |first=Gretchen |last2=Kimport |first2=Katrina |volume=89 |pages=413-418 |url=http://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824(14)00006-7/abstract |accessdate=2014-10-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Among those characters, 16 die as a direct result of the abortion, preceded by murder and suicide. The fictional depiction of risk of death associated with abortion is much exaggerated. It is speculated that such representation could skew the audiences' perception and understanding of abortion safety. Furthermore, pregnant female characters who consider abortion often end up dead just the same. The researchers state that &quot;this association of death with the contemplation of abortion contributes to the ongoing production of abortion stigma, narratively linking the consideration of pregnancy termination with violence and death&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;gs&quot;/&gt; In a 1928 silent movie [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Ruin_(1928_film) The Road to Ruin], upon obtaining an illegal abortion, the words &quot;The Wages of Sin is Death&quot; inexplicably appear over the teenage girl's bed in fire and then she dies. <br /> <br /> [[File:Death_and_Abortion_in_Media.png#filel100pxlthumblrightlalt text]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Films_about_abortion List of Films about Abortion]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> <br /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Documentary_films_about_abortion List of Documentary Films about Abortion]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> <br /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Songs_about_abortion List of Songs about Abortion]<br /> <br /> Extensive Collection of Abortion Films [http://abortionfilms.org/en/]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;div class='references-small'&gt;<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> ==Further Readings==<br /> ==External Links==</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=File:Death_and_Abortion_in_Media.png&diff=405197 2016-04-08T13:10:03Z

<p>SharonGhirra: The rate and causes of death due to abortion in media.</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> The rate and causes of death due to abortion in media. <br /> == Copyright status: ==<br /> <br /> == Source: ==<br /> http://www.ansirh.org/research/abortion-onscreen</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=File:On_Screen_Abortion_Rate_by_Date.png&diff=405196 2016-04-08T13:08:06Z

<p>SharonGhirra: The timeline of onscreen abortion stories in film and television.</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> The timeline of onscreen abortion stories in film and television.<br /> == Copyright status: ==<br /> <br /> == Source: ==<br /> http://www.ansirh.org/research/abortion-onscreen</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Talk:Gender_Stereotypes_in_the_Media&diff=405194 2016-04-08T12:24:30Z

<p>SharonGhirra: Talk page autocreated when first thread was posted</p> <hr /> <div></div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Thread:Talk:Gender_Stereotypes_in_the_Media/Gender_and_Race_Stereotypes_in_the_Media&diff=405193 2016-04-08T12:24:30Z

<p>SharonGhirra: New thread: Gender and Race Stereotypes in the Media</p> <hr /> <div>Hello Daniel Koo,<br /> <br /> I think your wiki page on Gender Stereotypes in the Media is very interesting! When learning about stigmas involving genders and gender stereotyping I believe the way the media portrays genders to be very important. I really like the section of your introduction where you say, &quot;it is the mindset that women and men have roles that they have to fulfill&quot;, It made me really think that gender differences would have not been a problem we have to worry about but the mindset is the factor holding us back. Not only does media create a distinction between gender's but it also stereotypes races of each gender. I have recently watched a short video on how Asian actors are constantly portrayed in the media as being not datable, nerdy, and the side character. I can only name a few shows where the Asian actors are not portrayed stereotypically! <br /> <br /> Have fun with the rest of the assignment!<br /> Sharon Ghirra Ghirra</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Talk:Gender_Discrimination_in_Paygap_in_Korea&diff=405192 2016-04-08T12:15:38Z

<p>SharonGhirra: Talk page autocreated when first thread was posted</p> <hr /> <div></div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Thread:Talk:Gender_Discrimination_in_Paygap_in_Korea/Gender_Discrimination_in_Pay_Gap_in_Korea&diff=405191 2016-04-08T12:15:38Z

<p>SharonGhirra: New thread: Gender Discrimination in Pay Gap in Korea</p> <hr /> <div>Hello, <br /> <br /> I was very interested in your topic choice, gender discrimination in pay gap in Korea. I feel myself that I hear about gender discrimination in terms of pay in the workplace but I am unaware of the particular struggles nations may have. I went to Seoul, Korea over the summer and had to opportunity to meet many individuals and one of the people I had met did talk about how all of the higher management at the hotel branch she was working at were all male. She also continued to talk about the heir of the hotel business she worked at and the fact that the business's successor will be the son of the founder and not his daughter. This made me realize how gender differences are still present in today's society, especially when it comes to the workforce.<br /> <br /> Have you experienced any gender discrimination in terms of pay in your day to day life or have come across any interesting stories of others being affected by this mistreatment? I would love to hear them!<br /> <br /> Sharon Ghirra Ghirra</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405190 2016-04-08T11:58:28Z

<p>SharonGhirra: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan as much as other nations[http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (Miyazaki, 2007). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years (Miyazaki, 2007).<br /> <br /> Historically, abortion was criminalized in 1880 under the first penal code which increased the number of birth rates within this time frame. After World War II, ideas of overpopulation scared many nations and &quot;was considered a threat to economic progress in light of postwar baby boom&quot;(Mato, 2009) therefore, it was finally legalized and remains legal in Japan since 1948 [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL80]. When it comes to the history of Japan in regards to abortion issues, Japan is seen to be late on the legalization of abortion and medicines promoting abortion but does legalize these practices as the nation puts its citizen's health and safety first.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> Population growth, abortion rate, and infant mortality are all things that are monitored around the world. While monitoring the emergence, reemergence, and development of a population, abortion rates are linked to this understanding. The abortion rate is calculated by taking the number of legal and recorded abortions per 1,000 live births. This number is observed in order to determine countries population progress as well as the amount of services the country should be giving the citizens. Abortion rates are calculated to the best of the nations ability, in some cases determining a numerical value can be hard as laws and regulations can increase the number of unregulated illegal abortions that can not be tracked and recorded. <br /> <br /> ===Abortion Rates===<br /> <br /> [[File:Abortion_Rates_Around_The_World.png#filel100pxlthumblrightlalt text]]<br /> <br /> In Japan, the recorded abortion rate has declined after 1955 because of the rate of pregnancy of women after 1955 had declined overall (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). As the overall rate has decreased the abortion rate for those women younger than 20 remain relatively high. This high rate is linked with stigmas towards teenagers as they are labeled unfit to care for a child economically and socially. Media has also played a huge part in emphasizing the fact that teenagers and young adults that become pregnant should abort the child unless they want to end up like those who are highlighted in Teen Mom, the 'reality' tv show for underage moms.<br /> <br /> The Japan Times newspaper has noted that abortions in Japan has decreased from 40-50 procedures per 1000 women in 1950 to 9.3 procedures per 1000 women, a significant decline. Out of these abortion procedures, 95% of them have been monitored to be abortions within the first 11 weeks of pregnancy [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8]. Another factor helping the decline of pregnancy and therefore abortion is the manufacturing of better quality pregnancy protection products such as condoms for both men and women and birth control pills. Increase quality as well as increased &quot;preferability by nearly 80 percent of married women in Japan&quot;(Mato, 2009) has helped to combat the once high abortion rates.<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> Some influencing factors to choose to have an abortion are partner relationship, fertility intentions, maternal health, psychological attitudes, and economic reasons (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). Not only are these influencing factors weighing down on the woman's decision to abort or not but age and what generation that woman grew up in will also have an impact of her decision. With a vast majority of factors to keep into consideration, the decision of abortion is never an easy one.<br /> <br /> ===Economic Living Conditions===<br /> <br /> When pregnant one must question if they can financially afford a child in their life. Money is always an aspect that should be taken into consideration as well as time and space. Will the impregnated woman be able to support the child financially? Are the living conditions of the partners house stable enough to bring in a child addition to the family? and, Do I have enough time to manage a child in my life? - all questions that run through the woman's mind when weighing her options of barring a child or abortion. The Japanese Healthcare Information outlines the cost of pregnancy and delivery. Unlike other nations, Japanese Health Insurence does not cover the costs of pregnancy and therefore the entire process costs about an average of 10,000 Japanese yen per check up (120 Canadian dollars) [http://japanhealthinfo.com/pregnancy-and-childbirth/pregnancy-and-delivery-costs/]. On top of these weekly check-ups, delivery costs are 5000,000 yen to 1,000,000 Japanese yen (6-12 thousand Candian Dollars) [http://japanhealthinfo.com/pregnancy-and-childbirth/pregnancy-and-delivery-costs/]. As a result, because of these high costs associated with giving birth in Japan, many choose abortion as a decision to combat their financial status. Hense the reason why the number of abortions with teenagers are relatively high as they are unable to pay for the costs of having a child.<br /> <br /> ===Sex Trafficing===<br /> <br /> Another factor for abortion in Japan is linked to nations sex industry. On a global scale, Japan is known for its participation in human trafficking and sex trade which began early 1980's [http://www.globalministries.org/human_trafficking_and_the_sex_trade]. This massive industry targets women and forces them into the sex industry in order to pay off debt. These victims of human trafficking are often forced into the sex industry and spend years in the system abused, tortured, and neglected. With this field, unsafe and unprotected sex is accompanied there many of the women become pregnant. Mike Douglass and Glenda Roberts (2015) explain the way in which the sex industry in Japan works as well as notes the conditions in which these women are forced to live in as abortion is a limited option to most due to the fact that is it costly.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> Bankole, A., Hussain, R., Sedgh, G., Singh, S., &amp; Wulf, D. (2009). Abortion worldwide: A decade of uneven progress. New York, NY: Alan Guttmacher Institute.<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> Douglass, M., &amp; Roberts, G. S. (2000). Japan and global migration: Foreign workers and the advent of a multicultural society. London: Routledge.<br /> <br /> Goto, A., Fujiyama-Koriyama, C., Fukao, A., &amp; Reich, M. R.. (2000). Abortion Trends in Japan, 1975-95. Studies in Family Planning, 31(4), 301–308. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/172238<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Mato, M. (2009). Abortion and The Pill. The Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8<br /> <br /> Mensendiek, M. (2014). Human Trafficking and the Sex Trade in Japan. Global Ministries. Retrieved from http://www.globalministries.org/human_trafficking_and_the_sex_trade<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.<br /> <br /> Sato, R., Shiraishi, N., Bando, R. (2008). Induced Abortion in Japan, A Demographic Analysis of Its Trends and Causes.<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405189 2016-04-08T11:58:12Z

<p>SharonGhirra: /* Abortion Rates */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan as much as other nations[http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (Miyazaki, 2007). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years (Miyazaki, 2007).<br /> <br /> Historically, abortion was criminalized in 1880 under the first penal code which increased the number of birth rates within this time frame. After World War II, ideas of overpopulation scared many nations and &quot;was considered a threat to economic progress in light of postwar baby boom&quot;(Mato, 2009) therefore, it was finally legalized and remains legal in Japan since 1948 [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL80]. When it comes to the history of Japan in regards to abortion issues, Japan is seen to be late on the legalization of abortion and medicines promoting abortion but does legalize these practices as the nation puts its citizen's health and safety first.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> Population growth, abortion rate, and infant mortality are all things that are monitored around the world. While monitoring the emergence, reemergence, and development of a population, abortion rates are linked to this understanding. The abortion rate is calculated by taking the number of legal and recorded abortions per 1,000 live births. This number is observed in order to determine countries population progress as well as the amount of services the country should be giving the citizens. Abortion rates are calculated to the best of the nations ability, in some cases determining a numerical value can be hard as laws and regulations can increase the number of unregulated illegal abortions that can not be tracked and recorded. <br /> <br /> ===Abortion Rates===<br /> <br /> [[File:Abortion_Rates_Around_The_World.png#filel100pxlthumblrightlalt text]]<br /> <br /> In Japan, the recorded abortion rate has declined after 1955 because of the rate of pregnancy of women after 1955 had declined overall (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). As the overall rate has decreased the abortion rate for those women younger than 20 remain relatively high. This high rate is linked with stigmas towards teenagers as they are labeled unfit to care for a child economically and socially. Media has also played a huge part in emphasizing the fact that teenagers and young adults that become pregnant should abort the child unless they want to end up like those who are highlighted in Teen Mom, the 'reality' tv show for underage moms.<br /> <br /> The Japan Times newspaper has noted that abortions in Japan has decreased from 40-50 procedures per 1000 women in 1950 to 9.3 procedures per 1000 women, a significant decline. Out of these abortion procedures, 95% of them have been monitored to be abortions within the first 11 weeks of pregnancy [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8]. Another factor helping the decline of pregnancy and therefore abortion is the manufacturing of better quality pregnancy protection products such as condoms for both men and women and birth control pills. Increase quality as well as increased &quot;preferability by nearly 80 percent of married women in Japan&quot;(Mato, 2009) has helped to combat the once high abortion rates.<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> Some influencing factors to choose to have an abortion are partner relationship, fertility intentions, maternal health, psychological attitudes, and economic reasons (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). Not only are these influencing factors weighing down on the woman's decision to abort or not but age and what generation that woman grew up in will also have an impact of her decision. With a vast majority of factors to keep into consideration, the decision of abortion is never an easy one.<br /> <br /> ===Economic Living Conditions===<br /> <br /> When pregnant one must question if they can financially afford a child in their life. Money is always an aspect that should be taken into consideration as well as time and space. Will the impregnated woman be able to support the child financially? Are the living conditions of the partners house stable enough to bring in a child addition to the family? and, Do I have enough time to manage a child in my life? - all questions that run through the woman's mind when weighing her options of barring a child or abortion. The Japanese Healthcare Information outlines the cost of pregnancy and delivery. Unlike other nations, Japanese Health Insurence does not cover the costs of pregnancy and therefore the entire process costs about an average of 10,000 Japanese yen per check up (120 Canadian dollars) [http://japanhealthinfo.com/pregnancy-and-childbirth/pregnancy-and-delivery-costs/]. On top of these weekly check-ups, delivery costs are 5000,000 yen to 1,000,000 Japanese yen (6-12 thousand Candian Dollars) [http://japanhealthinfo.com/pregnancy-and-childbirth/pregnancy-and-delivery-costs/]. As a result, because of these high costs associated with giving birth in Japan, many choose abortion as a decision to combat their financial status. Hense the reason why the number of abortions with teenagers are relatively high as they are unable to pay for the costs of having a child.<br /> <br /> ===Sex Trafficing===<br /> <br /> Another factor for abortion in Japan is linked to nations sex industry. On a global scale, Japan is known for its participation in human trafficking and sex trade which began early 1980's [http://www.globalministries.org/human_trafficking_and_the_sex_trade]. This massive industry targets women and forces them into the sex industry in order to pay off debt. These victims of human trafficking are often forced into the sex industry and spend years in the system abused, tortured, and neglected. With this field, unsafe and unprotected sex is accompanied there many of the women become pregnant. Mike Douglass and Glenda Roberts (2015) explain the way in which the sex industry in Japan works as well as notes the conditions in which these women are forced to live in as abortion is a limited option to most due to the fact that is it costly.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> Douglass, M., &amp; Roberts, G. S. (2000). Japan and global migration: Foreign workers and the advent of a multicultural society. London: Routledge.<br /> <br /> Goto, A., Fujiyama-Koriyama, C., Fukao, A., &amp; Reich, M. R.. (2000). Abortion Trends in Japan, 1975-95. Studies in Family Planning, 31(4), 301–308. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/172238<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Mato, M. (2009). Abortion and The Pill. The Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8<br /> <br /> Mensendiek, M. (2014). Human Trafficking and the Sex Trade in Japan. Global Ministries. Retrieved from http://www.globalministries.org/human_trafficking_and_the_sex_trade<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.<br /> <br /> Sato, R., Shiraishi, N., Bando, R. (2008). Induced Abortion in Japan, A Demographic Analysis of Its Trends and Causes.<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405188 2016-04-08T11:55:17Z

<p>SharonGhirra: /* Abortion Rates */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan as much as other nations[http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (Miyazaki, 2007). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years (Miyazaki, 2007).<br /> <br /> Historically, abortion was criminalized in 1880 under the first penal code which increased the number of birth rates within this time frame. After World War II, ideas of overpopulation scared many nations and &quot;was considered a threat to economic progress in light of postwar baby boom&quot;(Mato, 2009) therefore, it was finally legalized and remains legal in Japan since 1948 [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL80]. When it comes to the history of Japan in regards to abortion issues, Japan is seen to be late on the legalization of abortion and medicines promoting abortion but does legalize these practices as the nation puts its citizen's health and safety first.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> Population growth, abortion rate, and infant mortality are all things that are monitored around the world. While monitoring the emergence, reemergence, and development of a population, abortion rates are linked to this understanding. The abortion rate is calculated by taking the number of legal and recorded abortions per 1,000 live births. This number is observed in order to determine countries population progress as well as the amount of services the country should be giving the citizens. Abortion rates are calculated to the best of the nations ability, in some cases determining a numerical value can be hard as laws and regulations can increase the number of unregulated illegal abortions that can not be tracked and recorded. <br /> <br /> ===Abortion Rates===<br /> <br /> [[File:Abortion_Rates_Around_The_World.png#filel200pxlthumblrightlalt text]]<br /> <br /> In Japan, the recorded abortion rate has declined after 1955 because of the rate of pregnancy of women after 1955 had declined overall (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). As the overall rate has decreased the abortion rate for those women younger than 20 remain relatively high. This high rate is linked with stigmas towards teenagers as they are labeled unfit to care for a child economically and socially. Media has also played a huge part in emphasizing the fact that teenagers and young adults that become pregnant should abort the child unless they want to end up like those who are highlighted in Teen Mom, the 'reality' tv show for underage moms.<br /> <br /> The Japan Times newspaper has noted that abortions in Japan has decreased from 40-50 procedures per 1000 women in 1950 to 9.3 procedures per 1000 women, a significant decline. Out of these abortion procedures, 95% of them have been monitored to be abortions within the first 11 weeks of pregnancy [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8]. Another factor helping the decline of pregnancy and therefore abortion is the manufacturing of better quality pregnancy protection products such as condoms for both men and women and birth control pills. Increase quality as well as increased &quot;preferability by nearly 80 percent of married women in Japan&quot;(Mato, 2009) has helped to combat the once high abortion rates.<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> Some influencing factors to choose to have an abortion are partner relationship, fertility intentions, maternal health, psychological attitudes, and economic reasons (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). Not only are these influencing factors weighing down on the woman's decision to abort or not but age and what generation that woman grew up in will also have an impact of her decision. With a vast majority of factors to keep into consideration, the decision of abortion is never an easy one.<br /> <br /> ===Economic Living Conditions===<br /> <br /> When pregnant one must question if they can financially afford a child in their life. Money is always an aspect that should be taken into consideration as well as time and space. Will the impregnated woman be able to support the child financially? Are the living conditions of the partners house stable enough to bring in a child addition to the family? and, Do I have enough time to manage a child in my life? - all questions that run through the woman's mind when weighing her options of barring a child or abortion. The Japanese Healthcare Information outlines the cost of pregnancy and delivery. Unlike other nations, Japanese Health Insurence does not cover the costs of pregnancy and therefore the entire process costs about an average of 10,000 Japanese yen per check up (120 Canadian dollars) [http://japanhealthinfo.com/pregnancy-and-childbirth/pregnancy-and-delivery-costs/]. On top of these weekly check-ups, delivery costs are 5000,000 yen to 1,000,000 Japanese yen (6-12 thousand Candian Dollars) [http://japanhealthinfo.com/pregnancy-and-childbirth/pregnancy-and-delivery-costs/]. As a result, because of these high costs associated with giving birth in Japan, many choose abortion as a decision to combat their financial status. Hense the reason why the number of abortions with teenagers are relatively high as they are unable to pay for the costs of having a child.<br /> <br /> ===Sex Trafficing===<br /> <br /> Another factor for abortion in Japan is linked to nations sex industry. On a global scale, Japan is known for its participation in human trafficking and sex trade which began early 1980's [http://www.globalministries.org/human_trafficking_and_the_sex_trade]. This massive industry targets women and forces them into the sex industry in order to pay off debt. These victims of human trafficking are often forced into the sex industry and spend years in the system abused, tortured, and neglected. With this field, unsafe and unprotected sex is accompanied there many of the women become pregnant. Mike Douglass and Glenda Roberts (2015) explain the way in which the sex industry in Japan works as well as notes the conditions in which these women are forced to live in as abortion is a limited option to most due to the fact that is it costly.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> Douglass, M., &amp; Roberts, G. S. (2000). Japan and global migration: Foreign workers and the advent of a multicultural society. London: Routledge.<br /> <br /> Goto, A., Fujiyama-Koriyama, C., Fukao, A., &amp; Reich, M. R.. (2000). Abortion Trends in Japan, 1975-95. Studies in Family Planning, 31(4), 301–308. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/172238<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Mato, M. (2009). Abortion and The Pill. The Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8<br /> <br /> Mensendiek, M. (2014). Human Trafficking and the Sex Trade in Japan. Global Ministries. Retrieved from http://www.globalministries.org/human_trafficking_and_the_sex_trade<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.<br /> <br /> Sato, R., Shiraishi, N., Bando, R. (2008). Induced Abortion in Japan, A Demographic Analysis of Its Trends and Causes.<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405187 2016-04-08T11:50:11Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan as much as other nations[http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (Miyazaki, 2007). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years (Miyazaki, 2007).<br /> <br /> Historically, abortion was criminalized in 1880 under the first penal code which increased the number of birth rates within this time frame. After World War II, ideas of overpopulation scared many nations and &quot;was considered a threat to economic progress in light of postwar baby boom&quot;(Mato, 2009) therefore, it was finally legalized and remains legal in Japan since 1948 [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL80]. When it comes to the history of Japan in regards to abortion issues, Japan is seen to be late on the legalization of abortion and medicines promoting abortion but does legalize these practices as the nation puts its citizen's health and safety first.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> Population growth, abortion rate, and infant mortality are all things that are monitored around the world. While monitoring the emergence, reemergence, and development of a population, abortion rates are linked to this understanding. The abortion rate is calculated by taking the number of legal and recorded abortions per 1,000 live births. This number is observed in order to determine countries population progress as well as the amount of services the country should be giving the citizens. Abortion rates are calculated to the best of the nations ability, in some cases determining a numerical value can be hard as laws and regulations can increase the number of unregulated illegal abortions that can not be tracked and recorded. <br /> <br /> ===Abortion Rates===<br /> <br /> [[File:File.png|200px|thumb|right|alt text]]<br /> In Japan, the recorded abortion rate has declined after 1955 because of the rate of pregnancy of women after 1955 had declined overall (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). As the overall rate has decreased the abortion rate for those women younger than 20 remain relatively high. This high rate is linked with stigmas towards teenagers as they are labeled unfit to care for a child economically and socially. Media has also played a huge part in emphasizing the fact that teenagers and young adults that become pregnant should abort the child unless they want to end up like those who are highlighted in Teen Mom, the 'reality' tv show for underage moms.<br /> <br /> The Japan Times newspaper has noted that abortions in Japan has decreased from 40-50 procedures per 1000 women in 1950 to 9.3 procedures per 1000 women, a significant decline. Out of these abortion procedures, 95% of them have been monitored to be abortions within the first 11 weeks of pregnancy [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8]. Another factor helping the decline of pregnancy and therefore abortion is the manufacturing of better quality pregnancy protection products such as condoms for both men and women and birth control pills. Increase quality as well as increased &quot;preferability by nearly 80 percent of married women in Japan&quot;(Mato, 2009) has helped to combat the once high abortion rates.<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> Some influencing factors to choose to have an abortion are partner relationship, fertility intentions, maternal health, psychological attitudes, and economic reasons (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). Not only are these influencing factors weighing down on the woman's decision to abort or not but age and what generation that woman grew up in will also have an impact of her decision. With a vast majority of factors to keep into consideration, the decision of abortion is never an easy one.<br /> <br /> ===Economic Living Conditions===<br /> <br /> When pregnant one must question if they can financially afford a child in their life. Money is always an aspect that should be taken into consideration as well as time and space. Will the impregnated woman be able to support the child financially? Are the living conditions of the partners house stable enough to bring in a child addition to the family? and, Do I have enough time to manage a child in my life? - all questions that run through the woman's mind when weighing her options of barring a child or abortion. The Japanese Healthcare Information outlines the cost of pregnancy and delivery. Unlike other nations, Japanese Health Insurence does not cover the costs of pregnancy and therefore the entire process costs about an average of 10,000 Japanese yen per check up (120 Canadian dollars) [http://japanhealthinfo.com/pregnancy-and-childbirth/pregnancy-and-delivery-costs/]. On top of these weekly check-ups, delivery costs are 5000,000 yen to 1,000,000 Japanese yen (6-12 thousand Candian Dollars) [http://japanhealthinfo.com/pregnancy-and-childbirth/pregnancy-and-delivery-costs/]. As a result, because of these high costs associated with giving birth in Japan, many choose abortion as a decision to combat their financial status. Hense the reason why the number of abortions with teenagers are relatively high as they are unable to pay for the costs of having a child.<br /> <br /> ===Sex Trafficing===<br /> <br /> Another factor for abortion in Japan is linked to nations sex industry. On a global scale, Japan is known for its participation in human trafficking and sex trade which began early 1980's [http://www.globalministries.org/human_trafficking_and_the_sex_trade]. This massive industry targets women and forces them into the sex industry in order to pay off debt. These victims of human trafficking are often forced into the sex industry and spend years in the system abused, tortured, and neglected. With this field, unsafe and unprotected sex is accompanied there many of the women become pregnant. Mike Douglass and Glenda Roberts (2015) explain the way in which the sex industry in Japan works as well as notes the conditions in which these women are forced to live in as abortion is a limited option to most due to the fact that is it costly.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> Douglass, M., &amp; Roberts, G. S. (2000). Japan and global migration: Foreign workers and the advent of a multicultural society. London: Routledge.<br /> <br /> Goto, A., Fujiyama-Koriyama, C., Fukao, A., &amp; Reich, M. R.. (2000). Abortion Trends in Japan, 1975-95. Studies in Family Planning, 31(4), 301–308. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/172238<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Mato, M. (2009). Abortion and The Pill. The Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8<br /> <br /> Mensendiek, M. (2014). Human Trafficking and the Sex Trade in Japan. Global Ministries. Retrieved from http://www.globalministries.org/human_trafficking_and_the_sex_trade<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.<br /> <br /> Sato, R., Shiraishi, N., Bando, R. (2008). Induced Abortion in Japan, A Demographic Analysis of Its Trends and Causes.<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=File:Abortion_Rates_Around_The_World.png&diff=405186 2016-04-08T11:48:38Z

<p>SharonGhirra: Global abortion rates from 1995 to 2008.</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> Global abortion rates from 1995 to 2008.<br /> == Copyright status: ==<br /> <br /> == Source: ==<br /> http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2012/01/daily-chart-7</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405185 2016-04-08T11:41:43Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan as much as other nations[http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (Miyazaki, 2007). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years (Miyazaki, 2007).<br /> <br /> Historically, abortion was criminalized in 1880 under the first penal code which increased the number of birth rates within this time frame. After World War II, ideas of overpopulation scared many nations and &quot;was considered a threat to economic progress in light of postwar baby boom&quot;(Mato, 2009) therefore, it was finally legalized and remains legal in Japan since 1948 [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL80]. When it comes to the history of Japan in regards to abortion issues, Japan is seen to be late on the legalization of abortion and medicines promoting abortion but does legalize these practices as the nation puts its citizen's health and safety first.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> Population growth, abortion rate, and infant mortality are all things that are monitored around the world. While monitoring the emergence, reemergence, and development of a population, abortion rates are linked to this understanding. The abortion rate is calculated by taking the number of legal and recorded abortions per 1,000 live births. This number is observed in order to determine countries population progress as well as the amount of services the country should be giving the citizens. Abortion rates are calculated to the best of the nations ability, in some cases determining a numerical value can be hard as laws and regulations can increase the number of unregulated illegal abortions that can not be tracked and recorded. <br /> <br /> ===Abortion Rates===<br /> In Japan, the recorded abortion rate has declined after 1955 because of the rate of pregnancy of women after 1955 had declined overall (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). As the overall rate has decreased the abortion rate for those women younger than 20 remain relatively high. This high rate is linked with stigmas towards teenagers as they are labeled unfit to care for a child economically and socially. Media has also played a huge part in emphasizing the fact that teenagers and young adults that become pregnant should abort the child unless they want to end up like those who are highlighted in Teen Mom, the 'reality' tv show for underage moms.<br /> <br /> The Japan Times newspaper has noted that abortions in Japan has decreased from 40-50 procedures per 1000 women in 1950 to 9.3 procedures per 1000 women, a significant decline. Out of these abortion procedures, 95% of them have been monitored to be abortions within the first 11 weeks of pregnancy [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8]. Another factor helping the decline of pregnancy and therefore abortion is the manufacturing of better quality pregnancy protection products such as condoms for both men and women and birth control pills. Increase quality as well as increased &quot;preferability by nearly 80 percent of married women in Japan&quot;(Mato, 2009) has helped to combat the once high abortion rates.<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> Some influencing factors to choose to have an abortion are partner relationship, fertility intentions, maternal health, psychological attitudes, and economic reasons (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). Not only are these influencing factors weighing down on the woman's decision to abort or not but age and what generation that woman grew up in will also have an impact of her decision. With a vast majority of factors to keep into consideration, the decision of abortion is never an easy one.<br /> <br /> ===Economic Living Conditions===<br /> <br /> When pregnant one must question if they can financially afford a child in their life. Money is always an aspect that should be taken into consideration as well as time and space. Will the impregnated woman be able to support the child financially? Are the living conditions of the partners house stable enough to bring in a child addition to the family? and, Do I have enough time to manage a child in my life? - all questions that run through the woman's mind when weighing her options of barring a child or abortion. The Japanese Healthcare Information outlines the cost of pregnancy and delivery. Unlike other nations, Japanese Health Insurence does not cover the costs of pregnancy and therefore the entire process costs about an average of 10,000 Japanese yen per check up (120 Canadian dollars) [http://japanhealthinfo.com/pregnancy-and-childbirth/pregnancy-and-delivery-costs/]. On top of these weekly check-ups, delivery costs are 5000,000 yen to 1,000,000 Japanese yen (6-12 thousand Candian Dollars) [http://japanhealthinfo.com/pregnancy-and-childbirth/pregnancy-and-delivery-costs/]. As a result, because of these high costs associated with giving birth in Japan, many choose abortion as a decision to combat their financial status. Hense the reason why the number of abortions with teenagers are relatively high as they are unable to pay for the costs of having a child.<br /> <br /> ===Sex Trafficing===<br /> <br /> Another factor for abortion in Japan is linked to nations sex industry. On a global scale, Japan is known for its participation in human trafficking and sex trade which began early 1980's [http://www.globalministries.org/human_trafficking_and_the_sex_trade]. This massive industry targets women and forces them into the sex industry in order to pay off debt. These victims of human trafficking are often forced into the sex industry and spend years in the system abused, tortured, and neglected. With this field, unsafe and unprotected sex is accompanied there many of the women become pregnant. Mike Douglass and Glenda Roberts (2015) explain the way in which the sex industry in Japan works as well as notes the conditions in which these women are forced to live in as abortion is a limited option to most due to the fact that is it costly.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> Douglass, M., &amp; Roberts, G. S. (2000). Japan and global migration: Foreign workers and the advent of a multicultural society. London: Routledge.<br /> <br /> Goto, A., Fujiyama-Koriyama, C., Fukao, A., &amp; Reich, M. R.. (2000). Abortion Trends in Japan, 1975-95. Studies in Family Planning, 31(4), 301–308. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/172238<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Mato, M. (2009). Abortion and The Pill. The Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8<br /> <br /> Mensendiek, M. (2014). Human Trafficking and the Sex Trade in Japan. Global Ministries. Retrieved from http://www.globalministries.org/human_trafficking_and_the_sex_trade<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.<br /> <br /> Sato, R., Shiraishi, N., Bando, R. (2008). Induced Abortion in Japan, A Demographic Analysis of Its Trends and Causes.<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405184 2016-04-08T11:41:21Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan as much as other nations[http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (Miyazaki, 2007). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years (Miyazaki, 2007).<br /> <br /> Historically, abortion was criminalized in 1880 under the first penal code which increased the number of birth rates within this time frame. After World War II, ideas of overpopulation scared many nations and &quot;was considered a threat to economic progress in light of postwar baby boom&quot;(Mato, 2009) therefore, it was finally legalized and remains legal in Japan since 1948 [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL80]. When it comes to the history of Japan in regards to abortion issues, Japan is seen to be late on the legalization of abortion and medicines promoting abortion but does legalize these practices as the nation puts its citizen's health and safety first.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> Population growth, abortion rate, and infant mortality are all things that are monitored around the world. While monitoring the emergence, reemergence, and development of a population, abortion rates are linked to this understanding. The abortion rate is calculated by taking the number of legal and recorded abortions per 1,000 live births. This number is observed in order to determine countries population progress as well as the amount of services the country should be giving the citizens. Abortion rates are calculated to the best of the nations ability, in some cases determining a numerical value can be hard as laws and regulations can increase the number of unregulated illegal abortions that can not be tracked and recorded. <br /> <br /> ===Abortion Rates===<br /> In Japan, the recorded abortion rate has declined after 1955 because of the rate of pregnancy of women after 1955 had declined overall (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). As the overall rate has decreased the abortion rate for those women younger than 20 remain relatively high. This high rate is linked with stigmas towards teenagers as they are labeled unfit to care for a child economically and socially. Media has also played a huge part in emphasizing the fact that teenagers and young adults that become pregnant should abort the child unless they want to end up like those who are highlighted in Teen Mom, the 'reality' tv show for underage moms.<br /> <br /> The Japan Times newspaper has noted that abortions in Japan has decreased from 40-50 procedures per 1000 women in 1950 to 9.3 procedures per 1000 women, a significant decline. Out of these abortion procedures, 95% of them have been monitored to be abortions within the first 11 weeks of pregnancy [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8]. Another factor helping the decline of pregnancy and therefore abortion is the manufacturing of better quality pregnancy protection products such as condoms for both men and women and birth control pills. Increase quality as well as increased &quot;preferability by nearly 80 percent of married women in Japan&quot;(Mato, 2009) has helped to combat the once high abortion rates.<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> Some influencing factors to choose to have an abortion are partner relationship, fertility intentions, maternal health, psychological attitudes, and economic reasons (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). Not only are these influencing factors weighing down on the woman's decision to abort or not but age and what generation that woman grew up in will also have an impact of her decision. With a vast majority of factors to keep into consideration, the decision of abortion is never an easy one.<br /> <br /> ===Economic Living Conditions===<br /> <br /> When pregnant one must question if they can financially afford a child in their life. Money is always an aspect that should be taken into consideration as well as time and space. Will the impregnated woman be able to support the child financially? Are the living conditions of the partners house stable enough to bring in a child addition to the family? and, Do I have enough time to manage a child in my life? - all questions that run through the woman's mind when weighing her options of barring a child or abortion. The Japanese Healthcare Information outlines the cost of pregnancy and delivery. Unlike other nations, Japanese Health Insurence does not cover the costs of pregnancy and therefore the entire process costs about an average of 10,000 Japanese yen per check up (120 Canadian dollars) [http://japanhealthinfo.com/pregnancy-and-childbirth/pregnancy-and-delivery-costs/]. On top of these weekly check-ups, delivery costs are 5000,000 yen to 1,000,000 Japanese yen (6-12 thousand Candian Dollars) [http://japanhealthinfo.com/pregnancy-and-childbirth/pregnancy-and-delivery-costs/]. As a result, because of these high costs associated with giving birth in Japan, many choose abortion as a decision to combat their financial status. Hense the reason why the number of abortions with teenagers are relatively high as they are unable to pay for the costs of having a child.<br /> <br /> ===Sex Trafficing===<br /> <br /> Another factor for abortion in Japan is linked to nations sex industry. On a global scale, Japan is known for its participation in human trafficking and sex trade which began early 1980's [http://www.globalministries.org/human_trafficking_and_the_sex_trade]. This massive industry targets women and forces them into the sex industry in order to pay off debt. These victims of human trafficking are often forced into the sex industry and spend years in the system abused, tortured, and neglected. With this field, unsafe and unprotected sex is accompanied there many of the women become pregnant. Mike Douglass and Glenda Roberts (2015) explain the way in which the sex industry in Japan works as well as notes the conditions in which these women are forced to live in as abortion is a limited option to most due to the fact that is it costly.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> Goto, A., Fujiyama-Koriyama, C., Fukao, A., &amp; Reich, M. R.. (2000). Abortion Trends in Japan, 1975-95. Studies in Family Planning, 31(4), 301–308. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/172238<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Mato, M. (2009). Abortion and The Pill. The Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8<br /> <br /> Mensendiek, M. (2014). Human Trafficking and the Sex Trade in Japan. Global Ministries. Retrieved from http://www.globalministries.org/human_trafficking_and_the_sex_trade<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.<br /> <br /> Sato, R., Shiraishi, N., Bando, R. (2008). Induced Abortion in Japan, A Demographic Analysis of Its Trends and Causes.<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405183 2016-04-08T10:56:41Z

<p>SharonGhirra: Abortion in Japan</p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan as much as other nations[http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (Miyazaki, 2007). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years (Miyazaki, 2007).<br /> <br /> Historically, abortion was criminalized in 1880 under the first penal code which increased the number of birth rates within this time frame. After World War II, ideas of overpopulation scared many nations and &quot;was considered a threat to economic progress in light of postwar baby boom&quot;(Mato, 2009) therefore, it was finally legalized and remains legal in Japan since 1948 [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL80]. When it comes to the history of Japan in regards to abortion issues, Japan is seen to be late on the legalization of abortion and medicines promoting abortion but does legalize these practices as the nation puts its citizen's health and safety first.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> Population growth, abortion rate, and infant mortality are all things that are monitored around the world. While monitoring the emergence, reemergence, and development of a population, abortion rates are linked to this understanding. The abortion rate is calculated by taking the number of legal and recorded abortions per 1,000 live births. This number is observed in order to determine countries population progress as well as the amount of services the country should be giving the citizens. Abortion rates are calculated to the best of the nations ability, in some cases determining a numerical value can be hard as laws and regulations can increase the number of unregulated illegal abortions that can not be tracked and recorded. <br /> <br /> ===Abortion Rates===<br /> In Japan, the recorded abortion rate has declined after 1955 because of the rate of pregnancy of women after 1955 had declined overall (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). As the overall rate has decreased the abortion rate for those women younger than 20 remain relatively high. This high rate is linked with stigmas towards teenagers as they are labeled unfit to care for a child economically and socially. Media has also played a huge part in emphasizing the fact that teenagers and young adults that become pregnant should abort the child unless they want to end up like those who are highlighted in Teen Mom, the 'reality' tv show for underage moms.<br /> <br /> The Japan Times newspaper has noted that abortions in Japan has decreased from 40-50 procedures per 1000 women in 1950 to 9.3 procedures per 1000 women, a significant decline. Out of these abortion procedures, 95% of them have been monitored to be abortions within the first 11 weeks of pregnancy [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8]. Another factor helping the decline of pregnancy and therefore abortion is the manufacturing of better quality pregnancy protection products such as condoms for both men and women and birth control pills. Increase quality as well as increased &quot;preferability by nearly 80 percent of married women in Japan&quot;(Mato, 2009) has helped to combat the once high abortion rates.<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> Some influencing factors to choose to have an abortion are partner relationship, fertility intentions, maternal health, psychological attitudes, and economic reasons (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008).<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> Goto, A., Fujiyama-Koriyama, C., Fukao, A., &amp; Reich, M. R.. (2000). Abortion Trends in Japan, 1975-95. Studies in Family Planning, 31(4), 301–308. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/172238<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Mato, M. (2009). Abortion and The Pill. The Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.<br /> <br /> Sato, R., Shiraishi, N., Bando, R. (2008) Induced Abortion in Japan, A Demographic Analysis of Its Trends and Causes.<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405182 2016-04-08T10:43:10Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan as much as other nations[http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (Miyazaki, 2007). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years (Miyazaki, 2007).<br /> <br /> Historically, abortion was criminalized in 1880 under the first penal code which increased the number of birth rates within this time frame. After World War II, ideas of overpopulation scared many nations and &quot;was considered a threat to economic progress in light of postwar baby boom&quot;(Mato, 2009) therefore, it was finally legalized and remains legal in Japan since 1948 [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL80]. When it comes to the history of Japan in regards to abortion issues, Japan is seen to be late on the legalization of abortion and medicines promoting abortion but does legalize these practices as the nation puts its citizen's health and safety first.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> Population growth, abortion rate, and infant mortality are all things that are monitored around the world. While monitoring the emergence, reemergence, and development of a population, abortion rates are linked to this understanding. The abortion rate is calculated by taking the number of legal and recorded abortions per 1,000 live births. This number is observed in order to determine countries population progress as well as the amount of services the country should be giving the citizens. Abortion rates are calculated to the best of the nations ability, in some cases determining a numerical value can be hard as laws and regulations can increase the number of unregulated illegal abortions that can not be tracked and recorded. <br /> <br /> ===Abortion Rates===<br /> In Japan, the recorded abortion rate has declined after 1955 because of the rate of pregnancy of women after 1955 had declined overall (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). As the overall rate has decreased the abortion rate for those women younger than 20 remain relatively high. This high rate is linked with stigmas towards teenagers as they are labeled unfit to care for a child economically and socially. Media has also played a huge part in emphasizing the fact that teenagers and young adults that become pregnant should abort the child unless they want to end up like those who are highlighted in Teen Mom, the 'reality' tv show for underage moms.<br /> <br /> The Japan Times newspaper has noted that abortions in Japan has decreased from 40-50 procedures per 1000 women in 1950 to 9.3 procedures per 1000 women, a significant decline. Out of these abortion procedures, 95% of them have been monitored to be abortions within the first 11 weeks of pregnancy [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8]. Another factor helping the decline of pregnancy and therefore abortion is the manufacturing of better quality pregnancy protection products such as condoms for both men and women and birth control pills. Increase quality as well as increased &quot;preferability by nearly 80 percent of married women in Japan&quot;(Mato, 2009) has helped to combat the once high abortion rates.<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Mato, M. (2009). Abortion and The Pill. The Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.<br /> <br /> Sato, R., Shiraishi, N., Bando, R. (2008) Induced Abortion in Japan, A Demographic Analysis of Its Trends and Causes.</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405181 2016-04-08T10:38:38Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan as much as other nations[http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (Miyazaki, 2007). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years (Miyazaki, 2007).<br /> <br /> Historically, abortion was criminalized in 1880 under the first penal code which increased the number of birth rates within this time frame. After World War II, ideas of overpopulation scared many nations and &quot;was considered a threat to economic progress in light of postwar baby boom&quot;(Mato, 2009) therefore, it was finally legalized and remains legal in Japan since 1948 [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL80]. When it comes to the history of Japan in regards to abortion issues, Japan is seen to be late on the legalization of abortion and medicines promoting abortion but does legalize these practices as the nation puts its citizen's health and safety first.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> Population growth, abortion rate, and infant mortality are all things that are monitored around the world. While monitoring the emergence, reemergence, and development of a population, abortion rates are linked to this understanding. The abortion rate is calculated by taking the number of legal and recorded abortions per 1,000 live births. This number is observed in order to determine countries population progress as well as the amount of services the country should be giving the citizens. Abortion rates are calculated to the best of the nations ability, in some cases determining a numerical value can be hard as laws and regulations can increase the number of unregulated illegal abortions that can not be tracked and recorded. <br /> <br /> ===Abortion Rates===<br /> In Japan, the recorded abortion rate has declined after 1955 because of the rate of pregnancy of women after 1955 had declined overall (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). As the overall rate has decreased the abortion rate for those women younger than 20 remain relatively high. This high rate is linked with stigmas towards teenagers as they are labeled unfit to care for a child economically and socially. Media has also played a huge part in emphasizing the fact that teenagers and young adults that become pregnant should abort the child unless they want to end up like those who are highlighted in Teen Mom, the 'reality' tv show for underage moms.<br /> <br /> The Japan Times newspaper has noted that abortions in Japan has decreased from 40-50 procedures per 1000 women in 1950 to 9.3 procedures per 1000 women, a significant decline. Out of these abortion procedures, 95% of them have been monitored to be abortions within the first 11 weeks of pregnancy [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8]. Another factor helping the decline of pregnancy and therefore abortion is the manufacturing of better quality pregnancy protection products such as condoms for both men and women and birth control pills. Increase quality as well as increased &quot;preferability by nearly 80 percent of married women in Japan&quot;(Mato, 2009) has helped to combat the once high abortion rates.<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Mato, M. (2009). Abortion and The Pill. The Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405180 2016-04-08T10:37:46Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan as much as other nations[http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (Miyazaki, 2007). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years (Miyazaki, 2007).<br /> <br /> Historically, abortion was criminalized in 1880 under the first penal code which increased the number of birth rates within this time frame. After World War II, ideas of overpopulation scared many nations and &quot;was considered a threat to economic progress in light of postwar baby boom&quot;(The Japan Times, 2009) therefore, it was finally legalized and remains legal in Japan since 1948 [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL80]. When it comes to the history of Japan in regards to abortion issues, Japan is seen to be late on the legalization of abortion and medicines promoting abortion but does legalize these practices as the nation puts its citizen's health and safety first.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> Population growth, abortion rate, and infant mortality are all things that are monitored around the world. While monitoring the emergence, reemergence, and development of a population, abortion rates are linked to this understanding. The abortion rate is calculated by taking the number of legal and recorded abortions per 1,000 live births. This number is observed in order to determine countries population progress as well as the amount of services the country should be giving the citizens. Abortion rates are calculated to the best of the nations ability, in some cases determining a numerical value can be hard as laws and regulations can increase the number of unregulated illegal abortions that can not be tracked and recorded. <br /> <br /> ===Abortion Rates===<br /> In Japan, the recorded abortion rate has declined after 1955 because of the rate of pregnancy of women after 1955 had declined overall (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). As the overall rate has decreased the abortion rate for those women younger than 20 remain relatively high. This high rate is linked with stigmas towards teenagers as they are labeled unfit to care for a child economically and socially. Media has also played a huge part in emphasizing the fact that teenagers and young adults that become pregnant should abort the child unless they want to end up like those who are highlighted in Teen Mom, the 'reality' tv show for underage moms.<br /> <br /> The Japan Times newspaper has noted that abortions in Japan has decreased from 40-50 procedures per 1000 women in 1950 to 9.3 procedures per 1000 women, a significant decline. Out of these abortion procedures, 95% of them have been monitored to be abortions within the first 11 weeks of pregnancy [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8]. Another factor helping the decline of pregnancy and therefore abortion is the manufacturing of better quality pregnancy protection products such as condoms for both men and women and birth control pills. Increase quality as well as increased &quot;preferability by nearly 80 percent of married women in Japan&quot;(The Japan Times, 2009) has helped to combat the once high abortion rates.<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Mato, M. (2009). Abortion and The Pill. The Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405179 2016-04-08T10:32:48Z

<p>SharonGhirra: /* Abortion Types in Japan */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan as much as other nations[http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (Miyazaki, 2007). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years (Miyazaki, 2007).<br /> <br /> Historically, abortion was criminalized in 1880 under the first penal code which increased the number of birth rates within this time frame. After World War II, ideas of overpopulation scared many nations and &quot;was considered a threat to economic progress in light of postwar baby boom&quot;(The Japan Times, 2009) therefore, it was finally legalized and remains legal in Japan since 1948 [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL80].<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> Population growth, abortion rate, and infant mortality are all things that are monitored around the world. While monitoring the emergence, reemergence, and development of a population, abortion rates are linked to this understanding. The abortion rate is calculated by taking the number of legal and recorded abortions per 1,000 live births. This number is observed in order to determine countries population progress as well as the amount of services the country should be giving the citizens. Abortion rates are calculated to the best of the nations ability, in some cases determining a numerical value can be hard as laws and regulations can increase the number of unregulated illegal abortions that can not be tracked and recorded. <br /> <br /> ===Abortion Rates===<br /> In Japan, the recorded abortion rate has declined after 1955 because of the rate of pregnancy of women after 1955 had declined overall (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). As the overall rate has decreased the abortion rate for those women younger than 20 remain relatively high. This high rate is linked with stigmas towards teenagers as they are labeled unfit to care for a child economically and socially. Media has also played a huge part in emphasizing the fact that teenagers and young adults that become pregnant should abort the child unless they want to end up like those who are highlighted in Teen Mom, the 'reality' tv show for underage moms.<br /> <br /> The Japan Times newspaper has noted that abortions in Japan has decreased from 40-50 procedures per 1000 women in 1950 to 9.3 procedures per 1000 women, a significant decline. Out of these abortion procedures, 95% of them have been monitored to be abortions within the first 11 weeks of pregnancy [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8]. Another factor helping the decline of pregnancy and therefore abortion is the manufacturing of better quality pregnancy protection products such as condoms for both men and women and birth control pills. Increase quality as well as increased &quot;preferability by nearly 80 percent of married women in Japan&quot;(The Japan Times, 2009) has helped to combat the once high abortion rates.<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405177 2016-04-08T10:32:20Z

<p>SharonGhirra: /* Legal Issues */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan [http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (Miyazaki, 2007). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years (Miyazaki, 2007).<br /> <br /> Historically, abortion was criminalized in 1880 under the first penal code which increased the number of birth rates within this time frame. After World War II, ideas of overpopulation scared many nations and &quot;was considered a threat to economic progress in light of postwar baby boom&quot;(The Japan Times, 2009) therefore, it was finally legalized and remains legal in Japan since 1948 [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL80].<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> Population growth, abortion rate, and infant mortality are all things that are monitored around the world. While monitoring the emergence, reemergence, and development of a population, abortion rates are linked to this understanding. The abortion rate is calculated by taking the number of legal and recorded abortions per 1,000 live births. This number is observed in order to determine countries population progress as well as the amount of services the country should be giving the citizens. Abortion rates are calculated to the best of the nations ability, in some cases determining a numerical value can be hard as laws and regulations can increase the number of unregulated illegal abortions that can not be tracked and recorded. <br /> <br /> ===Abortion Rates===<br /> In Japan, the recorded abortion rate has declined after 1955 because of the rate of pregnancy of women after 1955 had declined overall (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). As the overall rate has decreased the abortion rate for those women younger than 20 remain relatively high. This high rate is linked with stigmas towards teenagers as they are labeled unfit to care for a child economically and socially. Media has also played a huge part in emphasizing the fact that teenagers and young adults that become pregnant should abort the child unless they want to end up like those who are highlighted in Teen Mom, the 'reality' tv show for underage moms.<br /> <br /> The Japan Times newspaper has noted that abortions in Japan has decreased from 40-50 procedures per 1000 women in 1950 to 9.3 procedures per 1000 women, a significant decline. Out of these abortion procedures, 95% of them have been monitored to be abortions within the first 11 weeks of pregnancy [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8]. Another factor helping the decline of pregnancy and therefore abortion is the manufacturing of better quality pregnancy protection products such as condoms for both men and women and birth control pills. Increase quality as well as increased &quot;preferability by nearly 80 percent of married women in Japan&quot;(The Japan Times, 2009) has helped to combat the once high abortion rates.<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405174 2016-04-08T10:27:27Z

<p>SharonGhirra: /* Data and Research */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan [http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (Miyazaki, 2007). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years (Miyazaki, 2007).<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> Population growth, abortion rate, and infant mortality are all things that are monitored around the world. While monitoring the emergence, reemergence, and development of a population, abortion rates are linked to this understanding. The abortion rate is calculated by taking the number of legal and recorded abortions per 1,000 live births. This number is observed in order to determine countries population progress as well as the amount of services the country should be giving the citizens. Abortion rates are calculated to the best of the nations ability, in some cases determining a numerical value can be hard as laws and regulations can increase the number of unregulated illegal abortions that can not be tracked and recorded. <br /> <br /> ===Abortion Rates===<br /> In Japan, the recorded abortion rate has declined after 1955 because of the rate of pregnancy of women after 1955 had declined overall (Sato, Shiraishi, Bando, 2008). As the overall rate has decreased the abortion rate for those women younger than 20 remain relatively high. This high rate is linked with stigmas towards teenagers as they are labeled unfit to care for a child economically and socially. Media has also played a huge part in emphasizing the fact that teenagers and young adults that become pregnant should abort the child unless they want to end up like those who are highlighted in Teen Mom, the 'reality' tv show for underage moms.<br /> <br /> The Japan Times newspaper has noted that abortions in Japan has decreased from 40-50 procedures per 1000 women in 1950 to 9.3 procedures per 1000 women, a significant decline. Out of these abortion procedures, 95% of them have been monitored to be abortions within the first 11 weeks of pregnancy [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.Vwd-sBMrKL8]. Another factor helping the decline of pregnancy and therefore abortion is the manufacturing of better quality pregnancy protection products such as condoms for both men and women and birth control pills. Increase quality as well as increased &quot;preferability by nearly 80 percent of married women in Japan&quot;(The Japan Times, 2009) has helped to combat the once high abortion rates.<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405164 2016-04-08T09:45:57Z

<p>SharonGhirra: /* Data and Research */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan [http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (Miyazaki, 2007). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years (Miyazaki, 2007).<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> Population growth, abortion rate, and infant mortality are all things that are monitored around the world. While monitoring the emergence, reemergence, and development of a population, abortion rates are linked to this understanding. The abortion rate is calculated by taking the number of legal and recorded abortions per 1,000 live births. This number is observed in order to determine countries population progress as well as the amount of services the country should be giving the citizens.<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405151 2016-04-08T09:17:24Z

<p>SharonGhirra: /* Legal Issues */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan [http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (Miyazaki, 2007). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years (Miyazaki, 2007).<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405149 2016-04-08T09:16:13Z

<p>SharonGhirra: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan [http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion [http://content.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ContentServer.asp?T=P&amp;P=AN&amp;K=18284118&amp;S=R&amp;D=mnh&amp;EbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSeprQ4v%2BbwOLCmr06eqLBSs6m4S7SWxWXS&amp;ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrtE%2Bwp7dMuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA]. The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years [http://content.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ContentServer.asp?T=P&amp;P=AN&amp;K=18284118&amp;S=R&amp;D=mnh&amp;EbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSeprQ4v%2BbwOLCmr06eqLBSs6m4S7SWxWXS&amp;ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrtE%2Bwp7dMuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA].<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> WebMD (n.d). Women's Health: Manual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405147 2016-04-08T09:14:56Z

<p>SharonGhirra: /* Vacuum Aspiration */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates. For every time the procedure is performed there is a 99.5% of success and the other 0.5% times the procedure fails, it is then repeated [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan [http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion [http://content.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ContentServer.asp?T=P&amp;P=AN&amp;K=18284118&amp;S=R&amp;D=mnh&amp;EbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSeprQ4v%2BbwOLCmr06eqLBSs6m4S7SWxWXS&amp;ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrtE%2Bwp7dMuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA]. The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years [http://content.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ContentServer.asp?T=P&amp;P=AN&amp;K=18284118&amp;S=R&amp;D=mnh&amp;EbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSeprQ4v%2BbwOLCmr06eqLBSs6m4S7SWxWXS&amp;ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrtE%2Bwp7dMuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA].<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405143 2016-04-08T09:11:45Z

<p>SharonGhirra: /* Legal Issues */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan [http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion [http://content.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ContentServer.asp?T=P&amp;P=AN&amp;K=18284118&amp;S=R&amp;D=mnh&amp;EbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSeprQ4v%2BbwOLCmr06eqLBSs6m4S7SWxWXS&amp;ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrtE%2Bwp7dMuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA]. The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years [http://content.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ContentServer.asp?T=P&amp;P=AN&amp;K=18284118&amp;S=R&amp;D=mnh&amp;EbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSeprQ4v%2BbwOLCmr06eqLBSs6m4S7SWxWXS&amp;ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrtE%2Bwp7dMuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA].<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405142 2016-04-08T09:11:07Z

<p>SharonGhirra: /* Induced Abortion */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ===Induced Abortion===<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan [http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion [http://content.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ContentServer.asp?T=P&amp;P=AN&amp;K=18284118&amp;S=R&amp;D=mnh&amp;EbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSeprQ4v%2BbwOLCmr06eqLBSs6m4S7SWxWXS&amp;ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrtE%2Bwp7dMuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA]. The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405140 2016-04-08T08:59:06Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> ====Induced Abortion====<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> ===Surgical Abortion===<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> ===Vacuum Aspiration===<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> ===Dilation &amp; Evacuation===<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan [http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion [http://content.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ContentServer.asp?T=P&amp;P=AN&amp;K=18284118&amp;S=R&amp;D=mnh&amp;EbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSeprQ4v%2BbwOLCmr06eqLBSs6m4S7SWxWXS&amp;ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrtE%2Bwp7dMuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA]. The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405139 2016-04-08T08:55:40Z

<p>SharonGhirra: /* Vacuum Aspiration */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> =Induced Abortion=<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> =Surgical Abortion=<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> =Vacuum Aspiration=<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. One may prefer this type and method of abortion over the rest because it is shorter and delivers high success rates [http://www.webmd.com/women/manual-and-vacuum-aspiration-for-abortion]. In countries such as Japan, their methods of abortion are limited as abortion by the use of medicine is rarely available, therefore, this method is practiced more often in these countries.<br /> <br /> =Dilation &amp; Evacuation=<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan [http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> =Buddhism=<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion [http://content.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ContentServer.asp?T=P&amp;P=AN&amp;K=18284118&amp;S=R&amp;D=mnh&amp;EbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSeprQ4v%2BbwOLCmr06eqLBSs6m4S7SWxWXS&amp;ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrtE%2Bwp7dMuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA]. The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405127 2016-04-08T08:32:02Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> =Induced Abortion=<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> =Surgical Abortion=<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> =Vacuum Aspiration=<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. <br /> <br /> =Dilation &amp; Evacuation=<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan [http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> =Buddhism=<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result, many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion [http://content.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ContentServer.asp?T=P&amp;P=AN&amp;K=18284118&amp;S=R&amp;D=mnh&amp;EbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSeprQ4v%2BbwOLCmr06eqLBSs6m4S7SWxWXS&amp;ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrtE%2Bwp7dMuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA]. The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. (n.d) Surgical Abortion Procedures. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/<br /> <br /> British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS). (n.d). What is Abortion?. Retrieved from https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/<br /> <br /> Japanese Healthcare Info (JHI). (n.d). Abortion/Termination of Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/<br /> <br /> Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<br /> <br /> Miyazaki, M. (2007). The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in japan. Medicine and Law, 26(4), 791.</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405111 2016-04-08T08:00:27Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> =Induced Abortion=<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> =Surgical Abortion=<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy [https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/].<br /> <br /> =Vacuum Aspiration=<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/]. The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. <br /> <br /> =Dilation &amp; Evacuation=<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining [http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/].<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan [http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/]. This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> =Buddhism=<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html]. On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (1998) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion [http://content.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ContentServer.asp?T=P&amp;P=AN&amp;K=18284118&amp;S=R&amp;D=mnh&amp;EbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSeprQ4v%2BbwOLCmr06eqLBSs6m4S7SWxWXS&amp;ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrtE%2Bwp7dMuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA]. The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore, because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22-week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996, these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405105 2016-04-08T07:56:11Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> =Induced Abortion=<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding [http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion]. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> =Surgical Abortion=<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy (https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/).<br /> <br /> =Vacuum Aspiration=<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta (http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/). The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. <br /> <br /> =Dilation &amp; Evacuation=<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining (http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/).<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> =Buddhism=<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist (http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html). On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (date) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (http://content.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ContentServer.asp?T=P&amp;P=AN&amp;K=18284118&amp;S=R&amp;D=mnh&amp;EbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSeprQ4v%2BbwOLCmr06eqLBSs6m4S7SWxWXS&amp;ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrtE%2Bwp7dMuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22 week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996 these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405103 2016-04-08T07:54:17Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> =Induced Abortion=<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding &lt;/ref&gt;. &lt;br /&gt;. This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> =Surgical Abortion=<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy (https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/).<br /> <br /> =Vacuum Aspiration=<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta (http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/). The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. <br /> <br /> =Dilation &amp; Evacuation=<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining (http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/).<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> =Buddhism=<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist (http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html). On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (date) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (http://content.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ContentServer.asp?T=P&amp;P=AN&amp;K=18284118&amp;S=R&amp;D=mnh&amp;EbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSeprQ4v%2BbwOLCmr06eqLBSs6m4S7SWxWXS&amp;ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrtE%2Bwp7dMuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22 week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996 these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==</div>

SharonGhirra https://wiki.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Japan&diff=405087 2016-04-08T07:42:24Z

<p>SharonGhirra: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ==lntroduction==<br /> <br /> Abortion is the choice to remove a fetus before the 28 week point of pregnancy. Many stigmas surround the idea and talk about abortion therefore emphasis that abortion is an personal choice is lacked. This wiki page will specifically look at the stigmas around abortion in Japan while making comparisons from the past and future to understand how peoples perspectives around abortion have changed. In doing so, I will make not of all religious, gender, and age divides in Japan with data and research to back up my findings.<br /> <br /> ==Types of Abortion== <br /> <br /> The process is not simple but rather complex when getting an abortion. Types of abortion include induced, medical, and surgical but not all practices are used world wide. Different practice methods are used during each trimester and stage of pregnancy that is deemed safe for the individual that is pregnant. <br /> <br /> =Induced Abortion=<br /> <br /> Induced abortion also known as medical abortion is an intentional abortion administrated by medicine. Most effective within the later trimesters of pregnancy. This type of abortion involves the use of many medicines of different strengths and effectiveness to deliver results and decrease the amount of bleeding that is involved in the injection of different medical fluids. The after treatment side effects of induced abortion are (a) mood swings (b) menstrual cramps and (c) irregular bleeding (http://www.webmd.com/women/induction-abortion). This method of choice is associated with many risks as induced abortion does require inserting medicines into the vagina, although the risks are slim, there is always a chance.<br /> <br /> =Surgical Abortion=<br /> <br /> Another type of abortion is surgical abortion which is a minor surgical procedure. There are two types of surgical abortion, Vacuum aspiration and dilation and evacuation. Both procedures require the woman participating to be at 6-16 weeks in her stage of pregnancy (https://www.bpas.org/abortion-care/considering-abortion/what-is-abortion/).<br /> <br /> =Vacuum Aspiration=<br /> <br /> Vacuum aspiration is performed by inserting a tool called the cannula to the vagina where a light suction device is connected to extract the fetus and placenta (http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/). The entire procedure lasts 10-15 minutes and side effects include sweating, dizziness, cramping, and blood clots. <br /> <br /> =Dilation &amp; Evacuation=<br /> <br /> Dilation and evacuation is performed after 16 weeks of impregnation. The pre-procedure is similar to vacuum aspiration where antibiotics, numbing, and clamping of the cervix to remain open is a must. This type of surgical abortion then continues with the cannula being inserted while another device called the curette scoops out the lining removing and residuals. Finally, this process finishes with the suctioning of all the scraped lining to ensure removal of the residue is safe and sanitary. Side effects of this type of abortion may include bleeding, cramping, and damage to the uterine lining (http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/surgical-abortions/).<br /> <br /> ==Abortion Types in Japan==<br /> <br /> In Japan, abortion is a multi-step process that needs an economic and social reason, written consent from both partner and patient to continue with the procedure. Not only is the process complicated and strict, Japan does not encourage medical induced pregnancy terminations; therefore, abortion pills are not sold or distributed in Japan (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). This type of abortion is not practiced in Japan because of the many health and medical risks and side effects that may occur to the patient. Instead, dependent on how far into the pregnancy the patient is two methods of treatment can be performed. Outpatient surgery for those in their 7-10 week stage and hospital/clinic assistant surgery for those over 10 weeks (http://japanhealthinfo.com/faq/abortiontermination-of-pregnancy/). The greatest difference in the type of abortion in Japan versus Canada is the fact that after 12 weeks it becomes very hard to find clinics and hospitals to perform the procedure on you and when doing a procedure after 12 weeks, it becomes very costly.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Background== <br /> <br /> Historical backgrounds on the topic of abortion dates back for as long as one can remember. Over time changes in stigma around abortion is changed and that is because of a new generation infusion into society which adopts and modifies the older generations way of thinking. The dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These three religions view abortion through different spectrums and lenses. finish the rest of this intro<br /> <br /> =Buddhism=<br /> <br /> Buddhism in Japan was brought around in the 6th century and was able to successfully integrate with the native religion’s of japan like Shinto allowing both religions to co-exist (http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2055.html). On the topic of abortion, Japanese Buddhism has been seen at the border as some people believe it to be a sin of murder and others disregard it as an exception. However in Damien Keown’s (date) book, Buddhism and Abortion, he explains how abortion is a modern idea. While emphasizing the fact that not all Buddhist should be represented the same, Keown looks further into the connection of abortion and the Buddhist religion. Buddhists in Japan differ from Buddhists in other parts of the world in the sense that they are more tolerable to the idea of abortion but of course some Buddhists more against the idea than others. As a result many participate in a ceremony after the abortion treatment is done to please the aborted child’s feelings. Ultimately, ideas of abortion are linked with the practice of certain religions but it is up the individual themselves on if they see the idea of abortion as murder or a woman’s choice.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Issues== <br /> <br /> Many laws and regulation surround abortion issues in Japan. According to the law in Japan, there are two types of abortion’s, illegal feticide and legal abortion (http://content.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ContentServer.asp?T=P&amp;P=AN&amp;K=18284118&amp;S=R&amp;D=mnh&amp;EbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSeprQ4v%2BbwOLCmr06eqLBSs6m4S7SWxWXS&amp;ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrtE%2Bwp7dMuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA). The law prohibits feticide which is the abortion of a fetus as the fetus life becomes protected under the law. However, the Eugenic Protection Act established in 1945, allowed for safe abortion to secure and protect the health of the mother. Therefore because feticide is illegal, the act legalizes abortion before the 22 week stage of pregnancy under the Eugenic Protection act. In 1996 these acts became revised and created problems as many had different attitudes towards the fetus’ life. As a result, abortion in Japan is not a simple procedure and has many requirements must be met therefore, illegal abortion has increased in the past years.<br /> <br /> ==Data and Research==<br /> <br /> ==Influencing Factors==<br /> <br /> ==Towards a Better Future==<br /> <br /> ==Related Readings- GRSJ 224==<br /> <br /> ==References==</div>

SharonGhirra