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Course:Carey HIST501/Project 3/Leo X

2021-11-04T06:59:38Z

SetriDzivenu:

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 3/Leo X

2021-11-04T06:44:21Z

SetriDzivenu:

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 3/Leo X

2021-11-04T05:48:13Z

SetriDzivenu:

[[File:Pope Leo X medallion.jpg|thumb|Leo X]]
Research on the life of a medieval Pope from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:

== Year of birth and death ==
December 11, 1475- December 1, 1521

== A short biographical sketch of the medieval Pope ==

: Pope Leo X was born Giovanni de Medici in 1475 in Florence in Italy. He was born into a family known for love for art, literature, business and politics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope Leo X|url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/martinluther/char_leo.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=pbs.org}}</ref>
: Giovanni de Madici has his future in the religious life cut out him from a very tender age. "Giovanni de’ Medici received the tonsure—a ceremony involving the cutting of hair from the head, thus indicating the change of status from lay to clerical—at the early age of eight, and five years later he became the cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Dominica."<ref name=":1" /> Giovanni studied in one of the finest institutions in Europe at the time, the University of Pisa, with tutors such as Pico della Mirandola mentoring him.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Leo X|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-X|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=Britannica}}</ref>
: In 1492 he was inducted into the Sacred College of Cardinals and moved to Rome. "The death of his father later in the same year, however, brought him back to Florence, where he lived with his older brother, Piero."<ref name=":1" /> He was later exiled with his brother, Piero, for crimes against the Republic in 1494, Giovanni also went into exile travelling Europe.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope Leo X (Giovanni de’ Medici)|url=http://www.themedicifamily.com/Pope-Leo-X.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=The Medici Family}}</ref>
: Giovanni returned to Europe in 1500 and during this time as cardinal, "he commissioned the rebuilding of Santa Maria in Domenica and the façade of Santa Cristina in Bolsena, Rome".<ref name=":2" />
: Giovanni was elected Pope at the age of 37 in 1513 under the name Leo X.<ref>Taking the title of Leo X, the pontiff-elect was ordained a priest on March 15 and consecrated bishop of Rome on the 17th. Two days later the papal coronation took place.</ref> His passion and appreciation for arts led him to building projects to beautify the Vatican including the completion of St Peter's Basilica (initiated under Julius II). His huge investments in edifices and arts drained the treasury of the papacy. to make up for the deficit, he promoted the sale of "Indulgences".<ref name=":0" /> In Germany this practice aroused the ire of Martin Luther who issued ninety- five arguments for church reform. Luther wrote in his 95 Theses, his criticism of the Church - "why doesn't the Pope build the basilica of St Peter's out of his own money?".<ref name=":0" /> In 1520, Leo issued the papal bull Exsurge Domine demanding Luther retract 41 of his 95 theses. Luther's refused and was excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church.<ref name=":0" />
: Leo X died in December 1521 from pneumonia.
:

== Major impact of the medieval Pope such as: ==

: The first papal focus on of Leo X was to bring to completion the Fifth Lateran Council, which his predecessor, Julius II, had convened in 1512. Lateran V began in opposition to a rival council in Pisa, which was convoked under the leadership of nine dissident cardinals and supported by French royalty and clergy. "Julius designated it a ''conciliabalum'', or “pseudo-council,” and under pressure called a council of his own in Rome. There were numerous goals for the Lateran council, including the healing of the Pisan schism, eradication of heresy, pacification of Christian princes at odds with Rome, preparation of a crusade, and the general reform of Christendom, specifically that of the papacy, cardinals, and curia. In March 1514, Leo published a bull, ''Supernae dispositionis arbitrio'', addressing the reform of the curia, but never sought to enforce its measures. He carried the council through to its end on March 16, 1517."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope Leo X|url=https://reformation500.csl.edu/bio/pope-leo-x/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=Reformation 500}}</ref> "One significant outcome of Lateran V brokered by Leo was the end to the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. A measure taken in 1438 at the height of the conciliar controversy to insure administrative and fiscal independence for the French church in exchange for its support of then-pope Eugenius IV against the Council of Basel, the Pragmatic Sanction had caused continual tensions between Rome and France. During the course of the council, Leo negotiated a plan that would give the French king the right to nominate all French bishops, abbots, and priors, while granting the pope the prerogative of naming all vacant French benefices in the curia as well as other French-related benefices. The new agreement was reached in the 1516 Concordat of Bologna, ratified by the council six months later with the bull ''Primitiva'', and would remain in effect until the 1780 French Revolution."<ref name=":3" />
: As pontiff, Leo X became known for his patronage of the arts in Renaissance Rome and the luxurious lifestyle associated with it. Leo X's expenditures exhausted the papal treasury. Leo X's reign also saw the start of the Reformation, but his role in promoting the selling of indulgence, first authorized by his predecessor Julius II, to pay for his Renaissance projects left the indelible impression of his pontificate and drew the ire of Martin Luther. Leo X finally brought Luther to the point of condemnation in 1520 when he published bull ''Exsurge Domine'' threatening him with excommunication if he did not not recant his teachings.<ref name=":3" /><ref>This attempt to keep Luther quiet had the opposite effect. Luther now started issuing statements about other issues. For example, at that time people believed that the Pope was infallible (incapable of error). However, Luther was convinced that Leo X was wrong to sell indulgences. Therefore, Luther argued, the Pope could not possibly be infallible.</ref> Leo X's prosecution of Luther’s teaching on indulgences and ultimate excommunication did not eradicate Lutheran doctrine, but instead further splintered the Western church.
: The legacy Leo X left behind would remain permanently connected with his failures to stint the Reformation. His pontificate did not bring about the reforms anticipated by Lateran V, but instead deepened the fiscal and political problems in Rome.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
<references />

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 3/Leo X

2021-11-04T05:47:14Z

SetriDzivenu:

[[File:Pope Leo X medallion.jpg|thumb|Leo X]]
Research on the life of a medieval Pope from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:

== Year of birth and death ==
December 11, 1475- December 1, 1521

== A short biographical sketch of the medieval Pope ==

: Pope Leo X was born Giovanni de Medici in 1475 in Florence in Italy. He was born into a family known for love for art, literature, business and politics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope Leo X|url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/martinluther/char_leo.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=pbs.org}}</ref>
: Giovanni de Madici has his future in the religious life cut out him from a very tender age. "Giovanni de’ Medici received the tonsure—a ceremony involving the cutting of hair from the head, thus indicating the change of status from lay to clerical—at the early age of eight, and five years later he became the cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Dominica."<ref name=":1" /> Giovanni studied in one of the finest institutions in Europe at the time, the University of Pisa, with tutors such as Pico della Mirandola mentoring him.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Leo X|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-X|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=Britannica}}</ref>
: In 1492 he was inducted into the Sacred College of Cardinals and moved to Rome. "The death of his father later in the same year, however, brought him back to Florence, where he lived with his older brother, Piero."<ref name=":1" /> He was later exiled with his brother, Piero, for crimes against the Republic in 1494, Giovanni also went into exile travelling Europe.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope Leo X (Giovanni de’ Medici)|url=http://www.themedicifamily.com/Pope-Leo-X.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=The Medici Family}}</ref>
: Giovanni returned to Europe in 1500 and during this time as cardinal, "he commissioned the rebuilding of Santa Maria in Domenica and the façade of Santa Cristina in Bolsena, Rome".<ref name=":2" />
: Giovanni was elected Pope at the age of 37 in 1513 under the name Leo X.<ref>Taking the title of Leo X, the pontiff-elect was ordained a priest on March 15 and consecrated bishop of Rome on the 17th. Two days later the papal coronation took place.</ref> His passion and appreciation for arts led him to building projects to beautify the Vatican including the completion of St Peter's Basilica (initiated under Julius II). His huge investments in edifices and arts drained the treasury of the papacy. to make up for the deficit, he promoted the sale of "Indulgences".<ref name=":0" /> In Germany this practice aroused the ire of Martin Luther who issued ninety- five arguments for church reform. Luther wrote in his 95 Theses, his criticism of the Church - "why doesn't the Pope build the basilica of St Peter's out of his own money?".<ref name=":0" /> In 1520, Leo issued the papal bull Exsurge Domine demanding Luther retract 41 of his 95 theses. Luther's refused and was excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church.<ref name=":0" />
: Leo X died in December 1521 Leo X died suddenly from pneumonia.
:

== Major impact of the medieval Pope such as: ==

: The first papal focus on of Leo X was to bring to completion the Fifth Lateran Council, which his predecessor, Julius II, had convened in 1512. Lateran V began in opposition to a rival council in Pisa, which was convoked under the leadership of nine dissident cardinals and supported by French royalty and clergy. "Julius designated it a ''conciliabalum'', or “pseudo-council,” and under pressure called a council of his own in Rome. There were numerous goals for the Lateran council, including the healing of the Pisan schism, eradication of heresy, pacification of Christian princes at odds with Rome, preparation of a crusade, and the general reform of Christendom, specifically that of the papacy, cardinals, and curia. In March 1514, Leo published a bull, ''Supernae dispositionis arbitrio'', addressing the reform of the curia, but never sought to enforce its measures. He carried the council through to its end on March 16, 1517."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope Leo X|url=https://reformation500.csl.edu/bio/pope-leo-x/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=Reformation 500}}</ref> "One significant outcome of Lateran V brokered by Leo was the end to the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. A measure taken in 1438 at the height of the conciliar controversy to insure administrative and fiscal independence for the French church in exchange for its support of then-pope Eugenius IV against the Council of Basel, the Pragmatic Sanction had caused continual tensions between Rome and France. During the course of the council, Leo negotiated a plan that would give the French king the right to nominate all French bishops, abbots, and priors, while granting the pope the prerogative of naming all vacant French benefices in the curia as well as other French-related benefices. The new agreement was reached in the 1516 Concordat of Bologna, ratified by the council six months later with the bull ''Primitiva'', and would remain in effect until the 1780 French Revolution."<ref name=":3" />
: As pontiff, Leo X became known for his patronage of the arts in Renaissance Rome and the luxurious lifestyle associated with it. Leo X's expenditures exhausted the papal treasury. Leo X's reign also saw the start of the Reformation, but his role in promoting the selling of indulgence, first authorized by his predecessor Julius II, to pay for his Renaissance projects left the indelible impression of his pontificate and drew the ire of Martin Luther. Leo X finally brought Luther to the point of condemnation in 1520 when he published bull ''Exsurge Domine'' threatening him with excommunication if he did not not recant his teachings.<ref name=":3" /><ref>This attempt to keep Luther quiet had the opposite effect. Luther now started issuing statements about other issues. For example, at that time people believed that the Pope was infallible (incapable of error). However, Luther was convinced that Leo X was wrong to sell indulgences. Therefore, Luther argued, the Pope could not possibly be infallible.</ref> Leo X's prosecution of Luther’s teaching on indulgences and ultimate excommunication did not eradicate Lutheran doctrine, but instead further splintered the Western church.
: The legacy Leo X left behind would remain permanently connected with his failures to stint the Reformation. His pontificate did not bring about the reforms anticipated by Lateran V, but instead deepened the fiscal and political problems in Rome.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
<references />

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 3/Leo X

2021-11-03T03:07:32Z

SetriDzivenu:

[[File:Pope Leo X medallion.jpg|thumb|Leo X]]
Research on the life of a medieval Pope from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:

== Year of birth and death ==
December 11, 1475- December 1, 1521

== A short biographical sketch of the medieval Pope ==

: Pope Leo X was born Giovanni de Medici in 1475 and raised in Italy's most culturally sophisticated city, Florence, as part of the prestigious de' Medici family, renowned patrons of the arts, benefactors of scholarship, and masters of political intrigue.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope Leo X|url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/martinluther/char_leo.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=pbs.org}}</ref> The Medici family was quite prominent in banking and politics too.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Who was Pope Leo X?|url=https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/pope-leo-x-37260.php|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=1/11/201|website=The Famous People}}</ref>
: Destined for religious life, de’ Medici received the tonsure—a ceremony involving the cutting of hair from the head, thus indicating the change of status from lay to clerical—at the early age of eight, and five years later he became the cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Dominica. At the court of his father, he received the finest education available in Europe; one of his several tutors was the philosopher Pico della Mirandola. From 1489 to 1491 de’ Medici studied theology and canon law at the University of Pisa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Leo X|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-X|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=Britannica}}</ref>
: In 1492 he became a member of the Sacred College of Cardinals and attempted to take up residence in Rome. The death of his father later in the same year, however, brought him back to Florence, where he lived with his older brother, Piero.<ref name=":1" /> When his brother Piero de’ Medici (1471–1503) was expelled from Florence in 1494, Giovanni also went into exile, which he spent mainly in Città di Castello, Perugia, Urbino and Milan; in 1499 he travelled to Germany, the Netherlands and France.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope Leo X (Giovanni de’ Medici)|url=http://www.themedicifamily.com/Pope-Leo-X.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=The Medici Family}}</ref>
: In 1500 he went to Rome, occupying the Palazzo di San Eustachio, later the Palazzo Madama, where he gathered around him many of the leading personalities in Rome, including the writers Tommaso Inghirami and Jacopo Sadoleto and the artist Baldassare Peruzzi. During his years as cardinal, he commissioned the rebuilding of Santa Maria in Domenica and the façade of Santa Cristina in Bolsena, Rome.<ref name=":2" />
: He was a skilful administrator, and became Pope at the age of 37 in 1513.<ref>Taking the title of Leo X, the pontiff-elect was ordained a priest on March 15 and consecrated bishop of Rome on the 17th. Two days later the papal coronation took place.</ref> Leo X demonstrated his appreciation of art by initiating a massive building project to beautify the Vatican and the construction of St Peter's Basilica (initiated under Julius II). The pomp and extravagance of his court contributed to the financial needs of the papacy and an indirect cause of the Reformation because to acquire the enormous sums of money for renovation, he encouraged the sale of "Indulgences," which was a promise of relief from eternal penalties.<ref name=":0" /> In Germany this practice aroused the ire of Martin Luther who issued ninety- five arguments for church reform. Luther wrote in his 95 Theses, his criticism of the Church - "why doesn't the Pope build the basilica of St Peter's out of his own money?". German nobles saw an opportunity to cut off currency flowing to Rome that was very much needed at home, so they backed Luther's cause. In 1520, Leo issued the papal bull Exsurge Domine demanding Luther retract 41 of his 95 theses, and after Luther's refusal, excommunicated him. Pope Leo X was also the Patron of the artist Raphael and granted King Henry VIII of England the title 'Defender of the Faith'.<ref name=":0" />[[File:Raffael 040 with Pope Leo X.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Pope Leo X and Two Cardinals – (Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio Da Urbino))]]
: Leo X had not viewed the Lutheran movement with the seriousness that history later indicated was warranted. In December 1521 Leo X died suddenly from pneumonia, leaving behind him political turmoil in Italy and religious turmoil spreading across northern Europe.
:

== Major impact of the medieval Pope such as: ==

: The first papal focus on of Leo X was to bring to completion the Fifth Lateran Council, which his predecessor, Julius II, had convened in 1512. Lateran V began in opposition to a rival council in Pisa, which was convoked under the leadership of nine dissident cardinals and supported by French royalty and clergy. "Julius designated it a ''conciliabalum'', or “pseudo-council,” and under pressure called a council of his own in Rome. There were numerous goals for the Lateran council, including the healing of the Pisan schism, eradication of heresy, pacification of Christian princes at odds with Rome, preparation of a crusade, and the general reform of Christendom, specifically that of the papacy, cardinals, and curia. In March 1514, Leo published a bull, ''Supernae dispositionis arbitrio'', addressing the reform of the curia, but never sought to enforce its measures. He carried the council through to its end on March 16, 1517."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope Leo X|url=https://reformation500.csl.edu/bio/pope-leo-x/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=Reformation 500}}</ref> "One significant outcome of Lateran V brokered by Leo was the end to the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. A measure taken in 1438 at the height of the conciliar controversy to insure administrative and fiscal independence for the French church in exchange for its support of then-pope Eugenius IV against the Council of Basel, the Pragmatic Sanction had caused continual tensions between Rome and France. During the course of the council, Leo negotiated a plan that would give the French king the right to nominate all French bishops, abbots, and priors, while granting the pope the prerogative of naming all vacant French benefices in the curia as well as other French-related benefices. The new agreement was reached in the 1516 Concordat of Bologna, ratified by the council six months later with the bull ''Primitiva'', and would remain in effect until the 1780 French Revolution."<ref name=":3" />
: As pontiff, Leo X became known for his patronage of the arts in Renaissance Rome and the luxurious lifestyle associated with it. Leo X's expenditures exhausted the papal treasury. Leo X's reign also saw the start of the Reformation, but his role in promoting the selling of indulgence, first authorized by his predecessor Julius II, to pay for his Renaissance projects left the indelible impression of his pontificate and drew the ire of Martin Luther. Leo X finally brought Luther to the point of condemnation in 1520 when he published bull ''Exsurge Domine'' threatening him with excommunication if he did not not recant his teachings.<ref name=":3" /><ref>This attempt to keep Luther quiet had the opposite effect. Luther now started issuing statements about other issues. For example, at that time people believed that the Pope was infallible (incapable of error). However, Luther was convinced that Leo X was wrong to sell indulgences. Therefore, Luther argued, the Pope could not possibly be infallible.</ref> Leo X's prosecution of Luther’s teaching on indulgences and ultimate excommunication did not eradicate Lutheran doctrine, but instead further splintered the Western church.
: The legacy Leo X left behind would remain permanently connected with his failures to stint the Reformation. His pontificate did not bring about the reforms anticipated by Lateran V, but instead deepened the fiscal and political problems in Rome.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
<references />

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 3/Leo X

2021-11-03T03:00:31Z

SetriDzivenu:

Research on the life of a medieval Pope from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:

== Year of birth and death ==
December 11, 1475- December 1, 1521

== A short biographical sketch of the medieval Pope ==

: Pope Leo X was born Giovanni de Medici in 1475 and raised in Italy's most culturally sophisticated city, Florence, as part of the prestigious de' Medici family, renowned patrons of the arts, benefactors of scholarship, and masters of political intrigue.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope Leo X|url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/martinluther/char_leo.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=pbs.org}}</ref> The Medici family was quite prominent in banking and politics too.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Who was Pope Leo X?|url=https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/pope-leo-x-37260.php|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=1/11/201|website=The Famous People}}</ref>
: Destined for religious life, de’ Medici received the tonsure—a ceremony involving the cutting of hair from the head, thus indicating the change of status from lay to clerical—at the early age of eight, and five years later he became the cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Dominica. At the court of his father, he received the finest education available in Europe; one of his several tutors was the philosopher Pico della Mirandola. From 1489 to 1491 de’ Medici studied theology and canon law at the University of Pisa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Leo X|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-X|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=Britannica}}</ref>
: In 1492 he became a member of the Sacred College of Cardinals and attempted to take up residence in Rome. The death of his father later in the same year, however, brought him back to Florence, where he lived with his older brother, Piero.<ref name=":1" /> When his brother Piero de’ Medici (1471–1503) was expelled from Florence in 1494, Giovanni also went into exile, which he spent mainly in Città di Castello, Perugia, Urbino and Milan; in 1499 he travelled to Germany, the Netherlands and France.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope Leo X (Giovanni de’ Medici)|url=http://www.themedicifamily.com/Pope-Leo-X.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=The Medici Family}}</ref>
: In 1500 he went to Rome, occupying the Palazzo di San Eustachio, later the Palazzo Madama, where he gathered around him many of the leading personalities in Rome, including the writers Tommaso Inghirami and Jacopo Sadoleto and the artist Baldassare Peruzzi. During his years as cardinal, he commissioned the rebuilding of Santa Maria in Domenica and the façade of Santa Cristina in Bolsena, Rome.<ref name=":2" />
: He was a skilful administrator, and became Pope at the age of 37 in 1513.<ref>Taking the title of Leo X, the pontiff-elect was ordained a priest on March 15 and consecrated bishop of Rome on the 17th. Two days later the papal coronation took place.</ref> Leo X demonstrated his appreciation of art by initiating a massive building project to beautify the Vatican and the construction of St Peter's Basilica (initiated under Julius II). The pomp and extravagance of his court contributed to the financial needs of the papacy and an indirect cause of the Reformation because to acquire the enormous sums of money for renovation, he encouraged the sale of "Indulgences," which was a promise of relief from eternal penalties.<ref name=":0" /> In Germany this practice aroused the ire of Martin Luther who issued ninety- five arguments for church reform. Luther wrote in his 95 Theses, his criticism of the Church - "why doesn't the Pope build the basilica of St Peter's out of his own money?". German nobles saw an opportunity to cut off currency flowing to Rome that was very much needed at home, so they backed Luther's cause. In 1520, Leo issued the papal bull Exsurge Domine demanding Luther retract 41 of his 95 theses, and after Luther's refusal, excommunicated him. Pope Leo X was also the Patron of the artist Raphael and granted King Henry VIII of England the title 'Defender of the Faith'.<ref name=":0" />
: Leo X had not viewed the Lutheran movement with the seriousness that history later indicated was warranted. In December 1521 Leo X died suddenly from pneumonia, leaving behind him political turmoil in Italy and religious turmoil spreading across northern Europe.
: [[File:Raffael 040 with Pope Leo X.jpg|thumb|Raphael, Portrait of Pope Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi. ]]

== Major impact of the medieval Pope such as: ==

: The first papal focus on of Leo X was to bring to completion the Fifth Lateran Council, which his predecessor, Julius II, had convened in 1512. Lateran V began in opposition to a rival council in Pisa, which was convoked under the leadership of nine dissident cardinals and supported by French royalty and clergy. "Julius designated it a ''conciliabalum'', or “pseudo-council,” and under pressure called a council of his own in Rome. There were numerous goals for the Lateran council, including the healing of the Pisan schism, eradication of heresy, pacification of Christian princes at odds with Rome, preparation of a crusade, and the general reform of Christendom, specifically that of the papacy, cardinals, and curia. In March 1514, Leo published a bull, ''Supernae dispositionis arbitrio'', addressing the reform of the curia, but never sought to enforce its measures. He carried the council through to its end on March 16, 1517."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope Leo X|url=https://reformation500.csl.edu/bio/pope-leo-x/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=Reformation 500}}</ref> "One significant outcome of Lateran V brokered by Leo was the end to the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. A measure taken in 1438 at the height of the conciliar controversy to insure administrative and fiscal independence for the French church in exchange for its support of then-pope Eugenius IV against the Council of Basel, the Pragmatic Sanction had caused continual tensions between Rome and France. During the course of the council, Leo negotiated a plan that would give the French king the right to nominate all French bishops, abbots, and priors, while granting the pope the prerogative of naming all vacant French benefices in the curia as well as other French-related benefices. The new agreement was reached in the 1516 Concordat of Bologna, ratified by the council six months later with the bull ''Primitiva'', and would remain in effect until the 1780 French Revolution."<ref name=":3" />
: As pontiff, Leo X became known for his patronage of the arts in Renaissance Rome and the luxurious lifestyle associated with it. Leo X's expenditures exhausted the papal treasury. Leo X's reign also saw the start of the Reformation, but his role in promoting the selling of indulgence, first authorized by his predecessor Julius II, to pay for his Renaissance projects left the indelible impression of his pontificate and drew the ire of Martin Luther. Leo X finally brought Luther to the point of condemnation in 1520 when he published bull ''Exsurge Domine'' threatening him with excommunication if he did not not recant his teachings.<ref name=":3" /><ref>This attempt to keep Luther quiet had the opposite effect. Luther now started issuing statements about other issues. For example, at that time people believed that the Pope was infallible (incapable of error). However, Luther was convinced that Leo X was wrong to sell indulgences. Therefore, Luther argued, the Pope could not possibly be infallible.</ref> Leo X's prosecution of Luther’s teaching on indulgences and ultimate excommunication did not eradicate Lutheran doctrine, but instead further splintered the Western church.
: The legacy Leo X left behind would remain permanently connected with his failures to stint the Reformation. His pontificate did not bring about the reforms anticipated by Lateran V, but instead deepened the fiscal and political problems in Rome.<ref name=":3" />

== Both short and long-term impact of the selected church father ==
Please include photos, website links to their works, video links, etc. and at least 3 reference sources for your research.

Read at least 2 other mini biographies prepared by your classmates and on the discussion tab, share what you learned about Christian and pastoral leadership from the life of the medieval popes and lessons for today.

== References ==
<references />

File:Pope Leo X medallion.jpg

2021-11-03T02:59:57Z

SetriDzivenu: Uploaded a work by Leonard von Matt/Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-X with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Leo X, contemporary medallion; in the coin collection of the Vatican Library}}
|date=Access date: November 2, 2021
|source=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-X
|author=Leonard von Matt/Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
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Course:Carey HIST501/Project 3/Leo X

2021-11-03T02:37:52Z

SetriDzivenu:

Research on the life of a medieval Pope from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:

== Year of birth and death ==
December 11, 1475- December 1, 1521

== A short biographical sketch of the medieval Pope ==

: Pope Leo X was born Giovanni de Medici in 1475 and raised in Italy's most culturally sophisticated city, Florence, as part of the prestigious de' Medici family, renowned patrons of the arts, benefactors of scholarship, and masters of political intrigue.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope Leo X|url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/martinluther/char_leo.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=pbs.org}}</ref> The Medici family was quite prominent in banking and politics too.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Who was Pope Leo X?|url=https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/pope-leo-x-37260.php|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=1/11/201|website=The Famous People}}</ref>
: Destined for religious life, de’ Medici received the tonsure—a ceremony involving the cutting of hair from the head, thus indicating the change of status from lay to clerical—at the early age of eight, and five years later he became the cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Dominica. At the court of his father, he received the finest education available in Europe; one of his several tutors was the philosopher Pico della Mirandola. From 1489 to 1491 de’ Medici studied theology and canon law at the University of Pisa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Leo X|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-X|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=Britannica}}</ref>
: In 1492 he became a member of the Sacred College of Cardinals and attempted to take up residence in Rome. The death of his father later in the same year, however, brought him back to Florence, where he lived with his older brother, Piero.<ref name=":1" /> When his brother Piero de’ Medici (1471–1503) was expelled from Florence in 1494, Giovanni also went into exile, which he spent mainly in Città di Castello, Perugia, Urbino and Milan; in 1499 he travelled to Germany, the Netherlands and France.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope Leo X (Giovanni de’ Medici)|url=http://www.themedicifamily.com/Pope-Leo-X.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=The Medici Family}}</ref>
: In 1500 he went to Rome, occupying the Palazzo di San Eustachio, later the Palazzo Madama, where he gathered around him many of the leading personalities in Rome, including the writers Tommaso Inghirami and Jacopo Sadoleto and the artist Baldassare Peruzzi. During his years as cardinal, he commissioned the rebuilding of Santa Maria in Domenica and the façade of Santa Cristina in Bolsena, Rome.<ref name=":2" />
: He was a skilful administrator, and became Pope at the age of 37 in 1513.<ref>Taking the title of Leo X, the pontiff-elect was ordained a priest on March 15 and consecrated bishop of Rome on the 17th. Two days later the papal coronation took place.</ref> Leo X demonstrated his appreciation of art by initiating a massive building project to beautify the Vatican and the construction of St Peter's Basilica (initiated under Julius II). The pomp and extravagance of his court contributed to the financial needs of the papacy and an indirect cause of the Reformation because to acquire the enormous sums of money for renovation, he encouraged the sale of "Indulgences," which was a promise of relief from eternal penalties.<ref name=":0" /> In Germany this practice aroused the ire of Martin Luther who issued ninety- five arguments for church reform. Luther wrote in his 95 Theses, his criticism of the Church - "why doesn't the Pope build the basilica of St Peter's out of his own money?". German nobles saw an opportunity to cut off currency flowing to Rome that was very much needed at home, so they backed Luther's cause. In 1520, Leo issued the papal bull Exsurge Domine demanding Luther retract 41 of his 95 theses, and after Luther's refusal, excommunicated him. Pope Leo X was also the Patron of the artist Raphael and granted King Henry VIII of England the title 'Defender of the Faith'.<ref name=":0" />
: Leo X had not viewed the Lutheran movement with the seriousness that history later indicated was warranted. In December 1521 Leo X died suddenly from pneumonia, leaving behind him political turmoil in Italy and religious turmoil spreading across northern Europe.
: [[File:Raffael 040 with Pope Leo X.jpg|thumb|Pope Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi. Painted by Raphael]]

== Major impact of the medieval Pope such as: ==

: The first papal focus on of Leo X was to bring to completion the Fifth Lateran Council, which his predecessor, Julius II, had convened in 1512. Lateran V began in opposition to a rival council in Pisa, which was convoked under the leadership of nine dissident cardinals and supported by French royalty and clergy. "Julius designated it a ''conciliabalum'', or “pseudo-council,” and under pressure called a council of his own in Rome. There were numerous goals for the Lateran council, including the healing of the Pisan schism, eradication of heresy, pacification of Christian princes at odds with Rome, preparation of a crusade, and the general reform of Christendom, specifically that of the papacy, cardinals, and curia. In March 1514, Leo published a bull, ''Supernae dispositionis arbitrio'', addressing the reform of the curia, but never sought to enforce its measures. He carried the council through to its end on March 16, 1517."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope Leo X|url=https://reformation500.csl.edu/bio/pope-leo-x/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2/11/2021|website=Reformation 500}}</ref> "One significant outcome of Lateran V brokered by Leo was the end to the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. A measure taken in 1438 at the height of the conciliar controversy to insure administrative and fiscal independence for the French church in exchange for its support of then-pope Eugenius IV against the Council of Basel, the Pragmatic Sanction had caused continual tensions between Rome and France. During the course of the council, Leo negotiated a plan that would give the French king the right to nominate all French bishops, abbots, and priors, while granting the pope the prerogative of naming all vacant French benefices in the curia as well as other French-related benefices. The new agreement was reached in the 1516 Concordat of Bologna, ratified by the council six months later with the bull ''Primitiva'', and would remain in effect until the 1780 French Revolution."<ref name=":3" />
: As pontiff, Leo X became known for his patronage of the arts in Renaissance Rome and the luxurious lifestyle associated with it. Leo X's expenditures exhausted the papal treasury. Leo X's reign also saw the start of the Reformation, but his role in promoting the selling of indulgence, first authorized by his predecessor Julius II, to pay for his Renaissance projects left the indelible impression of his pontificate and drew the ire of Martin Luther. Leo X finally brought Luther to the point of condemnation in 1520 when he published bull ''Exsurge Domine'' threatening him with excommunication if he did not not recant his teachings.<ref name=":3" /> Leo X's prosecution of Luther’s teaching on indulgences and ultimate excommunication did not eradicate Lutheran doctrine, but instead further splintered the Western church.
: The legacy Leo X left behind would remain permanently connected with his failures to stint the Reformation. His pontificate did not bring about the reforms anticipated by Lateran V, but instead deepened the fiscal and political problems in Rome.<ref name=":3" />

== Both short and long-term impact of the selected church father ==
Please include photos, website links to their works, video links, etc. and at least 3 reference sources for your research.

Read at least 2 other mini biographies prepared by your classmates and on the discussion tab, share what you learned about Christian and pastoral leadership from the life of the medieval popes and lessons for today.

== References ==
<references />

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 3/Leo X

2021-11-03T01:55:06Z

SetriDzivenu:

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 3/Leo X

2021-11-02T05:08:07Z

SetriDzivenu:

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 3/Leo X

2021-11-02T04:51:16Z

SetriDzivenu:

File:Raffael 040 with Pope Leo X.jpg

2021-11-02T04:48:23Z

SetriDzivenu: Uploaded a work by Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. from http://www.historymatters.group.shef.ac.uk/leo-x-pope-500-years-on/ with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Painted before September 1518, when Raphael left for Florence where he was to represent the pope at the wedding of Lorenzo de' Medici with Maddalena de la Tour d' Auvergne.}}
|date=April 6, 2014
|source=http://www.historymatters.group.shef.ac.uk/leo-x-pope-500-years-on/
|author=Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence.
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{cc-by-2.5-ca}}

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 3/Leo X

2021-10-26T06:45:30Z

SetriDzivenu: Created page with "Research on the life of a medieval Pope from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list w..."

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 2/Clement of Rome

2021-10-26T06:16:11Z

SetriDzivenu:

Research on the life of an early Church Father from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:
[[File:Clement of Rome.jpg|thumb|Clement of Rome (c. 35- c.99 AD)]]

== Year of birth and death (c. 35 AD - c. 99 AD) ==
== Short biographical sketch of the church father ==

: The details of Clement of Rome's<ref>''Note that Clement is referred to as "of Rome" to distinguish him from Clement of Alexandria, a leader of the catechetical school in the church at Alexandria, who lived a century later.''</ref> life, before his conversion and even afterward, are largely unknown. Some aspects of his writings have led scholars to believe that the fourth Pope either came from a Jewish background, or had converted to Judaism earlier in life before entering the Catholic Church.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope St. Clement 1|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/pope-st-clement-i-689|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25/10/2021|website=Catholic News Agency}}</ref>
: Records suggests that Clement was the son of a Roman named Faustinus, and that he joined the Church in Rome during its early years through the preaching of Saint Peter or Saint Paul. He went on to share in the missionary journeys of the apostles, and may even have assisted the first Pope in running the Church on a local level.<ref name=":0" />
: Clement as later was ordained a Bishop by the Apostle Peter himself and later becoming the successor of Peter after Popes Linus and Cletus (Anacletus or Anencletus).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Biographical Sketches of Memorable Christians of the Past: Clement of Rome, Bishop|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/290.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Some historians place the date of his assumption to the pontificate at 88 AD but the Vatican marks its start in the year 92 AD. One of his most important tasks, during nearly 10 years as Pope, was to resolve serious problems in the Church of Corinth, which St. Paul had also struggled to discipline.<ref name=":0" />
: Apostle Paul in his letter to the Philippians 4:3<ref name=":1">Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose names are in the book of life. (NIV)</ref> mentions Clements name referring to him among his co-workers and adding that Clement's name is "in the book of life."<ref name=":1" />
: Like his mentor, Clement also wrote a letter to the Church of Corinth (also called ''I Clement'') which was included in some earlier editions of Holy Scripture.<ref>''The Epistle of Clement To the Corinthians'' (also called ''I Clement)'' can be found in collections of the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, such as the Penguin Paperback ''Early Christian Writings,'' translated by Maxwell Staniforth</ref> The letter was highly revered in the early church that it was included in the Codex Alexandricus<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25/10/2021|title=The Codex Alexandrinus: One of the Earliest Bible Texts with Some of the Earliest Manuscript Illumination|url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2227|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> immediately following the books of the Apocalypse.[[File:Clement-martyr.jpg|thumb|Clement of Rome: Journey to Martyrdom]]
== Major contributions of the church father: ==

: Clement's own letter to the Corinthians, though not part of the biblical canon, offers an important look at the role of authority and charity in the early Church. Its introduction suggests that Pope Clement composed it while his own local Church faced persecution from the Roman Emperor Domitian. In the letter, the Pope describes how the Corinthians had once been “distinguished by humility,” being “in no respect puffed up with pride” and “more willing to give than to receive.” But in time, “the worthless rose up against the honored, those of no reputation against such as were renowned, the foolish against the wise, the young against those advanced in years.” “Let us give up vain and fruitless cares, and approach to the glorious and venerable rule of our holy calling,” Pope Clement wrote in his call to repentance. “Let us attend to what is good, pleasing, and acceptable in the sight of him who formed us.” Order and discipline, he noted, are at least as important in the Church as they are in the rest of creation, where the powers of nature follow God's decrees. The Pope also warned the Corinthians to follow “those who cultivate peace with godliness,” rather than “those who hypocritically profess to desire it.”<ref name=":0" />
: The Church Clement headed was one that honoured tradition and right order as fundamentals of its life. “It behooves us to do all things in order, which the Lord has commanded us to perform at stated times,” he told the Corinthians. God, he said, “has enjoined offerings and service to be performed ... not thoughtlessly or irregularly, but at the appointed times and hours.” “Where and by whom (God) desires these things to be done, he himself has fixed by his own supreme will, in order that all things being piously done according to his good pleasure, may be acceptable to him.”<ref name=":0" />
: The fourth Pope's writings reveal much about the early Church, but little about his own life. According to one later account, he died in exile during the reign of the Emperor Trajan, who purportedly banished Clement to Crimea (near modern Ukraine) and had him killed in retaliation for evangelizing the local people. In 868 the Greek missionary St. Cyril claimed to have recovered St. Clement's bones.<ref name=":0" /> St. Clement I probably died around the year 99. He is among the saints mentioned in the Western Church's most traditional Eucharistic prayer, the Roman Canon.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Clement-writing.jpg|thumb|Clement of Rome: Writing]]

== Both short and long-term impact of the selected church father ==
Clement of Rome is certainly worthy of our attention contemporary Christianity. His encouraging letter (I Clement) gives us a glimpse into first-century church ministry and the relationship between Rome and the surrounding churches. We get a sense of the perspectives, decisions, and behaviours that shaped the church as the apostles were giving way to new leaders, and we see how their teachings were expressed in the life of the church. In the Corinthian church itself we have evidence that this epistle was read regularly for decades<ref>{{Cite book|title=Church History in Plain Language, Updated 2nd ed.|last=Shelley,|first=Bruce L.|publisher=Word Pub|year=1995|isbn=|location=Dallas, TX|pages=61-62}}</ref> and perhaps even longer.This influential letter is Clement of Rome’s only surviving work (though others were falsely attributed to him), and it represents some of the earliest authentic Christian teachings to emerge from the church.

Even when Peter and Paul were alive, this church quarrelled about which leader they followed (1 Corinthians 1:12). In their absence, the church was once again rejecting leadership and embracing divisions. Clement of Rome played an integral role in reuniting the church with its rightful leaders, putting them back on track at a time when persecution could have easily crushed them. As a result of the church’s unity, Christianity continued to thrive despite oppression from the most powerful empire in the world.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:HIST 501]]

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 2/Clement of Rome

2021-10-26T06:14:58Z

SetriDzivenu:

Research on the life of an early Church Father from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:
[[File:Clement of Rome.jpg|thumb|Clement of Rome (c. 35- c.99 AD)]]

== Year of birth and death (c. 35 AD - c. 99AD) ==
== Short biographical sketch of the church father ==

: The details of Clement of Rome's<ref>''Note that Clement is referred to as "of Rome" to distinguish him from Clement of Alexandria, a leader of the catechetical school in the church at Alexandria, who lived a century later.''</ref> life, before his conversion and even afterward, are largely unknown. Some aspects of his writings have led scholars to believe that the fourth Pope either came from a Jewish background, or had converted to Judaism earlier in life before entering the Catholic Church.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope St. Clement 1|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/pope-st-clement-i-689|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25/10/2021|website=Catholic News Agency}}</ref>
: Records suggests that Clement was the son of a Roman named Faustinus, and that he joined the Church in Rome during its early years through the preaching of Saint Peter or Saint Paul. He went on to share in the missionary journeys of the apostles, and may even have assisted the first Pope in running the Church on a local level.<ref name=":0" />
: Clement as later was ordained a Bishop by the Apostle Peter himself and later becoming the successor of Peter after Popes Linus and Cletus (Anacletus or Anencletus).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Biographical Sketches of Memorable Christians of the Past: Clement of Rome, Bishop|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/290.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Some historians place the date of his assumption to the pontificate at 88 AD but the Vatican marks its start in the year 92 AD. One of his most important tasks, during nearly 10 years as Pope, was to resolve serious problems in the Church of Corinth, which St. Paul had also struggled to discipline.<ref name=":0" />
: Apostle Paul in his letter to the Philippians 4:3<ref name=":1">Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose names are in the book of life. (NIV)</ref> mentions Clements name referring to him among his co-workers and adding that Clement's name is "in the book of life."<ref name=":1" />
: Like his mentor, Clement also wrote a letter to the Church of Corinth (also called ''I Clement'') which was included in some earlier editions of Holy Scripture.<ref>''The Epistle of Clement To the Corinthians'' (also called ''I Clement)'' can be found in collections of the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, such as the Penguin Paperback ''Early Christian Writings,'' translated by Maxwell Staniforth</ref> The letter was highly revered in the early church that it was included in the Codex Alexandricus<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25/10/2021|title=The Codex Alexandrinus: One of the Earliest Bible Texts with Some of the Earliest Manuscript Illumination|url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2227|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> immediately following the books of the Apocalypse.[[File:Clement-martyr.jpg|thumb|Clement of Rome: Journey to Martyrdom]]
== Major contributions of the church father: ==

: Clement's own letter to the Corinthians, though not part of the biblical canon, offers an important look at the role of authority and charity in the early Church. Its introduction suggests that Pope Clement composed it while his own local Church faced persecution from the Roman Emperor Domitian. In the letter, the Pope describes how the Corinthians had once been “distinguished by humility,” being “in no respect puffed up with pride” and “more willing to give than to receive.” But in time, “the worthless rose up against the honored, those of no reputation against such as were renowned, the foolish against the wise, the young against those advanced in years.” “Let us give up vain and fruitless cares, and approach to the glorious and venerable rule of our holy calling,” Pope Clement wrote in his call to repentance. “Let us attend to what is good, pleasing, and acceptable in the sight of him who formed us.” Order and discipline, he noted, are at least as important in the Church as they are in the rest of creation, where the powers of nature follow God's decrees. The Pope also warned the Corinthians to follow “those who cultivate peace with godliness,” rather than “those who hypocritically profess to desire it.”<ref name=":0" />
: The Church Clement headed was one that honoured tradition and right order as fundamentals of its life. “It behooves us to do all things in order, which the Lord has commanded us to perform at stated times,” he told the Corinthians. God, he said, “has enjoined offerings and service to be performed ... not thoughtlessly or irregularly, but at the appointed times and hours.” “Where and by whom (God) desires these things to be done, he himself has fixed by his own supreme will, in order that all things being piously done according to his good pleasure, may be acceptable to him.”<ref name=":0" />
: The fourth Pope's writings reveal much about the early Church, but little about his own life. According to one later account, he died in exile during the reign of the Emperor Trajan, who purportedly banished Clement to Crimea (near modern Ukraine) and had him killed in retaliation for evangelizing the local people. In 868 the Greek missionary St. Cyril claimed to have recovered St. Clement's bones.<ref name=":0" /> St. Clement I probably died around the year 99. He is among the saints mentioned in the Western Church's most traditional Eucharistic prayer, the Roman Canon.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Clement-writing.jpg|thumb|Clement of Rome: Writing]]

== Both short and long-term impact of the selected church father ==
Clement of Rome is certainly worthy of our attention contemporary Christianity. His encouraging letter (I Clement) gives us a glimpse into first-century church ministry and the relationship between Rome and the surrounding churches. We get a sense of the perspectives, decisions, and behaviours that shaped the church as the apostles were giving way to new leaders, and we see how their teachings were expressed in the life of the church. In the Corinthian church itself we have evidence that this epistle was read regularly for decades<ref>{{Cite book|title=Church History in Plain Language, Updated 2nd ed.|last=Shelley,|first=Bruce L.|publisher=Word Pub|year=1995|isbn=|location=Dallas, TX|pages=61-62}}</ref> and perhaps even longer.This influential letter is Clement of Rome’s only surviving work (though others were falsely attributed to him), and it represents some of the earliest authentic Christian teachings to emerge from the church.

Even when Peter and Paul were alive, this church quarrelled about which leader they followed (1 Corinthians 1:12). In their absence, the church was once again rejecting leadership and embracing divisions. Clement of Rome played an integral role in reuniting the church with its rightful leaders, putting them back on track at a time when persecution could have easily crushed them. As a result of the church’s unity, Christianity continued to thrive despite oppression from the most powerful empire in the world.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:HIST 501]]

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 2/Clement of Rome

2021-10-26T06:13:39Z

SetriDzivenu:

Research on the life of an early Church Father from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:<gallery>
File:Clemens I, the Pope of Rome.jpg|Clement of Rome
</gallery>

== Year of birth and death (c. 35 AD - c. 99AD) ==
== Short biographical sketch of the church father ==

: The details of Clement of Rome's<ref>''Note that Clement is referred to as "of Rome" to distinguish him from Clement of Alexandria, a leader of the catechetical school in the church at Alexandria, who lived a century later.''</ref> life, before his conversion and even afterward, are largely unknown. Some aspects of his writings have led scholars to believe that the fourth Pope either came from a Jewish background, or had converted to Judaism earlier in life before entering the Catholic Church.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope St. Clement 1|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/pope-st-clement-i-689|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25/10/2021|website=Catholic News Agency}}</ref>
: Records suggests that Clement was the son of a Roman named Faustinus, and that he joined the Church in Rome during its early years through the preaching of Saint Peter or Saint Paul. He went on to share in the missionary journeys of the apostles, and may even have assisted the first Pope in running the Church on a local level.<ref name=":0" />
: Clement as later was ordained a Bishop by the Apostle Peter himself and later becoming the successor of Peter after Popes Linus and Cletus (Anacletus or Anencletus).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Biographical Sketches of Memorable Christians of the Past: Clement of Rome, Bishop|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/290.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Some historians place the date of his assumption to the pontificate at 88 AD but the Vatican marks its start in the year 92 AD. One of his most important tasks, during nearly 10 years as Pope, was to resolve serious problems in the Church of Corinth, which St. Paul had also struggled to discipline.<ref name=":0" />
: Apostle Paul in his letter to the Philippians 4:3<ref name=":1">Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose names are in the book of life. (NIV)</ref> mentions Clements name referring to him among his co-workers and adding that Clement's name is "in the book of life."<ref name=":1" />
: Like his mentor, Clement also wrote a letter to the Church of Corinth (also called ''I Clement'') which was included in some earlier editions of Holy Scripture.<ref>''The Epistle of Clement To the Corinthians'' (also called ''I Clement)'' can be found in collections of the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, such as the Penguin Paperback ''Early Christian Writings,'' translated by Maxwell Staniforth</ref> The letter was highly revered in the early church that it was included in the Codex Alexandricus<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25/10/2021|title=The Codex Alexandrinus: One of the Earliest Bible Texts with Some of the Earliest Manuscript Illumination|url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2227|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> immediately following the books of the Apocalypse.[[File:Clement-martyr.jpg|thumb|Clement of Rome: Journey to Martyrdom]]
== Major contributions of the church father: ==

: Clement's own letter to the Corinthians, though not part of the biblical canon, offers an important look at the role of authority and charity in the early Church. Its introduction suggests that Pope Clement composed it while his own local Church faced persecution from the Roman Emperor Domitian. In the letter, the Pope describes how the Corinthians had once been “distinguished by humility,” being “in no respect puffed up with pride” and “more willing to give than to receive.” But in time, “the worthless rose up against the honored, those of no reputation against such as were renowned, the foolish against the wise, the young against those advanced in years.” “Let us give up vain and fruitless cares, and approach to the glorious and venerable rule of our holy calling,” Pope Clement wrote in his call to repentance. “Let us attend to what is good, pleasing, and acceptable in the sight of him who formed us.” Order and discipline, he noted, are at least as important in the Church as they are in the rest of creation, where the powers of nature follow God's decrees. The Pope also warned the Corinthians to follow “those who cultivate peace with godliness,” rather than “those who hypocritically profess to desire it.”<ref name=":0" />
: The Church Clement headed was one that honoured tradition and right order as fundamentals of its life. “It behooves us to do all things in order, which the Lord has commanded us to perform at stated times,” he told the Corinthians. God, he said, “has enjoined offerings and service to be performed ... not thoughtlessly or irregularly, but at the appointed times and hours.” “Where and by whom (God) desires these things to be done, he himself has fixed by his own supreme will, in order that all things being piously done according to his good pleasure, may be acceptable to him.”<ref name=":0" />
: The fourth Pope's writings reveal much about the early Church, but little about his own life. According to one later account, he died in exile during the reign of the Emperor Trajan, who purportedly banished Clement to Crimea (near modern Ukraine) and had him killed in retaliation for evangelizing the local people. In 868 the Greek missionary St. Cyril claimed to have recovered St. Clement's bones.<ref name=":0" /> St. Clement I probably died around the year 99. He is among the saints mentioned in the Western Church's most traditional Eucharistic prayer, the Roman Canon.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Clement-writing.jpg|thumb|Clement of Rome: Writing]]

== Both short and long-term impact of the selected church father ==
Clement of Rome is certainly worthy of our attention contemporary Christianity. His encouraging letter (I Clement) gives us a glimpse into first-century church ministry and the relationship between Rome and the surrounding churches. We get a sense of the perspectives, decisions, and behaviours that shaped the church as the apostles were giving way to new leaders, and we see how their teachings were expressed in the life of the church. In the Corinthian church itself we have evidence that this epistle was read regularly for decades<ref>{{Cite book|title=Church History in Plain Language, Updated 2nd ed.|last=Shelley,|first=Bruce L.|publisher=Word Pub|year=1995|isbn=|location=Dallas, TX|pages=61-62}}</ref> and perhaps even longer.This influential letter is Clement of Rome’s only surviving work (though others were falsely attributed to him), and it represents some of the earliest authentic Christian teachings to emerge from the church.

Even when Peter and Paul were alive, this church quarrelled about which leader they followed (1 Corinthians 1:12). In their absence, the church was once again rejecting leadership and embracing divisions. Clement of Rome played an integral role in reuniting the church with its rightful leaders, putting them back on track at a time when persecution could have easily crushed them. As a result of the church’s unity, Christianity continued to thrive despite oppression from the most powerful empire in the world.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:HIST 501]]

File:Clement of Rome.jpg

2021-10-26T06:13:26Z

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Course:Carey HIST501/Project 2/Clement of Rome

2021-10-26T05:48:56Z

SetriDzivenu:

Research on the life of an early Church Father from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:<gallery>
File:Clemens I, the Pope of Rome.jpg|Clement of Rome
</gallery>

== Year of birth and death (c. 35 AD - c. 99AD) ==
== Short biographical sketch of the church father ==

: The details of Clement of Rome's<ref>''Note that Clement is referred to as "of Rome" to distinguish him from Clement of Alexandria, a leader of the catechetical school in the church at Alexandria, who lived a century later.''</ref> life, before his conversion and even afterward, are largely unknown. Some aspects of his writings have led scholars to believe that the fourth Pope either came from a Jewish background, or had converted to Judaism earlier in life before entering the Catholic Church.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope St. Clement 1|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/pope-st-clement-i-689|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25/10/2021|website=Catholic News Agency}}</ref>
: Records suggests that Clement was the son of a Roman named Faustinus, and that he joined the Church in Rome during its early years through the preaching of Saint Peter or Saint Paul. He went on to share in the missionary journeys of the apostles, and may even have assisted the first Pope in running the Church on a local level.<ref name=":0" />
: Clement as later was ordained a Bishop by the Apostle Peter himself and later becoming the successor of Peter after Popes Linus and Cletus (Anacletus or Anencletus).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Biographical Sketches of Memorable Christians of the Past: Clement of Rome, Bishop|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/290.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Some historians place the date of his assumption to the pontificate at 88 AD but the Vatican marks its start in the year 92 AD. One of his most important tasks, during nearly 10 years as Pope, was to resolve serious problems in the Church of Corinth, which St. Paul had also struggled to discipline.<ref name=":0" />
: Apostle Paul in his letter to the Philippians 4:3<ref name=":1">Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose names are in the book of life. (NIV)</ref> mentions Clements name referring to him among his co-workers and adding that Clement's name is "in the book of life."<ref name=":1" />
: Like his mentor, Clement also wrote a letter to the Church of Corinth (also called ''I Clement'') which was included in some earlier editions of Holy Scripture.<ref>''The Epistle of Clement To the Corinthians'' (also called ''I Clement)'' can be found in collections of the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, such as the Penguin Paperback ''Early Christian Writings,'' translated by Maxwell Staniforth</ref> The letter was highly revered in the early church that it was included in the Codex Alexandricus<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25/10/2021|title=The Codex Alexandrinus: One of the Earliest Bible Texts with Some of the Earliest Manuscript Illumination|url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2227|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> immediately following the books of the Apocalypse.
== Major contributions of the church father: ==

: Clement's own letter to the Corinthians, though not part of the biblical canon, offers an important look at the role of authority and charity in the early Church. Its introduction suggests that Pope Clement composed it while his own local Church faced persecution from the Roman Emperor Domitian. In the letter, the Pope describes how the Corinthians had once been “distinguished by humility,” being “in no respect puffed up with pride” and “more willing to give than to receive.” But in time, “the worthless rose up against the honored, those of no reputation against such as were renowned, the foolish against the wise, the young against those advanced in years.” “Let us give up vain and fruitless cares, and approach to the glorious and venerable rule of our holy calling,” Pope Clement wrote in his call to repentance. “Let us attend to what is good, pleasing, and acceptable in the sight of him who formed us.” Order and discipline, he noted, are at least as important in the Church as they are in the rest of creation, where the powers of nature follow God's decrees. The Pope also warned the Corinthians to follow “those who cultivate peace with godliness,” rather than “those who hypocritically profess to desire it.”<ref name=":0" />
: The Church Clement headed was one that honoured tradition and right order as fundamentals of its life. “It behooves us to do all things in order, which the Lord has commanded us to perform at stated times,” he told the Corinthians. God, he said, “has enjoined offerings and service to be performed ... not thoughtlessly or irregularly, but at the appointed times and hours.” “Where and by whom (God) desires these things to be done, he himself has fixed by his own supreme will, in order that all things being piously done according to his good pleasure, may be acceptable to him.”<ref name=":0" />
: The fourth Pope's writings reveal much about the early Church, but little about his own life. According to one later account, he died in exile during the reign of the Emperor Trajan, who purportedly banished Clement to Crimea (near modern Ukraine) and had him killed in retaliation for evangelizing the local people. In 868 the Greek missionary St. Cyril claimed to have recovered St. Clement's bones.<ref name=":0" /> St. Clement I probably died around the year 99. He is among the saints mentioned in the Western Church's most traditional Eucharistic prayer, the Roman Canon.<ref name=":0" />

== Both short and long-term impact of the selected church father ==
Clement of Rome is certainly worthy of our attention contemporary Christianity. His encouraging letter (I Clement) gives us a glimpse into first-century church ministry and the relationship between Rome and the surrounding churches. We get a sense of the perspectives, decisions, and behaviours that shaped the church as the apostles were giving way to new leaders, and we see how their teachings were expressed in the life of the church. In the Corinthian church itself we have evidence that this epistle was read regularly for decades<ref>{{Cite book|title=Church History in Plain Language, Updated 2nd ed.|last=Shelley,|first=Bruce L.|publisher=Word Pub|year=1995|isbn=|location=Dallas, TX|pages=61-62}}</ref> and perhaps even longer.This influential letter is Clement of Rome’s only surviving work (though others were falsely attributed to him), and it represents some of the earliest authentic Christian teachings to emerge from the church.

Even when Peter and Paul were alive, this church quarrelled about which leader they followed (1 Corinthians 1:12). In their absence, the church was once again rejecting leadership and embracing divisions. Clement of Rome played an integral role in reuniting the church with its rightful leaders, putting them back on track at a time when persecution could have easily crushed them. As a result of the church’s unity, Christianity continued to thrive despite oppression from the most powerful empire in the world.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:HIST 501]]

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 2/Clement of Rome

2021-10-26T05:47:57Z

SetriDzivenu:

Research on the life of an early Church Father from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:

== Year of birth and death (c. 35 AD - c. 99AD) ==
<gallery>
File:Clemens I, the Pope of Rome.jpg|Clement of Rome
</gallery>

== Short biographical sketch of the church father ==

: The details of Clement of Rome's<ref>''Note that Clement is referred to as "of Rome" to distinguish him from Clement of Alexandria, a leader of the catechetical school in the church at Alexandria, who lived a century later.''</ref> life, before his conversion and even afterward, are largely unknown. Some aspects of his writings have led scholars to believe that the fourth Pope either came from a Jewish background, or had converted to Judaism earlier in life before entering the Catholic Church.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope St. Clement 1|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/pope-st-clement-i-689|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25/10/2021|website=Catholic News Agency}}</ref>
: Records suggests that Clement was the son of a Roman named Faustinus, and that he joined the Church in Rome during its early years through the preaching of Saint Peter or Saint Paul. He went on to share in the missionary journeys of the apostles, and may even have assisted the first Pope in running the Church on a local level.<ref name=":0" />
: Clement as later was ordained a Bishop by the Apostle Peter himself and later becoming the successor of Peter after Popes Linus and Cletus (Anacletus or Anencletus).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Biographical Sketches of Memorable Christians of the Past: Clement of Rome, Bishop|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/290.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Some historians place the date of his assumption to the pontificate at 88 AD but the Vatican marks its start in the year 92 AD. One of his most important tasks, during nearly 10 years as Pope, was to resolve serious problems in the Church of Corinth, which St. Paul had also struggled to discipline.<ref name=":0" />
: Apostle Paul in his letter to the Philippians 4:3<ref name=":1">Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose names are in the book of life. (NIV)</ref> mentions Clements name referring to him among his co-workers and adding that Clement's name is "in the book of life."<ref name=":1" />
: Like his mentor, Clement also wrote a letter to the Church of Corinth (also called ''I Clement'') which was included in some earlier editions of Holy Scripture.<ref>''The Epistle of Clement To the Corinthians'' (also called ''I Clement)'' can be found in collections of the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, such as the Penguin Paperback ''Early Christian Writings,'' translated by Maxwell Staniforth</ref> The letter was highly revered in the early church that it was included in the Codex Alexandricus<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25/10/2021|title=The Codex Alexandrinus: One of the Earliest Bible Texts with Some of the Earliest Manuscript Illumination|url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2227|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> immediately following the books of the Apocalypse.
== Major contributions of the church father: ==

: Clement's own letter to the Corinthians, though not part of the biblical canon, offers an important look at the role of authority and charity in the early Church. Its introduction suggests that Pope Clement composed it while his own local Church faced persecution from the Roman Emperor Domitian. In the letter, the Pope describes how the Corinthians had once been “distinguished by humility,” being “in no respect puffed up with pride” and “more willing to give than to receive.” But in time, “the worthless rose up against the honored, those of no reputation against such as were renowned, the foolish against the wise, the young against those advanced in years.” “Let us give up vain and fruitless cares, and approach to the glorious and venerable rule of our holy calling,” Pope Clement wrote in his call to repentance. “Let us attend to what is good, pleasing, and acceptable in the sight of him who formed us.” Order and discipline, he noted, are at least as important in the Church as they are in the rest of creation, where the powers of nature follow God's decrees. The Pope also warned the Corinthians to follow “those who cultivate peace with godliness,” rather than “those who hypocritically profess to desire it.”<ref name=":0" />
: The Church Clement headed was one that honoured tradition and right order as fundamentals of its life. “It behooves us to do all things in order, which the Lord has commanded us to perform at stated times,” he told the Corinthians. God, he said, “has enjoined offerings and service to be performed ... not thoughtlessly or irregularly, but at the appointed times and hours.” “Where and by whom (God) desires these things to be done, he himself has fixed by his own supreme will, in order that all things being piously done according to his good pleasure, may be acceptable to him.”<ref name=":0" />
: The fourth Pope's writings reveal much about the early Church, but little about his own life. According to one later account, he died in exile during the reign of the Emperor Trajan, who purportedly banished Clement to Crimea (near modern Ukraine) and had him killed in retaliation for evangelizing the local people. In 868 the Greek missionary St. Cyril claimed to have recovered St. Clement's bones.<ref name=":0" /> St. Clement I probably died around the year 99. He is among the saints mentioned in the Western Church's most traditional Eucharistic prayer, the Roman Canon.<ref name=":0" />

== Both short and long-term impact of the selected church father ==
Clement of Rome is certainly worthy of our attention contemporary Christianity. His encouraging letter (I Clement) gives us a glimpse into first-century church ministry and the relationship between Rome and the surrounding churches. We get a sense of the perspectives, decisions, and behaviours that shaped the church as the apostles were giving way to new leaders, and we see how their teachings were expressed in the life of the church. In the Corinthian church itself we have evidence that this epistle was read regularly for decades<ref>{{Cite book|title=Church History in Plain Language, Updated 2nd ed.|last=Shelley,|first=Bruce L.|publisher=Word Pub|year=1995|isbn=|location=Dallas, TX|pages=61-62}}</ref> and perhaps even longer.This influential letter is Clement of Rome’s only surviving work (though others were falsely attributed to him), and it represents some of the earliest authentic Christian teachings to emerge from the church.

Even when Peter and Paul were alive, this church quarrelled about which leader they followed (1 Corinthians 1:12). In their absence, the church was once again rejecting leadership and embracing divisions. Clement of Rome played an integral role in reuniting the church with its rightful leaders, putting them back on track at a time when persecution could have easily crushed them. As a result of the church’s unity, Christianity continued to thrive despite oppression from the most powerful empire in the world.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:HIST 501]]

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 2/Clement of Rome

2021-10-26T04:27:53Z

SetriDzivenu:

Research on the life of an early Church Father from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:

== Year of birth and death (c. 35 AD - c. 99AD) ==
<gallery>
File:Clemens I, the Pope of Rome.jpg|Clement of Rome
</gallery>

== Short biographical sketch of the church father ==

: The details of Clement of Rome's<ref>''Note that Clement is referred to as "of Rome" to distinguish him from Clement of Alexandria, a leader of the catechetical school in the church at Alexandria, who lived a century later.''</ref> life, before his conversion and even afterward, are largely unknown. Some aspects of his writings have led scholars to believe that the fourth Pope either came from a Jewish background, or had converted to Judaism earlier in life before entering the Catholic Church.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope St. Clement 1|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/pope-st-clement-i-689|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25/10/2021|website=Catholic News Agency}}</ref>
: Records suggests that Clement was the son of a Roman named Faustinus, and that he joined the Church in Rome during its early years through the preaching of Saint Peter or Saint Paul. He went on to share in the missionary journeys of the apostles, and may even have assisted the first Pope in running the Church on a local level.<ref name=":0" />
: Clement as later was ordained a Bishop by the Apostle Peter himself and later becoming the successor of Peter after Popes Linus and Cletus (Anacletus or Anencletus).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Biographical Sketches of Memorable Christians of the Past: Clement of Rome, Bishop|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/290.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Some historians place the date of his assumption to the pontificate at 88 AD but the Vatican marks its start in the year 92 AD. One of his most important tasks, during nearly 10 years as Pope, was to resolve serious problems in the Church of Corinth, which St. Paul had also struggled to discipline.<ref name=":0" />
: Apostle Paul in his letter to the Philippians 4:3<ref name=":1">Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose names are in the book of life. (NIV)</ref> mentions Clements name referring to him among his co-workers and adding that Clement's name is "in the book of life."<ref name=":1" />
: Like his mentor, Clement also wrote a letter to the Church of Corinth (also called ''I Clement'') which was included in some earlier editions of Holy Scripture.<ref>''The Epistle of Clement To the Corinthians'' (also called ''I Clement)'' can be found in collections of the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, such as the Penguin Paperback ''Early Christian Writings,'' translated by Maxwell Staniforth</ref> The letter was highly revered in the early church that it was included in the Codex Alexandricus<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25/10/2021|title=The Codex Alexandrinus: One of the Earliest Bible Texts with Some of the Earliest Manuscript Illumination|url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2227|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> immediately following the books of the Apocalypse.
== Major contributions of the church father: ==

: Clement's own letter to the Corinthians, though not part of the biblical canon, offers an important look at the role of authority and charity in the early Church. Its introduction suggests that Pope Clement composed it while his own local Church faced persecution from the Roman Emperor Domitian. In the letter, the Pope describes how the Corinthians had once been “distinguished by humility,” being “in no respect puffed up with pride” and “more willing to give than to receive.” But in time, “the worthless rose up against the honored, those of no reputation against such as were renowned, the foolish against the wise, the young against those advanced in years.” “Let us give up vain and fruitless cares, and approach to the glorious and venerable rule of our holy calling,” Pope Clement wrote in his call to repentance. “Let us attend to what is good, pleasing, and acceptable in the sight of him who formed us.” Order and discipline, he noted, are at least as important in the Church as they are in the rest of creation, where the powers of nature follow God's decrees. The Pope also warned the Corinthians to follow “those who cultivate peace with godliness,” rather than “those who hypocritically profess to desire it.”<ref name=":0" />
: The Church Clement headed was one that honoured tradition and right order as fundamentals of its life. “It behooves us to do all things in order, which the Lord has commanded us to perform at stated times,” he told the Corinthians. God, he said, “has enjoined offerings and service to be performed ... not thoughtlessly or irregularly, but at the appointed times and hours.” “Where and by whom (God) desires these things to be done, he himself has fixed by his own supreme will, in order that all things being piously done according to his good pleasure, may be acceptable to him.”<ref name=":0" />
: The fourth Pope's writings reveal much about the early Church, but little about his own life. According to one later account, he died in exile during the reign of the Emperor Trajan, who purportedly banished Clement to Crimea (near modern Ukraine) and had him killed in retaliation for evangelizing the local people. In 868 the Greek missionary St. Cyril claimed to have recovered St. Clement's bones.<ref name=":0" /> St. Clement I probably died around the year 99. He is among the saints mentioned in the Western Church's most traditional Eucharistic prayer, the Roman Canon.<ref name=":0" />

== Both short and long-term impact of the selected church father ==
Clement of Rome is certainly worthy of our attention contemporary Christianity. His encouraging letter (I Clement) gives us a glimpse into first-century church ministry and the relationship between Rome and the surrounding churches. We get a sense of the perspectives, decisions, and behaviours that shaped the church as the apostles were giving way to new leaders, and we see how their teachings were expressed in the life of the church. This influential letter is Clement of Rome’s only surviving work (though others were falsely attributed to him), and it represents some of the earliest authentic Christian teachings to emerge from the church.

Even when Peter and Paul were alive, this church quarrelled about which leader they followed (1 Corinthians 1:12). In their absence, the church was once again rejecting leadership and embracing divisions.

Clement of Rome played an integral role in reuniting the church with its rightful leaders, putting them back on track at a time when persecution could have easily crushed them. As a result of the church’s unity, Christianity continued to thrive despite oppression from the most powerful empire in the world.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:HIST 501]]

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 2/Clement of Rome

2021-10-26T04:11:45Z

SetriDzivenu:

Research on the life of an early Church Father from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:

== Year of birth and death (c. 35 AD - c. 99AD) ==
<gallery>
File:Clemens I, the Pope of Rome.jpg|Clement of Rome
</gallery>

== Short biographical sketch of the church father ==

: The details of Clement of Rome's<ref>''Note that Clement is referred to as "of Rome" to distinguish him from Clement of Alexandria, a leader of the catechetical school in the church at Alexandria, who lived a century later.''</ref> life, before his conversion and even afterward, are largely unknown. Some aspects of his writings have led scholars to believe that the fourth Pope either came from a Jewish background, or had converted to Judaism earlier in life before entering the Catholic Church.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope St. Clement 1|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/pope-st-clement-i-689|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25/10/2021|website=Catholic News Agency}}</ref>
: Records suggests that Clement was the son of a Roman named Faustinus, and that he joined the Church in Rome during its early years through the preaching of Saint Peter or Saint Paul. He went on to share in the missionary journeys of the apostles, and may even have assisted the first Pope in running the Church on a local level.<ref name=":0" />
: Clement as later was ordained a Bishop by the Apostle Peter himself and later becoming the successor of Peter after Popes Linus and Cletus (Anacletus or Anencletus).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Biographical Sketches of Memorable Christians of the Past: Clement of Rome, Bishop|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/290.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Some historians place the date of his assumption to the pontificate at 88 AD but the Vatican marks its start in the year 92 AD. One of his most important tasks, during nearly 10 years as Pope, was to resolve serious problems in the Church of Corinth, which St. Paul had also struggled to discipline.<ref name=":0" />
: Apostle Paul in his letter to the Philippians 4:3<ref name=":1">Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose names are in the book of life. (NIV)</ref> mentions Clements name referring to him among his co-workers and adding that Clement's name is "in the book of life."<ref name=":1" />
: Like his mentor, Clement also wrote a letter to the Church of Corinth (also called ''I Clement'') which was included in some earlier editions of Holy Scripture.<ref>''The Epistle of Clement To the Corinthians'' (also called ''I Clement)'' can be found in collections of the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, such as the Penguin Paperback ''Early Christian Writings,'' translated by Maxwell Staniforth</ref> The letter was highly revered in the early church that it was included in the Codex Alexandricus<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25/10/2021|title=The Codex Alexandrinus: One of the Earliest Bible Texts with Some of the Earliest Manuscript Illumination|url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2227|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> immediately following the books of the Apocalypse.
== Major contributions of the church father: ==

: Clement's own letter to the Corinthians, though not part of the biblical canon, offers an important look at the role of authority and charity in the early Church. Its introduction suggests that Pope Clement composed it while his own local Church faced persecution from the Roman Emperor Domitian. In the letter, the Pope describes how the Corinthians had once been “distinguished by humility,” being “in no respect puffed up with pride” and “more willing to give than to receive.” But in time, “the worthless rose up against the honored, those of no reputation against such as were renowned, the foolish against the wise, the young against those advanced in years.” “Let us give up vain and fruitless cares, and approach to the glorious and venerable rule of our holy calling,” Pope Clement wrote in his call to repentance. “Let us attend to what is good, pleasing, and acceptable in the sight of him who formed us.” Order and discipline, he noted, are at least as important in the Church as they are in the rest of creation, where the powers of nature follow God's decrees. The Pope also warned the Corinthians to follow “those who cultivate peace with godliness,” rather than “those who hypocritically profess to desire it.”<ref name=":0" />
: The Church Clement headed was one that honoured tradition and right order as fundamentals of its life. “It behooves us to do all things in order, which the Lord has commanded us to perform at stated times,” he told the Corinthians. God, he said, “has enjoined offerings and service to be performed ... not thoughtlessly or irregularly, but at the appointed times and hours.” “Where and by whom (God) desires these things to be done, he himself has fixed by his own supreme will, in order that all things being piously done according to his good pleasure, may be acceptable to him.”<ref name=":0" />
: The fourth Pope's writings reveal much about the early Church, but little about his own life. According to one later account, he died in exile during the reign of the Emperor Trajan, who purportedly banished Clement to Crimea (near modern Ukraine) and had him killed in retaliation for evangelizing the local people. In 868 the Greek missionary St. Cyril claimed to have recovered St. Clement's bones.<ref name=":0" /> St. Clement I probably died around the year 99. He is among the saints mentioned in the Western Church's most traditional Eucharistic prayer, the Roman Canon.<ref name=":0" />

== Both short and long-term impact of the selected church father ==
Clement of Rome is certainly worthy of our attention contemporary Christianity. His encouraging letter (I Clement) gives us a glimpse into first-century church ministry and the relationship between Rome and the surrounding churches. We get a sense of the perspectives, decisions, and behaviours that shaped the church as the apostles were giving way to new leaders, and we see how their teachings were expressed in the life of the church. This influential letter is Clement of Rome’s only surviving work (though others were falsely attributed to him), and it represents some of the earliest authentic Christian teachings to emerge from the church.

Even when Peter and Paul were alive, this church quarrelled about which leader they followed (1 Corinthians 1:12). In their absence, the church was once again rejecting leadership and embracing divisions.

Clement of Rome played an integral role in reuniting the church with its rightful leaders, putting them back on track at a time when persecution could have easily crushed them. As a result of the church’s unity, Christianity continued to thrive despite oppression from the most powerful empire in the world.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:HIST 501]]

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 2/Clement of Rome

2021-10-26T04:10:01Z

SetriDzivenu:

Research on the life of an early Church Father from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:

== Year of birth and death (c. 35 AD - c. 99AD) ==

== Short biographical sketch of the church father ==

: The details of Clement of Rome's<ref>''Note that Clement is referred to as "of Rome" to distinguish him from Clement of Alexandria, a leader of the catechetical school in the church at Alexandria, who lived a century later.''</ref> life, before his conversion and even afterward, are largely unknown. Some aspects of his writings have led scholars to believe that the fourth Pope either came from a Jewish background, or had converted to Judaism earlier in life before entering the Catholic Church.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope St. Clement 1|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/pope-st-clement-i-689|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25/10/2021|website=Catholic News Agency}}</ref>
: Records suggests that Clement was the son of a Roman named Faustinus, and that he joined the Church in Rome during its early years through the preaching of Saint Peter or Saint Paul. He went on to share in the missionary journeys of the apostles, and may even have assisted the first Pope in running the Church on a local level.<ref name=":0" />
: Clement as later was ordained a Bishop by the Apostle Peter himself and later becoming the successor of Peter after Popes Linus and Cletus (Anacletus or Anencletus).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Biographical Sketches of Memorable Christians of the Past: Clement of Rome, Bishop|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/290.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Some historians place the date of his assumption to the pontificate at 88 AD but the Vatican marks its start in the year 92 AD. One of his most important tasks, during nearly 10 years as Pope, was to resolve serious problems in the Church of Corinth, which St. Paul had also struggled to discipline.<ref name=":0" />
: Apostle Paul in his letter to the Philippians 4:3<ref name=":1">Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose names are in the book of life. (NIV)</ref> mentions Clements name referring to him among his co-workers and adding that Clement's name is "in the book of life."<ref name=":1" />
: Like his mentor, Clement also wrote a letter to the Church of Corinth (also called ''I Clement'') which was included in some earlier editions of Holy Scripture.<ref>''The Epistle of Clement To the Corinthians'' (also called ''I Clement)'' can be found in collections of the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, such as the Penguin Paperback ''Early Christian Writings,'' translated by Maxwell Staniforth</ref> The letter was highly revered in the early church that it was included in the Codex Alexandricus<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25/10/2021|title=The Codex Alexandrinus: One of the Earliest Bible Texts with Some of the Earliest Manuscript Illumination|url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2227|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> immediately following the books of the Apocalypse.
== Major contributions of the church father: ==

: Clement's own letter to the Corinthians, though not part of the biblical canon, offers an important look at the role of authority and charity in the early Church. Its introduction suggests that Pope Clement composed it while his own local Church faced persecution from the Roman Emperor Domitian. In the letter, the Pope describes how the Corinthians had once been “distinguished by humility,” being “in no respect puffed up with pride” and “more willing to give than to receive.” But in time, “the worthless rose up against the honored, those of no reputation against such as were renowned, the foolish against the wise, the young against those advanced in years.” “Let us give up vain and fruitless cares, and approach to the glorious and venerable rule of our holy calling,” Pope Clement wrote in his call to repentance. “Let us attend to what is good, pleasing, and acceptable in the sight of him who formed us.” Order and discipline, he noted, are at least as important in the Church as they are in the rest of creation, where the powers of nature follow God's decrees. The Pope also warned the Corinthians to follow “those who cultivate peace with godliness,” rather than “those who hypocritically profess to desire it.”<ref name=":0" />
: The Church Clement headed was one that honoured tradition and right order as fundamentals of its life. “It behooves us to do all things in order, which the Lord has commanded us to perform at stated times,” he told the Corinthians. God, he said, “has enjoined offerings and service to be performed ... not thoughtlessly or irregularly, but at the appointed times and hours.” “Where and by whom (God) desires these things to be done, he himself has fixed by his own supreme will, in order that all things being piously done according to his good pleasure, may be acceptable to him.”<ref name=":0" />
: The fourth Pope's writings reveal much about the early Church, but little about his own life. According to one later account, he died in exile during the reign of the Emperor Trajan, who purportedly banished Clement to Crimea (near modern Ukraine) and had him killed in retaliation for evangelizing the local people. In 868 the Greek missionary St. Cyril claimed to have recovered St. Clement's bones.<ref name=":0" /> St. Clement I probably died around the year 99. He is among the saints mentioned in the Western Church's most traditional Eucharistic prayer, the Roman Canon.<ref name=":0" />

== Both short and long-term impact of the selected church father ==
Clement of Rome is certainly worthy of our attention contemporary Christianity. His encouraging letter (I Clement) gives us a glimpse into first-century church ministry and the relationship between Rome and the surrounding churches. We get a sense of the perspectives, decisions, and behaviours that shaped the church as the apostles were giving way to new leaders, and we see how their teachings were expressed in the life of the church. This influential letter is Clement of Rome’s only surviving work (though others were falsely attributed to him), and it represents some of the earliest authentic Christian teachings to emerge from the church.

Even when Peter and Paul were alive, this church quarrelled about which leader they followed (1 Corinthians 1:12). In their absence, the church was once again rejecting leadership and embracing divisions.

Clement of Rome played an integral role in reuniting the church with its rightful leaders, putting them back on track at a time when persecution could have easily crushed them. As a result of the church’s unity, Christianity continued to thrive despite oppression from the most powerful empire in the world.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:HIST 501]]

File:Clemens I, the Pope of Rome.jpg

2021-10-26T04:06:20Z

SetriDzivenu: Uploaded a work by public domain from https://picryl.com/amp/media/clemens-romanus-aba414 with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Clemens I, the Pope of Rome. Mosaic from St. Sophia of Kyiv, 11th c. In places of loss (lower part of the composition) — oil painting of the 18th c.}}
|date=2021-10-25
|source=https://picryl.com/amp/media/clemens-romanus-aba414
|author=public domain
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{cc-by-2.5-ca}}

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 2/Clement of Rome

2021-10-26T03:57:37Z

SetriDzivenu:

Research on the life of an early Church Father from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:

== Year of birth and death (c. 35 AD - c. 99AD) ==

== Short biographical sketch of the church father ==

: The details of Clement of Rome's<ref>''Note that Clement is referred to as "of Rome" to distinguish him from Clement of Alexandria, a leader of the catechetical school in the church at Alexandria, who lived a century later.''</ref> life, before his conversion and even afterward, are largely unknown. Some aspects of his writings have led scholars to believe that the fourth Pope either came from a Jewish background, or had converted to Judaism earlier in life before entering the Catholic Church.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope St. Clement 1|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/pope-st-clement-i-689|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25/10/2021|website=Catholic News Agency}}</ref>
: Records suggests that Clement was the son of a Roman named Faustinus, and that he joined the Church in Rome during its early years through the preaching of Saint Peter or Saint Paul. He went on to share in the missionary journeys of the apostles, and may even have assisted the first Pope in running the Church on a local level.<ref name=":0" />
: Clement as later was ordained a Bishop by the Apostle Peter himself and later becoming the successor of Peter after Popes Linus and Cletus (Anacletus or Anencletus).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Biographical Sketches of Memorable Christians of the Past: Clement of Rome, Bishop|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/290.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Some historians place the date of his assumption to the pontificate at 88 AD but the Vatican marks its start in the year 92 AD. One of his most important tasks, during nearly 10 years as Pope, was to resolve serious problems in the Church of Corinth, which St. Paul had also struggled to discipline.<ref name=":0" />
: Apostle Paul in his letter to the Philippians 4:3<ref name=":1">Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose names are in the book of life. (NIV)</ref> mentions Clements name referring to him among his co-workers and adding that Clement's name is "in the book of life."<ref name=":1" />
: Like his mentor, Clement also wrote a letter to the Church of Corinth (also called ''I Clement'') which was included in some earlier editions of Holy Scripture.<ref>''The Epistle of Clement To the Corinthians'' (also called ''I Clement)'' can be found in collections of the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, such as the Penguin Paperback ''Early Christian Writings,'' translated by Maxwell Staniforth</ref> The letter was highly revered in the early church that it was included in the Codex Alexandricus<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25/10/2021|title=The Codex Alexandrinus: One of the Earliest Bible Texts with Some of the Earliest Manuscript Illumination|url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2227|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> immediately following the books of the Apocalypse.
== Major contributions of the church father: ==

: Clement's own letter to the Corinthians, though not part of the biblical canon, offers an important look at the role of authority and charity in the early Church. Its introduction suggests that Pope Clement composed it while his own local Church faced persecution from the Roman Emperor Domitian. In the letter, the Pope describes how the Corinthians had once been “distinguished by humility,” being “in no respect puffed up with pride” and “more willing to give than to receive.” But in time, “the worthless rose up against the honored, those of no reputation against such as were renowned, the foolish against the wise, the young against those advanced in years.” “Let us give up vain and fruitless cares, and approach to the glorious and venerable rule of our holy calling,” Pope Clement wrote in his call to repentance. “Let us attend to what is good, pleasing, and acceptable in the sight of him who formed us.” Order and discipline, he noted, are at least as important in the Church as they are in the rest of creation, where the powers of nature follow God's decrees. The Pope also warned the Corinthians to follow “those who cultivate peace with godliness,” rather than “those who hypocritically profess to desire it.”<ref name=":0" />
: The Church Clement headed was one that honoured tradition and right order as fundamentals of its life. “It behooves us to do all things in order, which the Lord has commanded us to perform at stated times,” he told the Corinthians. God, he said, “has enjoined offerings and service to be performed ... not thoughtlessly or irregularly, but at the appointed times and hours.” “Where and by whom (God) desires these things to be done, he himself has fixed by his own supreme will, in order that all things being piously done according to his good pleasure, may be acceptable to him.”<ref name=":0" />
: The fourth Pope's writings reveal much about the early Church, but little about his own life. According to one later account, he died in exile during the reign of the Emperor Trajan, who purportedly banished Clement to Crimea (near modern Ukraine) and had him killed in retaliation for evangelizing the local people. In 868 the Greek missionary St. Cyril claimed to have recovered St. Clement's bones.<ref name=":0" /> St. Clement I probably died around the year 99. He is among the saints mentioned in the Western Church's most traditional Eucharistic prayer, the Roman Canon.<ref name=":0" />
:

== Both short and long-term impact of the selected church father ==
Clement of Rome is certainly worthy of our attention contemporary Christianity. His encouraging letter (I Clement) gives us a glimpse into first-century church ministry and the relationship between Rome and the surrounding churches. We get a sense of the perspectives, decisions, and behaviours that shaped the church as the apostles were giving way to new leaders, and we see how their teachings were expressed in the life of the church. This influential letter is Clement of Rome’s only surviving work (though others were falsely attributed to him), and it represents some of the earliest authentic Christian teachings to emerge from the church.

Even when Peter and Paul were alive, this church quarrelled about which leader they followed (1 Corinthians 1:12). In their absence, the church was once again rejecting leadership and embracing divisions.

Clement of Rome played an integral role in reuniting the church with its rightful leaders, putting them back on track at a time when persecution could have easily crushed them. As a result of the church’s unity, Christianity continued to thrive despite oppression from the most powerful empire in the world.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:HIST 501]]

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 2/Clement of Rome

2021-10-26T03:38:55Z

SetriDzivenu:

Research on the life of an early Church Father from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:

== Year of birth and death (c. 35 AD - c. 99AD) ==

== Short biographical sketch of the church father ==

: The details of Clement's life, before his conversion and even afterward, are largely unknown. Some aspects of his writings have led scholars to believe that the fourth Pope either came from a Jewish background, or had converted to Judaism earlier in life before entering the Catholic Church.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope St. Clement 1|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/pope-st-clement-i-689|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25/10/2021|website=Catholic News Agency}}</ref>
: Records suggests that Clement was the son of a Roman named Faustinus, and that he joined the Church in Rome during its early years through the preaching of Saint Peter or Saint Paul. He went on to share in the missionary journeys of the apostles, and may even have assisted the first Pope in running the Church on a local level.<ref name=":0" />
: Clement as later was ordained a Bishop by the Apostle Peter himself and later becoming the successor of Peter after Popes Linus and Cletus (Anacletus or Anencletus).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Biographical Sketches of Memorable Christians of the Past: Clement of Rome, Bishop|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/290.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Some historians place the date of his assumption to the pontificate at 88 AD but the Vatican marks its start in the year 92 AD. One of his most important tasks, during nearly 10 years as Pope, was to resolve serious problems in the Church of Corinth, which St. Paul had also struggled to discipline.<ref name=":0" />
: Apostle Paul in his letter to the Philippians 4:3<ref name=":1">Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose names are in the book of life. (NIV)</ref> mentions Clements name referring to him among his co-workers and adding that Clement's name is "in the book of life."<ref name=":1" />
: Like his mentor, Clement also wrote a letter to the Church of Corinth (also called ''I Clement'') which was included in some earlier editions of Holy Scripture.<ref>''The Epistle of Clement To the Corinthians'' (also called ''I Clement)'' can be found in collections of the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, such as the Penguin Paperback ''Early Christian Writings,'' translated by Maxwell Staniforth</ref> The letter was highly revered in the early church that it was included in the Codex Alexandrinus<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25/10/2021|title=The Codex Alexandrinus: One of the Earliest Bible Texts with Some of the Earliest Manuscript Illumination|url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2227|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> immediately following the books of the Apocalypse.
== Major contributions of the church father: ==

: a. Contributions to doctrinal development
: b. Contributions to pastoral work
: c. Contributions to Christian ethics
: d. Major works written
:
: Clement's own letter to the Corinthians, though not part of the biblical canon, offers an important look at the role of authority and charity in the early Church. Its introduction suggests that Pope Clement composed it while his own local Church faced persecution from the Roman Emperor Domitian. In the letter, the Pope describes how the Corinthians had once been “distinguished by humility,” being “in no respect puffed up with pride” and “more willing to give than to receive.” But in time, “the worthless rose up against the honored, those of no reputation against such as were renowned, the foolish against the wise, the young against those advanced in years.” “Let us give up vain and fruitless cares, and approach to the glorious and venerable rule of our holy calling,” Pope Clement wrote in his call to repentance. “Let us attend to what is good, pleasing, and acceptable in the sight of him who formed us.” Order and discipline, he noted, are at least as important in the Church as they are in the rest of creation, where the powers of nature follow God's decrees. The Pope also warned the Corinthians to follow “those who cultivate peace with godliness,” rather than “those who hypocritically profess to desire it.”<ref name=":0" />
: The Church Clement headed was one that honored tradition and right order as fundamentals of its life. “It behooves us to do all things in order, which the Lord has commanded us to perform at stated times,” he told the Corinthians. God, he said, “has enjoined offerings and service to be performed ... not thoughtlessly or irregularly, but at the appointed times and hours.” “Where and by whom (God) desires these things to be done, he himself has fixed by his own supreme will, in order that all things being piously done according to his good pleasure, may be acceptable to him.”<ref name=":0" />
: The fourth Pope's writings reveal much about the early Church, but little about his own life. According to one later account, he died in exile during the reign of the Emperor Trajan, who purportedly banished Clement to Crimea (near modern Ukraine) and had him killed in retaliation for evangelizing the local people. In 868 the Greek missionary St. Cyril claimed to have recovered St. Clement's bones.<ref name=":0" /> St. Clement I probably died around the year 100. He is among the saints mentioned in the Western Church's most traditional Eucharistic prayer, the Roman Canon.<ref name=":0" />
:

== Both short and long-term impact of the selected church father ==
Please include photos, website links to their works, video links, etc. and at least 3 reference sources for your research.

Read at least 2 other mini biographies prepared by your classmates and on the discussion tab, share how the stories of the early church father inspire you or how their stories may bring encouragement to the church or to the world today.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:HIST 501]]

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 2/Clement of Rome

2021-10-26T03:30:49Z

SetriDzivenu:

Research on the life of an early Church Father from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:

== Year of birth and death (c. 35 AD - c. 99AD) ==

== Short biographical sketch of the church father ==

: a. Upbringing
: b. Education
: c. Journey of Faith
: d. Influential person(s)
: e. Vocational path
:
: The details of Clement's life, before his conversion and even afterward, are largely unknown. Some aspects of his writings have led scholars to believe that the fourth Pope either came from a Jewish background, or had converted to Judaism earlier in life before entering the Catholic Church.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope St. Clement 1|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/pope-st-clement-i-689|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25/10/2021|website=Catholic News Agency}}</ref>
: Records suggests that Clement was the son of a Roman named Faustinus, and that he joined the Church in Rome during its early years through the preaching of Saint Peter or Saint Paul. He went on to share in the missionary journeys of the apostles, and may even have assisted the first Pope in running the Church on a local level.<ref name=":0" />
: Clement as later was ordained a Bishop by the Apostle Peter himself and later becoming the successor of Peter after Popes Linus and Cletus (Anacletus or Anencletus).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Biographical Sketches of Memorable Christians of the Past: Clement of Rome, Bishop|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/290.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Some historians place the date of his assumption to the pontificate at 88 AD but the Vatican marks its start in the year 92 AD. One of his most important tasks, during nearly 10 years as Pope, was to resolve serious problems in the Church of Corinth, which St. Paul had also struggled to discipline.<ref name=":0" />
: Apostle Paul in his letter to the Philippians 4:3<ref name=":1">Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose names are in the book of life. (NIV)</ref> mentions Clements name referring to him among his co-workers and adding that Clement's name is "in the book of life."<ref name=":1" />
: Like his mentor, Clement also wrote a letter to the Church of Corinth which was included in some earlier editions of Holy Scripture. The letter was highly revered in the early church that it was included in the Codex Alexandrinus<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25/10/2021|title=The Codex Alexandrinus: One of the Earliest Bible Texts with Some of the Earliest Manuscript Illumination|url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2227|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> immediately following the books of the Apocalypse.
== Major contributions of the church father: ==

: a. Contributions to doctrinal development
: b. Contributions to pastoral work
: c. Contributions to Christian ethics
: d. Major works written
:
: Clement's own letter to the Corinthians, though not part of the biblical canon, offers an important look at the role of authority and charity in the early Church. Its introduction suggests that Pope Clement composed it while his own local Church faced persecution from the Roman Emperor Domitian. In the letter, the Pope describes how the Corinthians had once been “distinguished by humility,” being “in no respect puffed up with pride” and “more willing to give than to receive.” But in time, “the worthless rose up against the honored, those of no reputation against such as were renowned, the foolish against the wise, the young against those advanced in years.” “Let us give up vain and fruitless cares, and approach to the glorious and venerable rule of our holy calling,” Pope Clement wrote in his call to repentance. “Let us attend to what is good, pleasing, and acceptable in the sight of him who formed us.” Order and discipline, he noted, are at least as important in the Church as they are in the rest of creation, where the powers of nature follow God's decrees. The Pope also warned the Corinthians to follow “those who cultivate peace with godliness,” rather than “those who hypocritically profess to desire it.”<ref name=":0" />
: The Church Clement headed was one that honored tradition and right order as fundamentals of its life. “It behooves us to do all things in order, which the Lord has commanded us to perform at stated times,” he told the Corinthians. God, he said, “has enjoined offerings and service to be performed ... not thoughtlessly or irregularly, but at the appointed times and hours.” “Where and by whom (God) desires these things to be done, he himself has fixed by his own supreme will, in order that all things being piously done according to his good pleasure, may be acceptable to him.”<ref name=":0" />
: The fourth Pope's writings reveal much about the early Church, but little about his own life. According to one later account, he died in exile during the reign of the Emperor Trajan, who purportedly banished Clement to Crimea (near modern Ukraine) and had him killed in retaliation for evangelizing the local people. In 868 the Greek missionary St. Cyril claimed to have recovered St. Clement's bones.<ref name=":0" /> St. Clement I probably died around the year 100. He is among the saints mentioned in the Western Church's most traditional Eucharistic prayer, the Roman Canon.<ref name=":0" />
:

== Both short and long-term impact of the selected church father ==
Please include photos, website links to their works, video links, etc. and at least 3 reference sources for your research.

Read at least 2 other mini biographies prepared by your classmates and on the discussion tab, share how the stories of the early church father inspire you or how their stories may bring encouragement to the church or to the world today.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:HIST 501]]

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 2/Clement of Rome

2021-10-26T00:21:21Z

SetriDzivenu: /* Major contributions of the church father such as: */

Research on the life of an early Church Father from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:

== Year of birth and death (c. 35 AD - 99AD) ==

== Short biographical sketch of the church father ==

: a. Upbringing
: b. Education
: c. Journey of Faith
: d. Influential person(s)
: e. Vocational path
:
: The details of Clement's life, before his conversion and even afterward, are largely unknown. Some aspects of his writings have led scholars to believe that the fourth Pope either came from a Jewish background, or had converted to Judaism earlier in life before entering the Catholic Church.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope St. Clement 1|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/pope-st-clement-i-689|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25/10/2021|website=Catholic News Agency}}</ref>
: Tradition suggests that Clement was the son of a Roman named Faustinus, and that he joined the Church in Rome during its early years through the preaching of Saint Peter or Saint Paul. He went on to share in the missionary journeys of the apostles, and may even have assisted the first Pope in running the Church on a local level.<ref name=":0" />
: According to Tradition, St Clement of Rome went to Galilee upon hearing of Jesus Christ. After many heroic deeds, Clement returned to Rome and was ordained a Bishop by the Apostle Peter himself and later becoming the successor of Peter after Popes Linus and Cletus. Some historians place the date of his assumption to the pontificate at 88AD but the Vatican marks its start in the year 92 AD. One of his most important tasks, during nearly 10 years as Pope, was to resolve serious problems in the Church of Corinth, which St. Paul had also struggled to discipline.<ref name=":0" />
: Apostle Paul in his letter to the Philippians 4:3<ref name=":1">Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose names are in the book of life. (NIV)</ref> mentions Clements name referring to him among his co-workers saying Clement's name is "in the book of life."<ref name=":1" />
: While in Rome, Clement wrote a letter to the Church of Corinth which was included in some earlier editions of holy scripture. the letter was highly revered in the early church that it was included the New Testament books Codex Alexandrinus<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25/10/2021|title=The Codex Alexandrinus: One of the Earliest Bible Texts with Some of the Earliest Manuscript Illumination|url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2227|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> immediately following the books of the Apocalypse. Clement first letter to the Corinthians is undoubtedly authentic. there are many historical sources that confirm this including Tertullian.
:
== Major contributions of the church father: ==

: a. Contributions to doctrinal development
: b. Contributions to pastoral work
: c. Contributions to Christian ethics
: d. Major works written
:
: Clement's own letter to the Corinthians, though not part of the biblical canon, offers an important look at the role of authority and charity in the early Church. Its introduction suggests that Pope Clement composed it while his own local Church faced persecution from the Roman Emperor Domitian. In the letter, the Pope describes how the Corinthians had once been “distinguished by humility,” being “in no respect puffed up with pride” and “more willing to give than to receive.” But in time, “the worthless rose up against the honored, those of no reputation against such as were renowned, the foolish against the wise, the young against those advanced in years.” “Let us give up vain and fruitless cares, and approach to the glorious and venerable rule of our holy calling,” Pope Clement wrote in his call to repentance. “Let us attend to what is good, pleasing, and acceptable in the sight of him who formed us.” Order and discipline, he noted, are at least as important in the Church as they are in the rest of creation, where the powers of nature follow God's decrees. The Pope also warned the Corinthians to follow “those who cultivate peace with godliness,” rather than “those who hypocritically profess to desire it.”<ref name=":0" />
: The Church Clement headed was one that honored tradition and right order as fundamentals of its life. “It behooves us to do all things in order, which the Lord has commanded us to perform at stated times,” he told the Corinthians. God, he said, “has enjoined offerings and service to be performed ... not thoughtlessly or irregularly, but at the appointed times and hours.” “Where and by whom (God) desires these things to be done, he himself has fixed by his own supreme will, in order that all things being piously done according to his good pleasure, may be acceptable to him.”<ref name=":0" />
: The fourth Pope's writings reveal much about the early Church, but little about his own life. According to one later account, he died in exile during the reign of the Emperor Trajan, who purportedly banished Clement to Crimea (near modern Ukraine) and had him killed in retaliation for evangelizing the local people. In 868 the Greek missionary St. Cyril claimed to have recovered St. Clement's bones.<ref name=":0" /> St. Clement I probably died around the year 100. He is among the saints mentioned in the Western Church's most traditional Eucharistic prayer, the Roman Canon.<ref name=":0" />
:

== Both short and long-term impact of the selected church father ==
Please include photos, website links to their works, video links, etc. and at least 3 reference sources for your research.

Read at least 2 other mini biographies prepared by your classmates and on the discussion tab, share how the stories of the early church father inspire you or how their stories may bring encouragement to the church or to the world today.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:HIST 501]]

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 2/Clement of Rome

2021-10-26T00:17:26Z

SetriDzivenu:

Research on the life of an early Church Father from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the list will be posted on the course website). For each mini biography, please include the following:

== Year of birth and death (c. 35 AD - 99AD) ==

== Short biographical sketch of the church father ==

: a. Upbringing
: b. Education
: c. Journey of Faith
: d. Influential person(s)
: e. Vocational path
:
: The details of Clement's life, before his conversion and even afterward, are largely unknown. Some aspects of his writings have led scholars to believe that the fourth Pope either came from a Jewish background, or had converted to Judaism earlier in life before entering the Catholic Church.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pope St. Clement 1|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/pope-st-clement-i-689|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25/10/2021|website=Catholic News Agency}}</ref>
: Tradition suggests that Clement was the son of a Roman named Faustinus, and that he joined the Church in Rome during its early years through the preaching of Saint Peter or Saint Paul. He went on to share in the missionary journeys of the apostles, and may even have assisted the first Pope in running the Church on a local level.<ref name=":0" />
: According to Tradition, St Clement of Rome went to Galilee upon hearing of Jesus Christ. After many heroic deeds, Clement returned to Rome and was ordained a Bishop by the Apostle Peter himself and later becoming the successor of Peter after Popes Linus and Cletus. Some historians place the date of his assumption to the pontificate at 88AD but the Vatican marks its start in the year 92 AD. One of his most important tasks, during nearly 10 years as Pope, was to resolve serious problems in the Church of Corinth, which St. Paul had also struggled to discipline.<ref name=":0" />
: Apostle Paul in his letter to the Philippians 4:3<ref name=":1">Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose names are in the book of life. (NIV)</ref> mentions Clements name referring to him among his co-workers saying Clement's name is "in the book of life."<ref name=":1" />
: While in Rome, Clement wrote a letter to the Church of Corinth which was included in some earlier editions of holy scripture. the letter was highly revered in the early church that it was included the New Testament books Codex Alexandrinus<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25/10/2021|title=The Codex Alexandrinus: One of the Earliest Bible Texts with Some of the Earliest Manuscript Illumination|url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2227|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> immediately following the books of the Apocalypse. Clement first letter to the Corinthians is undoubtedly authentic. there are many historical sources that confirm this including Tertullian.
:
== Major contributions of the church father such as: ==

: a. Contributions to doctrinal development
: b. Contributions to pastoral work
: c. Contributions to Christian ethics
: d. Major works written
:
: Clement's own letter to the Corinthians, though not part of the biblical canon, offers an important look at the role of authority and charity in the early Church. Its introduction suggests that Pope Clement composed it while his own local Church faced persecution from the Roman Emperor Domitian. In the letter, the Pope describes how the Corinthians had once been “distinguished by humility,” being “in no respect puffed up with pride” and “more willing to give than to receive.” But in time, “the worthless rose up against the honored, those of no reputation against such as were renowned, the foolish against the wise, the young against those advanced in years.” “Let us give up vain and fruitless cares, and approach to the glorious and venerable rule of our holy calling,” Pope Clement wrote in his call to repentance. “Let us attend to what is good, pleasing, and acceptable in the sight of him who formed us.” Order and discipline, he noted, are at least as important in the Church as they are in the rest of creation, where the powers of nature follow God's decrees. The Pope also warned the Corinthians to follow “those who cultivate peace with godliness,” rather than “those who hypocritically profess to desire it.”<ref name=":0" />
: The Church Clement headed was one that honored tradition and right order as fundamentals of its life. “It behooves us to do all things in order, which the Lord has commanded us to perform at stated times,” he told the Corinthians. God, he said, “has enjoined offerings and service to be performed ... not thoughtlessly or irregularly, but at the appointed times and hours.” “Where and by whom (God) desires these things to be done, he himself has fixed by his own supreme will, in order that all things being piously done according to his good pleasure, may be acceptable to him.”<ref name=":0" />
: The fourth Pope's writings reveal much about the early Church, but little about his own life. According to one later account, he died in exile during the reign of the Emperor Trajan, who purportedly banished Clement to Crimea (near modern Ukraine) and had him killed in retaliation for evangelizing the local people. In 868 the Greek missionary St. Cyril claimed to have recovered St. Clement's bones.<ref name=":0" /> St. Clement I probably died around the year 100. He is among the saints mentioned in the Western Church's most traditional Eucharistic prayer, the Roman Canon.<ref name=":0" />
:

== Both short and long-term impact of the selected church father ==
Please include photos, website links to their works, video links, etc. and at least 3 reference sources for your research.

Read at least 2 other mini biographies prepared by your classmates and on the discussion tab, share how the stories of the early church father inspire you or how their stories may bring encouragement to the church or to the world today.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:HIST 501]]

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 2/Clement of Rome

2021-10-25T23:42:17Z

SetriDzivenu:

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 2/Clement of Rome

2021-10-25T23:32:29Z

SetriDzivenu: Created page with "Research on the life of an early Church Father from the list provided below and put together a 500-word mini biography of the historical figure assigned by the instructor (the..."

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 1/Marcionism

2021-10-22T16:00:11Z

SetriDzivenu:

Imagine that you were one of the bishops or heretics being summoned by the Emperor to be present at the great church councils. You want to spend every effort to discover all the heresies flowing around the Church. As preparation for the class, you will collect background information of major heresies/controversies in the early Church include the following
== Biographical information of key leader(s) of the heresy/controversy ==
[[File:Map of Sinope.gif|thumb|Map of Sinope|492x492px]]

Marcion (ca. 85-160) was the son of the Bishop of Sinope (modern Sinop, Turkey) in Pontus province.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Fragments of a Faith Forgotten|last=Mead|first=G.R.S|publisher=London and Benares,|year=1900; 3rd Edition 1931|isbn=|location=|pages=241-249}}</ref> He was a ship owner and later excommunicated by his father for seducing a virgin. According to Bart Ehrman (in ''Lost of Christianities'') suggested that his seduction was probably a metaphor for his corruption of the Christian church , the church being the virgin.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Marcion of Sinope|url=https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

Marcion was one of the most successful heretics in the early church. "He was opposed by everyone who was anyone. For nearly a century after his death, he was the arch-heretic, opposed by Polycarp (who called him the firstborn of Satan), Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Clement, Tertullian, Hippolytus, and Origen. He was one of the few heretics that the Greek and Latin Christians united in condemning."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kevin|first=Deyoung|date=19/10/2021|title=Marcion and Getting Unhitched from the Old Testament|url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/kevin-deyoung/marcion-getting-unhitched-old-testament/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

== Time frame when the heresy “flourished” ==
Marcion travelled to Rome in 142-143 to explore theology. At first, he was in communion with the church of Rome. When the church elders refused to face the important questions he set before them, he caused schism by organizing his followers into a separate community and was finally excommunicated by the church of Rome around 144.<ref name=":0" /> After his ex communication, he returned to Asia minor where he spread his teachings and created a strong ecclesiastical organization resembling the church of Rome and made himself the Bishop.

== Context that gave birth to the heresy/controversy ==
According to Mead, “the origin of Marcionism is entirely wrapped in obscurity, and we know nothing of a reliable nature of the lives of either Cerdo or Marcion.”<ref name=":0" /> The Church writers at the end of the second century, who are our best authorities, cannot tell the story of the beginning of the movement with any certainty. For all we know, Marcion may have developed his theories long before he came to Rome, and may have based them on information he gleaned and opinions he heard on his long voyages.

What we know is that Marcionism sprung up at the time when many of the Jewish scriptures formed the main canon of the early church. The collection of the new testament had not been completed and Marcion too had an idea of a canon which he felt should strictly be the teachings of Jesus Christ and the Pauline epistles. Marcion views would soon spread rapidly over the whole world with Marcionite churches springing up and organized around Bishops and the rest of the ecclesiastical discipline akin to the Catholic Church.

== Central beliefs ==
Marcionism attempts to set aside the old testament foundation of Christianity, to purify tradition, and to reform Christiandom on the basis of the Pauline gospel.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Dogma|last=Von Harnack|first=Adolf|publisher=Boston, Little|year=1901|isbn=|location=|pages=266-281}}</ref> In other words, Marcion wanted a Chrsitinaity not associated. with Judaism. A Christianity that was the New Covenant pure and simple. By setting the Old Testament aside, Marcion made everey effort to also cut out all texts in the New Testament that mirrored his Old Testament and contrary to his dogma. In fact, he created his own New Testament that admitting that only one gospel, a mutilation of St Luke, and ten epistles of Paul, both sources which affirmed Jesus Christ as the saviour sent by God (the Heavenly Father). He accounts or canon avoided anything that explicitly linked Jesus with Judaism such as the parallel birth narratives of John the Baptist and Jesus in Luke 1-2.

'''Here are some of Marcion's teachings'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=OrthodoxWiki|first=|date=|title=Marcionism|url=https://orthodoxwiki.org/Marcionism|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>''':'''

- Christianity was distinct from Judaism contrary to the existing values held at the time. He tried to separate from Judaism.

- He rejected the Hebrew Bible

- He argued for the existence of two Gods, Yahweh of the Old Testament who created the material universe and the Heavenly Father of the New Testament of which Jesus was his living incarnation.

- Yahweh was as a lesser demiurge<ref>a demiurgus - a secondary deity, who was god, in a sense, but not the supreme God; he was just, rigidly just, he had his good qualities, but he was not the good god, who was Father of Our Lord Jesus Christ</ref> who created the earth and whose law was the laws of Moses. Yahweh represented the laws of Justice.

- Jesus was a living incarnation of a God of compassion and love, called the Heavenly Father. Represented the God of compassion and grace.

- These two Gods were thus thought of as distinct personalities:

* Yahweh was petty and cruel, jealous and was God for the Jews and Jesus is compassionate and loves all humanity with mercy and benevolence.
* Yahweh was the God of the Old Testament, Jesus is the of the New Testament.
* Yahweh is legalist. After creating humanity, Yahweh grew to hate mankind for its sin. Old Testament God felt justified punished mankind which Heavenly Father showed mercy and far more compassionate when revealed through his son Jesus.

== Impact of the heresy/controversy to the Christian Church ==
Marcion is arguably one of the foremost individuals who shaped the beliefs, structures and collection of scriptural writings of the Church in the second century and beyond. The impact on the Church beliefs and structures was significant that Marcion was the first known heretic in the early church. It was during his time that the church first sanctioned some theology as orthodox while others condemned as heresy. Inadvertently, he helped crystallize many embryonic developments as those opposed to his ideas reacted against him.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foster|first=Paul|date=March 2010|title=Marcion: His Life, Works, Beliefs, and Impact|url=|journal=The Expository Times|volume=Volume 121 Issue 6|pages=269–280|via=Sagepub}}</ref> In response to Marcion's beliefs, the church promulgated a set of common beliefs that should be universal.<ref>It is maintained by recent scholars that the Apostle's Creed was drawn up in the Roman Church in opposition to Marcionism (cf. F. Kattenbusch, "Das Apost. Symbol.", Leipzig, 1900; A.C. McGiffert, "The Apostle's Creed", New York, 1902).</ref> Thus Marcion was the catalyst for the development of unified, catholic form of Christianity that dominated the political and social life in Europe.

Moreso, Marcion was a reformer seeking a more universal and purer type of faith. He was the first to propose and delineate a cannon. In doing so he established a particular way of looking at religious texts that persist in Christian thought today. After him, Christian begin to divide texts along lines of theological thought and those that promoted heresy. Marcion taught us far more. His undertaking was to engage in a correct estimate of the reliability of the traditions that were current in his day alongside of the Pauline. There can be no doubt that Marcion criticized tradition from a dogmatic stand-point. Consequently, Marcion gives important testimony against the historical reliability of the notion that the common Christianity was really based on the tradition of the twelve Apostles.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Marcionite: Gnostic Sect|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Marcionites|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Britainica}}</ref>

Marcionism became a rival to the Catholic Church during his lifetime. Its adherents were strong enough to have the its beliefs dominate for for many centuries spreading the idea that Jesus abolished the Old Testament. The result of this is that anti-Jewish reading of the Bible in the history of the Christian interpretation of scripture continues to be prevalent.

Marcion rejected what could be seen as religious tribalism associated with the Jewish religion and regarded it as a corruption of the Heavenly Father's teaching.

However, Marcion’s theological errors (and there were many) came from one main root: he refused to believe that the God of the Old Testament was the same as the Father of the Lord Jesus Christ. Marcion simply could not believe in a God full of wrath and justice. So he threw away the Old Testament and took for his Bible a truncated version of Luke’s Gospel and selectively edited versions of Paul’s epistles. When the recasting of the scriptures was done, Marcion had the Christianity he wanted: a God of goodness and nothing else; a message of inspiring moral uplift; a Bible that does away with the uncomfortable bits about God’s wrath and hell. So Marcion lives on. The recasting the scriptures for contemporary times - softer, gentler, more focused on the good of Jesus instead of the atoning death for our sins placed on Jesus - is always popular.

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:HIST 501]]

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 1/Marcionism

2021-10-20T02:58:18Z

SetriDzivenu:

Imagine that you were one of the bishops or heretics being summoned by the Emperor to be present at the great church councils. You want to spend every effort to discover all the heresies flowing around the Church. As preparation for the class, you will collect background information of major heresies/controversies in the early Church include the following
== Biographical information of key leader(s) of the heresy/controversy ==
[[File:Map of Sinope.gif|thumb|Map of Sinope|492x492px]]

Marcion (ca. 85-160) was the son of the Bishop of Sinope (modern Sinop, Turkey) in Pontus province.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Fragments of a Faith Forgotten|last=Mead|first=G.R.S|publisher=London and Benares,|year=1900; 3rd Edition 1931|isbn=|location=|pages=241-249}}</ref> He was a ship owner and later excommunicated by his father for seducing a virgin. According to Bart Ehrman (in ''Lost of Christianities'') suggested that his seduction was probably a metaphor for his corruption of the Christian church , the church being the virgin.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Marcion of Sinope|url=https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

Marcion was one of the most successful heretics in the early church. "He was opposed by everyone who was anyone. For nearly a century after his death, he was the arch-heretic, opposed by Polycarp (who called him the firstborn of Satan), Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Clement, Tertullian, Hippolytus, and Origen. He was one of the few heretics that the Greek and Latin Christians united in condemning."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kevin|first=Deyoung|date=19/10/2021|title=Marcion and Getting Unhitched from the Old Testament|url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/kevin-deyoung/marcion-getting-unhitched-old-testament/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

== Time frame when the heresy “flourished” ==
Marcion travelled to Rome in 142-143 to explore theology. At first, he was in communion with the church of Rome. When the church elders refused to face the important questions he set before them, he caused schism by organizing his followers into a separate community and was finally excommunicated by the church of Rome around 144.<ref name=":0" /> After his ex communication, he returned to Asia minor where he spread his teachings and created a strong ecclesiastical organization resembling the church of Rome and made himself the Bishop.

== Context that gave birth to the heresy/controversy ==
According to Mead, “the origin of Marcionism is entirely wrapped in obscurity, and we know nothing of a reliable nature of the lives of either Cerdo or Marcion.”<ref name=":0" /> The Church writers at the end of the second century, who are our best authorities, cannot tell the story of the beginning of the movement with any certainty. For all we know, Marcion may have developed his theories long before he came to Rome, and may have based them on information he gleaned and opinions he heard on his long voyages.

What we know is that Marcionism sprung up at the time when many of the Jewish scriptures formed the main canon of the early church. The collection of the new testament had not been completed and Marcion too had an idea of a canon which he felt should strictly be the teachings of Jesus Christ and the Pauline epistles. Marcion views would soon spread rapidly over the whole world with Marcionite churches springing up and organized around Bishops and the rest of the ecclesiastical discipline akin to the Catholic Church.

== Central beliefs ==
Marcionism attempts to set aside the old testament foundation of Christianity, to purify tradition, and to reform Christiandom on the basis of the Pauline gospel.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Dogma|last=Von Harnack|first=Adolf|publisher=Boston, Little|year=1901|isbn=|location=|pages=266-281}}</ref> In other words, Marcion wanted a Chrsitinaity not associated. with Judaism. A Christianity that was the New Covenant pure and simple. By setting the Old Testament aside, Marcion made everey effort to also cut out all texts in the New Testament that mirrored his Old Testament and contrary to his dogma. In fact, he created his own New Testament that admitting that only one gospel, a mutilation of St Luke, and ten epistles of Paul, both sources which affirmed Jesus Christ as the saviour sent by God (the Heavenly Father). He accounts or canon avoided anything that explicitly linked Jesus with Judaism such as the parallel birth narratives of John the Baptist and Jesus in Luke 1-2.

'''Here are some of Marcion's teachings'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=OrthodoxWiki|first=|date=|title=Marcionism|url=https://orthodoxwiki.org/Marcionism|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>''':'''

- Christianity was distinct from Judaism contrary to the existing values held at the time. He tried to separate from Judaism.

- He rejected the Hebrew Bible

- He argued for the existence of two Gods, Yahweh of the Old Testament who created the material universe and the Heavenly Father of the New Testament of which Jesus was his living incarnation.

- Yahweh was as a lesser demiurge<ref>a demiurgus - a secondary deity, who was god, in a sense, but not the supreme God; he was just, rigidly just, he had his good qualities, but he was not the good god, who was Father of Our Lord Jesus Christ</ref> who created the earth and whose law was the laws of Moses. Yahweh represented the laws of Justice.

- Jesus was a living incarnation of a God of compassion and love, called the Heavenly Father. Represented the God of compassion and grace.

- These two Gods were thus thought of as distinct personalities:

* Yahweh was petty and cruel, jealous and was God for the Jews and Jesus is compassionate and loves all humanity with mercy and benevolence.
* Yahweh was the God of the Old Testament, Jesus is the of the New Testament.
* Yahweh is legalist. After creating humanity, Yahweh grew to hate mankind for its sin. Old Testament God felt justified punished mankind which Heavenly Father showed mercy and far more compassionate when revealed through his son Jesus.

== Impact of the heresy/controversy to the Christian Church ==
Marcion is arguably one of the foremost individuals who shaped the beliefs, structures and collection of scriptural writings of the Church in the second century and beyond. The impact on the Church beliefs and structures was significant that Marcion was the first known heretic in the early church. It was during his time that the church first sanctioned some theology as orthodox while others condemned as heresy.n In inadvertently, he helped crystallize many embryonic developments as those opposed to his ideas reacted against him.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foster|first=Paul|date=March 2010|title=Marcion: His Life, Works, Beliefs, and Impact|url=|journal=The Expository Times|volume=Volume 121 Issue 6|pages=269–280|via=Sagepub}}</ref> In response to Marcion's beliefs, the church promulgated a set of common beliefs that should be universal.<ref>It is maintained by recent scholars that the Apostle's Creed was drawn up in the Roman Church in opposition to Marcionism (cf. F. Kattenbusch, "Das Apost. Symbol.", Leipzig, 1900; A.C. McGiffert, "The Apostle's Creed", New York, 1902).</ref> Thus Marcion was the catalyst for the development of unified, catholic form of Christianity that dominated the political and social life in Europe.

Moreso, Marcion was a reformer seeking a more universal and purer type of faith. He was the first to propose and delineate a cannon. In doing so he established a particular way of looking at religious texts that persist in Christian thought today. After him, Christian begin to divide texts along lines of theological thought and those that promoted heresy. Marcion taught us far more. His undertaking was to engage in a correct estimate of the reliability of the traditions that were current in his day alongside of the Pauline. There can be no doubt that Marcion criticized tradition from a dogmatic stand-point. Consequently, Marcion gives important testimony against the historical reliability of the notion that the common Christianity was really based on the tradition of the twelve Apostles.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Marcionite: Gnostic Sect|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Marcionites|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Britainica}}</ref>

Marcionism became a rival to the Catholic Church during his lifetime. Its adherents were strong enough to have the its beliefs dominate for for many centuries spreading the idea that Jesus abolished the Old Testament. The result of this is that anti-Jewish reading of the Bible in the history of the Christian interpretation of scripture continues to be prevalent.

Marcion rejected what could be seen as religious tribalism associated with the Jewish religion and regarded it as a corruption of the Heavenly Father's teaching.

However, Marcion’s theological errors (and there were many) came from one main root: he refused to believe that the God of the Old Testament was the same as the Father of the Lord Jesus Christ. Marcion simply could not believe in a God full of wrath and justice. So he threw away the Old Testament and took for his Bible a truncated version of Luke’s Gospel and selectively edited versions of Paul’s epistles. When the recasting of the scriptures was done, Marcion had the Christianity he wanted: a God of goodness and nothing else; a message of inspiring moral uplift; a Bible that does away with the uncomfortable bits about God’s wrath and hell. So Marcion lives on. The recasting the scriptures for contemporary times - softer, gentler, more focused on the good of Jesus instead of the atoning death for our sins placed on Jesus - is always popular.

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:HIST 501]]

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 1/Marcionism

2021-10-20T02:43:42Z

SetriDzivenu:

Imagine that you were one of the bishops or heretics being summoned by the Emperor to be present at the great church councils. You want to spend every effort to discover all the heresies flowing around the Church. As preparation for the class, you will collect background information of major heresies/controversies in the early Church include the following
== Biographical information of key leader(s) of the heresy/controversy ==
[[File:Map of Sinope.gif|thumb|Map of Sinope|492x492px]]

Marcion (ca. 85-160) was the son of the Bishop of Sinope (modern Sinop, Turkey) in Pontus province.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Fragments of a Faith Forgotten|last=Mead|first=G.R.S|publisher=London and Benares,|year=1900; 3rd Edition 1931|isbn=|location=|pages=241-249}}</ref> He was a ship owner and later excommunicated by his father for seducing a virgin. According to Bart Ehrman (in ''Lost of Christianities'') suggested that his seduction was probably a metaphor for his corruption of the Christian church , the church being the virgin.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Marcion of Sinope|url=https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

Marcion was one of the most successful heretics in the early church. "He was opposed by everyone who was anyone. For nearly a century after his death, he was the arch-heretic, opposed by Polycarp (who called him the firstborn of Satan), Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Clement, Tertullian, Hippolytus, and Origen. He was one of the few heretics that the Greek and Latin Christians united in condemning."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kevin|first=Deyoung|date=19/10/2021|title=Marcion and Getting Unhitched from the Old Testament|url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/kevin-deyoung/marcion-getting-unhitched-old-testament/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

== Time frame when the heresy “flourished” ==
Marcion travelled to Rome in 142-143 to explore theology. At first, he was in communion with the church of Rome. When the church elders refused to face the important questions he set before them, he caused schism by organizing his followers into a separate community and was finally excommunicated by the church of Rome around 144.<ref name=":0" /> After his ex communication, he returned to Asia minor where he spread his teachings and created a strong ecclesiastical organization resembling the church of Rome and made himself the Bishop.

== Context that gave birth to the heresy/controversy ==
According to Mead, “the origin of Marcionism is entirely wrapped in obscurity, and we know nothing of a reliable nature of the lives of either Cerdo or Marcion.”<ref name=":0" /> The Church writers at the end of the second century, who are our best authorities, cannot tell the story of the beginning of the movement with any certainty. For all we know, Marcion may have developed his theories long before he came to Rome, and may have based them on information he gleaned and opinions he heard on his long voyages.

What we know is that Marcionism sprung up at the time when many of the Jewish scriptures formed the main canon of the early church. The collection of the new testament had not been completed and Marcion too had an idea of a canon which he felt should strictly be the teachings of Jesus Christ and the Pauline epistles. Marcion views would soon spread rapidly over the whole world with Marcionite churches springing up and organized around Bishops and the rest of the ecclesiastical discipline akin to the Catholic Church.

== Central beliefs ==
Marcionism attempts to set aside the old testament foundation of Christianity, to purify tradition, and to reform Christiandom on the basis of the Pauline gospel.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Dogma|last=Von Harnack|first=Adolf|publisher=Boston, Little|year=1901|isbn=|location=|pages=266-281}}</ref> In other words, Marcion wanted a Chrsitinaity not associated. with Judaism. A Christianity that was the New Covenant pure and simple. By setting the Old Testament aside, Marcion made everey effort to also cut out all texts in the New Testament that mirrored his Old Testament and contrary to his dogma. In fact, he created his own New Testament that admitting that only one gospel, a mutilation of St Luke, and ten epistles of Paul, both sources which affirmed Jesus Christ as the saviour sent by God (the Heavenly Father). He accounts or canon avoided anything that explicitly linked Jesus with Judaism such as the parallel birth narratives of John the Baptist and Jesus in Luke 1-2.

'''Here are some of Marcion's teachings'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=OrthodoxWiki|first=|date=|title=Marcionism|url=https://orthodoxwiki.org/Marcionism|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>''':'''

- Christianity was distinct from Judaism contrary to the existing values held at the time. He tried to separate from Judaism.

- He rejected the Hebrew Bible

- He argued for the existence of two Gods, Yahweh of the Old Testament who created the material universe and the Heavenly Father of the New Testament of which Jesus was his living incarnation.

- Yahweh was as a lesser demiurge<ref>a demiurgus - a secondary deity, who was god, in a sense, but not the supreme God; he was just, rigidly just, he had his good qualities, but he was not the good god, who was Father of Our Lord Jesus Christ</ref> who created the earth and whose law was the laws of Moses. Yahweh represented the laws of Justice.

- Jesus was a living incarnation of a God of compassion and love, called the Heavenly Father. Represented the God of compassion and grace.

- These two Gods were thus thought of as distinct personalities:

* Yahweh was petty and cruel, jealous and was God for the Jews and Jesus is compassionate and loves all humanity with mercy and benevolence.
* Yahweh was the God of the Old Testament, Jesus is the of the New Testament.
* Yahweh is legalist. After creating humanity, Yahweh grew to hate mankind for its sin. Old Testament God felt justified punished mankind which Heavenly Father showed mercy and far more compassionate when revealed through his son Jesus.

== Impact of the heresy/controversy to the Christian Church ==
Marcion is arguably one of the foremost individuals who shaped the beliefs, structures and collection of scriptural writings of the Church in the second century and beyond. The impact on the Church beliefs and structures was significant that Marcion was the first known heretic in the early church. It was during his time that the church first sanctioned some theology as orthodox while others condemned as heresy.n In inadvertently, he helped crystallize many embryonic developments as those opposed to his ideas reacted against him.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foster|first=Paul|date=March 2010|title=Marcion: His Life, Works, Beliefs, and Impact|url=|journal=The Expository Times|volume=Volume 121 Issue 6|pages=269–280|via=Sagepub}}</ref> In response to Marcion's beliefs, the church promulgated a set of common beliefs that should be universal.<ref>It is maintained by recent scholars that the Apostle's Creed was drawn up in the Roman Church in opposition to Marcionism (cf. F. Kattenbusch, "Das Apost. Symbol.", Leipzig, 1900; A.C. McGiffert, "The Apostle's Creed", New York, 1902).</ref> Thus Marcion was the catalyst for the development of unified, catholic form of Christianity that dominated the political and social life in Europe.

Moreso, Marcion was a reformer seeking a more universal and purer type of faith. He was the first to propose and delineate a cannon. In doing so he established a particular way of looking at religious texts that persist in Christian thought today. After him, Christian begin to divide texts along lines of theological thought and those that promoted heresy. Marcion taught us far more. His undertaking was to engage in a correct estimate of the reliability of the traditions that were current in his day alongside of the Pauline. There can be no doubt that Marcion criticized tradition from a dogmatic stand-point. Consequently, Marcion gives important testimony against the historical reliability of the notion that the common Christianity was really based on the tradition of the twelve Apostles.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Marcionite: Gnostic Sect|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Marcionites|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Britainica}}</ref>

Marcionism became a rival to the Catholic Church during his lifetime. Its adherents were strong enough to have the its beliefs dominate for for many centuries spreading the idea that Jesus abolished the Old Testament. The result of this is that anti-Jewish reading of the Bible in the history of the Christian interpretation of scripture continues to be prevalent.

Marcion rejected what could be seen as religious tribalism associated with the Jewish religion and regarded it as a corruption of the Heavenly Father's teaching
== References ==
<references />
[[Category:HIST 501]]

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 1/Marcionism

2021-10-20T02:24:16Z

SetriDzivenu:

Imagine that you were one of the bishops or heretics being summoned by the Emperor to be present at the great church councils. You want to spend every effort to discover all the heresies flowing around the Church. As preparation for the class, you will collect background information of major heresies/controversies in the early Church include the following
== Biographical information of key leader(s) of the heresy/controversy ==
[[File:Map of Sinope.gif|thumb|Map of Sinope|492x492px]]

Marcion (ca. 85-160) was the son of the Bishop of Sinope (modern Sinop, Turkey) in Pontus province.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Fragments of a Faith Forgotten|last=Mead|first=G.R.S|publisher=London and Benares,|year=1900; 3rd Edition 1931|isbn=|location=|pages=241-249}}</ref> He was a ship owner and later excommunicated by his father for seducing a virgin. According to Bart Ehrman (in ''Lost of Christianities'') suggested that his seduction was probably a metaphor for his corruption of the Christian church , the church being the virgin.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Marcion of Sinope|url=https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

== Time frame when the heresy “flourished” ==
Marcion travelled to Rome in 142-143 to explore theology. At first, he was in communion with the church of Rome. When the church elders refused to face the important questions he set before them, he caused schism by organizing his followers into a separate community and was finally excommunicated by the church of Rome around 144.<ref name=":0" /> After his ex communication, he returned to Asia minor where he spread his teachings and created a strong ecclesiastical organization resembling the church of Rome and made himself the Bishop.

== Context that gave birth to the heresy/controversy ==
According to Mead, “the origin of Marcionism is entirely wrapped in obscurity, and we know nothing of a reliable nature of the lives of either Cerdo or Marcion.”<ref name=":0" /> The Church writers at the end of the second century, who are our best authorities, cannot tell the story of the beginning of the movement with any certainty. For all we know, Marcion may have developed his theories long before he came to Rome, and may have based them on information he gleaned and opinions he heard on his long voyages.

What we know is that Marcionism sprung up at the time when many of the Jewish scriptures formed the main canon of the early church. The collection of the new testament had not been completed and Marcion too had an idea of a canon which he felt should strictly be the teachings of Jesus Christ and the Pauline epistles. Marcion views would soon spread rapidly over the whole world with Marcionite churches springing up and organized around Bishops and the rest of the ecclesiastical discipline akin to the Catholic Church.

== Central beliefs ==
Marcionism attempts to set aside the old testament foundation of Christianity, to purify tradition, and to reform Christiandom on the basis of the Pauline gospel.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Dogma|last=Von Harnack|first=Adolf|publisher=Boston, Little|year=1901|isbn=|location=|pages=266-281}}</ref> In other words, Marcion wanted a Chrsitinaity not associated. with Judaism. A Christianity that was the New Covenant pure and simple. By setting the Old Testament aside, Marcion made everey effort to also cut out all texts in the New Testament that mirrored his Old Testament and contrary to his dogma. In fact, he created his own New Testament that admitting that only one gospel, a mutilation of St Luke, and ten epistles of Paul, both sources which affirmed Jesus Christ as the saviour sent by God (the Heavenly Father). He accounts or canon avoided anything that explicitly linked Jesus with Judaism such as the parallel birth narratives of John the Baptist and Jesus in Luke 1-2.

'''Here are some of Marcion's teachings'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=OrthodoxWiki|first=|date=|title=Marcionism|url=https://orthodoxwiki.org/Marcionism|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>''':'''

- Christianity was distinct from Judaism contrary to the existing values held at the time. He tried to separate from Judaism.

- He rejected the Hebrew Bible

- He argued for the existence of two Gods, Yahweh of the Old Testament who created the material universe and the Heavenly Father of the New Testament of which Jesus was his living incarnation.

- Yahweh was as a lesser demiurge<ref>a demiurgus - a secondary deity, who was god, in a sense, but not the supreme God; he was just, rigidly just, he had his good qualities, but he was not the good god, who was Father of Our Lord Jesus Christ</ref> who created the earth and whose law was the laws of Moses. Yahweh represented the laws of Justice.

- Jesus was a living incarnation of a God of compassion and love, called the Heavenly Father. Represented the God of compassion and grace.

- These two Gods were thus thought of as distinct personalities:

* Yahweh was petty and cruel, jealous and was God for the Jews and Jesus is compassionate and loves all humanity with mercy and benevolence.
* Yahweh was the God of the Old Testament, Jesus is the of the New Testament.
* Yahweh is legalist. After creating humanity, Yahweh grew to hate mankind for its sin. Old Testament God felt justified punished mankind which Heavenly Father showed mercy and far more compassionate when revealed through his son Jesus.

== Impact of the heresy/controversy to the Christian Church ==
Marcion is arguably one of the foremost individuals who shaped the beliefs, structures and collection of scriptural writings of the Church in the second century and beyond. The impact on the Church beliefs and structures was significant that Marcion was the first known heretic in the early church. It was during his time that the church first sanctioned some theology as orthodox while others condemned as heresy.n In inadvertently, he helped crystallize many embryonic developments as those opposed to his ideas reacted against him.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foster|first=Paul|date=March 2010|title=Marcion: His Life, Works, Beliefs, and Impact|url=|journal=The Expository Times|volume=Volume 121 Issue 6|pages=269–280|via=Sagepub}}</ref> In response to Marcion's beliefs, the church promulgated a set of common beliefs that should be universal. Thus Marcion was the catalyst for the development of unified, catholic form of Christianity that dominated the political and social life in Europe.

Moreso, Marcion was a reformer seeking a more universal and purer type of faith. He was the first to propose and delineate a cannon. In doing so he established a particular way of looking at religious texts that persist in Christian thought today. After him, Christian begin to divide texts along lines of theological thought and those that promoted heresy. Marcion taught us far more. His undertaking was to engage in a correct estimate of the reliability of the traditions that were current in his day alongside of the Pauline. There can be no doubt that Marcion criticized tradition from a dogmatic stand-point. Consequently, Marcion gives important testimony against the historical reliability of the notion that the common Christianity was really based on the tradition of the twelve Apostles.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Marcionite: Gnostic Sect|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Marcionites|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Britainica}}</ref>

Marcionism became a rival to the Catholic Church during his lifetime. Its adherents were strong enough to have the its beliefs dominate for for many centuries spreading the idea that Jesus abolished the Old Testament. The result of this is that anti-Jewish reading of the Bible in the history of the Christian interpretation of scripture continues to be prevalent.

Marcion rejected what could be seen as religious tribalism associated with the Jewish religion and regarded it as a corruption of the Heavenly Fathers teaching

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:HIST 501]]

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 1/Marcionism

2021-10-20T02:05:40Z

SetriDzivenu:

Imagine that you were one of the bishops or heretics being summoned by the Emperor to be present at the great church councils. You want to spend every effort to discover all the heresies flowing around the Church. As preparation for the class, you will collect background information of major heresies/controversies in the early Church include the following
== Biographical information of key leader(s) of the heresy/controversy ==
[[File:Map of Sinope.gif|thumb|Map of Sinope|492x492px]]

Marcion (ca. 85-160) was the son of the Bishop of Sinope (modern Sinop, Turkey) in Pontus province.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Fragments of a Faith Forgotten|last=Mead|first=G.R.S|publisher=London and Benares,|year=1900; 3rd Edition 1931|isbn=|location=|pages=241-249}}</ref> He was a ship owner and later excommunicated by his father for seducing a virgin. According to Bart Ehrman (in ''Lost of Christianities'') suggested that his seduction was probably a metaphor for his corruption of the Christian church , the church being the virgin.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Marcion of Sinope|url=https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

== Time frame when the heresy “flourished” ==
Marcion travelled to Rome in 142-143 to explore theology. At first, he was in communion with the church of Rome. When the church elders refused to face the important questions he set before them, he caused schism by organizing his followers into a separate community and was finally excommunicated by the church of Rome around 144.<ref name=":0" /> After his ex communication, he returned to Asia minor where he spread his teachings and created a strong ecclesiastical organization resembling the church of Rome and made himself the Bishop.

== Context that gave birth to the heresy/controversy ==
According to Mead, “the origin of Marcionism is entirely wrapped in obscurity, and we know nothing of a reliable nature of the lives of either Cerdo or Marcion.”<ref name=":0" /> The Church writers at the end of the second century, who are our best authorities, cannot tell the story of the beginning of the movement with any certainty. For all we know, Marcion may have developed his theories long before he came to Rome, and may have based them on information he gleaned and opinions he heard on his long voyages.

What we know is that Marcionism sprung up at the time when many of the Jewish scriptures formed the main canon of the early church. The collection of the new testament had not been completed and Marcion too had an idea of a canon which he felt should strictly be the teachings of Jesus Christ and the Pauline epistles. Marcion views would soon spread rapidly over the whole world with Marcionite churches springing up and organized around Bishops and the rest of the ecclesiastical discipline akin to the Catholic Church.

== Central beliefs ==
Marcionism attempts to set aside the old testament foundation of Christianity, to purify tradition, and to reform Christiandom on the basis of the Pauline gospel.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Dogma|last=Von Harnack|first=Adolf|publisher=Boston, Little|year=1901|isbn=|location=|pages=266-281}}</ref> In other words, Marcion wanted a Chrsitinaity not associated. with Judaism. A Christianity that was the New Covenant pure and simple. By setting the Old Testament aside, Marcion made everey effort to also cut out all texts in the New Testament that mirrored his Old Testament and contrary to his dogma. In fact, he created his own New Testament that admitting that only one gospel, a mutilation of St Luke, and ten epistles of Paul, both sources which affirmed Jesus Christ as the saviour sent by God (the Heavenly Father). He accounts or canon avoided anything that explicitly linked Jesus with Judaism such as the parallel birth narratives of John the Baptist and Jesus in Luke 1-2.

'''Here are some of Marcion's teachings'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=OrthodoxWiki|first=|date=|title=Marcionism|url=https://orthodoxwiki.org/Marcionism|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>''':'''

- Christianity was distinct from Judaism contrary to the existing values held at the time. He tried to separate from Judaism.

- He rejected the Hebrew Bible

- He argued for the existence of two Gods, Yahweh of the Old Testament who created the material universe and the Heavenly Father of the New Testament of which Jesus was his living incarnation.

- Yahweh was as a lesser demiurge<ref>a demiurgus - a secondary deity, who was god, in a sense, but not the supreme God; he was just, rigidly just, he had his good qualities, but he was not the good god, who was Father of Our Lord Jesus Christ</ref> who created the earth and whose law was the laws of Moses. Yahweh represented the laws of Justice.

- Jesus was a living incarnation of a God of compassion and love, called the Heavenly Father. Represented the God of compassion and grace.

- These two Gods were thus thought of as distinct personalities:

* Yahweh was petty and cruel, jealous and was God for the Jews and Jesus is compassionate and loves all humanity with mercy and benevolence.
* Yahweh was the God of the Old Testament, Jesus is the of the New Testament.
* Yahweh is legalist. After creating humanity, Yahweh grew to hate mankind for its sin. Old Testament God felt justified punished mankind which Heavenly Father showed mercy and far more compassionate when revealed through his son Jesus.

== Impact of the heresy/controversy to the Christian Church ==
Marcion is arguably one of the foremost individuals who shaped the beliefs, structures and collection of scriptural writings of the Church in the second century and beyond. The impact on the Church beliefs and structures was significant that Marcion was the first known heretic in the early church. It was during his time that the church first sanctioned some theology as orthodox while others condemned as heresy.n In inadvertently, he helped crystallize many embryonic developments as those opposed to his ideas reacted against him.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foster|first=Paul|date=March 2010|title=Marcion: His Life, Works, Beliefs, and Impact|url=|journal=The Expository Times|volume=Volume 121 Issue 6|pages=269–280|via=Sagepub}}</ref> In response to Marcion's beliefs, the church promulgated a set of common beliefs that should be universal. Thus Marcion was the catalyst for the development of unified, catholic form of Christianity that dominated the political and social life in Europe.

Moreso, Marcion was a reformer seeking a more universal and purer type of faith. He was the first to propose and delineate a cannon. In doing so he established a particular way of looking at religious texts that persist in Christian thought today. After him, Christian begin to divide texts along lines of theological thought and those that promoted heresy. Marcion taught us far more. His undertaking was to engage in a correct estimate of the reliability of the traditions that were current in his day alongside of the Pauline. There can be no doubt that Marcion criticized tradition from a dogmatic stand-point. Consequently, Marcion gives important testimony against the historical reliability of the notion that the common Christianity was really based on the tradition of the twelve Apostles.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Marcionite: Gnostic Sect|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Marcionites|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Britainica}}</ref>

, Marcion church or Marcionism became a rival to the catholic church during his lifetime. Its adherents were strong enough to have the its beliefs dominate for a century.

-

- Polycarp regarded Marcion as the “first born of Satan”

o Paul was credited with transmitting the universality of jesus’ message. Some of the other epitles were rejected because rthey suggested that jesus built his faith on Jewish sect.

o Marcion rejected what could be seen as religious tribalism associated with the Jewish religion and regarded it as a corruption of the heavenly fathers teaching

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:HIST 501]]

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 1/Marcionism

2021-10-20T01:18:30Z

SetriDzivenu:

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 1/Marcionism

2021-10-20T01:09:01Z

SetriDzivenu:

Imagine that you were one of the bishops or heretics being summoned by the Emperor to be present at the great church councils. You want to spend every effort to discover all the heresies flowing around the Church. As preparation for the class, you will collect background information of major heresies/controversies in the early Church include the following
== Biographical information of key leader(s) of the heresy/controversy ==
[[File:Map of Sinope.gif|thumb|Map of Sinope|492x492px]]

Marcion (ca. 85-160) was the son of the Bishop of Sinope (modern Sinop, Turkey) in Pontus province.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Fragments of a Faith Forgotten|last=Mead|first=G.R.S|publisher=London and Benares,|year=1900; 3rd Edition 1931|isbn=|location=|pages=241-249}}</ref> He was a ship owner and later excommunicated by his father for seducing a virgin. According to Bart Ehrman (in ''Lost of Christianities'') suggested that his seduction was probably a metaphor for his corruption of the Christian church , the church being the virgin.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Marcion of Sinope|url=https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

== Time frame when the heresy “flourished” ==
Marcion travelled to Rome in 142-143 to explore theology. At first, he was in communion with the church of Rome. When the church elders refused to face the important questions he set before them, he caused schism by organizing his followers into a separate community and was finally excommunicated by the church of Rome around 144.<ref name=":0" /> After his ex communication, he returned to Asia minor where he spread his teachings and created a strong ecclesiastical organization resembling the church of Rome and made himself the Bishop.

== Context that gave birth to the heresy/controversy ==
According to Mead, “the origin of Marcionism is entirely wrapped in obscurity, and we know nothing of a reliable nature of the lives of either Cerdo or Marcion.”<ref name=":0" /> The Church writers at the end of the second century, who are our best authorities, cannot tell the story of the beginning of the movement with any certainty. For all we know, Marcion may have developed his theories long before he came to Rome, and may have based them on information he gleaned and opinions he heard on his long voyages.

What we know is that Marcionism sprung up at the time when many of the Jewish scriptures formed the main canon of the early church. The collection of the new testament had not been completed and Marcion too had an idea of a canon which he felt should strictly be the teachings of Jesus Christ and the Pauline epistles. Marcion views would soon spread rapidly over the whole world with Marcionite churches springing up and organized around Bishops and the rest of the ecclesiastical discipline akin to the Catholic Church.

== Central beliefs ==
Marcionism attempts to set aside the old testament foundation of Christianity, to purify tradition, and to reform Christiandom on the basis of the Pauline gospel.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Dogma|last=Von Harnack|first=Adolf|publisher=Boston, Little|year=1901|isbn=|location=|pages=266-281}}</ref> In other words, Marcion wanted a Chrsitinaity not associated. with Judaism. A Christianity that was the New Covenant pure and simple. By setting the Old Testament aside, Marcion made everey effort to also cut out all texts in the New Testament that mirrored his Old Testament and contrary to his dogma. In fact, he created his own New Testament that admitting that only one gospel, a mutilation of St Luke, and ten epistles of Paul, both sources which affirmed Jesus Christ as the saviour sent by God (the Heavenly Father). He accounts or canon avoided anything that explicitly linked Jesus with Judaism such as the parallel birth narratives of John the Baptist and Jesus in Luke 1-2.

Here are some of Marcion teachings:

- Christianity was distinct from Judaism contrary to the existing values held at the time. He tried to separate from Judaism.

- He rejected the Hebrew Bible

- He argued for the existence of two Gods, Yahweh of the Old Testament who created the material universe and the Heavenly Father of the New Testament of which Jesus was his living incarnation.

- Yahweh was views as a lesser demiurge who created the earth and whose law was the laws of Moses. Alws which represented the laws of Justice.

- Jesus was a living incarnation of a God of compassion and love, called the heavenly father.

- These two Gods were thus thought of as distinct personalities.

o Yahweh was petty and cruel, jealous and was god for the Jews and jesus is compassionate and loves all humanity with mercy and benevolence.

o Yahweh was ther God of the old testament, Jesus is the of the new testament.

o Yahweh is legalist. After creating humanity, Yahweh grew to hate mankind for its sin. Old Testament God felt justified punished mankind which Heavenly father showed merciyand far more compassionate when revealed through his son jesus.

- Marcions canon consisted of 11 books. The gospel of Luke and ten epitles of paul. All other epistles of the new testament were rejected.

o Paul was credited with transmitting the universality of jesus’ message. Some of the other epitles were rejected because rthey suggested that jesus built his faith on Jewish sect.

o Marcion rejected what could be seen as religious tribalism associated with the Jewish religion and regarded it as a corruption of the heavenly fahteers teaching

== Impact of the heresy/controversy to the Christian Church ==
- Marcion was the first known heretic in the early church., it was during his time that the church first sanctioned some theology as orthodox while others condemned as heresy.

- The response to Marcion;s beleifs, the church promulgated a set of common beleifs that should be universal. Thus marcions was the catalyst for the development of unified, catholic fomr of Christianity that dominatred the political and social life in Europer.

- Marcion church became a rival to the catholic church during his lifetime. Its adherents were strong enough to hasve the its bleeifs dominate for a century.

- Marcion was the first to propose and delinate a cannon. In doing so he established a particular way of looking at religious texrs that persist in Christian thought today. After him, Christian begin to divide texts along lines of theological thought and those that promoted heresy.

Marcion taught us far more. His undertaking was to engage in a correct estimate of the reliability of the traditions that were current in his day alongside of the Pauline. There can be no doubt that Marcion criticized tradition from a dogmatic stand-point. Consequently, Marcion gives important testimony against the historical reliability of the notion that the common Christianity was really based on the tradition of the twelve Apostles.

- Polycarp regarded Marcion as the “first born of Satan”

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:HIST 501]]

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 1/Marcionism

2021-10-19T09:30:36Z

SetriDzivenu:

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 1/Marcionism

2021-10-19T09:28:43Z

SetriDzivenu:

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 1/Marcionism

2021-10-19T08:54:00Z

SetriDzivenu:

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 1/Marcionism

2021-10-19T08:23:39Z

SetriDzivenu: /* Biographical information of key leader(s) of the heresy/controversy */

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 1/Marcionism

2021-10-19T08:17:50Z

SetriDzivenu: /* Biographical information of key leader(s) of the heresy/controversy */

Course:Carey HIST501/Project 1/Marcionism

2021-10-19T08:16:19Z

SetriDzivenu: Created page with " Imagine that you were one of the bishops or heretics being summoned by the Emperor to be present at the great church councils. You want to spend every effort to discover all..."

File:Map of Sinope.gif

2021-10-19T08:07:30Z

SetriDzivenu: Uploaded a work by unknown from http://gnosis.org/library/marcion/Sinope.htm with UploadWizard

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