UBC Wiki - User contributions [en]

Course:CONS200/2019/Ecological Benefits and Costs of China's Green Great Wall

2019-04-03T00:46:37Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Recommendations */

[[File:Map_of_Green_Great_Wall_in_China.jpg|thumb|421x421px|Location of Green Great Wall in China]]
Green Great Wall, or Three-North Shelter Forest Program, or Three-North Shelterbelt Program, is a sequence of artificial shelter forests in northwestern, northeastern, and northeastern regions of China<ref name=":2">Meng, F. (2014). The Significance and Role of the Green Great Wall Construction. New Countryside: ''Heilongjiang''(8), 305-305. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8409.2014.08.305 </ref>. It starts ranging from Binxian County in Heilongjiang Province in the east to Wusongbeili Mountain in Xinjiang in the west, and from the northern border in the north to Hai River, Yongding River, Wei River and Tao River, Burhan Budai Mountain<ref name=":2" />. The construction of the Green Great Wall covers 551 counties (flags, cities, and districts) in 13 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) with a total area of 4.069 million hectares, accounting for 42.4% of the country's land area<ref name=":2" />. Among these aras, there are 12 Gobi, deserts and sand lands with an area of 133,000 km, as well as 0.367 million hectares Loess Plateau that has severe soil erosion, sparse vegetation and lots of gullies<ref name=":2" />.

The project began in 1979 and its planning period is 70 years<ref name=":1">Three-North Shelterbelt Program. (2019). In ''Baidupedia''. The Great Wall Project. Retrieved on February 11, 2019, from https://baike.baidu.com/item/“三北”防护林工/11046362?fromtitle=%E4%B8%89%E5%8C%97%E9%98%B2%E6%8A%A4%E6%9E%97&fromid=1845823#reference-%5B4%5D-695089-wrap </ref>. By 2050, the planned afforestation area will be 535 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate in these three regions will increase from 5.05% in 1979 to 15.95% in 2050<ref name=":1" />. Until 2018, the afforestation area has been completed to 30.149 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate of the project area has increased to 13.59%<ref name=":1" />. At present, China’s Green Great Wall has gained great ecological achievement but has generated a great number of financial costs. Meanwhile, various problems have emerged and impeded the project to proceed, in terms of ecology, finance, policy, and society. Those existing problems will be discussed, and recommendations that correspond with different aspects will be suggested.
[[File:Three_North_Shelter_Forest_Program_in_northern_China.png|thumb|455x455px|Green Great Wall in northern China in detail]]

== Background ==
[[File:Green_Great_Wall.jpg|thumb|440x440px|Green Great Wall in Pinglu Qipan Mountains]]
China is one of the biggest countries in the world, covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers, with diverse

climate types and varied terrains. With the ever-accelerated development, the formation of ecological problems was facilitated to some extent, especially where ecological conditions are fragile. The Green Great Wall is one of the ecological engineerings trying to ease this situation. In order to solve the problems of wind-sand disasters and water-soil erosion from the root, the construction of the three-shelter forest became stringent. Wind-sand erosion problem is serious in this area, and sandstorms are frequent. In the past 20 years from the early 1960s to the late 1970s, 6.69 million hectares of land were desertification, and more than 13 million hectares of farmland were affected by sandstorms. It has a significantly bad impact on local ecology situation, local resident daily life, and the development of local economy.

== Stakeholders ==
With the progress of the Great Green Wall, the wicked situation is relieved to some extent. The intuitive benefits provided by the the program is that many local residents don’t have to keep moving from place to place. The anxiety of the dust burying the building is no longer exists for the local.

What’s more, the biomass power plant gradually becomes one of the economy income pathways. The branches of Salix psammophila can be the essential electricity generating material. Salix psammophila is an important vegetation to prevent wind and fix sand. This kind of plant has a special physiology feature. Only when the lateral branches are cut, the main stem can grow taller and thicker. In this case, the local people collect the ‘unnecessary’branches and hand to the specific material company. The company uniformly deliver the materials to the power station. The local area gradually formed an industry chain integrated with planning, management, protection, storage and processing. With the constant planting of the Salix psammophila which provides the benefits of preventing strong wind and fixing sand, the grass could also be planted in the area. In this case, more sheep could be feeded in the land. A virtuous circle is happening from local residents to the private sector to state-owned enterprises.

== Ecological Benefits ==
The Three-North Shelterbelt has significant protection and regulation for the climate, soil and agriculture of the entire three-north region.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Effects
!Statistics
|-
!'''Regional Climate Regulation'''
|
* Wind preventing
* Temperature regulation
* Air moisture regulation
|
* According to the measurements of the three-north region, the effective distance of the forest belt to reduce the wind speed has been about 20-25 times higher than the height of the forest belt, and the wind speed has been reduced by 27-40%<ref name=":0">Huang, L., Zhu, P., Xiao, T., Cao, Y., & Gong, G. (2018). Wind and Sand Fixation Effect of the Green Great Wall System Construction Project in the Past 35 Years. ''Geography Science'', 38(4), 600-609. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=353eec52dc01bd2ae65e6c1e5d2c8873&site=xueshu_se </ref>.
* Green Great Wall has had a warming effect in spring and autumn with an average temperature increase of about 0.5-2°C, a cooling effect in summer with an average temperature decrease of about 6-10 °C, and the temperature rise in winter is 1-3 °C<ref>Wang, P., Yan, J., Jiang, C., Liu, X., & Liao, G. (2014). The Analysis of Climate Change in the Green Great Wall Project Area. ''Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation'', 34(1), 273-278. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=52953c6799d26b093bf194c166d67c5c&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref>.
* The evaporation of the three-north region is reduced by approximately 14% on average, which facilitates the development of local dry farming<ref name=":4">Dai, L., Wang, X., & Wang J. (2000). Indicators to Assess the Ecological Effect of the Three-North Shelterbelt System. ''World Forestry Research'', 13(2), 47-51. Retrieved from http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=sjlyyj200002013</ref>.
|-
!'''Soil Improvement'''
|
* Soil moisture regulation
* Soil physical properties improvement
* Soil fixation
|
* The soil evaporation has been reduced by 15-20% than the forest network, and the water surface evaporation is reduced by 20-40%<ref name=":4" />. Plant transpiration varies by species, generally reduced by 20-30%<ref name=":4" />.
* The three-north shelterbelt has the function of perfecting the water-soluble constituents of the soil. The proportion of Ca2+ in the soil of shelterbelt has been increased, while that of Na+ has been decreased, which enhances permeability and arability of soil<ref name=":4" />. Trees growing in the shelterbelt have the ability to absorb salt, such as poplars, willows, sorghum, etc.
* Taking the Loess Plateau as an example, when the vegetation coverage is 20-40%, it has a significant effect on reducing soil erosion<ref name=":0" />.
|-
!'''Increasing Agriculture Productivity'''
|
* Crop production improvement
|
* The ecological environment of farmland has been enhanced by the effect above, promoting crop growth and yield. Corn and rice yields rates have increased by 14% and 15% respectively<ref name=":4" />. The emergence of corn seedlings has been 2~3 days in advance, and the maturity period is 4~5 days early<ref name=":4" />.
|}

== The Evidence for the Problem ==
Sources, their relevance and reliability, balance of argument (for and against), bias declared or inferred;

=== Ecological problems ===

==== Violate the health living principles ====
To reach the long-term goals, the Green Great Wall Project followed a principle called "easy before difficult, from near to far"<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Mao|first=Rixin|last2=Chen|first2=Gang|last3=Zhang|first3=Shaoqiang|date=2017|title=三北防护林工程建设中若干问题及应对建议|trans-title=Some Problems and Countermeasures in the Construction of Three-North Shelter Forest Project|url=|journal=Protection Forest Science and Technology|volume=|issue=|pages=58-61|doi=10.13601/j.issn.1005-5215.2017.10.020|via=CNKI}}</ref>. In other words, the process of afforestation first started from the areas with easy living condition, then moved to the areas with tough living condition. However, with the step-by-step promotion of afforestation, the relatively easy parts of the project have already completed. The rest are mostly left because of their poor natural conditions, inconvenient transportation, and bare of humanity<ref name=":3" />. The poor site conditions vastly decrease the growth rate, survival rate, and preservation rate of afforestation.

Much worse, people who involved in the project only pay attention to seeking quick success and instant benefits of the project, ignoring to put the right tree at the right place. In some cases, shrubs are more suitable in some arid and water-scarce desert areas rather than trees like the poplar and spruce. Large amount of water absorbed by long roots of trees as well as the added water evaporation by large leaves will aggravate the shortage of water resources in the region<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sun|first=Guili|last2=Li|first2=Xiaona|last3=Wang|first3=Dong|date=2007|title=“三北”防护林建设中若干问题的生态思考|trans-title=The Ecological Thinking of the Three - North Forest Shelterbelt Program|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2007&filename=XJSZ200703070&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkVG1CcDNkZVhQKzkxOHpDTWVFeUVCSFpKOD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!&v=MDA2OTRxVHJXTTFGckNVUkxPZlpPZHJGaURsVjd6TlBTZllkTEc0SHRiTXJJOUNaSVI4ZVgxTHV4WVM3RGgxVDM=|journal=Journal of Xinjiang Normal University (Natural Sciences Edition)|volume=26|pages=217-219|issn=1008-9659|via=CNKI}}</ref>. Hence, planting too much arbors in arid and water-deficient desert areas will not achieve good results diametrically. Under this circumstance, the ecological functions have been sharply diminished.

==== Low level of biodiversity ====
Biodiversity plays a significant role in ecosystems which directly influences the ecological processes. High level of biodiversity can increase the ecological functioning while low level of biodiversity decreases the efficiency of ecological communities to capture biologically essential resources, produce biomass, decompose and recycle biologically essential nutrients<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=Biodiversity Loss and Its Impact on Humanity|url=|journal=|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>.

Low level of biodiversity has acted as a long-term ecological problem in the Green Great Wall since it has been put into implemented. In the early stage of the project, a large number of pure artificial forests with high survival rate or fast-growing tree species were planted. Those pieces of forests only contain one specific species such as poplar and willow, which can bring enormous economic benefits from forestry production, and improve forestry management efficiency in short period. However, this kind of forest pattern results in simple forest structure with less mixed tree species and more same-age forest stands, which indicates the low level of biological diversity. Meanwhile, the lower level of biodiversity is accompanied by the weaker resilience of the forests. Those artificial forests are extremely easy to be infected by diseases and pests, and it can cause extensive damage once infected<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Fengqi|last2=Zhu|first2=Jiaojun|date=2002|title=防护林阶段定向经营研究|trans-title=Phase-directional Management of Protective Plantations|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2002&filename=YYSB200210033&v=MTg0MzFOcjQ5R1o0UjhlWDFMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSTE9mWk9kckZpRGdWcjNKUERUWWJMRzRIdFA=|journal=Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=13|pages=1352-1355|doi=10.13287/j.1001-9332.2002.0310|via=CNKI}}</ref>. For example, more than 130,000 pure poplars in Yongdeng County, Gansu Province has been destroyed by longicore since the end of the 20th century<ref name=":3" />.

==== Stand degradation ====
Limited by the development of economy and technology at the early stage, the quality of the artificial forest stands is generally low, followed by large scale of stand aging. Started from the 1970s, the action of afforestation has led to the existence of a great amount of mature forests, taking a relatively large proportion of overall tree number<ref name=":3" />. When forests reach the overripening stage, the functions of the project decline due to the slow-down growth speed and reduced biomass of the forests<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bu|first=Jun|date=2016|title=辽宁省退化防护林现状及成因分析|trans-title=Present Situation and Cause of Formation of Degraded Shelterbelt in Liaoning Province|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFDLAST2016&filename=FHLK201606040&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkVG1CcDNkZVhQN0Y4Q3lVMldDcmdHOTZjRT0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!&v=MDU5NDk5Zk1xWTlCWklSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnJDVVJMT2ZaT2RyRmlEaFZMck1JeVhIWmJHNEg=|journal=Protection Forest Science and Technology|volume=|pages=101-102|doi=10.13601/j.issn.1005-5215.2016.06.040|via=}}</ref>. Therefore, the stand aging accelerates the speed of stand degradation.

In addition, some places blindly pursue the quantity of afforestation while neglect the stand quality, regardless of the natural mechanisms and the priority of ecological benefits. As a consequence, the situation of stand degradation tends to be more severe, affecting the overall effectiveness of the project to move forward smoothly.

=== Social and financial problems ===

==== Lack of public participation ====
The Green Great Wall Project started at 1970s when Chinese Economic Reform occurred<ref>Zhu, J., Zhou, X., & Hu, J. (2004). Thinking and prospect of "three north" shelterbelt system project. ''Journal of natural resources'', 19(1), 79-85.</ref> . The Economic Reform stimulated public’s enthusiasm to do what government told them to do<ref>Wu, Q. (2009). The changing track of patriotic expression of young students in the 30 years of reform and opening up. ''Chinese youth studies,'' 1.</ref> . Moreover, people did not have many choices to earn money while agriculture is the main industry. The project was attractive because participant could get relatively considerable profits and subsides. Therefore, local communities were willing to join in the project and plant trees, and the first stage of great wall project was successfully done. However, after the soaring of economy in 1990s, people were no longer unsatisfied with the profits of growing trees when they have more choices<ref name=":5">Zhang, J. (1996). Achievements and problems in the construction of "three north" shelterbelt system. Retrieved from http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-LYJJ199602001</ref> . With the deepening of reform, farmers' interest in afforestation, especially shelterbelt, begun to decline. The connection between shelterbelt and farmers' profit stream was not as close as in the early stage, which was inconsistent with the goal of farmers' rapid income growth<ref name=":5" />. Some of the preferential policies originally formulated were no longer attractive to the masses, and farmers have gained greater choice and corresponding preferential policies from the reform.

==== Lack of funding ====
The conflict between the government’s expectation and people’s interests has become increasingly clear since 1990s<ref name=":5" />. The project is a large-scale public welfare undertaking which gives priority to protection and concern on environment. And public have main purpose on making money. As a developing country, government had financial problems. Funding was inadequate from the beginning of the project. Individual could only get fifty-one Yuan as pension after they afforestation one hectare<ref name=":5" /> . Farmers preferred to give priority to the projects with large benefits and quick results. Also, because most of forests in project were shelterbelt which could not bring much economic benefits, people are not willing to get involved in the project. Instead, they relatively preferred to grow economic forests.

==== Inappropriate management system ====
The role of the management system should not be underestimated. However, with the deepening of the reform, the government system that used to play the overall function has been changed. Some local forestry departments were merged, and some local organizations were cut off the financial support. Those organizations were forced to make live with other stuffs which might be illegal and negative to the project. For instance, those local organizations would authorize an already forested area as project area to get pension. While they would not build up shelterbelt. Therefore, the foundation of the management system became unstable, and its function was weakened.

== Recommendations ==
* '''Policy for modern conditions'''
Since China's reform, the process of policy design has been constantly promoted along with changes in the situation. When the promotion effect of a policy decreases due to changes in the objective environment. New policies should be issued accordingly, either to strengthen the effect of the original policy or to produce new effects.
* '''Suited to Local Conditions'''
One-fit-all model will lead Three-North Shelterbelt Program to failure and it is also one of the main causes of current problems. Therefore, different governance modes and regional governance methods should be selected according to the resource advantages and governance status quo of different regions.
*'''Enhance economic efficiency'''
It is an effective approach to stimulate the constructors' enthusiasm and initiative through enhance the economic attraction of the project itself. While governments focus on improving the ecological environment, they should also promote the economic benefits from project, such as setting up green industry and developing sand tourism, to help project out of the wood.
*'''Build up ES payment system'''
People would have opportunity lost when they decide to be involved in Three-North Shelter Forest Program. To ensure people will not avoid project because of their lost, governments should establish ES payment to compensate those people who pay for ecological benefits.

== Conclusion ==
You should conclude your Wiki paper by summarizing the topic, or some aspect of the topic, as if possible, state a policy recommendation.

== References ==
Please use the Wikipedia reference style (see Wikipedia:Inline citation). Provide a citation for every sentence, statement, thought, or bit of data not your own, giving the author, year, AND page (when using direct quotes).
For dictionary references for English-language terms, I strongly recommend you use the Oxford English Dictionary. You can reference foreign-language sources but please also provide translations into English.

<references />

{{Projectbox CONS200|names=Lauren Chen; Hongkai Qiu; Lingsen Kong; Yixuan Yu|share=yes}}

[[Category:Conservation]]

Course:CONS200/2019/Ecological Benefits and Costs of China's Green Great Wall

2019-04-03T00:42:23Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Conclusion */

[[File:Map_of_Green_Great_Wall_in_China.jpg|thumb|421x421px|Location of Green Great Wall in China]]
Green Great Wall, or Three-North Shelter Forest Program, or Three-North Shelterbelt Program, is a sequence of artificial shelter forests in northwestern, northeastern, and northeastern regions of China<ref name=":2">Meng, F. (2014). The Significance and Role of the Green Great Wall Construction. New Countryside: ''Heilongjiang''(8), 305-305. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8409.2014.08.305 </ref>. It starts ranging from Binxian County in Heilongjiang Province in the east to Wusongbeili Mountain in Xinjiang in the west, and from the northern border in the north to Hai River, Yongding River, Wei River and Tao River, Burhan Budai Mountain<ref name=":2" />. The construction of the Green Great Wall covers 551 counties (flags, cities, and districts) in 13 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) with a total area of 4.069 million hectares, accounting for 42.4% of the country's land area<ref name=":2" />. Among these aras, there are 12 Gobi, deserts and sand lands with an area of 133,000 km, as well as 0.367 million hectares Loess Plateau that has severe soil erosion, sparse vegetation and lots of gullies<ref name=":2" />.

The project began in 1979 and its planning period is 70 years<ref name=":1">Three-North Shelterbelt Program. (2019). In ''Baidupedia''. The Great Wall Project. Retrieved on February 11, 2019, from https://baike.baidu.com/item/“三北”防护林工/11046362?fromtitle=%E4%B8%89%E5%8C%97%E9%98%B2%E6%8A%A4%E6%9E%97&fromid=1845823#reference-%5B4%5D-695089-wrap </ref>. By 2050, the planned afforestation area will be 535 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate in these three regions will increase from 5.05% in 1979 to 15.95% in 2050<ref name=":1" />. Until 2018, the afforestation area has been completed to 30.149 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate of the project area has increased to 13.59%<ref name=":1" />. At present, China’s Green Great Wall has gained great ecological achievement but has generated a great number of financial costs. Meanwhile, various problems have emerged and impeded the project to proceed, in terms of ecology, finance, policy, and society. Those existing problems will be discussed, and recommendations that correspond with different aspects will be suggested.
[[File:Three_North_Shelter_Forest_Program_in_northern_China.png|thumb|455x455px|Green Great Wall in northern China in detail]]

== Background ==
[[File:Green_Great_Wall.jpg|thumb|440x440px|Green Great Wall in Pinglu Qipan Mountains]]
China is one of the biggest countries in the world, covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers, with diverse

climate types and varied terrains. With the ever-accelerated development, the formation of ecological problems was facilitated to some extent, especially where ecological conditions are fragile. The Green Great Wall is one of the ecological engineerings trying to ease this situation. In order to solve the problems of wind-sand disasters and water-soil erosion from the root, the construction of the three-shelter forest became stringent. Wind-sand erosion problem is serious in this area, and sandstorms are frequent. In the past 20 years from the early 1960s to the late 1970s, 6.69 million hectares of land were desertification, and more than 13 million hectares of farmland were affected by sandstorms. It has a significantly bad impact on local ecology situation, local resident daily life, and the development of local economy.

== Stakeholders ==
With the progress of the Great Green Wall, the wicked situation is relieved to some extent. The intuitive benefits provided by the the program is that many local residents don’t have to keep moving from place to place. The anxiety of the dust burying the building is no longer exists for the local.

What’s more, the biomass power plant gradually becomes one of the economy income pathways. The branches of Salix psammophila can be the essential electricity generating material. Salix psammophila is an important vegetation to prevent wind and fix sand. This kind of plant has a special physiology feature. Only when the lateral branches are cut, the main stem can grow taller and thicker. In this case, the local people collect the ‘unnecessary’branches and hand to the specific material company. The company uniformly deliver the materials to the power station. The local area gradually formed an industry chain integrated with planning, management, protection, storage and processing. With the constant planting of the Salix psammophila which provides the benefits of preventing strong wind and fixing sand, the grass could also be planted in the area. In this case, more sheep could be feeded in the land. A virtuous circle is happening from local residents to the private sector to state-owned enterprises.

== Ecological Benefits ==
The Three-North Shelterbelt has significant protection and regulation for the climate, soil and agriculture of the entire three-north region.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Effects
!Statistics
|-
!'''Regional Climate Regulation'''
|
* Wind preventing
* Temperature regulation
* Air moisture regulation
|
* According to the measurements of the three-north region, the effective distance of the forest belt to reduce the wind speed has been about 20-25 times higher than the height of the forest belt, and the wind speed has been reduced by 27-40%<ref name=":0">Huang, L., Zhu, P., Xiao, T., Cao, Y., & Gong, G. (2018). Wind and Sand Fixation Effect of the Green Great Wall System Construction Project in the Past 35 Years. ''Geography Science'', 38(4), 600-609. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=353eec52dc01bd2ae65e6c1e5d2c8873&site=xueshu_se </ref>.
* Green Great Wall has had a warming effect in spring and autumn with an average temperature increase of about 0.5-2°C, a cooling effect in summer with an average temperature decrease of about 6-10 °C, and the temperature rise in winter is 1-3 °C<ref>Wang, P., Yan, J., Jiang, C., Liu, X., & Liao, G. (2014). The Analysis of Climate Change in the Green Great Wall Project Area. ''Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation'', 34(1), 273-278. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=52953c6799d26b093bf194c166d67c5c&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref>.
* The evaporation of the three-north region is reduced by approximately 14% on average, which facilitates the development of local dry farming<ref name=":4">Dai, L., Wang, X., & Wang J. (2000). Indicators to Assess the Ecological Effect of the Three-North Shelterbelt System. ''World Forestry Research'', 13(2), 47-51. Retrieved from http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=sjlyyj200002013</ref>.
|-
!'''Soil Improvement'''
|
* Soil moisture regulation
* Soil physical properties improvement
* Soil fixation
|
* The soil evaporation has been reduced by 15-20% than the forest network, and the water surface evaporation is reduced by 20-40%<ref name=":4" />. Plant transpiration varies by species, generally reduced by 20-30%<ref name=":4" />.
* The three-north shelterbelt has the function of perfecting the water-soluble constituents of the soil. The proportion of Ca2+ in the soil of shelterbelt has been increased, while that of Na+ has been decreased, which enhances permeability and arability of soil<ref name=":4" />. Trees growing in the shelterbelt have the ability to absorb salt, such as poplars, willows, sorghum, etc.
* Taking the Loess Plateau as an example, when the vegetation coverage is 20-40%, it has a significant effect on reducing soil erosion<ref name=":0" />.
|-
!'''Increasing Agriculture Productivity'''
|
* Crop production improvement
|
* The ecological environment of farmland has been enhanced by the effect above, promoting crop growth and yield. Corn and rice yields rates have increased by 14% and 15% respectively<ref name=":4" />. The emergence of corn seedlings has been 2~3 days in advance, and the maturity period is 4~5 days early<ref name=":4" />.
|}

== The Evidence for the Problem ==
Sources, their relevance and reliability, balance of argument (for and against), bias declared or inferred;

=== Ecological problems ===

==== Violate the health living principles ====
To reach the long-term goals, the Green Great Wall Project followed a principle called "easy before difficult, from near to far"<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Mao|first=Rixin|last2=Chen|first2=Gang|last3=Zhang|first3=Shaoqiang|date=2017|title=三北防护林工程建设中若干问题及应对建议|trans-title=Some Problems and Countermeasures in the Construction of Three-North Shelter Forest Project|url=|journal=Protection Forest Science and Technology|volume=|issue=|pages=58-61|doi=10.13601/j.issn.1005-5215.2017.10.020|via=CNKI}}</ref>. In other words, the process of afforestation first started from the areas with easy living condition, then moved to the areas with tough living condition. However, with the step-by-step promotion of afforestation, the relatively easy parts of the project have already completed. The rest are mostly left because of their poor natural conditions, inconvenient transportation, and bare of humanity<ref name=":3" />. The poor site conditions vastly decrease the growth rate, survival rate, and preservation rate of afforestation.

Much worse, people who involved in the project only pay attention to seeking quick success and instant benefits of the project, ignoring to put the right tree at the right place. In some cases, shrubs are more suitable in some arid and water-scarce desert areas rather than trees like the poplar and spruce. Large amount of water absorbed by long roots of trees as well as the added water evaporation by large leaves will aggravate the shortage of water resources in the region<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sun|first=Guili|last2=Li|first2=Xiaona|last3=Wang|first3=Dong|date=2007|title=“三北”防护林建设中若干问题的生态思考|trans-title=The Ecological Thinking of the Three - North Forest Shelterbelt Program|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2007&filename=XJSZ200703070&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkVG1CcDNkZVhQKzkxOHpDTWVFeUVCSFpKOD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!&v=MDA2OTRxVHJXTTFGckNVUkxPZlpPZHJGaURsVjd6TlBTZllkTEc0SHRiTXJJOUNaSVI4ZVgxTHV4WVM3RGgxVDM=|journal=Journal of Xinjiang Normal University (Natural Sciences Edition)|volume=26|pages=217-219|issn=1008-9659|via=CNKI}}</ref>. Hence, planting too much arbors in arid and water-deficient desert areas will not achieve good results diametrically. Under this circumstance, the ecological functions have been sharply diminished.

==== Low level of biodiversity ====
Biodiversity plays a significant role in ecosystems which directly influences the ecological processes. High level of biodiversity can increase the ecological functioning while low level of biodiversity decreases the efficiency of ecological communities to capture biologically essential resources, produce biomass, decompose and recycle biologically essential nutrients<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=Biodiversity Loss and Its Impact on Humanity|url=|journal=|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>.

Low level of biodiversity has acted as a long-term ecological problem in the Green Great Wall since it has been put into implemented. In the early stage of the project, a large number of pure artificial forests with high survival rate or fast-growing tree species were planted. Those pieces of forests only contain one specific species such as poplar and willow, which can bring enormous economic benefits from forestry production, and improve forestry management efficiency in short period. However, this kind of forest pattern results in simple forest structure with less mixed tree species and more same-age forest stands, which indicates the low level of biological diversity. Meanwhile, the lower level of biodiversity is accompanied by the weaker resilience of the forests. Those artificial forests are extremely easy to be infected by diseases and pests, and it can cause extensive damage once infected<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Fengqi|last2=Zhu|first2=Jiaojun|date=2002|title=防护林阶段定向经营研究|trans-title=Phase-directional Management of Protective Plantations|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2002&filename=YYSB200210033&v=MTg0MzFOcjQ5R1o0UjhlWDFMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSTE9mWk9kckZpRGdWcjNKUERUWWJMRzRIdFA=|journal=Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=13|pages=1352-1355|doi=10.13287/j.1001-9332.2002.0310|via=CNKI}}</ref>. For example, more than 130,000 pure poplars in Yongdeng County, Gansu Province has been destroyed by longicore since the end of the 20th century<ref name=":3" />.

==== Stand degradation ====
Limited by the development of economy and technology at the early stage, the quality of the artificial forest stands is generally low, followed by large scale of stand aging. Started from the 1970s, the action of afforestation has led to the existence of a great amount of mature forests, taking a relatively large proportion of overall tree number<ref name=":3" />. When forests reach the overripening stage, the functions of the project decline due to the slow-down growth speed and reduced biomass of the forests<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bu|first=Jun|date=2016|title=辽宁省退化防护林现状及成因分析|trans-title=Present Situation and Cause of Formation of Degraded Shelterbelt in Liaoning Province|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFDLAST2016&filename=FHLK201606040&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkVG1CcDNkZVhQN0Y4Q3lVMldDcmdHOTZjRT0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!&v=MDU5NDk5Zk1xWTlCWklSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnJDVVJMT2ZaT2RyRmlEaFZMck1JeVhIWmJHNEg=|journal=Protection Forest Science and Technology|volume=|pages=101-102|doi=10.13601/j.issn.1005-5215.2016.06.040|via=}}</ref>. Therefore, the stand aging accelerates the speed of stand degradation.

In addition, some places blindly pursue the quantity of afforestation while neglect the stand quality, regardless of the natural mechanisms and the priority of ecological benefits. As a consequence, the situation of stand degradation tends to be more severe, affecting the overall effectiveness of the project to move forward smoothly.

=== Social and financial problems ===

==== Lack of public participation ====
The Green Great Wall Project started at 1970s when Chinese Economic Reform occurred<ref>Zhu, J., Zhou, X., & Hu, J. (2004). Thinking and prospect of "three north" shelterbelt system project. ''Journal of natural resources'', 19(1), 79-85.</ref> . The Economic Reform stimulated public’s enthusiasm to do what government told them to do<ref>Wu, Q. (2009). The changing track of patriotic expression of young students in the 30 years of reform and opening up. ''Chinese youth studies,'' 1.</ref> . Moreover, people did not have many choices to earn money while agriculture is the main industry. The project was attractive because participant could get relatively considerable profits and subsides. Therefore, local communities were willing to join in the project and plant trees, and the first stage of great wall project was successfully done. However, after the soaring of economy in 1990s, people were no longer unsatisfied with the profits of growing trees when they have more choices<ref name=":5">Zhang, J. (1996). Achievements and problems in the construction of "three north" shelterbelt system. Retrieved from http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-LYJJ199602001</ref> . With the deepening of reform, farmers' interest in afforestation, especially shelterbelt, begun to decline. The connection between shelterbelt and farmers' profit stream was not as close as in the early stage, which was inconsistent with the goal of farmers' rapid income growth<ref name=":5" />. Some of the preferential policies originally formulated were no longer attractive to the masses, and farmers have gained greater choice and corresponding preferential policies from the reform.

==== Lack of funding ====
The conflict between the government’s expectation and people’s interests has become increasingly clear since 1990s<ref name=":5" />. The project is a large-scale public welfare undertaking which gives priority to protection and concern on environment. And public have main purpose on making money. As a developing country, government had financial problems. Funding was inadequate from the beginning of the project. Individual could only get fifty-one Yuan as pension after they afforestation one hectare<ref name=":5" /> . Farmers preferred to give priority to the projects with large benefits and quick results. Also, because most of forests in project were shelterbelt which could not bring much economic benefits, people are not willing to get involved in the project. Instead, they relatively preferred to grow economic forests.

==== Inappropriate management system ====
The role of the management system should not be underestimated. However, with the deepening of the reform, the government system that used to play the overall function has been changed. Some local forestry departments were merged, and some local organizations were cut off the financial support. Those organizations were forced to make live with other stuffs which might be illegal and negative to the project. For instance, those local organizations would authorize an already forested area as project area to get pension. While they would not build up shelterbelt. Therefore, the foundation of the management system became unstable, and its function was weakened.

== Recommendations ==
* '''Policy for modern conditions''' Since China's reform, the process of policy design has been constantly promoted along with changes in the situation. When the promotion effect of a policy decreases due to changes in the objective environment. New policies should be issued accordingly, either to strengthen the effect of the original policy or to produce new effects
* '''Suited to Local Conditions''' One-fit-all model will lead Three-North Shelterbelt Program to failure and it is also one of the main causes of current problems. Therefore, different governance modes and regional governance methods should be selected according to the resource advantages and governance status quo of different regions.
*'''Enhance economic efficiency''' It is an effective approach to stimulate the constructors' enthusiasm and initiative through enhance the economic attraction of the project itself. While governments focus on improving the ecological environment, they should also promote the economic benefits from project, such as setting up green industry and developing sand tourism, to help project out of the wood.
*'''Build up ES payment system''' People would have opportunity lost when they decide to be involved in Three-North Shelter Forest Program. To ensure people will not avoid project because of their lost, governments should establish ES payment to compensate those people who pay for ecological benefits.

== Conclusion ==
You should conclude your Wiki paper by summarizing the topic, or some aspect of the topic, as if possible, state a policy recommendation.

== References ==
Please use the Wikipedia reference style (see Wikipedia:Inline citation). Provide a citation for every sentence, statement, thought, or bit of data not your own, giving the author, year, AND page (when using direct quotes).
For dictionary references for English-language terms, I strongly recommend you use the Oxford English Dictionary. You can reference foreign-language sources but please also provide translations into English.

<references />

{{Projectbox CONS200|names=Lauren Chen; Hongkai Qiu; Lingsen Kong; Yixuan Yu|share=yes}}

[[Category:Conservation]]

Course:CONS200/2019/Ecological Benefits and Costs of China's Green Great Wall

2019-03-14T05:45:13Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Lack of public participation */

[[File:Green_Great_Wall.jpg|thumb|440x440px|Green Great Wall in Pinglu Qipan Mountains]]
Green Great Wall, or Three-North Shelter Forest Program, or Three-North Shelterbelt Program, is a sequence of artificial shelter forests in northwestern, northeastern, and northeastern regions of China<ref name=":2">Meng, F. (2014). The Significance and Role of the Green Great Wall Construction. New Countryside: ''Heilongjiang''(8), 305-305. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8409.2014.08.305 </ref>. It starts ranging from Binxian County in Heilongjiang Province in the east to Wusongbeili Mountain in Xinjiang in the west, and from the northern border in the north to Hai River, Yongding River, Wei River and Tao River, Burhan Budai Mountain<ref name=":2" />. The construction of the Green Great Wall covers 551 counties (flags, cities, and districts) in 13 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) with a total area of 4.069 million hectares, accounting for 42.4% of the country's land area<ref name=":2" />. Among these aras, there are 12 Gobi, deserts and sand lands with an area of 133,000 km, as well as 0.367 million hectares Loess Plateau that has severe soil erosion, sparse vegetation and lots of gullies<ref name=":2" />.

The project began in 1979 and its planning period is 70 years<ref name=":1">Three-North Shelterbelt Program. (2019). In ''Baidupedia''. The Great Wall Project. Retrieved on February 11, 2019, from https://baike.baidu.com/item/“三北”防护林工/11046362?fromtitle=%E4%B8%89%E5%8C%97%E9%98%B2%E6%8A%A4%E6%9E%97&fromid=1845823#reference-%5B4%5D-695089-wrap </ref>. By 2050, the planned afforestation area will be 535 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate in these three regions will increase from 5.05% in 1979 to 15.95% in 2050<ref name=":1" />. Until 2018, the afforestation area has been completed to 30.149 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate of the project area has increased to 13.59%<ref name=":1" />. At present, China’s Green Great Wall has gained great ecological achievement but has generated a great number of financial costs. Meanwhile, various problems have emerged and impeded the project to proceed, in terms of ecology, finance, policy, and society. Those existing problems will be discussed, and recommendations that correspond with different aspects will be suggested.

== Categories of Actors ==
Balalalalalal hahahahha

== Ecological Benefits ==
The Three-North Shelterbelt has significant protection and regulation for the climate, soil and agriculture of the entire three-north region.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|
!Effects
!Statistics
|-
!'''Regional Climate Regulation'''
|
* Wind preventing
* Temperature regulation
* Air moisture regulation
|
* According to the measurements of the three-north region, the effective distance of the forest belt to reduce the wind speed has been about 20~25 times higher than the height of the forest belt, and the wind speed has been reduced by 27~40%<ref name=":0">Huang, L., Zhu, P., Xiao, T., Cao, Y., & Gong, G. (2018). Wind and Sand Fixation Effect of the Green Great Wall System Construction Project in the Past 35 Years. ''Geography Science'', 38(4), 600-609. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=353eec52dc01bd2ae65e6c1e5d2c8873&site=xueshu_se </ref>.
* Green Great Wall has heaved a warming effect in spring and autumn with an average temperature increase of about 0.5~2°C, a cooling effect in summer with an average temperature decrease of about 6~10 °C, and the temperature rise in winter is 1~3 °C<ref>Wang, P., Yan, J., Jiang, C., Liu, X., & Liao, G. (2014). The Analysis of Climate Change in the Green Great Wall Project Area. ''Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation'', 34(1), 273-278. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=52953c6799d26b093bf194c166d67c5c&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref>.
* The evaporation of the three-north region is reduced by approximately 14% on average, which facilitates the development of local dry farming<ref name=":4">Dai, L., Wang, X., & Wang J. (2000). Indicators to Assess the Ecological Effect of the Three-North Shelterbelt System. ''World Forestry Research'', 13(2), 47-51. Retrieved from http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=sjlyyj200002013</ref>.
|-
!'''Soil Improvement'''
|
* Soil moisture regulation
* Soil physical properties improvement
* Soil fixation
|
* The soil evaporation has been reduced by 15~20% than the forest network, and the water surface evaporation is reduced by 20~40%<ref name=":4" />. Plant transpiration varies by species, generally reduced by 20~30%<ref name=":4" />.
* The three-north shelterbelt has the function of perfecting the water-soluble constituents of the soil. The proportion of Ca2+ in the soil of shelterbelt has been increased, while that of Na+ has been decreased, which enhances permeability and arability of soil<ref name=":4" />. Trees growing in the shelterbelt have the ability to absorb salt, such as poplars, willows, sorghum, etc.<ref name=":4" />
* Taking the Loess Plateau as an example, when the vegetation coverage is 20~40%, it has a significant effect on reducing soil erosion<ref name=":0" />.
|-
!'''Increasing Agriculture Productivity'''
|
* Ecological environment improvement
* Crop production improvement
|
|}

== The evidence for the problem ==
Sources, their relevance and reliability, balance of argument (for and against), bias declared or inferred;

=== Ecological problems ===

==== Violate the health living principles ====
To reach the long-term goals, the Green Great Wall Project followed a principle called "easy before difficult, from near to far"<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Mao|first=Rixin|last2=Chen|first2=Gang|last3=Zhang|first3=Shaoqiang|date=2017|title=三北防护林工程建设中若干问题及应对建议|trans-title=Some Problems and Countermeasures in the Construction of Three-North Shelter Forest Project|url=|journal=Protection Forest Science and Technology|volume=|issue=|pages=58-61|doi=10.13601/j.issn.1005-5215.2017.10.020|via=CNKI}}</ref>. In other words, the process of afforestation first started from the areas with easy living condition, then moved to the areas with tough living condition. However, with the step-by-step promotion of afforestation, the relatively easy parts of the project have already completed. The rest are mostly left because of their poor natural conditions, inconvenient transportation, and bare of humanity<ref name=":3" />. The poor site conditions vastly decrease the growth rate, survival rate, and preservation rate of afforestation.

Much worse, people who involved in the project only pay attention to seeking quick success and instant benefits of the project, ignoring to put the right tree at the right place. In some cases, shrubs are more suitable in some arid and water-scarce desert areas rather than trees like the poplar and spruce. Large amount of water absorbed by long roots of trees as well as the added water evaporation by large leaves will aggravate the shortage of water resources in the region<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sun|first=Guili|last2=Li|first2=Xiaona|last3=Wang|first3=Dong|date=2007|title=“三北”防护林建设中若干问题的生态思考|trans-title=The Ecological Thinking of the Three - North Forest Shelterbelt Program|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2007&filename=XJSZ200703070&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkVG1CcDNkZVhQKzkxOHpDTWVFeUVCSFpKOD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!&v=MDA2OTRxVHJXTTFGckNVUkxPZlpPZHJGaURsVjd6TlBTZllkTEc0SHRiTXJJOUNaSVI4ZVgxTHV4WVM3RGgxVDM=|journal=Journal of Xinjiang Normal University (Natural Sciences Edition)|volume=26|pages=217-219|issn=1008-9659|via=CNKI}}</ref>. Hence, planting too much arbors in arid and water-deficient desert areas will not achieve good results diametrically. Under this circumstance, the ecological functions have been sharply diminished.

==== Low level of biodiversity ====
Biodiversity plays a significant role in ecosystems which directly influences the ecological processes. High level of biodiversity can increase the ecological functioning while low level of biodiversity decreases the efficiency of ecological communities to capture biologically essential resources, produce biomass, decompose and recycle biologically essential nutrients<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=Biodiversity Loss and Its Impact on Humanity|url=|journal=|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>.

Low level of biodiversity has acted as a long-term ecological problem in the Green Great Wall since it has been put into implemented. In the early stage of the project, a large number of pure artificial forests with high survival rate or fast-growing tree species were planted. Those pieces of forests only contain one specific species such as poplar and willow, which can bring enormous economic benefits from forestry production, and improve forestry management efficiency in short period. However, this kind of forest pattern results in simple forest structure with less mixed tree species and more same-age forest stands, which indicates the low level of biological diversity. Meanwhile, the lower level of biodiversity is accompanied by the weaker resilience of the forests. Those artificial forests are extremely easy to be infected by diseases and pests, and it can cause extensive damage once infected<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Fengqi|last2=Zhu|first2=Jiaojun|date=2002|title=防护林阶段定向经营研究|trans-title=Phase-directional Management of Protective Plantations|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2002&filename=YYSB200210033&v=MTg0MzFOcjQ5R1o0UjhlWDFMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSTE9mWk9kckZpRGdWcjNKUERUWWJMRzRIdFA=|journal=Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=13|pages=1352-1355|doi=10.13287/j.1001-9332.2002.0310|via=CNKI}}</ref>. For example, more than 130,000 pure poplars in Yongdeng County, Gansu Province has been destroyed by longicore since the end of the 20th century<ref name=":3" />.

==== Stand degradation ====
Limited by the development of economy and technology at the early stage, the quality of the artificial forest stands is generally low, followed by large scale of stand aging. Started from the 1970s, the action of afforestation has led to the existence of a great amount of mature forests, taking a relatively large proportion of overall tree number<ref name=":3" />. When forests reach the overripening stage, the functions of the project decline due to the slow-down growth speed and reduced biomass of the forests<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bu|first=Jun|date=2016|title=辽宁省退化防护林现状及成因分析|trans-title=Present Situation and Cause of Formation of Degraded Shelterbelt in Liaoning Province|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFDLAST2016&filename=FHLK201606040&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkVG1CcDNkZVhQN0Y4Q3lVMldDcmdHOTZjRT0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!&v=MDU5NDk5Zk1xWTlCWklSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnJDVVJMT2ZaT2RyRmlEaFZMck1JeVhIWmJHNEg=|journal=Protection Forest Science and Technology|volume=|pages=101-102|doi=10.13601/j.issn.1005-5215.2016.06.040|via=}}</ref>. Therefore, the stand aging accelerates the speed of stand degradation.

In addition, some places blindly pursue the quantity of afforestation while neglect the stand quality, regardless of the natural mechanisms and the priority of ecological benefits. As a consequence, the situation of stand degradation tends to be more severe, affecting the overall effectiveness of the project to move forward smoothly.

=== Social and financial problems ===

==== Lack of public participation ====
The Green Great Wall Project started at 1970s when Chinese Economic Reform occurred<ref>Zhu, J., Zhou, X., & Hu, J. (2004). Thinking and prospect of "three north" shelterbelt system project. ''Journal of natural resources'', 19(1), 79-85.</ref> . The Economic Reform stimulated public’s enthusiasm to do what government told them to do<ref>Wu, Q. (2009). The changing track of patriotic expression of young students in the 30 years of reform and opening up. ''Chinese youth studies,'' 1.</ref> . Moreover, people did not have many choices to earn money while agriculture is the main industry. The project was attractive because participant could get relatively considerable profits and subsides. Therefore, local communities were willing to join in the project and plant trees, and the first stage of great wall project was successfully done. However, after the soaring of economy in 1990s, people were no longer unsatisfied with the profits of growing trees when they have more choices<ref name=":5">Zhang, J. (1996). Achievements and problems in the construction of "three north" shelterbelt system. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-LYJJ199602001</nowiki></ref> . With the deepening of reform, farmers' interest in afforestation, especially shelterbelt, begun to decline. The connection between shelterbelt and farmers' profit stream was not as close as in the early stage, which was inconsistent with the goal of farmers' rapid income growth<ref name=":5" />. Some of the preferential policies originally formulated were no longer attractive to the masses, and farmers have gained greater choice and corresponding preferential policies from the reform.

==== Lack of funds ====
The conflict between the government’s expectation and people’s interests has become increasingly clear since 1990s<ref name=":5" />. The project is a large-scale public welfare undertaking which gives priority to protection and concern on environment. And public have main purpose on making money. As a developing country, government had financial problems. Funding was inadequate from the beginning of the project. Individual could only get fifty-one Yuan as pension after they afforestation one hectare<ref name=":5" /> . Farmers preferred to give priority to the projects with large benefits and quick results. Also, because most of forests in project were shelterbelt which could not bring much economic benefits, people are not willing to get involved in the project. Instead, they relatively preferred to grow economic forests.

==== Inappropriate management system ====
The role of the management system should not be underestimated. However, with the deepening of the reform, the government system that used to play the overall function has been changed. Some local forestry departments were merged, and some local organizations were cut off the financial support. Those organizations were forced to make live with other stuffs which might be illegal and negative to the project. For instance, those local organizations would authorize an already forested area as project area to get pension. While they would not build up shelterbelt. Therefore, the foundation of the management system became unstable, and its function was weakened.

== Options for remedial action(s) ==
* Since China's reform, the process of policy design has been constantly promoted along with changes in the situation. When the promotion effect of a policy decreases due to changes in the objective environment. New policies should be issued accordingly, either to strengthen the effect of the original policy or to produce new effects

== Conclusion ==
You should conclude your Wiki paper by summarizing the topic, or some aspect of the topic, as if possible, state a policy recommendation.

== References ==
Please use the Wikipedia reference style (see Wikipedia:Inline citation). Provide a citation for every sentence, statement, thought, or bit of data not your own, giving the author, year, AND page (when using direct quotes).
For dictionary references for English-language terms, I strongly recommend you use the Oxford English Dictionary. You can reference foreign-language sources but please also provide translations into English.

<references />

{{Projectbox CONS200|names=Lauren Chen; Hongkai Qiu; Lingsen Kong; Yixuan Yu|share=yes}}

[[Category:Conservation]]

Course:CONS200/2019/Ecological Benefits and Costs of China's Green Great Wall

2019-03-14T03:51:01Z

LINGSENKONG: /* The evidence for the problem */

[[File:Green_Great_Wall.jpg|thumb|440x440px|Green Great Wall in Pinglu Qipan Mountains]]
Green Great Wall, or Three-North Shelter Forest Program, or Three-North Shelterbelt Program, is a sequence of artificial shelter forests in northwestern, northeastern, and northeastern regions of China.<ref name=":2">Meng, F. (2014). The Significance and Role of the Green Great Wall Construction. New Countryside: ''Heilongjiang''(8), 305-305. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8409.2014.08.305 </ref> It starts ranging from Binxian County in Heilongjiang Province in the east to Wusongbeili Mountain in Xinjiang in the west, and from the northern border in the north to Hai River, Yongding River, Wei River and Tao River, Burhan Budai Mountain.<ref name=":2" /> The construction of the Green Great Wall covers 551 counties (flags, cities, and districts) in 13 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) with a total area of 4.069 million hectares, accounting for 42.4% of the country's land area.<ref name=":2" /> Among these aras, there are 12 Gobi, deserts and sand lands with an area of 133,000 km, as well as 0.367 million hectares Loess Plateau that has severe soil erosion, sparse vegetation and lots of gullies.<ref name=":2" />

The project began in 1979 and its planning period is 70 years.<ref name=":1">Three-North Shelterbelt Program. (2019). In ''Baidupedia''. The Great Wall Project. Retrieved on February 11, 2019, from https://baike.baidu.com/item/“三北”防护林工/11046362?fromtitle=%E4%B8%89%E5%8C%97%E9%98%B2%E6%8A%A4%E6%9E%97&fromid=1845823#reference-%5B4%5D-695089-wrap </ref> By 2050, the planned afforestation area will be 535 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate in these three regions will increase from 5.05% in 1979 to 15.95% in 2050.<ref name=":1" /> Until 2018, the afforestation area has been completed to 30.149 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate of the project area has increased to 13.59%.<ref name=":1" /> At present, China’s Green Great Wall has gained great ecological achievement but has generated a great number of financial costs. Meanwhile, various problems have emerged and impeded the project to proceed, in terms of ecology, finance, policy, and society. Those existing problems will be discussed, and recommendations that correspond with different aspects will be suggested.

== Categories of Actors ==
Balalalalalal hahahahha

== Ecological Benefits ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Effects
!Statistics
|-
!'''Regional Climate Regulation'''
|
* Wind preventing
* Temperature regulation
* Air moisture regulation
|
* According to the measurements of three-north regions, the effective distance of the forest belt to reduce the wind speed is about 20~25 times higher than the height of the forest belt, and the wind speed is reduced by 27~40%.<ref name=":0">Huang, L., Zhu, P., Xiao, T., Cao, Y., & Gong, G. (2018). Wind and Sand Fixation Effect of the Green Great Wall System Construction Project in the Past 35 Years. ''Geography Science'', 38(4), 600-609. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=353eec52dc01bd2ae65e6c1e5d2c8873&site=xueshu_se </ref>
|-
!'''Soil Improvement'''
|
* Soil moisture regulation
* Soil physical properties improvement
* Soil and water fixation
|
|-
!'''Increasing Land Productivity'''
|
* Ecological environment improvement
* Crop production improvement
|
|}

== The evidence for the problem ==
Sources, their relevance and reliability, balance of argument (for and against), bias declared or inferred;

=== Ecology ===

==== Violate the health living principles ====
To reach the long-term goals, the Green Great Wall Project followed a principle called "easy before difficult, from near to far"<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Mao|first=Rixin|last2=Chen|first2=Gang|last3=Zhang|first3=Shaoqiang|date=2017|title=三北防护林工程建设中若干问题及应对建议|trans-title=Some Problems and Countermeasures in the Construction of Three-North Shelter Forest Project|url=|journal=Protection Forest Science and Technology|volume=|issue=|pages=58-61|doi=10.13601/j.issn.1005-5215.2017.10.020|via=CNKI}}</ref>. In other words, the process of afforestation first started from the areas with easy living condition, then moved to the areas with tough living condition. However, with the step-by-step promotion of afforestation, the relatively easy parts of the project have already completed. The rest are mostly left because of their poor natural conditions, inconvenient transportation, and bare of humanity<ref name=":3" />. The poor site conditions vastly decrease the growth rate, survival rate, and preservation rate of afforestation.

Much worse, people who involved in the project only pay attention to seeking quick success and instant benefits of the project, ignoring to put the right tree at the right place. In some cases, shrubs are more suitable in some arid and water-scarce desert areas rather than trees like the poplar and spruce. Large amount of water absorbed by long roots of trees as well as the added water evaporation by large leaves will aggravate the shortage of water resources in the region<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sun|first=Guili|last2=Li|first2=Xiaona|last3=Wang|first3=Dong|date=2007|title=“三北”防护林建设中若干问题的生态思考|trans-title=The Ecological Thinking of the Three - North Forest Shelterbelt Program|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2007&filename=XJSZ200703070&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkVG1CcDNkZVhQKzkxOHpDTWVFeUVCSFpKOD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!&v=MDA2OTRxVHJXTTFGckNVUkxPZlpPZHJGaURsVjd6TlBTZllkTEc0SHRiTXJJOUNaSVI4ZVgxTHV4WVM3RGgxVDM=|journal=Journal of Xinjiang Normal University (Natural Sciences Edition)|volume=26|pages=217-219|issn=1008-9659|via=CNKI}}</ref>. Hence, planting too much arbors in arid and water-deficient desert areas will not achieve good results diametrically. Under this circumstance, the ecological functions have been sharply diminished.

==== Low level of biodiversity ====
Biodiversity plays a significant role in ecosystems which directly influences the ecological processes. High level of biodiversity can increase the ecological functioning while low level of biodiversity decreases the efficiency of ecological communities to capture biologically essential resources, produce biomass, decompose and recycle biologically essential nutrients<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=Biodiversity Loss and Its Impact on Humanity|url=|journal=|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>.

Low level of biodiversity has acted as a long-term ecological problem in the Green Great Wall since it has been put into implemented. In the early stage of the project, a large number of pure artificial forests with high survival rate or fast-growing tree species were planted. Those pieces of forests only contain one specific species such as poplar and willow, which can bring enormous economic benefits from forestry production, and improve forestry management efficiency in short period. However, this kind of forest pattern results in simple forest structure with less mixed tree species and more same-age forest stands, which indicates the low level of biological diversity. Meanwhile, the lower level of biodiversity is accompanied by the weaker resilience of the forests. Those artificial forests are extremely easy to be infected by diseases and pests, and it can cause extensive damage once infected<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Fengqi|last2=Zhu|first2=Jiaojun|date=2002|title=防护林阶段定向经营研究|trans-title=Phase-directional Management of Protective Plantations|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2002&filename=YYSB200210033&v=MTg0MzFOcjQ5R1o0UjhlWDFMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSTE9mWk9kckZpRGdWcjNKUERUWWJMRzRIdFA=|journal=Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=13|pages=1352-1355|doi=10.13287/j.1001-9332.2002.0310|via=CNKI}}</ref>. For example, more than 130,000 pure poplars in Yongdeng County, Gansu Province has been destroyed by longicore since the end of the 20th century<ref name=":3" />.

==== Stand degradation ====
Limited by the development of economy and technology at the early stage, the quality of the artificial forest stands is generally low, followed by large scale of stand aging. Started from the 1970s, the action of afforestation has led to the existence of a great amount of mature forests, taking a relatively large proportion of overall tree number<ref name=":3" />. When forests reach the overripening stage, the functions of the project decline due to the slow-down growth speed and reduced biomass of the forests<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bu|first=Jun|date=2016|title=辽宁省退化防护林现状及成因分析|trans-title=Present Situation and Cause of Formation of Degraded Shelterbelt in Liaoning Province|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFDLAST2016&filename=FHLK201606040&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkVG1CcDNkZVhQN0Y4Q3lVMldDcmdHOTZjRT0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!&v=MDU5NDk5Zk1xWTlCWklSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnJDVVJMT2ZaT2RyRmlEaFZMck1JeVhIWmJHNEg=|journal=Protection Forest Science and Technology|volume=|pages=101-102|doi=10.13601/j.issn.1005-5215.2016.06.040|via=}}</ref>. Therefore, the stand aging accelerates the speed of stand degradation.

In addition, some places blindly pursue the quantity of afforestation while neglect the stand quality, regardless of the natural mechanisms and the priority of ecological benefits. As a consequence, the situation of stand degradation tends to be more severe, affecting the overall effectiveness of the project to move forward smoothly.

=== Social and Financial ===

==== The efficiency of policy is declining after public’s enthusiasm passed over. ====
The Green Great Wall Project started at 1970s when Chinese Economic Reform occurred (朱金兆, 周心澄, & 胡建忠, 2004). The Economic Reform stimulated public’s enthusiasm to do what government told them to do (吴秋兰, 2009). Moreover, people did not have many choices to earn money while agriculture is the main industry. The project was attractive because participant could get relatively considerable profits and subsides. Therefore, local communities were willing to join in the project and plant trees, and the first stage of great wall project was successfully done. However, after the soaring of economy in 1990s, people were no longer unsatisfied with the profits of growing trees when they have more choices (张建龙, 1996). With the deepening of reform, farmers' interest in afforestation, especially shelterbelt, begun to decline. The connection between shelterbelt and farmers' profit stream was not as close as in the early stage, which was inconsistent with the goal of farmers' rapid income growth (张建龙, 1996). Some of the preferential policies originally formulated were no longer attractive to the masses, and farmers have gained greater choice and corresponding preferential policies from the reform.

==== Financial problems limits the project. ====
The conflict between the government’s expectation and people’s interests has become increasingly clear since 1990s (张建龙, 1996). The project is a large-scale public welfare undertaking which gives priority to protection and concern on environment. And public have main purpose on making money. As a developing country, government had financial problems. Funding was inadequate from the beginning of the project. Individual could only get fifty-one Yuan as pension after they afforestation one hectare (张建龙, 1996). Farmers preferred to give priority to the projects with large benefits and quick results. Also, because most of forests in project were shelterbelt which could not bring much economic benefits, people are not willing to get involved in the project. Instead, they relatively preferred to grow economic forests.

==== Inappropriate management system ====
The role of the management system should not be underestimated. However, with the deepening of the reform, the government system that used to play the overall function has been changed. Some local forestry departments were merged, and some local organizations were cut off the financial support. Those organizations were forced to make live with other stuffs which might be illegal and negative to the project. For instance, those local organizations would authorize an already forested area as project area to get pension. While they would not build up shelterbelt. Therefore, the foundation of the management system became unstable, and its function was weakened.

== Options for remedial action(s) ==
* Since China's reform, the process of policy design has been constantly promoted along with changes in the situation. When the promotion effect of a policy decreases due to changes in the objective environment. New policies should be issued accordingly, either to strengthen the effect of the original policy or to produce new effects

== Conclusion ==
You should conclude your Wiki paper by summarizing the topic, or some aspect of the topic, as if possible, state a policy recommendation.

== References ==
Please use the Wikipedia reference style (see Wikipedia:Inline citation). Provide a citation for every sentence, statement, thought, or bit of data not your own, giving the author, year, AND page (when using direct quotes).
For dictionary references for English-language terms, I strongly recommend you use the Oxford English Dictionary. You can reference foreign-language sources but please also provide translations into English.

<references />

{{Projectbox CONS200|names=Lauren Chen; Hongkai Qiu; Lingsen Kong; Yixuan Yu|share=yes}}

[[Category:Conservation]]

Course:CONS200/2019/Ecological Benefits and Costs of China's Green Great Wall

2019-03-10T19:12:49Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Categories of Actors */

Add your introduction here<ref>Sample Reference</ref>. It should cover the nature of the issue or problem – location, duration, scope/scale, intensity/frequency/severity of negative impacts, current and predicted winners and losers if no remedial action(s) is (are) taken;

== Categories of Actors ==
[[File:Crepuscular_Rays_in_GGP.jpg|right|thumb|Images from [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikimedia Commons] can be embedded easily.]]
Balalalalalal hahahahha

== The evidence for the problem ==
Sources, their relevance and reliability, balance of argument (for and against), bias declared or inferred;

== Options for remedial action(s) ==
A rationalized and comparative evaluation of options from technical, social, cultural, economic, financial, political, legal points of view (not all of these categories will be relevant to all situations)

== Conclusion ==
You should conclude your Wiki paper by summarizing the topic, or some aspect of the topic, as if possible, state a policy recommendation.

== References ==
Please use the Wikipedia reference style (see Wikipedia:Inline citation). Provide a citation for every sentence, statement, thought, or bit of data not your own, giving the author, year, AND page (when using direct quotes).
For dictionary references for English-language terms, I strongly recommend you use the Oxford English Dictionary. You can reference foreign-language sources but please also provide translations into English.

'''Note:''' Before writing your wiki article on the UBC Wiki, it may be helpful to review the tips in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia: Writing better articles].<ref>En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Writing better articles. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles [Accessed 18 Jan. 2018].</ref> (Note that - if you look on the edit screen for this page when you are logged in - you will also see this as an example of how to create a reference!)

<references />

{{Projectbox CONS200|names=Will|share=yes}}

[[Category:Conservation]]

Course:CONS200/2019/Ecological Benefits and Costs of China's Green Great Wall

2019-03-10T19:12:10Z

LINGSENKONG: Created page with "Add your introduction here<ref>Sample Reference</ref>. It should cover the nature of the issue or problem – location, duration, scope/scale, intensity/frequency/severity of..."

Add your introduction here<ref>Sample Reference</ref>. It should cover the nature of the issue or problem – location, duration, scope/scale, intensity/frequency/severity of negative impacts, current and predicted winners and losers if no remedial action(s) is (are) taken;

== Categories of Actors ==
[[File:Crepuscular_Rays_in_GGP.jpg|right|thumb|Images from [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikimedia Commons] can be embedded easily.]]
Balalalalalal

== The evidence for the problem ==
Sources, their relevance and reliability, balance of argument (for and against), bias declared or inferred;

== Options for remedial action(s) ==
A rationalized and comparative evaluation of options from technical, social, cultural, economic, financial, political, legal points of view (not all of these categories will be relevant to all situations)

== Conclusion ==
You should conclude your Wiki paper by summarizing the topic, or some aspect of the topic, as if possible, state a policy recommendation.

== References ==
Please use the Wikipedia reference style (see Wikipedia:Inline citation). Provide a citation for every sentence, statement, thought, or bit of data not your own, giving the author, year, AND page (when using direct quotes).
For dictionary references for English-language terms, I strongly recommend you use the Oxford English Dictionary. You can reference foreign-language sources but please also provide translations into English.

'''Note:''' Before writing your wiki article on the UBC Wiki, it may be helpful to review the tips in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia: Writing better articles].<ref>En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Writing better articles. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles [Accessed 18 Jan. 2018].</ref> (Note that - if you look on the edit screen for this page when you are logged in - you will also see this as an example of how to create a reference!)

<references />

{{Projectbox CONS200|names=Will|share=yes}}

[[Category:Conservation]]

Thread:User talk:LINGSENKONG/Clarification Request: Creative Commons License/reply

2019-01-14T20:53:51Z

LINGSENKONG: Reply to Clarification Request: Creative Commons License

Hi Deb,

Sorry for my late reply. I just noticed the message ten mins ago, and I am done what you told me to do now.

Thanks for you reminder.

Sincerely,

Lingsen Kong

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2019-01-14T20:48:03Z

LINGSENKONG: /* References */

This case study explores Longquan's community forests in Zhejiang Province, China. It uses reliable references and documents to explain changes in tenure in Longquan after 1950 and how villagers use new implications to improve their life. A long period of poor life forces central governments make a change and Longquan get the chance become better. After hard exploration, the new policy: Household plots and responsible mountain system came out. It gives every house use rights to a specific area of forests and villagers who have extra energy could take responsible mountains from communities. There are the analysis of stakeholders who are involved in new implications in this paper. One of the new implications, right mortgage loan gives villager a chance to rent their household plots or use the forest as collateral for a loan. Another implication, forest nurse, could help villagers manage forests. The new policy miraculously activates local economy. Moreover, local people began to attach importance to protect forests because the quality of their forests relates to income. The connection between forests and residents become much closer. Everything develops in a better way. However, there are still some conflicts about territories between communities.

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
[[File:Longquan.png|thumb|Satellite of Longquan]]
Longquan is a county-level city and former county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lishui. It has 444 villages and 12 communities. Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 hectares and a forestry land of 259,900 hectares, including a woodland area of 227,100 square hectares and a shrub-land area of 8,200 hectares. Among the woodland, there are 155,200 hectares timber stand, 25,300 hectares shelter-belts, 2,500 square hectares special forests, 35,100 hectares bamboo forests, and 9,000 hectares economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.018 million cubic meters, with 38 cubic meters per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref name=":0">Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7731.2010.22.018</ref>

=== History context ===
Longquan is surrounded by hills, and was isolated before 1981. People in Longquan got benefits from the abundant forest resources for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref name=":1">Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: 'forest nurse' become the fresh force of building modern forestry. ''绿色中国,'' (Z2), 56-57. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=6226550fac40ac105e469242986cbd38&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref>People in Longquan were live in poor life between 1950-1980.

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in Longquan owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-2018: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.<ref name=":3">Huang, L., Chen, S. & Chen, Q. (2005). On the reform of forest resource property right system in China. 西北林学院学报, 20(02), 190-196. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7461.2005.02.049</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==
[[File:366050edc86fda1df4d76418ff6ce4d8.jpg|thumb|Villagers first time get legal rights to land during 1950-1953]][[File:36ba72a08b87d56c520de28f27c9ad8e.jpg|thumb|Villagers shared everything during 1957-1980]]
=== Disordered tenure arrangements ===
Same as Naidu, the tenure and property of forests in Longquan before 1981 was chaotic because of the improper leadership.
* 1950-1953: After the implementation of the 'Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China,' large forests, wasteland, and barren mountains in the whole country have been nationalized.<ref name=":3" /> In Longquan, through the land reform, the local people got the individual forests. And villagers can freely cut, utilize, sell and give away their freehold forests. Villagers had legal rights to their individual forests.

* 1953-1956: Since 1953, the 'cooperative movement' in Longquan has begun.<ref name=":3" /> The work of joining the communal forests has been carried out. The individual ownership of mountain and forest was transferred. The local people only retained the ownership of the trees on the hills and the trees in front and behind the houses. Their ownership of the mountains and the lands is converted to collective ownership by the cooperative.

* 1957-1980: Since 1957, the situation got worse. Through the implementation of 'Rural People's Communes article sixty-one,' farmers have been forced to join the people's communes and all the mountain forests of the previous cooperative have been owned by the communes.<ref name=":3" /> During the Cultural Revolution, the countryside began to merge with society and carry out the movement of 'cutting the tail of capitalism,' confiscating the residents 'self-retaining mountains, land and trees.' As a result, only the state and cooperative had the legal right to forests, trees and forest products. The villagers in Longquan shared everything in this period.

=== Great thing happens ===
[[File:Saldflsakfjlksjdf.png|left|thumb|452x452px|Percentage of different forests area in Longquan after 1984]]
In 1981, the forestry 'three-fix' reform, with the main contents of 'stabilizing mountain rights and forest rights, delimiting household plots, and determining the responsible mountains system.' This is the beginning of the diversification of forest resources ownership in Longquan. In 1981, the central government promulgated the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Forestry by Protecting Forests (No. 21 of the Central Committee 1981.)<ref name=":3" /> The vast number of villagers were assigned to the household plots and contracted to the responsible mountains. Forest right management center associated with village committee to divide household plot for villagers based on labour force. <ref>Lu, Z. & Lou, J. (2013). Discussion on the technology of forest land records demarcation. 农业开发与装备, (2), 61- 62. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=cbaec8df9e7ba201e58c12e1ebc2e643&site=xueshu_se</ref>During this period, 72.5% of collective forests are transferred into household plot and responsible mountains.<ref name=":4" /> The policy of opening up the market and afforestation to the household in collective forest areas has enabled farmers to have more adequate forest land management rights and forest ownership. However, due to the failure to keep up with the supporting policies and the lack of the recognition of new policyl, there is a seriou deforestation in the Longquan.

Between 1981 and 1984, Longquan began the first step of revolution. Trying to stabilize the property of forests, ensure the household plot area, and confirm the Forestry responsibility system. After three years, there were 437.4 square kilometres household plot area, 1439 square kilometres responsible area, 644.5 square kilometres collective forests area and 67.3 square kilometres state forests area.<ref name=":4">Hong, R. (2012). Study on the reform of forest rights system in longquan city. (Doctoral dissertation, 浙江农林大学). Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=9a4b3d7218b9c8e2c1b45527c8e2f4fd&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1<nowiki/>农林大学).</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Definition
!Tenure
|-
|Household plot
|Household plot was the land which community allocated for each local people during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household has use right to forests and all production of the forests. This land could be inherited and transferred. Government and communities could not take it back.
|-
|Responsible mountains
|Responsibility mountains is the land which rural community divided barren mountains and a part of old collective mountains to each household during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household could manage it. The production in old collective mountains belong to community and the production in barren area belong to individual.
|-
|Collective forests
|The forests belong to a community, each member in this community has equal legal rights.
|Community has the legal ownership of the forests, and all production in the forests belong to villagers.
|-
|State forests
|The forests belong to the country.
|State has legal ownership of the forests, and people who has license has use right.
|}

==Implications==

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
[[File:LOAN1997.png|thumb|Main process of Loan|482x482px]]
Longquan city has set up a Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency to actively promote the circulation of forest resources. Basic program in forest right mortgage: Household plot owners go to Credit Cooperatives apply for loans. Credit Cooperatives, Forest Service, and Village Committee mortgage evaluate the household plot and sign entrust guarantee contract with Forest Resources Storage Center. After the forest right mortgage registered by the Forest Service, Credit Cooperatives would release the loan. The loan term is tentatively set as one year and the loan limit is temporally set as 50% of the assessed value of the mortgaged right.<ref name=":0" /> Within the term of the loan, the mortgaged property shall still be managed by the owner of household plot and supervised by the Forestry Service.

During the mortgage loan period, no person or governmental apartment could issue the tree cutting license without the consent of the villager. Also, they have no right to transfer the household plots.<ref name=":0" />

==== Successful examples: ====
[[File:55b0c26982f76ccd74746f90b6c473f6.jpg|thumb|600x600px|
Villager got the loan
]]
# Over 30% of dilapidated houses in Xiangbian, Anfu, and Daqiu villages were rebuilt through the right mortgage loan in 2009. It solved financial problem by around one million RMB which villagers got from loan.<ref name=":2" />
# Nengfu company through the Forest Rights mortgage loan 12 million yuan, cracked the capital problem. In the severe situation of the financial crisis, foreign trade exports still had growth trend. The foreign trade exports reached 16 million U.S. dollars in 2009.
# The per capita net income of rural residents in Longquan reached 8,025 yuan, an average annual increase of 19.7 percent compared with 2008.<ref name=":2">Tong, H., Deng, W., Wu, Z., Cheng, A. & Ying, S. (2012). Study on the effect of the reform of collective forest rights system in Longquan and the follow-up supporting policies. 华东森林经理, 26(4), 13-17. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=d893bd92dbc87ac5aa1b32f73c222248&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref>

==== Remaining problems: ====
# The guarantee mechanism is not perfect, and the degree of marketization is not high.
# Due to the uncertainty of the preservation of forest resource assets, it is difficult to realize the acquisition, storage, and realization of mortgage assets after some borrowers fail to repay their loans due to investment failure or death.
# Some forest farmers have a weak sense of integrity. At the same time, the evaluation and guarantee of forest resources and assets do not have the market-oriented operation of social service intermediaries, which also affects the smooth and healthy development of forest right mortgage loans.<ref name=":2" />
All these problems cause the overdue. Longquan has occurred 44 forest rights mortgage loan overdue which value 3.14 million yuan. Credit cooperative made efforts to deposit the realization of 18 overdue which value 1.15 million yuan, but there were 1.99 million yuan which have not been disposed of the realization.<ref name=":2" />

=== Forest nurse ===
All villagers in Longquan get legal rights to a piece of land. And all of they aware the importance of protecting their land. But there was an embarrassing situation: each family only has a proper area of forest, which means they can live well with their forest, but it's impossible to become a wealthy man with it. And people were afraid that if they go out for business someone would log their trees and steal their forestry resources. Therefore, a new system came out, “forest nurse”, helping people take care of forests.<ref name=":1" />

==== Different type of forest nurse:<ref name=":1" /> ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Types
!Definition
!Advantages
!Disadvantages
|-
|Equity joint 'forest nurse'
|Villagers or communities provide lands and companies provide money to manage the land. The tenure of the land will not change. Companies in charge of selling the products of forests, and net profits will divided based on stocks.
|Companies have the best skills on how to make the biggest profits, and villagers would receive the economic benefits. In addition, villagers don't have to spend time on managing the forest.
|These companies are in interested group, they come to make profits and they would not care what's going on in the forests.
|-
|Communal 'forest nurse'
|Villagers who selling the same type of forestry products voluntarily come together and make up a mutual-helping group. All the forests are managed by members together.
|Partial turn from the price-taker to price-maker.
|Because this is a voluntary group without strict regulation, sometimes member would have conflict opinion on how to manage the forests.
|-
|Lease type 'forest nurese'
|Villagers rent their forests to others. And tenant could manage and sell products.
|Villagers are totally free under this type of 'forest nurse', they can begin other business.
|May cause strong competition on renting the forests.
|}[[File:5d905e5d8259f821a59dac4734049ad7.jpg|thumb|
Professional villagers work as forest nurse
]]
==== Successful example ====
Shui Zhou, a famous forest nurse in local, combines three types of forest nurse to manage around 14,000,070 square meters low-productive forests and barren mountains from 132 households, 9 villages. His job is forestation. To improve the quality and quantity of production from these forests, Shui Zhou employs villagers who have rich experience with forestation to help him manage the mountains. Most of the forests he managed belong to villagers who go to city for a job. Without Shui Zhou, these forests would be logged by outsiders or degenerate. After Shui Zhou's professional management, these barren mountains appears green species and primary forests. Till now, the value of these forests reach 16,000,000 RMB.<ref name=":1" />

== Administrative arrangements ==
[[File:Alkfdjalsdjflsakdjfl.png|center|thumb|702x702px|Administrative structure in Longquan]]
The central government of China would release brief policy contain the main direction of development. And local government would based on their unique situation to make adjustment. In Longquan, there is a forestry bureau which manage all stuffs about forest. To fit the villagers needs, Forestry bureau sets five departments.<ref>Wang, Y. (2013). Solving the bottleneck of the forest reform: Longquan takes the lead in releasing the certificate of forest management rights. 浙江林业, (11), 14-15. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=d893bd92dbc87ac5aa1b32f73c222248&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=8b85d022cfe30cec044337a4333e49a3&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref> Forest right management center, forest resource storage center, forest assert evaluation agency, forest service, and credit cooperatives can provide specific services for villagers and companies. These five departments have different function, but some of them are overlapped.

PS: Part of these five departments' function are present in Implication section.

Village committee is elected by villagers, their job is protecting villagers' rights. And they helped Forest right management center divide household plots and responsible mountains during 1981-1984.

==Affected Stakeholders==

=== High interests & Low power ===
Villagers who don't rent their household plots: They live in village and their forests are the only thing they depend on. They really care about what's going on in their household plots, because their life would be directly affected by forests.

Owners of lease type 'forest nurse': Owners get the legal rights of these forests, and they have the same role as villagers who don't rent their household plots.

=== High interests & High power ===
Owners of communal 'forest nurse': The mutual-help group is come up with villagers who want to have a better price of their forest production. And These forests belong to them, they care about these forests. Moreover, they have more power than individual.

Village committee: They represent the villagers' rights and prevent outsiders logging in villagers' household plots. They have power to make negotiate with governments.

==Interested Stakeholders==

=== Low interests & Low power ===
Villagers who rent their household and get another job: They get rental and do not care about forests.

Villagers who get right mortgage loan: They get the loan to start their own business and leave their forests alone.

Credit Cooperatives: Provide financial support for villagers. And do nothing with forests.

=== Low interests & High power ===
Companies in Equity joint 'forest nurse': Make profits from the forests, and they can go anywhere else.

Workers in Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency: Just take the salary and work here.

==Discussion==
=== Tenure change ===

==== Intentions ====
To provide villagers' legal right to the forests and make sure everyone owns forest, governments released the new policy and made tenure change.

==== Assessment ====
This tenure change clear forestry property rights. The new tenure arouses villagers' enthusiasm of protecting the forests, and activates forestry management mechanism. It unifies the archiving and preservation of forest ownership data and establishes the foundation of forest right management system. Mediation of a large number of forest disputes, effectively maintain the social harmony and stability of forest region .<ref name=":0" />However, some villagers can't manage their forest well and cause the degeneration. Some villagers don't want to make a live with forest, instead they want to do something bigger. Meanwhile, villagers only have forests resource which need time to earn money. Although the tenure change have improved villagers' life a lot, there were still some problems need to be solved. Therefore, villagers and local governments come up with some new implications.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
==== Intentions ====
Longquan is located in a mountainous area, in the southwest of Zhejiang province. One of the important problems of Longquan development is the difficulty in obtaining loans.<ref>Yu, B.(2017). Exploration and practice of "Three-fix" and right mortgage loan: a case study of longquan rural credit union. 佳木斯职业学院学报(6). Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=dade76374445bc36453373d2ade2c9e9&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1
</ref>Through this measure, the forest right is taken as the carrier of mortgage financing to transform resources into capital, and makes the forest right certificate become the "credit card" of forest farmers, and the forest becomes the green bank. It can transform the potential resource advantage into the actual economic advantage.<ref name=":0" />

==== Assessment ====
This new implication of forests promotes the financial development of Longquan and help villagers get out of the small town. The new implication give these people who have wild ambition a chance to make their dream come true. The regulations of this implication are not comprehensive enough. And the process of replying the loan is pretty complete, some villagers enough don't know how to reply.

=== 'Forest nurse' ===
==== Intentions ====
After the tenure change, everyone owns household plot. However, some of them would like to do other business rather than make profits from the forests. To make these people free and avoid degeneration of these forests, 'forest nurse' came out.<ref name=":1" />

==== Assessment ====
To some extent, it can reduce the disputes between farmers and promote the popularization of forestry technology.<ref name=":1" /> This implication collect individual forests to one person or group. Turn from the small-scale forest management to large-scale forest management. Not only improved productivity, but also improving local people' life quality. But it will make individual villager become hard to compete with them.

== Remaining conflict in communities ==
* In some villages, the village committee use the name of the majority consent of the village committee or villagers' representatives to get back villagers household plots.
* Some village committees have different ideas about the policy of 'never change household plot,' they want to redivide the mountain according to the current population.
* When a villager's household plot is requisitioned or rented, the requisitioned and leased money allocated by the government would be collected by village committee.<ref>Zhu, J., Lou, X. & Zhu, T. (2008). Study on household plots management and counter measures. 华东森林经理, 22(3), 64-66. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-7743.2008.03.018</ref>
* Most of the original boundary sites used to be trees and stones among the villagers. Due to the great changes over the years, the original boundary sites have been difficult to find, and the hidden dangers of mountain disputes caused by mountain boundary problems have increased. Fights between villagers occurred due to unclear boundary sites during the forest cutting near the boundary of Maodian and Chian village

==Recommendations==

=== Strengthen publicity and raise awareness ===
* Longquan need to make full use of the radio, newspaper, television and other media to publicize policies related to the new forest rights system. Local government should Increase the enthusiasm of villagers in participating in democratic decision-making on the management of collective forest resources, and increase their awareness of protecting forest resources.
* Increase villagers' awareness of the benefits of right mortgage loan and convince them that local government are reliable.
* Improve village committee's law-abiding awareness and teach them protect villager's rights.

=== Strengthen forest rights management and services ===
* Complete the regulation of forest right mortgage loan, and improve workers efficiency.
* Set up a apartment to supervise villager committee.

=== Establish database and implement digital forest right management ===
* The relevant information of the ownership and use right of household plots, collective forests, and responsible mountains should be saved online and anyone could have a access to the information.
* Establish complete electronic archives and convenient management system to improve the work-efficiency.
* Use the satellite to measure the boundary of household plots, responsible mountains, and collective forests. And put the map online.

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
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Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-28T04:48:41Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Description */

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-27T04:17:37Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Administrative arrangements */

This case study explores Longquan’s community forests in Zhejiang Province, China. It uses reliable references and documents to explain changes in tenure in Longquan after 1950 and how villagers use new implications to enrich improve their life. A long period of poor life forces central governments make a change and Longquan get the chance become better. After hard exploration, the new policy: Household plots and responsible mountain system came out. It gives every house use rights to a specific area of forests and villagers who want more forests could take responsible mountains from communities. One of the new implications, right mortgage loan gives villager a chance to rent their household plots or use the forest as collateral for a loan. Another implication, forest nurse, could help villagers manage forests. The new policy miraculously activates local economy. Moreover, local people began to attach importance to protect forests because the quality of their forests relates to income. The connection between forests and residents become much closer. Everything develops in a better way.

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
[[File:Longquan.png|thumb|Satellite of Longquan]]
Longquan is a county-level city and former county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lishui. It has 444 villages and 12 communities. Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 hectares and a forestry land of 259,900 hectare, including a woodland area of 227,100 square hectares and a shrub woodland area of 8,200 hectares. Among the woodland, there are 155,200 hectares timber stands, 25,300 hectares shelterbelts, 2,500 square hectares special forests, 35,100 hectares bamboo forests, and 9,000 hectares economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.018 million cubic meters, with 38 cubic meters per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref name=":0">Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7731.2010.22.018</ref>

=== History context ===
Longquan is surrounded by hills, and was isolated before 1981. People in Longquan got benefits from the abundant forest resources for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref name=":1">Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: 'forest nurse' become the fresh force of building modern forestry. ''绿色中国,'' (Z2), 56-57. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=6226550fac40ac105e469242986cbd38&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref>People in Longquan were live in poor life between 1950-1980.

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in Longquan owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-2018: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.<ref name=":3">Huang, L., Chen, S. & Chen, Q. (2005). On the reform of forest resource property right system in China. 西北林学院学报, 20(02), 190-196. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7461.2005.02.049</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==
[[File:366050edc86fda1df4d76418ff6ce4d8.jpg|thumb|Villagers first time get legal rights to land during 1950-1953]][[File:36ba72a08b87d56c520de28f27c9ad8e.jpg|thumb|Villagers shared everything during 1957-1980]]
=== Disordered tenure arrangements ===
Same as Naidu, the tenure and property of forests in Longquan before 1981 was chaotic because of the inproper leadership.
* 1950-1953: After the implementation of the 'Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China,' large forests, wasteland, and barren mountains in the whole country have been nationalized.<ref name=":3" /> In Longquan, through the land reform, the local people got the individual forests. And villagers can freely cut, utilize, sell and give away their freehold forests. Villagers had legal rights to their individual forests.

* 1953-1956: Since 1953, the 'cooperative movement' in Longquan has begun.<ref name=":3" /> The work of joining the communal forests has been carried out. The individual ownership of mountain and forest was transferred. The local people only retained the ownership of the trees on the hills and the trees in front and behind the houses. Their ownership of the mountains and the lands is converted to collective ownership by the cooperative.

* 1957-1980: Since 1957, the situation got worse. Through the implementation of 'Rural People's Communes article sixty-one,' farmers have been forced to join the people's communes and all the mountain forests of the previous cooperative have been owned by the communes.<ref name=":3" /> During the Cultural Revolution, the countryside began to merge with society and carry out the movement of 'cutting the tail of capitalism,' confiscating the residents 'self-retaining mountains, land and trees.' As a result, only the state and cooperative had the legal right to forests, trees and forest products. The villagers in Longquan shared everything in this period.

=== Great thing happens ===
[[File:Saldflsakfjlksjdf.png|left|thumb|452x452px|Percentage of different forests area in Longquan after 1984]]
In 1981, the forestry 'three-fix' reform, with the main contents of 'stabilizing mountain rights and forest rights, delimiting household plots, and determining the responsible mountains system.' This is the beginning of the diversification of forest resources ownership in Longquan. In 1981, the central government promulgated the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Forestry by Protecting Forests (No. 21 of the Central Committee 1981.)<ref name=":3" /> The vast number of villagers were assigned to the household plots and contracted to the responsible mountains. Forest right management center associated with village committee to divide household plot for villagers based on labour force. <ref>Lu, Z. & Lou, J. (2013). Discussion on the technology of forest land records demarcation. 农业开发与装备, (2), 61- 62. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=cbaec8df9e7ba201e58c12e1ebc2e643&site=xueshu_se</ref>During this period, 72.5% of collective forests are transferred into household plot and responsible mountains.<ref name=":4" /> The policy of opening up the market and afforestation to the household in collective forest areas has enabled farmers to have more adequate forest land management rights and forest ownership. However, due to the failure to keep up with the supporting policies and the lack of the recognition of new policyl, there is a seriou deforestation in the Longquan.

Between 1981 and 1984, Longquan began the first step of revolution. Trying to stabilize the property of forests, ensure the household plot area, and confirm the Forestry responsibility system. After three years, there were 437.4 square kilometres household plot area, 1439 square kilometres responsible area, 644.5 square kilometres collective forests area and 67.3 square kilometres state forests area.<ref name=":4">Hong, R. (2012). Study on the reform of forest rights system in longquan city. (Doctoral dissertation, 浙江农林大学). Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=9a4b3d7218b9c8e2c1b45527c8e2f4fd&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1<nowiki/>农林大学).</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Definition
!Tenure
|-
|Household plot
|Household plot was the land which community allocated for each local people during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household has use right to forests and all production of the forests. This land could be inherited and transferred. Government and communities could not take it back.
|-
|Responsible mountains
|Responsibility mountains is the land which rural community divided barren mountains and a part of old collective mountains to each household during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household could manage it. The production in old collective mountains belong to community and the production in barren area belong to individual.
|-
|Collective forests
|The forests belong to a community, each member in this community has equal legal rights.
|Community has the legal ownership of the forests, and all production in the forests belong to villagers.
|-
|State forests
|The forests belong to the country.
|State has legal ownership of the forests, and people who has license has use right.
|}

==Implications==

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
[[File:LOAN1997.png|thumb|Main process of Loan|482x482px]]
Longquan city has set up a Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency to actively promote the circulation of forest resources. Basic program in forest right mortgage: Household plot owners go to Credit Cooperatives apply for loans. Credit Cooperatives, Forest Service, and Village Committee mortgage evaluate the household plot and sign entrust guarantee contract with Forest Resources Storage Center. After the forest right mortgage registered by the Forest Service, Credit Cooperatives would release the loan. The loan term is tentatively set as one year and the loan limit is temporally set as 50% of the assessed value of the mortgaged right.<ref name=":0" /> Within the term of the loan, the mortgaged property shall still be managed by the owner of household plot and supervised by the Forestry Service.

During the mortgage loan period, no person or governmental apartment could issue the tree cutting license without the consent of the villager. Also, they have no right to transfer the household plots.<ref name=":0" />

==== Successful examples: ====
[[File:55b0c26982f76ccd74746f90b6c473f6.jpg|thumb|600x600px]]
# Over 30% of dilapidated houses in Xiangbian, Anfu, and Daqiu villages were rebuilt through the right mortgage loan in 2009. It solved financial problem by around one million RMB which villagers got from loan.<ref name=":2" />
# Nengfu company through the Forest Rights mortgage loan 12 million yuan, cracked the capital problem. In the severe situation of the financial crisis, foreign trade exports still had growth trend. The foreign trade exports reached 16 million U.S. dollars in 2009.
# The per capita net income of rural residents in Longquan reached 8,025 yuan, an average annual increase of 19.7 percent compared with 2008.<ref name=":2">Tong, H., Deng, W., Wu, Z., Cheng, A. & Ying, S. (2012). Study on the effect of the reform of collective forest rights system in Longquan and the follow-up supporting policies. 华东森林经理, 26(4), 13-17. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=d893bd92dbc87ac5aa1b32f73c222248&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref>

==== Remaining problems: ====
# The guarantee mechanism is not perfect, the degree of marketization is not high.
# Due to the uncertainty of the preservation of forest resource assets, it is difficult to realize the acquisition, storage, and realization of mortgage assets after some borrowers fail to repay their loans due to investment failure or death.
# Some forest farmers have a weak sense of integrity. At the same time, the evaluation and guarantee of forest resources and assets do not have the market-oriented operation of social service intermediaries, which also affects the smooth and healthy development of forest right mortgage loans.<ref name=":2" />
All these problems cause the overdue. Longquan has occurred 44 forest rights mortgage loan overdue which value 3.14 million yuan. Credit cooperative made efforts to deposit the realization of 18 overdue which value 1.15 million yuan, but there were 1.99 million yuan which have not been disposed of the realization.<ref name=":2" />

=== Forest nurse ===
All villagers in Longquan get legal rights to a piece of land. And all of they aware the importance of protecting their land. But there was an embarrassing situation: each family only has a proper area of forest, which means they can live well with their forest, but it’s impossible to become a wealthy man with it. And people were afraid that if they go out for business someone would log their trees and steal their forestry resources. Therefore, a new system came out, “forest nurse”, helping people take care of forests.<ref name=":1" />

==== Different type of forest nurse:<ref name=":1" /> ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Types
!Definition
!Advantages
!Disadvantages
|-
|Equity joint 'forest nurse'
|Villagers or communities provide lands and companies provide money to manage the land. The tenure of the land will not change. Companies in charge of selling the products of forests, and net profits will divided based on stocks.
|Companies have the best skills on how to make the biggest profits, and villagers would receive the economic benefits. In addition, villagers don't have to spend time on managing the forest.
|These companies are in interested group, they come to make profits and they would not care what's going on in the forests.
|-
|Communal 'forest nurse'
|Villagers who selling the same type of forestry products voluntarily come together and make up a mutual-helping group. All the forests are managed by members together.
|Partial turn from the price-taker to price-maker.
|Because this is a voluntary group without strict regulation, sometimes member would have conflict opinion on how to manage the forests.
|-
|Lease type 'forest nurese'
|Villagers rent their forests to others. And tenant could manage and sell products.
|Villagers are totally free under this type of 'forest nurse', they can begin other business.
|May cause strong competition on renting the forests.
|}[[File:5d905e5d8259f821a59dac4734049ad7.jpg|thumb|
Professional villagers work as forest nurse
]]
==== Successful example ====
Shui Zhou, a famous forest nurse in local, combines three types of forest nurse to manage around 14,000,070 square meters low-productive forests and barren mountains from 132 households, 9 villages. His job is forestation. To improve the quality and quantity of production from these forests, Shui Zhou employs villagers who have rich experience with forestation to help him manage the mountains. Most of the forests he managed belong to villagers who go to city for a job. Without Shui Zhou, these forests would be logged by outsiders or degenerate. After Shui Zhou's professional management, these barren mountains appears green species and primary forests. Till now, the value of these forests reach 16,000,000 RMB.<ref name=":1" />

== Administrative arrangements ==
[[File:Alkfdjalsdjflsakdjfl.png|center|thumb|702x702px|Administrative structure in Longquan]]
The central government of China would release brief policy contain the main direction of development. And local government would based on their unique situation to make adjustment. In Longquan, there is a forestry bureau which manage all stuffs about forest. To fit the villagers needs, Forestry bureau sets five departments.<ref>Wang, Y. (2013). Solving the bottleneck of the forest reform: Longquan takes the lead in releasing the certificate of forest management rights. 浙江林业, (11), 14-15. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=d893bd92dbc87ac5aa1b32f73c222248&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=8b85d022cfe30cec044337a4333e49a3&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref> Forest right management center, forest resource storage center, forest assert evaluation agency, forest service, and credit cooperatives can provide specific services for villagers and companies. These five departments have different function, but some of them are overlapped.

PS: Part of these five departments' function are present in Implication section.

Village committee is elected by villagers, their job is protecting villagers' rights. And they helped Forest right management center divide household plots and responsible mountains during 1981-1984.

==Affected Stakeholders==

=== High interests & Low power ===
Villagers who don't rent their household plots: They live in village and their forests are the only thing they depend on. They really care about what's going on in their household plots, because their life would be directly affected by forests.

Owners of lease type 'forest nurse': Owners get the legal rights of these forests, and they have the same role as villagers who don't rent their household plots.

=== High interests & High power ===
Owners of communal 'forest nurse': The mutual-help group is come up with villagers who want to have a better price of their forest production. And These forests belong to them, they care about these forests. Moreover, they have more power than individual.

Village committee: They represent the villagers' rights and prevent outsiders logging in villagers' household plots. They have power to make negotiate with governments.

==Interested Stakeholders==

=== Low interests & Low power ===
Villagers who rent their household and get another job: They get rental and do not care about forests.

Villagers who get right mortgage loan: They get the loan to start their own business and leave their forests alone.

Credit Cooperatives: Provide financial support for villagers. And do nothing with forests.

=== Low interests & High power ===
Companies in Equity joint 'forest nurse': Make profits from the forests, and they can go anywhere else.

Workers in Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency: Just take the salary and work here.

==Discussion==
=== Tenure change ===

==== Intentions ====
To provide villagers' legal right to the forests and make sure everyone owns forest, governments released the new policy and made tenure change.

==== Assessment ====
This tenure change clear forestry property rights. The new tenure arouses villagers' enthusiasm of protecting the forests, and activates forestry management mechanism. It unifies the archiving and preservation of forest ownership data and establishes the foundation of forest right management system. Mediation of a large number of forest disputes, effectively maintain the social harmony and stability of forest region .<ref name=":0" />However, some villagers can't manage their forest well and cause the degeneration. Some villagers don't want to make a live with forest, instead they want to do something bigger. Meanwhile, villagers only have forests resource which need time to earn money. Although the tenure change have improved villagers' life a lot, there were still some problems need to be solved. Therefore, villagers and local governments come up with some new implications.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
==== Intentions ====
Longquan is located in a mountainous area, in the southwest of Zhejiang province. One of the important problems of Longquan development is the difficulty in obtaining loans.<ref>Yu, B.(2017). Exploration and practice of "Three-fix" and right mortgage loan: a case study of longquan rural credit union. 佳木斯职业学院学报(6). Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=dade76374445bc36453373d2ade2c9e9&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1
</ref>Through this measure, the forest right is taken as the carrier of mortgage financing to transform resources into capital, and makes the forest right certificate become the "credit card" of forest farmers, and the forest becomes the green bank. It can transform the potential resource advantage into the actual economic advantage.<ref name=":0" />

==== Assessment ====
This new implication of forests promotes the financial development of Longquan and help villagers get out of the small town. The new implication give these people who have wild ambition a chance to make their dream come true. The regulations of this implication are not comprehensive enough. And the process of replying the loan is pretty complete, some villagers enough don't know how to reply.

=== 'Forest nurse' ===
==== Intentions ====
After the tenure change, everyone owns household plot. However, some of them would like to do other business rather than make profits from the forests. To make these people free and avoid degeneration of these forests, 'forest nurse' came out.<ref name=":1" />

==== Assessment ====
To some extent, it can reduce the disputes between farmers and promote the popularization of forestry technology.<ref name=":1" /> This implication collect individual forests to one person or group. Turn from the small-scale forest management to large-scale forest management. Not only improved productivity, but also improving local people' life quality. But it will make individual villager become hard to compete with them.

== Remaining conflict in communities ==
* In some villages, the village committee use the name of the majority consent of the village committee or villagers' representatives to get back villagers household plots.
* Some village committees have different ideas about the policy of 'never change household plot,' they want to redivide the mountain according to the current population.
* When a villager's household plot is requisitioned or rented, the requisitioned and leased money allocated by the government would be collected by village committee.<ref>Zhu, J., Lou, X. & Zhu, T. (2008). Study on household plots management and counter measures. 华东森林经理, 22(3), 64-66. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-7743.2008.03.018</ref>
* Most of the original boundary sites used to be trees and stones among the villagers. Due to the great changes over the years, the original boundary sites have been difficult to find, and the hidden dangers of mountain disputes caused by mountain boundary problems have increased. Fights between villagers occurred due to unclear boundary sites during the forest cutting near the boundary of Maodian and Chian village

==Recommendations==

=== Strengthen publicity and raise awareness ===
* Longquan need to make full use of the radio, newspaper, television and other media to publicize policies related to the new forest rights system. Local government should Increase the enthusiasm of villagers in participating in democratic decision-making on the management of collective forest resources, and increase their awareness of protecting forest resources.
* Increase villagers' awareness of the benefits of right mortgage loan and convince them that local government are reliable.
* Improve village committee's law-abiding awareness and teach them protect villager's rights.

=== Strengthen forest rights management and services ===
* Complete the regulation of forest right mortgage loan, and improve workers efficiency.
* Set up a apartment to supervise villager committee.

=== Establish database and implement digital forest right management ===
* The relevant information of the ownership and use right of household plots, collective forests, and responsible mountains should be saved online and anyone could have a access to the information.
* Establish complete electronic archives and convenient management system to improve the work-efficiency.
* Use the satellite to measure the boundary of household plots, responsible mountains, and collective forests. And put the map online.

==References==
<references/>

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Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-27T01:42:03Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Great thing happens */

Add your summary here

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
[[File:Longquan.png|thumb|Satellite of Longquan]]
Longquan is a county-level city and former county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lishui. Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 hectares and a forestry land of 259,900 hectare, including a woodland area of 227,100 square hectares and a shrub woodland area of 8,200 hectares. Among the woodland, there are 155,200 hectares timber stands, 25,300 hectares shelterbelts, 2,500 square hectares special forests, 35,100 hectares bamboo forests, and 9,000 hectares economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.018 million cubic meters, with 38 cubic meters per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref name=":0">Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7731.2010.22.018</ref>

=== History context ===
Longquan is surrounded by hills, and was isolated before 1981. People in Longquan got benefits from the abundant forest resources for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref name=":1">Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: 'forest nurse' become the fresh force of building modern forestry. ''绿色中国,'' (Z2), 56-57. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=6226550fac40ac105e469242986cbd38&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref>People in Longquan were live in poor life between 1950-1980.

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in Longquan owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-2018: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.<ref name=":3">Huang, L., Chen, S. & Chen, Q. (2005). On the reform of forest resource property right system in China. 西北林学院学报, 20(02), 190-196. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7461.2005.02.049</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==
[[File:366050edc86fda1df4d76418ff6ce4d8.jpg|thumb|Villagers first time get legal rights to land during 1950-1953]][[File:36ba72a08b87d56c520de28f27c9ad8e.jpg|thumb|Villagers shared everything during 1957-1980]]
=== Disordered tenure arrangements ===
Same as Naidu, the tenure and property of forests in Longquan before 1981 was chaotic because of the inproper leadership.
* 1950-1953: After the implementation of the 'Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China,' large forests, wasteland, and barren mountains in the whole country have been nationalized.<ref name=":3" /> In Longquan, through the land reform, the local people got the individual forests. And villagers can freely cut, utilize, sell and give away their freehold forests. Villagers had legal rights to their individual forests.

* 1953-1956: Since 1953, the 'cooperative movement' in Longquan has begun.<ref name=":3" /> The work of joining the communal forests has been carried out. The individual ownership of mountain and forest was transferred. The local people only retained the ownership of the trees on the hills and the trees in front and behind the houses. Their ownership of the mountains and the lands is converted to collective ownership by the cooperative.

* 1957-1980: Since 1957, the situation got worse. Through the implementation of 'Rural People's Communes article sixty-one,' farmers have been forced to join the people's communes and all the mountain forests of the previous cooperative have been owned by the communes.<ref name=":3" /> During the Cultural Revolution, the countryside began to merge with society and carry out the movement of 'cutting the tail of capitalism,' confiscating the residents 'self-retaining mountains, land and trees.' As a result, only the state and cooperative had the legal right to forests, trees and forest products. The villagers in Longquan shared everything in this period.

=== Great thing happens ===
[[File:Saldflsakfjlksjdf.png|left|thumb|452x452px|Percentage of different forests area in Longquan after 1984]]
In 1981, the forestry 'three-fix' reform, with the main contents of 'stabilizing mountain rights and forest rights, delimiting household plots, and determining the responsible mountains system.' This is the beginning of the diversification of forest resources ownership in Longquan. In 1981, the central government promulgated the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Forestry by Protecting Forests (No. 21 of the Central Committee 1981.)<ref name=":3" /> The vast number of villagers were assigned to the household plots and contracted to the responsible mountains. Forest right management center associated with village committee to divide household plot for villagers based on labour force. <ref>Lu, Z. & Lou, J. (2013). Discussion on the technology of forest land records demarcation. 农业开发与装备, (2), 61- 62. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=cbaec8df9e7ba201e58c12e1ebc2e643&site=xueshu_se</ref>During this period, 72.5% of collective forests are transferred into household plot and responsible mountains.<ref name=":4" /> The policy of opening up the market and afforestation to the household in collective forest areas has enabled farmers to have more adequate forest land management rights and forest ownership. However, due to the failure to keep up with the supporting policies and the lack of the recognition of new policyl, there is a seriou deforestation in the Longquan.

Between 1981 and 1984, Longquan began the first step of revolution. Trying to stabilize the property of forests, ensure the household plot area, and confirm the Forestry responsibility system. After three years, there were 437.4 square kilometres household plot area, 1439 square kilometres responsible area, 644.5 square kilometres collective forests area and 67.3 square kilometres state forests area.<ref name=":4">Hong, R. (2012). Study on the reform of forest rights system in longquan city. (Doctoral dissertation, 浙江农林大学). Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=9a4b3d7218b9c8e2c1b45527c8e2f4fd&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1<nowiki/>农林大学).</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Definition
!Tenure
|-
|Household plot
|Household plot was the land which community allocated for each local people during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household has using right to forests and all production of the forests. This land could be inherited and transferred. Government and communities could not take it back.
|-
|Responsible mountains
|Responsibility mountains is the land which rural community divided barren mountains and a part of old collective mountains to each household during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household could manage it. The production in old collective mountains belong to community and the production in barren area belong to individual.
|-
|Collective forests
|The forests belong to a community, each member in this community has equal legal rights.
|Community has the legal ownership of the forests, and all production in the forests belong to villagers.
|-
|State forests
|The forests belong to the country.
|State has legal ownership of the forests, and people who has license has using right.
|}

==Implications==

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
[[File:LOAN1997.png|thumb|Main process of Loan|482x482px]]
Longquan city has set up a Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency to actively promote the circulation of forest resources. Basic program in forest right mortgage: Household plot owners go to Credit Cooperatives apply for loans. Credit Cooperatives, Forest Service, and Village Committee mortgage evaluate the household plot and sign entrust guarantee contract with Forest Resources Storage Center. After the forest right mortgage registered by the Forest Service, Credit Cooperatives would release the loan. The loan term is tentatively set as one year and the loan limit is temporally set as 50% of the assessed value of the mortgaged right.<ref name=":0" /> Within the term of the loan, the mortgaged property shall still be managed by the owner of household plot and supervised by the Forestry Service.

During the mortgage loan period, no person or governmental apartment could issue the tree cutting license without the consent of the villager. Also, they have no right to transfer the household plots.<ref name=":0" />

==== Successful examples: ====
[[File:55b0c26982f76ccd74746f90b6c473f6.jpg|thumb|600x600px]]
# Over 30% of dilapidated houses in Xiangbian, Anfu, and Daqiu villages were rebuilt through the right mortgage loan in 2009. It solved financial problem by around one million RMB which villagers got from loan.<ref name=":2" />
# Nengfu company through the Forest Rights mortgage loan 12 million yuan, cracked the capital problem. In the severe situation of the financial crisis, foreign trade exports still had growth trend. The foreign trade exports reached 16 million U.S. dollars in 2009.
# The per capita net income of rural residents in Longquan reached 8,025 yuan, an average annual increase of 19.7 percent compared with 2008.<ref name=":2">Tong, H., Deng, W., Wu, Z., Cheng, A. & Ying, S. (2012). Study on the effect of the reform of collective forest rights system in Longquan and the follow-up supporting policies. 华东森林经理, 26(4), 13-17. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=d893bd92dbc87ac5aa1b32f73c222248&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref>

==== Remaining problems: ====
# The guarantee mechanism is not perfect, the degree of marketization is not high.
# Due to the uncertainty of the preservation of forest resource assets, it is difficult to realize the acquisition, storage, and realization of mortgage assets after some borrowers fail to repay their loans due to investment failure or death.
# Some forest farmers have a weak sense of integrity. At the same time, the evaluation and guarantee of forest resources and assets do not have the market-oriented operation of social service intermediaries, which also affects the smooth and healthy development of forest right mortgage loans.<ref name=":2" />
All these problems cause the overdue. Longquan has occurred 44 forest rights mortgage loan overdue which value 3.14 million yuan. Credit cooperative made efforts to deposit the realization of 18 overdue which value 1.15 million yuan, but there were 1.99 million yuan which have not been disposed of the realization.<ref name=":2" />

=== Forest nurse ===
All villagers in Longquan get legal rights to a piece of land. And all of they aware the importance of protecting their land. But there was an embarrassing situation: each family only has a proper area of forest, which means they can live well with their forest, but it’s impossible to become a wealthy man with it. And people were afraid that if they go out for business someone would log their trees and steal their forestry resources. Therefore, a new system came out, “forest nurse”, helping people take care of forests.<ref name=":1" />

==== Different type of forest nurse:<ref name=":1" /> ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Types
!Definition
!Advantages
!Disadvantages
|-
|Equity joint 'forest nurse'
|Villagers or communities provide lands and companies provide money to manage the land. The tenure of the land will not change. Companies in charge of selling the products of forests, and net profits will divided based on stocks.
|Companies have the best skills on how to make the biggest profits, and villagers would receive the economic benefits. In addition, villagers don't have to spend time on managing the forest.
|These companies are in interested group, they come to make profits and they would not care what's going on in the forests.
|-
|Communal 'forest nurse'
|Villagers who selling the same type of forestry products voluntarily come together and make up a mutual-helping group. All the forests are managed by members together.
|Partial turn from the price-taker to price-maker.
|Because this is a voluntary group without strict regulation, sometimes member would have conflict opinion on how to manage the forests.
|-
|Lease type 'forest nurese'
|Villagers rent their forests to others. And tenant could manage and sell products.
|Villagers are totally free under this type of 'forest nurse', they can begin other business.
|May cause strong competition on renting the forests.
|}[[File:5d905e5d8259f821a59dac4734049ad7.jpg|thumb]]
==== Successful example ====
Shui Zhou, a famous forest nurse in local, combines three types of forest nurse to manage around 14,000,070 square meters low-productive forests and barren mountains from 132 households, 9 villages. His job is forestation. To improve the quality and quantity of production from these forests, Shui Zhou employs villagers who have rich experience with forestation to help him manage the mountains. Most of the forests he managed belong to villagers who go to city for a job. Without Shui Zhou, these forests would be logged by outsiders or degenerate. After Shui Zhou's professional management, these barren mountains appears green species and primary forests. Till now, the value of these forests reach 16,000,000 RMB.<ref name=":1" />

== Administrative arrangements ==
[[File:Ladfkjlajflajfd.png|thumb|483x483px|center]]

The central government of China would release brief policy contain the main direction of development. And local government would based on their unique situation to make adjustment. In Longquan, to fit the villagers needs, local government sets four departments.<ref>Wang, Y. (2013). Solving the bottleneck of the forest reform: Longquan takes the lead in releasing the certificate of forest management rights. 浙江林业, (11), 14-15. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=d893bd92dbc87ac5aa1b32f73c222248&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=8b85d022cfe30cec044337a4333e49a3&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref> Forest right management center, forest resource storage center, forest assert evaluation agency, and credit cooperatives can help provide specific services for villagers and companies.

PS: These four departments' function are present in Implication section.

Village committee is elected by villagers, their job is protecting villagers' rights.

==Affected Stakeholders==

=== High interests & Low power ===
Villagers who don't rent their household plots: They live in village and their forests are the only thing they depend on. They really care about what's going on in their household plots, because their life would be directly affected by forests.

Owners of lease type 'forest nurse': Owners get the legal rights of these forests, and they have the same role as villagers who don't rent their household plots.

=== High interests & High power ===
Owners of communal 'forest nurse': The mutual-help group is come up with villagers who want to have a better price of their forest production. And These forests belong to them, they care about these forests. Moreover, they have more power than individual.

Village committee: They represent the villagers' rights and prevent outsiders logging in villagers' household plots. They have power to make negotiate with governments.

==Interested Stakeholders==

=== Low interests & Low power ===
Villagers who rent their household and get another job: They get rental and do not care about forests.

Villagers who get right mortgage loan: They get the loan to start their own business and leave their forests alone.

Credit Cooperatives:

=== Low interests & High power ===
Companies in Equity joint 'forest nurse': Make profits from the forests, and they can go anywhere else.

Workers in Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency: Just take the salary and work here.

==Discussion==
=== Tenure change ===

==== Intentions ====
To provide villagers' legal right to the forests and make sure everyone owns forest, governments released the new policy and made tenure change.

==== Assessment ====
Clear forestry property rights, according to law to protect the legitimate rights and interests of forest farmers. Aroused the enthusiasm of forest farmer, activated forestry management mechanism. We have promoted the standardized circulation of forest rights and optimized the allocation of forest resources. It unifies the archiving and preservation of forest ownership data and establishes the foundation of forest right management system. Mediation of a large number of forest disputes, effectively maintain the social harmony and stability of forest region .<ref name=":0" />However, some villagers can't manage their forest well and cause the degeneration. Some villagers don't want to make a live with forest, instead they want to do something bigger. Meanwhile, villagers only have forests resource which need time to become money. Although the tenure change have improved villagers' life a lot, there were still some problems need to be solved. Therefore, villagers and local governments come up with some new implications.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
==== Intentions ====
Longquan is located in a mountainous area, in the southwest of Zhejiang province. One of the important problems of Longquan city's rural development is the difficulty in obtaining loans.<ref>Yu, B.(2017). Exploration and practice of "Three-fix" and right mortgage loan: a case study of longquan rural credit union. 佳木斯职业学院学报(6). Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=dade76374445bc36453373d2ade2c9e9&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1
</ref>Through this measure, the forest right is taken as the carrier of mortgage financing to transform resources into capital, make the forest right certificate become the "credit card" of forest farmers, and the forest becomes the green bank, so as to transform the potential resource advantage into the actual economic advantage.<ref name=":0" />

==== Assessment ====
This new implication of forests promotes the financial development of Longquan and help villagers get out of the small town. The new implication give these people who have wild ambition a chance to make their dream come true. The regulations of this implication are not comprehensive enough. And the process of replying the loan is pretty complete, some villagers enough don't know how to reply.

=== 'Forest nurse' ===
==== Intentions ====
After the tenure change, everyone owns household plot. However, some of them would like to do other business rather than make profits from the forests. To make these people free and avoid degeneration of these forests, 'forest nurse' came out.<ref name=":1" />

==== Assessment ====
To some extent, it can reduce the disputes between farmers and promote the popularization of forestry technology.<ref name=":1" /> This implication collect individual forests to one person or group. Turn from the small-scale forest management to large-scale forest management. Not only improved productivity, but also improving local people' life quality. But it will make individual villager become hard to compete with them.

== Remaining conflict in communities ==
* In some villages, the village committee in the name of the majority consent of the village committee or villagers' representatives to get back villagers household plots.
* Some village committees have different ideas about the policy of 'never change household plot,' they want to redivide the mountain according to the current population.
* When a villager's household plot is requisitioned or rented, the requisitioned and leased money allocated by the government would be collected by village committee.<ref>Zhu, J., Lou, X. & Zhu, T. (2008). Study on household plots management and counter measures. 华东森林经理, 22(3), 64-66. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-7743.2008.03.018</ref>
* When a farmer's private mountain is requisitioned or rented, the requisitioned and leased money allocated by the government shall be returned to the village collective.Most of the original boundary sites used to be trees and stones among the farmers. Due to the great changes over the years, the original boundary sites have been difficult to find, and the hidden dangers of mountain disputes caused by mountain boundary problems have increased.In maodian village, chian town, fights between farmers occurred due to unclear boundary sites during the forest cutting

==Recommendations==

=== Strengthen publicity and raise awareness ===
* we will make full use of the radio, newspaper, television and other media to publicize policies related to the reform of the forest rights system, increase the enthusiasm of forest farmers in participating in democratic decision-making on the circulation of collective forest resources, and increase their awareness of protecting forest resources.
* The second is to improve the financial sector's understanding of forestry and participation in the forest rights mortgage business enthusiasm

=== Strengthen forest rights management and services ===
Complete the regulation of forest right mortgage loan, and improve workers efficiency.

=== Establish database and implement digital forest right management ===
The relevant information of the ownership and use right of forest, forest, forestland, establish complete electronic archives and convenient and rapid digitalization management system, can undertake locking to the forest right card after forest right mortgage loan, avoid the household owner applies for cutting formalities and forest right change formalities without authorization after mortgage

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
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Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-26T22:47:27Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Successful examples: */

Add your summary here

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
[[File:Longquan.png|thumb|Satellite of Longquan]]
Longquan is a county-level city and former county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lishui. Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 hectares and a forestry land of 259,900 hectare, including a woodland area of 227,100 square hectares and a shrub woodland area of 8,200 hectares. Among the woodland, there are 155,200 hectares timber stands, 25,300 hectares shelterbelts, 2,500 square hectares special forests, 35,100 hectares bamboo forests, and 9,000 hectares economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.018 million cubic meters, with 38 cubic meters per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref name=":0">Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7731.2010.22.018</ref>

=== History context ===
Longquan is surrounded by hills, and was isolated before 1981. People in Longquan got benefits from the abundant forest resources for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref name=":1">Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: 'forest nurse' become the fresh force of building modern forestry. ''绿色中国,'' (Z2), 56-57. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=6226550fac40ac105e469242986cbd38&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref>People in Longquan were live in poor life between 1950-1980.

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in Longquan owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-2018: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.<ref name=":3">Huang, L., Chen, S. & Chen, Q. (2005). On the reform of forest resource property right system in China. 西北林学院学报, 20(02), 190-196. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7461.2005.02.049</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==
[[File:366050edc86fda1df4d76418ff6ce4d8.jpg|thumb|Villagers first time get legal rights to land during 1950-1953]][[File:36ba72a08b87d56c520de28f27c9ad8e.jpg|thumb|Villagers shared everything during 1957-1980]]
=== Disordered tenure arrangements ===
Same as Naidu, the tenure and property of forests in Longquan before 1981 was chaotic because of the inproper leadership.
* 1950-1953: After the implementation of the 'Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China,' large forests, wasteland, and barren mountains in the whole country have been nationalized.<ref name=":3" /> In Longquan, through the land reform, the local people got the individual forests. And villagers can freely cut, utilize, sell and give away their freehold forests. Villagers had legal rights to their individual forests.

* 1953-1956: Since 1953, the 'cooperative movement' in Longquan has begun.<ref name=":3" /> The work of joining the communal forests has been carried out. The individual ownership of mountain and forest was transferred. The local people only retained the ownership of the trees on the hills and the trees in front and behind the houses. Their ownership of the mountains and the lands is converted to collective ownership by the cooperative.

* 1957-1980: Since 1957, the situation got worse. Through the implementation of 'Rural People's Communes article sixty-one,' farmers have been forced to join the people's communes and all the mountain forests of the previous cooperative have been owned by the communes.<ref name=":3" /> During the Cultural Revolution, the countryside began to merge with society and carry out the movement of 'cutting the tail of capitalism,' confiscating the residents 'self-retaining mountains, land and trees.' As a result, only the state and cooperative had the legal right to forests, trees and forest products. The villagers in Longquan shared everything in this period.

=== Great thing happens ===
[[File:Saldflsakfjlksjdf.png|left|thumb|452x452px|Percentage of different forests area in Longquan after 1984]]
In 1981, the forestry 'three-fix' reform, with the main contents of 'stabilizing mountain rights and forest rights, delimiting household plots, and determining the responsible mountains system.' This is the beginning of the diversification of forest resources ownership in Longquan. In 1981, the central government promulgated the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Forestry by Protecting Forests (No. 21 of the Central Committee 1981.)<ref name=":3" /> The vast number of villagers were assigned to the household plots and contracted to the responsible mountains. Professional and key households contracted for afforestation of barren hills In 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Ten Policies on Further Activating the Rural Economy. The policy of opening up the market and afforestation to the household in collective forest areas has enabled farmers to have more adequate forest land management rights and forest ownership. At the same time, the contractual responsibility system with the main characteristics of decentralization of profits is implemented in the state-owned forest areas, which transfers the management rights of some state-owned forestry enterprises to the operators. However, due to the failure to keep up with the supporting policies and the lack of trust of operators in the reform policies, there is a serious phenomenon of deforestation in the south.

Between 1981 and 1984, Longquan began the first step of revolution. Trying to stabilize the property of forests, ensure the individual forest area, and confirm the Forestry production responsibility system. After three years, there were 437.4 square kilometres household plot area, 1439 square kilometres responsible area, 644.5 square kilometres collective forests area and 67.3 square kilometres state forests area.<ref>Hong, R. (2012). Study on the reform of forest rights system in longquan city. (Doctoral dissertation, 浙江农林大学). Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=9a4b3d7218b9c8e2c1b45527c8e2f4fd&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1<nowiki/>农林大学).</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Definition
!Tenure
|-
|Household plot
|Household plot was the land which community allocated for each local people during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household has using right to forests and all production of the forests. This land could be inherited and transferred. Government and communities could not take it back.
|-
|Responsible mountains
|Responsibility mountains is the land which rural community divided barren mountains and a part of old collective mountains to each household during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household could manage it. The production in old collective mountains belong to community and the production in barren area belong to individual.
|-
|Collective forests
|
|Community has the legal ownership of the forests, and all production in the forests belong to villagers.
|-
|State forests
|
|State has legal ownership of the forests, and people who has license has using right.
|}

==Implications==

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
[[File:LOAN1997.png|thumb|Main process of Loan|381x381px]]
Longquan city has set up a Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency to actively promote the circulation of forest resources. Basic program in forest right mortgage: Household plot owners go to Credit Cooperatives apply for loans. Credit Cooperatives, Forest Service, and Village Committee mortgage evaluate the household plot and sign entrust guarantee contract with Forest Resources Storage Center. After the forest right mortgage registered by the Forest Service, Credit Cooperatives would release the loan. The loan term is tentatively set as one year and the loan limit is temporally set as 50% of the assessed value of the mortgaged right.<ref name=":0" /> Within the term of the loan, the mortgaged property shall still be managed by the owner of household plot and supervised by the Forestry Service.

During the mortgage loan period, the trees mortgaged shall not issue the tree cutting license without the consent of the mortgagee, nor shall they go through the procedures for transferring ownership of the trees.<ref name=":0" />

==== Successful examples: ====
[[File:55b0c26982f76ccd74746f90b6c473f6.jpg|thumb|600x600px]]
1.The renovation of 30 percent of the dilapidated houses in the other three villages of Xianbian, Anfu and Dachu in Anren town, Longquan city, exceeded one million yuan through the mortgage of forest rights, accounting for on-quarter of the total construction funds.

2.Neng fu company solved the capital problem by taking out a mortgage of 12 million yuan of forest right. Under the severe situation of financial crisis, the export of foreign trade increased against the trend, and the export of foreign trade reached 16 million us dollars.

3.The per capita net income of rural residents in Longquan city reached 8,025 yuan, an average annual increase of 19.7 percent.<ref name=":2">Tong, H., Deng, W., Wu, Z., Cheng, A. & Ying, S. (2012). Study on the effect of the reform of collective forest rights system in Longquan and the follow-up supporting policies. 华东森林经理, 26(4), 13-17. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=d893bd92dbc87ac5aa1b32f73c222248&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref>

==== Remaining problems: ====
In Longquan city, there are 44 outstanding mortgages of 3.14 million yuan overdue, 18 of which are worth 1.15 million yuan through efforts to collect stock, and 26 of which are not disposed of by 1.99 million yuan<ref name=":2" />

First, the guarantee mechanism is not perfect, the degree of marketization is not high. Second, due to the uncertainty of the preservation of forest resource assets, it is difficult to realize the acquisition, storage and realization of mortgage assets after some borrowers fail to repay their loans due to investment failure or death. Third, some forest farmers have a weak sense of integrity. At the same time, the evaluation and guarantee of forest resources and assets do not have the market-oriented operation of social service intermediaries, which also affects the smooth and healthy development of forest right mortgage loans.<ref name=":2" />

=== Forest nurse ===
All villagers in Longquan get legal rights to a piece of land. And all of they aware the importance of protecting their land. But there was an embarrassing situation: each family only has a proper area of forest, which means they can live well with their forest, but it’s impossible to become a wealthy man with it. And people were afraid that if they go out for business someone would log their trees and steal their forestry resources. Therefore, a new system came out, “forest nurse”, helping people take care of forests.<ref name=":1" />

==== Different type of forest nurse:<ref name=":1" /> ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Types
!Definition
!Advantages
!Disadvantages
|-
|Equity joint 'forest nurse'
|Villagers or communities provide lands and companies provide money to manage the land. The tenure of the land will not change. Companies in charge of selling the products of forests, and net profits will divided based on stocks.
|Companies have the best skills on how to make the biggest profits, and villagers would receive the economic benefits. In addition, villagers don't have to spend time on managing the forest.
|These companies are in interested group, they come to make profits and they would not care what's going on in the forests.
|-
|Communal 'forest nurse'
|Villagers who selling the same type of forestry products voluntarily come together and make up a mutual-helping group. All the forests are managed by members together.
|Partial turn from the price-taker to price-maker.
|Because this is a voluntary group without strict regulation, sometimes member would have conflict opinion on how to manage the forests.
|-
|Lease type 'forest nurese'
|Villagers rent their forests to others. And tenant could manage and sell products.
|Villagers are totally free under this type of 'forest nurse', they can begin other business.
|May cause strong competition on renting the forests.
|}[[File:5d905e5d8259f821a59dac4734049ad7.jpg|thumb]]
==== Successful example ====
Shui Zhou, a famous forest nurse in local, combines three types of forest nurse to manage around 14,000,070 square meters low-productive forests and barren mountains from 132 households, 9 villages. His job is forestation. To improve the quality and quantity of production from these forests, Shui Zhou employs villagers who have rich experience with forestation to help him manage the mountains. Most of the forests he managed belong to villagers who go to city for a job. Without Shui Zhou, these forests would be logged by outsiders or degenerate. After Shui Zhou's professional management, these barren mountains appears green species and primary forests. Till now, the value of these forests reach 16,000,000 RMB.<ref name=":1" />

== Administrative arrangements ==
[[File:Ladfkjlajflajfd.png|thumb|483x483px|center]]

The central government of China would release brief policy contain the main direction of development. And local government would based on their unique situation to make adjustment. In Longquan, to fit the villagers needs, local government sets four departments.<ref>Wang, Y. (2013). Solving the bottleneck of the forest reform: Longquan takes the lead in releasing the certificate of forest management rights. 浙江林业, (11), 14-15. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=d893bd92dbc87ac5aa1b32f73c222248&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=8b85d022cfe30cec044337a4333e49a3&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref> Forest right management center, forest resource storage center, forest assert evaluation agency, and credit cooperatives can help provide specific services for villagers and companies.

PS: These four departments' function are present in Implication section.

Village committee is elected by villagers, their job is protecting villagers' rights.

==Affected Stakeholders==

=== High interests & Low power ===
Villagers who don't rent their household plots: They live in village and their forests are the only thing they depend on. They really care about what's going on in their household plots, because their life would be directly affected by forests.

Owners of lease type 'forest nurse': Owners get the legal rights of these forests, and they have the same role as villagers who don't rent their household plots.

=== High interests & High power ===
Owners of communal 'forest nurse': The mutual-help group is come up with villagers who want to have a better price of their forest production. And These forests belong to them, they care about these forests. Moreover, they have more power than individual.

Village committee: They represent the villagers' rights and prevent outsiders logging in villagers' household plots. They have power to make negotiate with governments.

==Interested Stakeholders==

=== Low interests & Low power ===
Villagers who rent their household and get another job: They get rental and do not care about forests.

Villagers who get right mortgage loan: They get the loan to start their own business and leave their forests alone.

Credit Cooperatives:

=== Low interests & High power ===
Companies in Equity joint 'forest nurse': Make profits from the forests, and they can go anywhere else.

Workers in Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency: Just take the salary and work here.

==Discussion==
=== Tenure change ===

==== Intentions ====
To provide villagers' legal right to the forests and make sure everyone owns forest, governments released the new policy and made tenure change.

==== Assessment ====
Clear forestry property rights, according to law to protect the legitimate rights and interests of forest farmers. Aroused the enthusiasm of forest farmer, activated forestry management mechanism. We have promoted the standardized circulation of forest rights and optimized the allocation of forest resources. It unifies the archiving and preservation of forest ownership data and establishes the foundation of forest right management system. Mediation of a large number of forest disputes, effectively maintain the social harmony and stability of forest region .<ref name=":0" />However, some villagers can't manage their forest well and cause the degeneration. Some villagers don't want to make a live with forest, instead they want to do something bigger. Meanwhile, villagers only have forests resource which need time to become money. Although the tenure change have improved villagers' life a lot, there were still some problems need to be solved. Therefore, villagers and local governments come up with some new implications.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
==== Intentions ====
Longquan is located in a mountainous area, in the southwest of Zhejiang province. One of the important problems of Longquan city's rural development is the difficulty in obtaining loans.<ref>Yu, B.(2017). Exploration and practice of "Three-fix" and right mortgage loan: a case study of longquan rural credit union. 佳木斯职业学院学报(6). Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=dade76374445bc36453373d2ade2c9e9&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1
</ref>Through this measure, the forest right is taken as the carrier of mortgage financing to transform resources into capital, make the forest right certificate become the "credit card" of forest farmers, and the forest becomes the green bank, so as to transform the potential resource advantage into the actual economic advantage.<ref name=":0" />

==== Assessment ====
This new implication of forests promotes the financial development of Longquan and help villagers get out of the small town. The new implication give these people who have wild ambition a chance to make their dream come true. The regulations of this implication are not comprehensive enough. And the process of replying the loan is pretty complete, some villagers enough don't know how to reply.

=== 'Forest nurse' ===
==== Intentions ====
After the tenure change, everyone owns household plot. However, some of them would like to do other business rather than make profits from the forests. To make these people free and avoid degeneration of these forests, 'forest nurse' came out.<ref name=":1" />

==== Assessment ====
To some extent, it can reduce the disputes between farmers and promote the popularization of forestry technology.<ref name=":1" /> This implication collect individual forests to one person or group. Turn from the small-scale forest management to large-scale forest management. Not only improved productivity, but also improving local people' life quality. But it will make individual villager become hard to compete with them.

== Remaining conflict in communities ==
* In some villages, the village committee in the name of the majority consent of the village committee or villagers' representatives to get back villagers household plots.
* Some village committees have different ideas about the policy of 'never change household plot,' they want to redivide the mountain according to the current population.
* When a villager's household plot is requisitioned or rented, the requisitioned and leased money allocated by the government would be collected by village committee.<ref>Zhu, J., Lou, X. & Zhu, T. (2008). Study on household plots management and counter measures. 华东森林经理, 22(3), 64-66. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-7743.2008.03.018</ref>
* When a farmer's private mountain is requisitioned or rented, the requisitioned and leased money allocated by the government shall be returned to the village collective.Most of the original boundary sites used to be trees and stones among the farmers. Due to the great changes over the years, the original boundary sites have been difficult to find, and the hidden dangers of mountain disputes caused by mountain boundary problems have increased.In maodian village, chian town, fights between farmers occurred due to unclear boundary sites during the forest cutting

==Recommendations==

=== Strengthen publicity and raise awareness ===
* we will make full use of the radio, newspaper, television and other media to publicize policies related to the reform of the forest rights system, increase the enthusiasm of forest farmers in participating in democratic decision-making on the circulation of collective forest resources, and increase their awareness of protecting forest resources.
* The second is to improve the financial sector's understanding of forestry and participation in the forest rights mortgage business enthusiasm

=== Strengthen forest rights management and services ===
Complete the regulation of forest right mortgage loan, and improve workers efficiency.

=== Establish database and implement digital forest right management ===
The relevant information of the ownership and use right of forest, forest, forestland, establish complete electronic archives and convenient and rapid digitalization management system, can undertake locking to the forest right card after forest right mortgage loan, avoid the household owner applies for cutting formalities and forest right change formalities without authorization after mortgage

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
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Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-26T21:39:48Z

LINGSENKONG: /* References */

Add your summary here

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
[[File:Longquan.png|thumb|Satellite of Longquan]]
Longquan is a county-level city and former county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lishui. Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 hectares and a forestry land of 259,900 hectare, including a woodland area of 227,100 square hectares and a shrub woodland area of 8,200 hectares. Among the woodland, there are 155,200 hectares timber stands, 25,300 hectares shelterbelts, 2,500 square hectares special forests, 35,100 hectares bamboo forests, and 9,000 hectares economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.018 million cubic meters, with 38 cubic meters per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref name=":0">Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7731.2010.22.018</ref>

=== History context ===
Longquan is surrounded by hills, and was isolated before 1981. People in Longquan got benefits from the abundant forestry resources for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore after the Chinese economic reform. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref name=":1">Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: 'forest nurse' become the fresh force of building modern forestry. ''绿色中国,'' (Z2), 56-57. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=6226550fac40ac105e469242986cbd38&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref>People in Longquan were live in poor life between 1950-1980.

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in a rural area owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-2018: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.<ref>Huang, L., Chen, S. & Chen, Q. (2005). On the reform of forest resource property right system in China. 西北林学院学报, 20(02), 190-196. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7461.2005.02.049</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==
[[File:366050edc86fda1df4d76418ff6ce4d8.jpg|thumb|Villagers first time get legal rights to land during 1950-1953]][[File:36ba72a08b87d56c520de28f27c9ad8e.jpg|thumb|Villagers shared everything during 1957-1980]]
=== Disordered tenure arrangements ===
Same as Naidu, the tenure and property of forests in Longquan before 1981 was chaotic because of the wrong leadership.
* 1950-1953: After the implementation of the 'Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China,' large forests, wasteland and barren hills in the whole country have been nationalized. In Longquan, through the land reform, the local people have separated the individual-owned forests, and the forest owners can freely cut, utilize, sell and give away all the forests they own.

* 1953-1956: Since 1953, the rural cooperative movement has begun, and the work of joining the community in mountain forests has been carried out. The individual ownership of mountain and forest rights of farmers has been transformed. The local people only retain the ownership of the trees on the hills and the scattered trees in front and behind the houses. The ownership of the mountains and the patches of trees is converted to collective ownership by the cooperatives through discount.

* 1957-1980: Since 1957, the situation got worse. Through the implementation of 'Rural People's Communes 61' and the campaign of 'one year and two communes,' farmers have been forced to join the people's communes and all the mountain forests of the former cooperatives have been owned by the communes. During the Cultural Revolution, the countryside began to merge with society and carry out the movement of 'cutting the tail of capitalism,' confiscating the residents 'self-retaining mountains, land and trees. As a result, only the state and collective ownership of forests, trees and woodlands.

=== Great thing happens ===
[[File:Saldflsakfjlksjdf.png|left|thumb|452x452px|Percentage of different forests area in Longquan after 1984]]
In 1981, the forestry 'three-fix' reform, with the main contents of 'stabilizing mountain rights and forest rights, delimiting self-retaining mountains, and determining the contractual responsibility system for forestry production,' began, which is the beginning of the diversification of forest resources ownership in China. In 1981, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council promulgated the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Forestry by Protecting Forests (No. 21 of the Central Committee [1981]). The vast number of peasants were assigned to the self-retaining hills and contracted to the responsible hills. Professional and key households contracted for afforestation of barren hills In 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Ten Policies on Further Activating the Rural Economy. The policy of opening up the market and afforestation to the household in collective forest areas has enabled farmers to have more adequate forest land management rights and forest ownership. At the same time, the contractual responsibility system with the main characteristics of decentralization of profits is implemented in the state-owned forest areas, which transfers the management rights of some state-owned forestry enterprises to the operators. However, due to the failure to keep up with the supporting policies and the lack of trust of operators in the reform policies, there is a serious phenomenon of deforestation in the south.

Between 1981 and 1984, Longquan began the first step of revolution. Trying to stabilize the property of forests, ensure the individual forest area, and confirm the Forestry production responsibility system. After three years, there were 437.4 square kilometres household plot area, 1439 square kilometres responsible area, 644.5 square kilometres collective forests area and 67.3 square kilometres state forests area.<ref>Hong, R. (2012). Study on the reform of forest rights system in longquan city. (Doctoral dissertation, 浙江农林大学). Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=9a4b3d7218b9c8e2c1b45527c8e2f4fd&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1<nowiki/>农林大学).</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Definition
!Tenure
|-
|Household plot
|Household plot was the land which community allocated for each local people during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household has using right to forests and all production of the forests. This land could be inherited and transferred. Government and communities could not take it back.
|-
|Responsible mountains
|Responsibility mountains is the land which rural community divided barren mountains and a part of old collective mountains to each household during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household could manage it. The production in old collective mountains belong to community and the production in barren area belong to individual.
|-
|Collective forests
|
|Community has the legal ownership of the forests, and all production in the forests belong to villagers.
|-
|State forests
|
|State has legal ownership of the forests, and people who has license has using right.
|}

==Implications==

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
[[File:LOAN1997.png|thumb|Main process of Loan|381x381px]]
Longquan city has set up a Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency to actively promote the circulation of forest resources. Basic program in forest right mortgage: Household plot owners go to Credit Cooperatives apply for loans. Credit Cooperatives, Forest Service, and Village Committee mortgage evaluate the household plot and sign entrust guarantee contract with Forest Resources Storage Center. After the forest right mortgage registered by the Forest Service, Credit Cooperatives would release the loan. The loan term is tentatively set as one year and the loan limit is temporally set as 50% of the assessed value of the mortgaged right.<ref name=":0" /> Within the term of the loan, the mortgaged property shall still be managed by the owner of household plot and supervised by the Forestry Service.

During the mortgage loan period, the trees mortgaged shall not issue the tree cutting license without the consent of the mortgagee, nor shall they go through the procedures for transferring ownership of the trees.<ref name=":0" />

==== Successful examples: ====
[[File:55b0c26982f76ccd74746f90b6c473f6.jpg|thumb|600x600px]]
1.The renovation of 30 percent of the dilapidated houses in the other three villages of Xianbian, Anfu and Dachu in Anren town, Longquan city, exceeded one million yuan through the mortgage of forest rights, accounting for on-quarter of the total construction funds.

2.Neng fu company solved the capital problem by taking out a mortgage of 12 million yuan of forest right. Under the severe situation of financial crisis, the export of foreign trade increased against the trend, and the export of foreign trade reached 16 million us dollars.

3.The per capita net income of rural residents in Longquan city reached 8,025 yuan, an average annual increase of 19.7 percent.<ref name=":2">Tong, H., Deng, W., Wu, Z., Cheng, A. & Ying, S. (2012). Study on the effect of the reform of collective forest rights system in Longquan and the follow-up supporting policies. 华东森林经理, 26(4), 13-17. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=d893bd92dbc87ac5aa1b32f73c222248&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref>

==== Remaining problems: ====
In Longquan city, there are 44 outstanding mortgages of 3.14 million yuan overdue, 18 of which are worth 1.15 million yuan through efforts to collect stock, and 26 of which are not disposed of by 1.99 million yuan<ref name=":2" />

First, the guarantee mechanism is not perfect, the degree of marketization is not high. Second, due to the uncertainty of the preservation of forest resource assets, it is difficult to realize the acquisition, storage and realization of mortgage assets after some borrowers fail to repay their loans due to investment failure or death. Third, some forest farmers have a weak sense of integrity. At the same time, the evaluation and guarantee of forest resources and assets do not have the market-oriented operation of social service intermediaries, which also affects the smooth and healthy development of forest right mortgage loans.<ref name=":2" />

=== Forest nurse ===
All villagers in Longquan get legal rights to a piece of land. And all of they aware the importance of protecting their land. But there was an embarrassing situation: each family only has a proper area of forest, which means they can live well with their forest, but it’s impossible to become a wealthy man with it. And people were afraid that if they go out for business someone would log their trees and steal their forestry resources. Therefore, a new system came out, “forest nurse”, helping people take care of forests.<ref name=":1" />

==== Different type of forest nurse:<ref name=":1" /> ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Types
!Definition
!Advantages
!Disadvantages
|-
|Equity joint 'forest nurse'
|Villagers or communities provide lands and companies provide money to manage the land. The tenure of the land will not change. Companies in charge of selling the products of forests, and net profits will divided based on stocks.
|Companies have the best skills on how to make the biggest profits, and villagers would receive the economic benefits. In addition, villagers don't have to spend time on managing the forest.
|These companies are in interested group, they come to make profits and they would not care what's going on in the forests.
|-
|Communal 'forest nurse'
|Villagers who selling the same type of forestry products voluntarily come together and make up a mutual-helping group. All the forests are managed by members together.
|Partial turn from the price-taker to price-maker.
|Because this is a voluntary group without strict regulation, sometimes member would have conflict opinion on how to manage the forests.
|-
|Lease type 'forest nurese'
|Villagers rent their forests to others. And tenant could manage and sell products.
|Villagers are totally free under this type of 'forest nurse', they can begin other business.
|May cause strong competition on renting the forests.
|}[[File:5d905e5d8259f821a59dac4734049ad7.jpg|thumb]]
==== Successful example ====
Shui Zhou, a famous forest nurse in local, combines three types of forest nurse to manage around 14,000,070 square meters low-productive forests and barren mountains from 132 households, 9 villages. His job is forestation. To improve the quality and quantity of production from these forests, Shui Zhou employs villagers who have rich experience with forestation to help him manage the mountains. Most of the forests he managed belong to villagers who go to city for a job. Without Shui Zhou, these forests would be logged by outsiders or degenerate. After Shui Zhou's professional management, these barren mountains appears green species and primary forests. Till now, the value of these forests reach 16,000,000 RMB.<ref name=":1" />

== Administrative arrangements ==
[[File:Ladfkjlajflajfd.png|thumb|483x483px|center]]

The central government of China would release brief policy contain the main direction of development. And local government would based on their unique situation to make adjustment. In Longquan, to fit the villagers needs, local government sets four departments.<ref>Wang, Y. (2013). Solving the bottleneck of the forest reform: Longquan takes the lead in releasing the certificate of forest management rights. 浙江林业, (11), 14-15. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=d893bd92dbc87ac5aa1b32f73c222248&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=8b85d022cfe30cec044337a4333e49a3&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref> Forest right management center, forest resource storage center, forest assert evaluation agency, and credit cooperatives can help provide specific services for villagers and companies.

PS: These four departments' function are present in Implication section.

Village committee is elected by villagers, their job is protecting villagers' rights.

==Affected Stakeholders==

=== High interests & Low power ===
Villagers who don't rent their household plots: They live in village and their forests are the only thing they depend on. They really care about what's going on in their household plots, because their life would be directly affected by forests.

Owners of lease type 'forest nurse': Owners get the legal rights of these forests, and they have the same role as villagers who don't rent their household plots.

=== High interests & High power ===
Owners of communal 'forest nurse': The mutual-help group is come up with villagers who want to have a better price of their forest production. And These forests belong to them, they care about these forests. Moreover, they have more power than individual.

Village committee: They represent the villagers' rights and prevent outsiders logging in villagers' household plots. They have power to make negotiate with governments.

==Interested Stakeholders==

=== Low interests & Low power ===
Villagers who rent their household and get another job: They get rental and do not care about forests.

Villagers who get right mortgage loan: They get the loan to start their own business and leave their forests alone.

Credit Cooperatives:

=== Low interests & High power ===
Companies in Equity joint 'forest nurse': Make profits from the forests, and they can go anywhere else.

Workers in Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency: Just take the salary and work here.

==Discussion==
=== Tenure change ===

==== Intentions ====
To provide villagers' legal right to the forests and make sure everyone owns forest, governments released the new policy and made tenure change.

==== Assessment ====
Clear forestry property rights, according to law to protect the legitimate rights and interests of forest farmers. Aroused the enthusiasm of forest farmer, activated forestry management mechanism. We have promoted the standardized circulation of forest rights and optimized the allocation of forest resources. It unifies the archiving and preservation of forest ownership data and establishes the foundation of forest right management system. Mediation of a large number of forest disputes, effectively maintain the social harmony and stability of forest region .<ref name=":0" />However, some villagers can't manage their forest well and cause the degeneration. Some villagers don't want to make a live with forest, instead they want to do something bigger. Meanwhile, villagers only have forests resource which need time to become money. Although the tenure change have improved villagers' life a lot, there were still some problems need to be solved. Therefore, villagers and local governments come up with some new implications.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
==== Intentions ====
Longquan is located in a mountainous area, in the southwest of Zhejiang province. One of the important problems of Longquan city's rural development is the difficulty in obtaining loans.<ref>Yu, B.(2017). Exploration and practice of "Three-fix" and right mortgage loan: a case study of longquan rural credit union. 佳木斯职业学院学报(6). Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=dade76374445bc36453373d2ade2c9e9&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1
</ref>Through this measure, the forest right is taken as the carrier of mortgage financing to transform resources into capital, make the forest right certificate become the "credit card" of forest farmers, and the forest becomes the green bank, so as to transform the potential resource advantage into the actual economic advantage.<ref name=":0" />

==== Assessment ====
This new implication of forests promotes the financial development of Longquan and help villagers get out of the small town. The new implication give these people who have wild ambition a chance to make their dream come true. The regulations of this implication are not comprehensive enough. And the process of replying the loan is pretty complete, some villagers enough don't know how to reply.

=== 'Forest nurse' ===
==== Intentions ====
After the tenure change, everyone owns household plot. However, some of them would like to do other business rather than make profits from the forests. To make these people free and avoid degeneration of these forests, 'forest nurse' came out.<ref name=":1" />

==== Assessment ====
To some extent, it can reduce the disputes between farmers and promote the popularization of forestry technology.<ref name=":1" /> This implication collect individual forests to one person or group. Turn from the small-scale forest management to large-scale forest management. Not only improved productivity, but also improving local people' life quality. But it will make individual villager become hard to compete with them.

== Remaining conflict in communities ==
* In some villages, the village committee in the name of the majority consent of the village committee or villagers' representatives to get back villagers household plots.
* Some village committees have different ideas about the policy of 'never change household plot,' they want to redivide the mountain according to the current population.
* When a villager's household plot is requisitioned or rented, the requisitioned and leased money allocated by the government would be collected by village committee.<ref>Zhu, J., Lou, X. & Zhu, T. (2008). Study on household plots management and counter measures. 华东森林经理, 22(3), 64-66. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-7743.2008.03.018</ref>
* When a farmer's private mountain is requisitioned or rented, the requisitioned and leased money allocated by the government shall be returned to the village collective.Most of the original boundary sites used to be trees and stones among the farmers. Due to the great changes over the years, the original boundary sites have been difficult to find, and the hidden dangers of mountain disputes caused by mountain boundary problems have increased.In maodian village, chian town, fights between farmers occurred due to unclear boundary sites during the forest cutting

==Recommendations==

=== Strengthen publicity and raise awareness ===
* we will make full use of the radio, newspaper, television and other media to publicize policies related to the reform of the forest rights system, increase the enthusiasm of forest farmers in participating in democratic decision-making on the circulation of collective forest resources, and increase their awareness of protecting forest resources.
* The second is to improve the financial sector's understanding of forestry and participation in the forest rights mortgage business enthusiasm

=== Strengthen forest rights management and services ===
Complete the regulation of forest right mortgage loan, and improve workers efficiency.

=== Establish database and implement digital forest right management ===
The relevant information of the ownership and use right of forest, forest, forestland, establish complete electronic archives and convenient and rapid digitalization management system, can undertake locking to the forest right card after forest right mortgage loan, avoid the household owner applies for cutting formalities and forest right change formalities without authorization after mortgage

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-26T20:37:53Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Great thing happens */

Add your summary here

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
[[File:Longquan.png|thumb|Satellite of Longquan]]
Longquan is a county-level city and former county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lishui. Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 hectares and a forestry land of 259,900 hectare, including a woodland area of 227,100 square hectares and a shrub woodland area of 8,200 hectares. Among the woodland, there are 155,200 hectares timber stands, 25,300 hectares shelterbelts, 2,500 square hectares special forests, 35,100 hectares bamboo forests, and 9,000 hectares economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.018 million cubic meters, with 38 cubic meters per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref name=":0">Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39.</ref>

=== History context ===
Longquan is surrounded by hills, and was isolated before 1981. People in Longquan got benefits from the abundant forestry resources for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore after the Chinese economic reform. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref name=":1">[null Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: "Lin nannies" become the fresh force of building modern forestry.] ''绿色中国,        '' (Z2), 56-57.</ref>People in Longquan were live in poor life between 1950-1980.

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in a rural area owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-2018: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.<ref>Huang, L., Chen, S. & Chen, Q. (2005). On the reform of forest resource property right system in China. 西北林学院学报, 20(02), 190-196.</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==
[[File:366050edc86fda1df4d76418ff6ce4d8.jpg|thumb|Villagers first time get legal rights to land during 1950-1953]][[File:36ba72a08b87d56c520de28f27c9ad8e.jpg|thumb|Villagers shared everything during 1957-1980]]
=== Disordered tenure arrangements ===
Same as Naidu, the tenure and property of forests in Longquan before 1981 was chaotic because of the wrong leadership.
* 1950-1953: After the implementation of the 'Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China,' large forests, wasteland and barren hills in the whole country have been nationalized. In Longquan, through the land reform, the local people have separated the individual-owned forests, and the forest owners can freely cut, utilize, sell and give away all the forests they own.

* 1953-1956: Since 1953, the rural cooperative movement has begun, and the work of joining the community in mountain forests has been carried out. The individual ownership of mountain and forest rights of farmers has been transformed. The local people only retain the ownership of the trees on the hills and the scattered trees in front and behind the houses. The ownership of the mountains and the patches of trees is converted to collective ownership by the cooperatives through discount.

* 1957-1980: Since 1957, the situation got worse. Through the implementation of 'Rural People's Communes 61' and the campaign of 'one year and two communes,' farmers have been forced to join the people's communes and all the mountain forests of the former cooperatives have been owned by the communes. During the Cultural Revolution, the countryside began to merge with society and carry out the movement of 'cutting the tail of capitalism,' confiscating the residents 'self-retaining mountains, land and trees. As a result, only the state and collective ownership of forests, trees and woodlands.

=== Great thing happens ===
[[File:Saldflsakfjlksjdf.png|left|thumb|452x452px|Percentage of different forests area in Longquan after 1984]]
In 1981, the forestry 'three-fix' reform, with the main contents of 'stabilizing mountain rights and forest rights, delimiting self-retaining mountains, and determining the contractual responsibility system for forestry production,' began, which is the beginning of the diversification of forest resources ownership in China. In 1981, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council promulgated the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Forestry by Protecting Forests (No. 21 of the Central Committee [1981]). The vast number of peasants were assigned to the self-retaining hills and contracted to the responsible hills. Professional and key households contracted for afforestation of barren hills In 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Ten Policies on Further Activating the Rural Economy. The policy of opening up the market and afforestation to the household in collective forest areas has enabled farmers to have more adequate forest land management rights and forest ownership. At the same time, the contractual responsibility system with the main characteristics of decentralization of profits is implemented in the state-owned forest areas, which transfers the management rights of some state-owned forestry enterprises to the operators. However, due to the failure to keep up with the supporting policies and the lack of trust of operators in the reform policies, there is a serious phenomenon of deforestation in the south.

Between 1981 and 1984, Longquan began the first step of revolution. Trying to stabilize the property of forests, ensure the individual forest area, and confirm the Forestry production responsibility system. After three years, there were 437.4 square kilometres household plot area, 1439 square kilometres responsible area, 644.5 square kilometres collective forests area and 67.3 square kilometres state forests area.<ref>[null Hong, R. (2012). Study on the reform of forest rights system in longquan city. (Doctoral dissertation,] 浙江        农林大学).</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Definition
!Tenure
|-
|Household plot
|Household plot was the land which community allocated for each local people during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household has using right to forests and all production of the forests. This land could be inherited and transferred. Government and communities could not take it back.
|-
|Responsible mountains
|Responsibility mountains is the land which rural community divided barren mountains and a part of old collective mountains to each household during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household could manage it. The production in old collective mountains belong to community and the production in barren area belong to individual.
|-
|Collective forests
|
|Community has the legal ownership of the forests, and all production in the forests belong to villagers.
|-
|State forests
|
|State has legal ownership of the forests, and people who has license has using right.
|}

==Implications==

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
[[File:LOAN1997.png|thumb|Main process of Loan|381x381px]]
Longquan city has set up a Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency to actively promote the circulation of forest resources. Basic program in forest right mortgage: Household plot owners go to Credit Cooperatives apply for loans. Credit Cooperatives, Forest Service, and Village Committee mortgage evaluate the household plot and sign entrust guarantee contract with Forest Resources Storage Center. After the forest right mortgage registered by the Forest Service, Credit Cooperatives would release the loan. The loan term is tentatively set as one year and the loan limit is temporally set as 50% of the assessed value of the mortgaged right.<ref name=":0" /> Within the term of the loan, the mortgaged property shall still be managed by the owner of household plot and supervised by the Forestry Service.

During the mortgage loan period, the trees mortgaged shall not issue the tree cutting license without the consent of the mortgagee, nor shall they go through the procedures for transferring ownership of the trees.<ref name=":0" />

==== EXAMPLES: ====
[[File:55b0c26982f76ccd74746f90b6c473f6.jpg|thumb|600x600px]]
1.The renovation of 30 percent of the dilapidated houses in the other three villages of Xianbian, Anfu and Dachu in Anren town, Longquan city, exceeded one million yuan through the mortgage of forest rights, accounting for on-quarter of the total construction funds.

2.Neng fu company solved the capital problem by taking out a mortgage of 12 million yuan of forest right. Under the severe situation of financial crisis, the export of foreign trade increased against the trend, and the export of foreign trade reached 16 million us dollars.

3.The per capita net income of rural residents in Longquan city reached 8,025 yuan, an average annual increase of 19.7 percent.<ref name=":2">[null Tong, H., Deng, W., Wu, Z., Cheng, A. & Ying, S. (2012). Study on the effect of the reform of collective forest rights system in longquan city and the follow-up supporting policies.] 华东森林经理, 26(4),            13-17.</ref>

==== PROBLEMS: ====
In Longquan city, there are 44 outstanding mortgages of 3.14 million yuan overdue, 18 of which are worth 1.15 million yuan through efforts to collect stock, and 26 of which are not disposed of by 1.99 million yuan<ref name=":2" />

First, the guarantee mechanism is not perfect, the degree of marketization is not high. Second, due to the uncertainty of the preservation of forest resource assets, it is difficult to realize the acquisition, storage and realization of mortgage assets after some borrowers fail to repay their loans due to investment failure or death. Third, some forest farmers have a weak sense of integrity. At the same time, the evaluation and guarantee of forest resources and assets do not have the market-oriented operation of social service intermediaries, which also affects the smooth and healthy development of forest right mortgage loans.<ref name=":2" />

=== Forest nurse ===
All villagers in Longquan get legal rights to a piece of land. And all of they aware the importance of protecting their land. But there was an embarrassing situation: each family only has a proper area of forest, which means they can live well with their forest, but it’s impossible to become a wealthy man with it. And people were afraid that if they go out for business someone would log their trees and steal their forestry resources. Therefore, a new system came out, “forest nurse”, helping people take care of forests.<ref name=":1" />

==== Different type of forest nurse:<ref name=":1" /> ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Types
!Definition
!Advantages
!Disadvantages
|-
|Equity joint 'forest nurse'
|Villagers or communities provide lands and companies provide money to manage the land. The tenure of the land will not change. Companies in charge of selling the products of forests, and net profits will divided based on stocks.
|Companies have the best skills on how to make the biggest profits, and villagers would receive the economic benefits. In addition, villagers don't have to spend time on managing the forest.
|These companies are in interested group, they come to make profits and they would not care what's going on in the forests.
|-
|Communal 'forest nurse'
|Villagers who selling the same type of forestry products voluntarily come together and make up a mutual-helping group. All the forests are managed by members together.
|Partial turn from the price-taker to price-maker.
|Because this is a voluntary group without strict regulation, sometimes member would have conflict opinion on how to manage the forests.
|-
|Lease type 'forest nurese'
|Villagers rent their forests to others. And tenant could manage and sell products.
|Villagers are totally free under this type of 'forest nurse', they can begin other business.
|May cause strong competition on renting the forests.
|}[[File:5d905e5d8259f821a59dac4734049ad7.jpg|thumb]]
==== Successful example ====
Shui Zhou, a famous forest nurse in local, combines three types of forest nurse to manage around 14,000,070 square meters low-productive forests and barren mountains from 132 households, 9 villages. His job is forestation. To improve the quality and quantity of production from these forests, Shui Zhou employs villagers who have rich experience with forestation to help him manage the mountains. Most of the forests he managed belong to villagers who go to city for a job. Without Shui Zhou, these forests would be logged by outsiders or degenerate. After Shui Zhou's professional management, these barren mountains appears green species and primary forests. Till now, the value of these forests reach 16,000,000 RMB.<ref name=":1" />

== Administrative arrangements ==
[[File:Ladfkjlajflajfd.png|thumb|483x483px|center]]

The central government of China would release brief policy contain the main direction of development. And local government would based on their unique situation to make adjustment. In Longquan, to fit the villagers needs, local government sets four departments.<ref>Wang, Y. (2013). Solving the bottleneck of the forest reform -- longquan city takes the lead in releasing         the certificate of forest management rights. 浙江林业,   (11), 14-15.</ref> Forest right management center, forest resource storage center, forest assert evaluation agency, and credit cooperatives can help provide specific services for villagers and companies.

PS: Their function are showed in Implication section.

==Affected Stakeholders==

=== High interests & Low power ===
Villagers who don't rent their household plots: They live in village and their forests are the only thing they depend on. They really care about what's going on in their household plots, because their life would be directly affected by forests.

Owners of lease type 'forest nurse': Owners get the legal rights of these forests, and they have the same role as villagers who don't rent their household plots.

=== High interests & High power ===
Owners of communal 'forest nurse': The mutual-help group is come up with villagers who want to have a better price of their forest production. And These forests belong to them, they care about these forests. Moreover, they have more power than individual.

Village committee: They represent the villagers' rights and prevent outsiders logging in villagers' household plots. They have power to make negotiate with governments.

==Interested Stakeholders==

=== Low interests & Low power ===
Villagers who rent their household and get another job: They get rental and do not care about forests.

Villagers who get right mortgage loan: They get the loan to start their own business and leave their forests alone.

Credit Cooperatives:

=== Low interests & High power ===
Companies in Equity joint 'forest nurse': Make profits from the forests, and they can go anywhere else.

Workers in Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency: Just take the salary and work here.

==Discussion==
=== Tenure change ===

==== Intentions ====
To provide villagers' legal right to the forests and make sure everyone owns forest, governments released the new policy and made tenure change.

==== Assessment ====
Clear forestry property rights, according to law to protect the legitimate rights and interests of forest farmers. Aroused the enthusiasm of forest farmer, activated forestry management mechanism. We have promoted the standardized circulation of forest rights and optimized the allocation of forest resources. It unifies the archiving and preservation of forest ownership data and establishes the foundation of forest right management system. Mediation of a large number of forest disputes, effectively maintain the social harmony and stability of forest region .<ref name=":0" />However, some villagers can't manage their forest well and cause the degeneration. Some villagers don't want to make a live with forest, instead they want to do something bigger. Meanwhile, villagers only have forests resource which need time to become money. Although the tenure change have improved villagers' life a lot, there were still some problems need to be solved. Therefore, villagers and local governments come up with some new implications.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
==== Intentions ====
Longquan is located in a mountainous area, in the southwest of Zhejiang province. One of the important problems of Longquan city's rural development is the difficulty in obtaining loans.<ref>俞滨. (三权”抵押贷款探索与实践

——以龙泉农信联社为例

</ref>Through this measure, the forest right is taken as the carrier of mortgage financing to transform resources into capital, make the forest right certificate become the "credit card" of forest farmers, and the forest becomes the green bank, so as to transform the potential resource advantage into the actual economic advantage.<ref name=":0" />

==== Assessment ====
This new implication of forests promotes the financial development of Longquan and help villagers get out of the small town. The new implication give these people who have wild ambition a chance to make their dream come true. The regulations of this implication are not comprehensive enough. And the process of replying the loan is pretty complete, some villagers enough don't know how to reply.

=== 'Forest nurse' ===
==== Intentions ====
After the tenure change, everyone owns household plot. However, some of them would like to do other business rather than make profits from the forests. To make these people free and avoid degeneration of these forests, 'forest nurse' came out.<ref name=":1" />

==== Assessment ====
To some extent, it can reduce the disputes between farmers and promote the popularization of forestry technology.<ref name=":1" /> This implication collect individual forests to one person or group. Turn from the small-scale forest management to large-scale forest management. Not only improved productivity, but also improving local people' life quality. But it will make individual villager become hard to compete with them.

==Recommendations==

=== Strengthen publicity and raise awareness ===
First, we will make full use of the radio, newspaper, television and other media to publicize policies related to the reform of the forest rights system, increase the enthusiasm of forest farmers in participating in democratic decision-making on the circulation of collective forest resources, and increase their awareness of protecting forest resources. The second is to improve the financial sector's understanding of forestry and participation in the forest rights mortgage business enthusiasm

=== Strengthen forest rights management and services ===
Complete the regulation of forest right mortgage loan, and improve workers efficiency.

=== Establish database and implement digital forest right management ===
The relevant information of the ownership and use right of forest, forest, forestland, establish complete electronic archives and convenient and rapid digitalization management system, can undertake locking to the forest right card after forest right mortgage loan, avoid the household owner applies for cutting formalities and forest right change formalities without authorization after mortgage

==References==
<references/>

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Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-26T04:22:22Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Disordered tenure arrangements */

Add your summary here

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
[[File:Longquan.png|thumb|Satellite of Longquan]]
Longquan is a county-level city and former county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lishui. Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 hectares and a forestry land of 259,900 hectare, including a woodland area of 227,100 square hectares and a shrub woodland area of 8,200 hectares. Among the woodland, there are 155,200 hectares timber stands, 25,300 hectares shelterbelts, 2,500 square hectares special forests, 35,100 hectares bamboo forests, and 9,000 hectares economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.018 million cubic meters, with 38 cubic meters per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref name=":0">Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39.</ref>

=== History context ===
Longquan is surrounded by hills, and was isolated before 1981. People in Longquan got benefits from the abundant forestry resources for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore after the Chinese economic reform. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref name=":1">[null Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: "Lin nannies" become the fresh force of building modern forestry.] ''绿色中国,        '' (Z2), 56-57.</ref>People in Longquan were live in poor life between 1950-1980.

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in a rural area owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-2018: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.<ref>Huang, L., Chen, S. & Chen, Q. (2005). On the reform of forest resource property right system in China. 西北林学院学报, 20(02), 190-196.</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==
[[File:366050edc86fda1df4d76418ff6ce4d8.jpg|thumb|Villagers first time get legal rights to land during 1950-1953]][[File:36ba72a08b87d56c520de28f27c9ad8e.jpg|thumb|Villagers shared everything during 1957-1980]]
=== Disordered tenure arrangements ===
Same as Naidu, the tenure and property of forests in Longquan before 1981 was chaotic because of the wrong leadership.
* 1950-1953: After the implementation of the 'Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China,' large forests, wasteland and barren hills in the whole country have been nationalized. In Longquan, through the land reform, the local people have separated the individual-owned forests, and the forest owners can freely cut, utilize, sell and give away all the forests they own.

* 1953-1956: Since 1953, the rural cooperative movement has begun, and the work of joining the community in mountain forests has been carried out. The individual ownership of mountain and forest rights of farmers has been transformed. The local people only retain the ownership of the trees on the hills and the scattered trees in front and behind the houses. The ownership of the mountains and the patches of trees is converted to collective ownership by the cooperatives through discount.

* 1957-1980: Since 1957, the situation got worse. Through the implementation of 'Rural People's Communes 61' and the campaign of 'one year and two communes,' farmers have been forced to join the people's communes and all the mountain forests of the former cooperatives have been owned by the communes. During the Cultural Revolution, the countryside began to merge with society and carry out the movement of 'cutting the tail of capitalism,' confiscating the residents 'self-retaining mountains, land and trees. As a result, only the state and collective ownership of forests, trees and woodlands.

=== Great thing happens ===
Between 1981 and 1984, Longquan began the first step of revolution. Trying to stabilize the property of forests, ensure the individual forest area, and confirm the Forestry production responsibility system. After three years, there were 437.4 square kilometres household plot area, 1439 square kilometres responsible area, 644.5 square kilometres collective forests area and 67.3 square kilometres state forests area.<ref>[null Hong, R. (2012). Study on the reform of forest rights system in longquan city. (Doctoral dissertation,] 浙江        农林大学).</ref>

In 1981, the forestry 'three-fix' reform, with the main contents of 'stabilizing mountain rights and forest rights, delimiting self-retaining mountains, and determining the contractual responsibility system for forestry production,' began, which is the beginning of the diversification of forest resources ownership in China. In 1981, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council promulgated the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Forestry by Protecting Forests (No. 21 of the Central Committee [1981]). The vast number of peasants were assigned to the self-retaining hills and contracted to the responsible hills. Professional and key households contracted for afforestation of barren hills In 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Ten Policies on Further Activating the Rural Economy. The policy of opening up the market and afforestation to the household in collective forest areas has enabled farmers to have more adequate forest land management rights and forest ownership. At the same time, the contractual responsibility system with the main characteristics of decentralization of profits is implemented in the state-owned forest areas, which transfers the management rights of some state-owned forestry enterprises to the operators. However, due to the failure to keep up with the supporting policies and the lack of trust of operators in the reform policies, there is a serious phenomenon of deforestation in the south.

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Definition
!Tenure
|-
|Household plot
|Household plot was the land which community allocated for each local people during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household has using right to forests and all production of the forests. This land could be inherited and transferred. Government and communities could not take it back.
|-
|Responsible mountains
|Responsibility mountains is the land which rural community divided barren mountains and a part of old collective mountains to each household during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household could manage it. The production in old collective mountains belong to community and the production in barren area belong to individual.
|-
|Collective forests
|
|Community has the legal ownership of the forests, and all production in the forests belong to villagers.
|-
|State forests
|
|State has legal ownership of the forests, and people who has license has using right.
|}

==Implications==

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
[[File:LOAN1997.png|thumb|Main process of Loan|381x381px]]
Longquan city has set up a Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency to actively promote the circulation of forest resources. Basic program in forest right mortgage: Household plot owners go to Credit Cooperatives apply for loans. Credit Cooperatives, Forest Service, and Village Committee mortgage evaluate the household plot and sign entrust guarantee contract with Forest Resources Storage Center. After the forest right mortgage registered by the Forest Service, Credit Cooperatives would release the loan. The loan term is tentatively set as one year and the loan limit is temporally set as 50% of the assessed value of the mortgaged right.<ref name=":0" /> Within the term of the loan, the mortgaged property shall still be managed by the owner of household plot and supervised by the Forestry Service.

During the mortgage loan period, the trees mortgaged shall not issue the tree cutting license without the consent of the mortgagee, nor shall they go through the procedures for transferring ownership of the trees.<ref name=":0" />

==== EXAMPLES: ====
[[File:55b0c26982f76ccd74746f90b6c473f6.jpg|thumb|600x600px]]
1.The renovation of 30 percent of the dilapidated houses in the other three villages of Xianbian, Anfu and Dachu in Anren town, Longquan city, exceeded one million yuan through the mortgage of forest rights, accounting for on-quarter of the total construction funds.

2.Neng fu company solved the capital problem by taking out a mortgage of 12 million yuan of forest right. Under the severe situation of financial crisis, the export of foreign trade increased against the trend, and the export of foreign trade reached 16 million us dollars.

3.The per capita net income of rural residents in Longquan city reached 8,025 yuan, an average annual increase of 19.7 percent.<ref name=":2">[null Tong, H., Deng, W., Wu, Z., Cheng, A. & Ying, S. (2012). Study on the effect of the reform of collective forest rights system in longquan city and the follow-up supporting policies.] 华东森林经理, 26(4),            13-17.</ref>

==== PROBLEMS: ====
In Longquan city, there are 44 outstanding mortgages of 3.14 million yuan overdue, 18 of which are worth 1.15 million yuan through efforts to collect stock, and 26 of which are not disposed of by 1.99 million yuan<ref name=":2" />

First, the guarantee mechanism is not perfect, the degree of marketization is not high. Second, due to the uncertainty of the preservation of forest resource assets, it is difficult to realize the acquisition, storage and realization of mortgage assets after some borrowers fail to repay their loans due to investment failure or death. Third, some forest farmers have a weak sense of integrity. At the same time, the evaluation and guarantee of forest resources and assets do not have the market-oriented operation of social service intermediaries, which also affects the smooth and healthy development of forest right mortgage loans.<ref name=":2" />

=== Forest nurse ===
All villagers in Longquan get legal rights to a piece of land. And all of they aware the importance of protecting their land. But there was an embarrassing situation: each family only has a proper area of forest, which means they can live well with their forest, but it’s impossible to become a wealthy man with it. And people were afraid that if they go out for business someone would log their trees and steal their forestry resources. Therefore, a new system came out, “forest nurse”, helping people take care of forests.<ref name=":1" />

==== Different type of forest nurse:<ref name=":1" /> ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Types
!Definition
!Advantages
!Disadvantages
|-
|Equity joint 'forest nurse'
|Villagers or communities provide lands and companies provide money to manage the land. The tenure of the land will not change. Companies in charge of selling the products of forests, and net profits will divided based on stocks.
|Companies have the best skills on how to make the biggest profits, and villagers would receive the economic benefits. In addition, villagers don't have to spend time on managing the forest.
|These companies are in interested group, they come to make profits and they would not care what's going on in the forests.
|-
|Communal 'forest nurse'
|Villagers who selling the same type of forestry products voluntarily come together and make up a mutual-helping group. All the forests are managed by members together.
|Partial turn from the price-taker to price-maker.
|Because this is a voluntary group without strict regulation, sometimes member would have conflict opinion on how to manage the forests.
|-
|Lease type 'forest nurese'
|Villagers rent their forests to others. And tenant could manage and sell products.
|Villagers are totally free under this type of 'forest nurse', they can begin other business.
|May cause strong competition on renting the forests.
|}[[File:5d905e5d8259f821a59dac4734049ad7.jpg|thumb]]
==== Successful example ====
Shui Zhou, a famous forest nurse in local, combines three types of forest nurse to manage around 14,000,070 square meters low-productive forests and barren mountains from 132 households, 9 villages. His job is forestation. To improve the quality and quantity of production from these forests, Shui Zhou employs villagers who have rich experience with forestation to help him manage the mountains. Most of the forests he managed belong to villagers who go to city for a job. Without Shui Zhou, these forests would be logged by outsiders or degenerate. After Shui Zhou's professional management, these barren mountains appears green species and primary forests. Till now, the value of these forests reach 16,000,000 RMB.<ref name=":1" />

== Administrative arrangements ==
[[File:Ladfkjlajflajfd.png|thumb|483x483px|center]]

The central government of China would release brief policy contain the main direction of development. And local government would based on their unique situation to make adjustment. In Longquan, to fit the villagers needs, local government sets four departments.<ref>Wang, Y. (2013). Solving the bottleneck of the forest reform -- longquan city takes the lead in releasing         the certificate of forest management rights. 浙江林业,   (11), 14-15.</ref> Forest right management center, forest resource storage center, forest assert evaluation agency, and credit cooperatives can help provide specific services for villagers and companies.

PS: Their function are showed in Implication section.

==Affected Stakeholders==

=== High interests & Low power ===
Villagers who don't rent their household plots: They live in village and their forests are the only thing they depend on. They really care about what's going on in their household plots, because their life would be directly affected by forests.

Owners of lease type 'forest nurse': Owners get the legal rights of these forests, and they have the same role as villagers who don't rent their household plots.

=== High interests & High power ===
Owners of communal 'forest nurse': The mutual-help group is come up with villagers who want to have a better price of their forest production. And These forests belong to them, they care about these forests. Moreover, they have more power than individual.

Village committee: They represent the villagers' rights and prevent outsiders logging in villagers' household plots. They have power to make negotiate with governments.

==Interested Stakeholders==

=== Low interests & Low power ===
Villagers who rent their household and get another job: They get rental and do not care about forests.

Villagers who get right mortgage loan: They get the loan to start their own business and leave their forests alone.

Credit Cooperatives:

=== Low interests & High power ===
Companies in Equity joint 'forest nurse': Make profits from the forests, and they can go anywhere else.

Workers in Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency: Just take the salary and work here.

==Discussion==
=== Tenure change ===

==== Intentions ====
To provide villagers' legal right to the forests and make sure everyone owns forest, governments released the new policy and made tenure change.

==== Assessment ====
Clear forestry property rights, according to law to protect the legitimate rights and interests of forest farmers. Aroused the enthusiasm of forest farmer, activated forestry management mechanism. We have promoted the standardized circulation of forest rights and optimized the allocation of forest resources. It unifies the archiving and preservation of forest ownership data and establishes the foundation of forest right management system. Mediation of a large number of forest disputes, effectively maintain the social harmony and stability of forest region .<ref name=":0" />However, some villagers can't manage their forest well and cause the degeneration. Some villagers don't want to make a live with forest, instead they want to do something bigger. Meanwhile, villagers only have forests resource which need time to become money. Although the tenure change have improved villagers' life a lot, there were still some problems need to be solved. Therefore, villagers and local governments come up with some new implications.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
==== Intentions ====
Longquan is located in a mountainous area, in the southwest of Zhejiang province. One of the important problems of Longquan city's rural development is the difficulty in obtaining loans.<ref>俞滨. (三权”抵押贷款探索与实践

——以龙泉农信联社为例

</ref>Through this measure, the forest right is taken as the carrier of mortgage financing to transform resources into capital, make the forest right certificate become the "credit card" of forest farmers, and the forest becomes the green bank, so as to transform the potential resource advantage into the actual economic advantage.<ref name=":0" />

==== Assessment ====
This new implication of forests promotes the financial development of Longquan and help villagers get out of the small town. The new implication give these people who have wild ambition a chance to make their dream come true. The regulations of this implication are not comprehensive enough. And the process of replying the loan is pretty complete, some villagers enough don't know how to reply.

=== 'Forest nurse' ===
==== Intentions ====
After the tenure change, everyone owns household plot. However, some of them would like to do other business rather than make profits from the forests. To make these people free and avoid degeneration of these forests, 'forest nurse' came out.<ref name=":1" />

==== Assessment ====
To some extent, it can reduce the disputes between farmers and promote the popularization of forestry technology.<ref name=":1" /> This implication collect individual forests to one person or group. Turn from the small-scale forest management to large-scale forest management. Not only improved productivity, but also improving local people' life quality. But it will make individual villager become hard to compete with them.

==Recommendations==

=== Strengthen publicity and raise awareness ===
First, we will make full use of the radio, newspaper, television and other media to publicize policies related to the reform of the forest rights system, increase the enthusiasm of forest farmers in participating in democratic decision-making on the circulation of collective forest resources, and increase their awareness of protecting forest resources. The second is to improve the financial sector's understanding of forestry and participation in the forest rights mortgage business enthusiasm

=== Strengthen forest rights management and services ===
Complete the regulation of forest right mortgage loan, and improve workers efficiency.

=== Establish database and implement digital forest right management ===
The relevant information of the ownership and use right of forest, forest, forestland, establish complete electronic archives and convenient and rapid digitalization management system, can undertake locking to the forest right card after forest right mortgage loan, avoid the household owner applies for cutting formalities and forest right change formalities without authorization after mortgage

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-26T04:04:13Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Description */

Add your summary here

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
[[File:Longquan.png|thumb|Satellite of Longquan]]
Longquan is a county-level city and former county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lishui. Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 hectares and a forestry land of 259,900 hectare, including a woodland area of 227,100 square hectares and a shrub woodland area of 8,200 hectares. Among the woodland, there are 155,200 hectares timber stands, 25,300 hectares shelterbelts, 2,500 square hectares special forests, 35,100 hectares bamboo forests, and 9,000 hectares economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.018 million cubic meters, with 38 cubic meters per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref name=":0">Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39.</ref>

=== History context ===
Longquan is surrounded by hills, and was isolated before 1981. People in Longquan got benefits from the abundant forestry resources for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore after the Chinese economic reform. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref name=":1">[null Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: "Lin nannies" become the fresh force of building modern forestry.] ''绿色中国,        '' (Z2), 56-57.</ref>People in Longquan were live in poor life between 1950-1980.

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in a rural area owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-2018: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.<ref>Huang, L., Chen, S. & Chen, Q. (2005). On the reform of forest resource property right system in China. 西北林学院学报, 20(02), 190-196.</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==
[[File:366050edc86fda1df4d76418ff6ce4d8.jpg|thumb|Villagers first time get legal rights to land during 1950-1953]][[File:36ba72a08b87d56c520de28f27c9ad8e.jpg|thumb|Villagers shared everything during 1957-1980]]
=== Disordered tenure arrangements ===
Same as Naidu, the tenure and property of forests in Longquan before 1981 were chaotic because of the wrong leadership.

1950-1953: After the implementation of the 'Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China', large forests, wasteland and barren hills in the whole country have been nationalized. In Longquan, through the land reform, the local people have separated the individual-owned forests, and the forest owners can freely cut, utilize, sell and give away all the forests they own.

1953-1956: Since 1953, the rural cooperative movement has begun, and the work of joining the community in mountain forests has been carried out. The individual ownership of mountain and forest rights of farmers has been transformed. The local people only retain the ownership of the trees on the hills and the scattered trees in front and behind the houses. The ownership of the mountains and the patches of trees is converted to collective ownership by the cooperatives through discount.

1957-1980: Since 1957, the situation got worse. Through the implementation of 'Rural People's Communes 61' and the campaign of 'one year and two communes', farmers have been forced to join the people's communes and all the mountain forests of the former cooperatives have been owned by the communes. During the Cultural Revolution, the countryside began to merge with the society and carry out the movement of "cutting the tail of capitalism", confiscating the residents 'self-retaining mountains, land and trees. As a result, only the state and collective ownership of forests, trees and woodlands.

=== Great thing happens ===
Between 1981 and 1984, Longquan began the first step of revolution. Trying to stabilize the property of forests, ensure the individual forest area, and confirm the Forestry production responsibility system. After three years, there were 437.4 square kilometers household plot area, 1439 square kilometer responsible area, 644.5 square kilometer collective forests area and 67.3 square kilometer state forests area.<ref>[null Hong, R. (2012). Study on the reform of forest rights system in longquan city. (Doctoral dissertation,] 浙江        农林大学).</ref>

In 1981, the forestry "three-fix" reform, with the main contents of "stabilizing mountain rights and forest rights, delimiting self-retaining mountains, and determining the contractual responsibility system for forestry production", began, which is the beginning of the diversification of forest resources ownership in China. In 1981, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council promulgated the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Forestry by Protecting Forests (No. 21 of the Central Committee [1981]). The vast number of peasants were assigned to the self-retaining hills and contracted to the responsible hills. Professional and key households contracted for afforestation of barren hills In 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Ten Policies on Further Activating the Rural Economy. The policy of opening up the market and afforestation to the household in collective forest areas has enabled farmers to have more adequate forest land management rights and forest ownership. At the same time, the contractual responsibility system with the main characteristics of decentralization of profits is implemented in the state-owned forest areas, which transfers the management rights of some state-owned forestry enterprises to the operators. However, due to the failure to keep up with the supporting policies and the lack of trust of operators in the reform policies, there is a serious phenomenon of deforestation in the south.

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Definition
!Tenure
|-
|Household plot
|Household plot was the land which community allocated for each local people during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household has using right to forests and all production of the forests. This land could be inherited and transferred. Government and communities could not take it back.
|-
|Responsible mountains
|Responsibility mountains is the land which rural community divided barren mountains and a part of old collective mountains to each household during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household could manage it. The production in old collective mountains belong to community and the production in barren area belong to individual.
|-
|Collective forests
|
|Community has the legal ownership of the forests, and all production in the forests belong to villagers.
|-
|State forests
|
|State has legal ownership of the forests, and people who has license has using right.
|}

==Implications==

After the change of tenure, there are some new implications for forests which promote the development of both economy and conservation.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
[[File:LOAN1997.png|thumb|Main process of Loan|500x500px]]
Longquan city has set up a Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency to actively promote the circulation of forest resources. Basic program in forest right mortgage: Household plot owners go to Credit Cooperatives apply for loans. Credit Cooperatives, Forest Service, and Village Committee mortgage evaluate the household plot and sign entrust guarantee contract with Forest Resources Storage Center. After the forest right mortgage registered by the Forest Service, Credit Cooperatives would release the loan. The loan term is tentatively set as one year and the loan limit is temporally set as 50% of the assessed value of the mortgaged right.<ref name=":0" /> Within the term of the loan, the mortgaged property shall still be managed by the owner of household plot and supervised by the Forestry Service.

During the mortgage loan period, the trees mortgaged shall not issue the tree cutting license without the consent of the mortgagee, nor shall they go through the procedures for transferring ownership of the trees.<ref name=":0" />

1.      Collection and storage center guarantee

2.      Forest right direct mortgage

3.      Forest right plus credit, forest right small circular l

==== EXAMPLES: ====
[[File:55b0c26982f76ccd74746f90b6c473f6.jpg|thumb|600x600px]]
1.The renovation of 30 percent of the dilapidated houses in the other three villages of Xianbian, Anfu and Dachu in Anren town, Longquan city, exceeded one million yuan through the mortgage of forest rights, accounting for on-quarter of the total construction funds.

2.Neng fu company solved the capital problem by taking out a mortgage of 12 million yuan of forest right. Under the severe situation of financial crisis, the export of foreign trade increased against the trend, and the export of foreign trade reached 16 million us dollars.

3.The per capita net income of rural residents in Longquan city reached 8,025 yuan, an average annual increase of 19.7 percent.<ref name=":2">[null Tong, H., Deng, W., Wu, Z., Cheng, A. & Ying, S. (2012). Study on the effect of the reform of collective forest rights system in longquan city and the follow-up supporting policies.] 华东森林经理, 26(4),            13-17.</ref>

==== PROBLEMS: ====
In Longquan city, there are 44 outstanding mortgages of 3.14 million yuan overdue, 18 of which are worth 1.15 million yuan through efforts to collect stock, and 26 of which are not disposed of by 1.99 million yuan<ref name=":2" />

First, the guarantee mechanism is not perfect, the degree of marketization is not high. Second, due to the uncertainty of the preservation of forest resource assets, it is difficult to realize the acquisition, storage and realization of mortgage assets after some borrowers fail to repay their loans due to investment failure or death. Third, some forest farmers have a weak sense of integrity. At the same time, the evaluation and guarantee of forest resources and assets do not have the market-oriented operation of social service intermediaries, which also affects the smooth and healthy development of forest right mortgage loans.<ref name=":2" />

=== Forest nurse ===
All villagers in Longquan get legal rights to a piece of land. And all of they aware the importance of protecting their land. But there was an embarrassing situation: each family only has a proper area of forest, which means they can live well with their forest, but it’s impossible to become a wealthy man with it. And people were afraid that if they go out for business someone would log their trees and steal their forestry resources. Therefore, a new system came out, “forest nurse”, helping people take care of forests.<ref name=":1" />

==== Different type of forest nurse:<ref name=":1" /> ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Types
!Definition
!Advantages
!Disadvantages
|-
|Equity joint 'forest nurse'
|Villagers or communities provide lands and companies provide money to manage the land. The tenure of the land will not change. Companies in charge of selling the products of forests, and net profits will divided based on stocks.
|Companies have the best skills on how to make the biggest profits, and villagers would receive the economic benefits. In addition, villagers don't have to spend time on managing the forest.
|These companies are in interested group, they come to make profits and they would not care what's going on in the forests.
|-
|Communal 'forest nurse'
|Villagers who selling the same type of forestry products voluntarily come together and make up a mutual-helping group. All the forests are managed by members together.
|Partial turn from the price-taker to price-maker.
|Because this is a voluntary group without strict regulation, sometimes member would have conflict opinion on how to manage the forests.
|-
|Lease type 'forest nurese'
|Villagers rent their forests to others. And tenant could manage and sell products.
|Villagers are totally free under this type of 'forest nurse', they can begin other business.
|May cause strong competition on renting the forests.
|}[[File:5d905e5d8259f821a59dac4734049ad7.jpg|thumb]]
==== Successful example ====
Shui Zhou, a famous forest nurse in local, combines three types of forest nurse to manage around 14,000,070 square meters low-productive forests and barren mountains from 132 households, 9 villages. His job is forestation. To improve the quality and quantity of production from these forests, Shui Zhou employs villagers who have rich experience with forestation to help him manage the mountains. Most of the forests he managed belong to villagers who go to city for a job. Without Shui Zhou, these forests would be logged by outsiders or degenerate. After Shui Zhou's professional management, these barren mountains appears green species and primary forests. Till now, the value of these forests reach 16,000,000 RMB.<ref name=":1" />

== Administrative arrangements ==
[[File:Ladfkjlajflajfd.png|thumb|483x483px|center]]

The central government of China would release brief policy contain the main direction of development. And local government would based on their unique situation to make adjustment. In Longquan, to fit the villagers needs, local government sets four departments.<ref>Wang, Y. (2013). Solving the bottleneck of the forest reform -- longquan city takes the lead in releasing         the certificate of forest management rights. 浙江林业,   (11), 14-15.</ref> Forest right management center, forest resource storage center, forest assert evaluation agency, and credit cooperatives can help provide specific services for villagers and companies.

PS: Their function are showed in Implication section.

==Affected Stakeholders==

=== High interests & Low power ===
Villagers who don't rent their household plots: They live in village and their forests are the only thing they depend on. They really care about what's going on in their household plots, because their life would be directly affected by forests.

Owners of lease type 'forest nurse': Owners get the legal rights of these forests, and they have the same role as villagers who don't rent their household plots.

=== High interests & High power ===
Owners of communal 'forest nurse': The mutual-help group is come up with villagers who want to have a better price of their forest production. And These forests belong to them, they care about these forests. Moreover, they have more power than individual.

Village committee: They represent the villagers' rights and prevent outsiders logging in villagers' household plots. They have power to make negotiate with governments.

==Interested Stakeholders==

=== Low interests & Low power ===
Villagers who rent their household and get another job: They get rental and do not care about forests.

Villagers who get right mortgage loan: They get the loan to start their own business and leave their forests alone.

Credit Cooperatives:

=== Low interests & High power ===
Companies in Equity joint 'forest nurse': Make profits from the forests, and they can go anywhere else.

Workers in Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency: Just take the salary and work here.

==Discussion==
=== Tenure change ===

==== Intentions ====
To provide villagers' legal right to the forests and make sure everyone owns forest, governments released the new policy and made tenure change.

==== Assessment ====
Clear forestry property rights, according to law to protect the legitimate rights and interests of forest farmers. Aroused the enthusiasm of forest farmer, activated forestry management mechanism. We have promoted the standardized circulation of forest rights and optimized the allocation of forest resources. It unifies the archiving and preservation of forest ownership data and establishes the foundation of forest right management system. Mediation of a large number of forest disputes, effectively maintain the social harmony and stability of forest region .<ref name=":0" />However, some villagers can't manage their forest well and cause the degeneration. Some villagers don't want to make a live with forest, instead they want to do something bigger. Meanwhile, villagers only have forests resource which need time to become money. Although the tenure change have improved villagers' life a lot, there were still some problems need to be solved. Therefore, villagers and local governments come up with some new implications.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
==== Intentions ====
Longquan is located in a mountainous area, in the southwest of Zhejiang province. One of the important problems of Longquan city's rural development is the difficulty in obtaining loans.<ref>俞滨. (三权”抵押贷款探索与实践

——以龙泉农信联社为例

</ref>Through this measure, the forest right is taken as the carrier of mortgage financing to transform resources into capital, make the forest right certificate become the "credit card" of forest farmers, and the forest becomes the green bank, so as to transform the potential resource advantage into the actual economic advantage.<ref name=":0" />

==== Assessment ====
This new implication of forests promotes the financial development of Longquan and help villagers get out of the small town. The new implication give these people who have wild ambition a chance to make their dream come true. The regulations of this implication are not comprehensive enough. And the process of replying the loan is pretty complete, some villagers enough don't know how to reply.

=== 'Forest nurse' ===
==== Intentions ====
After the tenure change, everyone owns household plot. However, some of them would like to do other business rather than make profits from the forests. To make these people free and avoid degeneration of these forests, 'forest nurse' came out.<ref name=":1" />

==== Assessment ====
To some extent, it can reduce the disputes between farmers and promote the popularization of forestry technology.<ref name=":1" /> This implication collect individual forests to one person or group. Turn from the small-scale forest management to large-scale forest management. Not only improved productivity, but also improving local people' life quality. But it will make individual villager become hard to compete with them.

==Recommendations==

=== Strengthen publicity and raise awareness ===
First, we will make full use of the radio, newspaper, television and other media to publicize policies related to the reform of the forest rights system, increase the enthusiasm of forest farmers in participating in democratic decision-making on the circulation of collective forest resources, and increase their awareness of protecting forest resources. The second is to improve the financial sector's understanding of forestry and participation in the forest rights mortgage business enthusiasm

=== Strengthen forest rights management and services ===
Complete the regulation of forest right mortgage loan, and improve workers efficiency.

=== Establish database and implement digital forest right management ===
The relevant information of the ownership and use right of forest, forest, forestland, establish complete electronic archives and convenient and rapid digitalization management system, can undertake locking to the forest right card after forest right mortgage loan, avoid the household owner applies for cutting formalities and forest right change formalities without authorization after mortgage

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-26T03:44:48Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Different type of forest nurse:[2] */

Add your summary here

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
[[File:Longquan.png|thumb|Satellite of Longquan]]
Longquan is a county-level city and former county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lishui. Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 hectares and a forestry land of 259,900 hectare, including a woodland area of 227,100 square hectares and a shrub woodland area of 8,200 hectares. Among the woodland, there are 155,200 hectares timber stands, 25,300 hectares shelterbelts, 2,500 square hectares special forests, 35,100 hectares bamboo forests, and 9,000 hectares economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.018 million cubic meters, with 38 cubic meters per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref name=":0">Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39.</ref>

=== History context ===
Longquan is surrounded by hills, and was isolated before 1981. People in Longquan got benefits from the abundant forestry resources for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore after the Chinese economic reform. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref name=":1">[null Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: "Lin nannies" become the fresh force of building modern forestry.] ''绿色中国,        '' (Z2), 56-57.</ref>People in Longquan were live in poor life between 1950-1980.

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in a rural area owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-1991: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.<ref>Huang, L., Chen, S. & Chen, Q. (2005). On the reform of forest resource property right system in China. 西北林学院学报, 20(02), 190-196.</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==
[[File:366050edc86fda1df4d76418ff6ce4d8.jpg|thumb|Villagers first time get legal rights to land during 1950-1953]][[File:36ba72a08b87d56c520de28f27c9ad8e.jpg|thumb|Villagers shared everything during 1957-1980]]
=== Before the big change ===
Same as Naidu, the tenure and property of forests in Longquan before 1981 were chaotic because of the wrong leadership.

1950-1953: After the implementation of the 'Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China', large forests, wasteland and barren hills in the whole country have been nationalized. In Longquan, through the land reform, the local people have separated the individual-owned forests, and the forest owners can freely cut, utilize, sell and give away all the forests they own.

1953-1956: Since 1953, the rural cooperative movement has begun, and the work of joining the community in mountain forests has been carried out. The individual ownership of mountain and forest rights of farmers has been transformed. The local people only retain the ownership of the trees on the hills and the scattered trees in front and behind the houses. The ownership of the mountains and the patches of trees is converted to collective ownership by the cooperatives through discount.

1957-1980: Since 1957, the situation got worse. Through the implementation of 'Rural People's Communes 61' and the campaign of 'one year and two communes', farmers have been forced to join the people's communes and all the mountain forests of the former cooperatives have been owned by the communes. During the Cultural Revolution, the countryside began to merge with the society and carry out the movement of "cutting the tail of capitalism", confiscating the residents 'self-retaining mountains, land and trees. As a result, only the state and collective ownership of forests, trees and woodlands.

=== After the big change ===
Between 1981 and 1984, Longquan began the first step of revolution. Trying to stabilize the property of forests, ensure the individual forest area, and confirm the Forestry production responsibility system. After three years, there were 437.4 square kilometers household plot area, 1439 square kilometer responsible area, 644.5 square kilometer collective forests area and 67.3 square kilometer state forests area.<ref>[null Hong, R. (2012). Study on the reform of forest rights system in longquan city. (Doctoral dissertation,] 浙江        农林大学).</ref>

In 1981, the forestry "three-fix" reform, with the main contents of "stabilizing mountain rights and forest rights, delimiting self-retaining mountains, and determining the contractual responsibility system for forestry production", began, which is the beginning of the diversification of forest resources ownership in China. In 1981, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council promulgated the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Forestry by Protecting Forests (No. 21 of the Central Committee [1981]). The vast number of peasants were assigned to the self-retaining hills and contracted to the responsible hills. Professional and key households contracted for afforestation of barren hills In 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Ten Policies on Further Activating the Rural Economy. The policy of opening up the market and afforestation to the household in collective forest areas has enabled farmers to have more adequate forest land management rights and forest ownership. At the same time, the contractual responsibility system with the main characteristics of decentralization of profits is implemented in the state-owned forest areas, which transfers the management rights of some state-owned forestry enterprises to the operators. However, due to the failure to keep up with the supporting policies and the lack of trust of operators in the reform policies, there is a serious phenomenon of deforestation in the south.

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Definition
!Tenure
|-
|Household plot
|Household plot was the land which community allocated for each local people during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household has using right to forests and all production of the forests. This land could be inherited and transferred. Government and communities could not take it back.
|-
|Responsible mountains
|Responsibility mountains is the land which rural community divided barren mountains and a part of old collective mountains to each household during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household could manage it. The production in old collective mountains belong to community and the production in barren area belong to individual.
|-
|Collective forests
|
|Community has the legal ownership of the forests, and all production in the forests belong to villagers.
|-
|State forests
|
|State has legal ownership of the forests, and people who has license has using right.
|}

==Implications==

After the change of tenure, there are some new implications for forests which promote the development of both economy and conservation.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
[[File:LOAN1997.png|thumb|Main process of Loan|500x500px]]
Longquan city has set up a Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency to actively promote the circulation of forest resources. Basic program in forest right mortgage: Household plot owners go to Credit Cooperatives apply for loans. Credit Cooperatives, Forest Service, and Village Committee mortgage evaluate the household plot and sign entrust guarantee contract with Forest Resources Storage Center. After the forest right mortgage registered by the Forest Service, Credit Cooperatives would release the loan. The loan term is tentatively set as one year and the loan limit is temporally set as 50% of the assessed value of the mortgaged right.<ref name=":0" /> Within the term of the loan, the mortgaged property shall still be managed by the owner of household plot and supervised by the Forestry Service.

During the mortgage loan period, the trees mortgaged shall not issue the tree cutting license without the consent of the mortgagee, nor shall they go through the procedures for transferring ownership of the trees.<ref name=":0" />

1.      Collection and storage center guarantee

2.      Forest right direct mortgage

3.      Forest right plus credit, forest right small circular l

==== EXAMPLES: ====
[[File:55b0c26982f76ccd74746f90b6c473f6.jpg|thumb|600x600px]]
1.The renovation of 30 percent of the dilapidated houses in the other three villages of Xianbian, Anfu and Dachu in Anren town, Longquan city, exceeded one million yuan through the mortgage of forest rights, accounting for on-quarter of the total construction funds.

2.Neng fu company solved the capital problem by taking out a mortgage of 12 million yuan of forest right. Under the severe situation of financial crisis, the export of foreign trade increased against the trend, and the export of foreign trade reached 16 million us dollars.

3.The per capita net income of rural residents in Longquan city reached 8,025 yuan, an average annual increase of 19.7 percent.<ref name=":2">[null Tong, H., Deng, W., Wu, Z., Cheng, A. & Ying, S. (2012). Study on the effect of the reform of collective forest rights system in longquan city and the follow-up supporting policies.] 华东森林经理, 26(4),            13-17.</ref>

==== PROBLEMS: ====
In Longquan city, there are 44 outstanding mortgages of 3.14 million yuan overdue, 18 of which are worth 1.15 million yuan through efforts to collect stock, and 26 of which are not disposed of by 1.99 million yuan<ref name=":2" />

First, the guarantee mechanism is not perfect, the degree of marketization is not high. Second, due to the uncertainty of the preservation of forest resource assets, it is difficult to realize the acquisition, storage and realization of mortgage assets after some borrowers fail to repay their loans due to investment failure or death. Third, some forest farmers have a weak sense of integrity. At the same time, the evaluation and guarantee of forest resources and assets do not have the market-oriented operation of social service intermediaries, which also affects the smooth and healthy development of forest right mortgage loans.<ref name=":2" />

=== Forest nurse ===
All villagers in Longquan get legal rights to a piece of land. And all of they aware the importance of protecting their land. But there was an embarrassing situation: each family only has a proper area of forest, which means they can live well with their forest, but it’s impossible to become a wealthy man with it. And people were afraid that if they go out for business someone would log their trees and steal their forestry resources. Therefore, a new system came out, “forest nurse”, helping people take care of forests.<ref name=":1" />

==== Different type of forest nurse:<ref name=":1" /> ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Types
!Definition
!Advantages
!Disadvantages
|-
|Equity joint 'forest nurse'
|Villagers or communities provide lands and companies provide money to manage the land. The tenure of the land will not change. Companies in charge of selling the products of forests, and net profits will divided based on stocks.
|Companies have the best skills on how to make the biggest profits, and villagers would receive the economic benefits. In addition, villagers don't have to spend time on managing the forest.
|These companies are in interested group, they come to make profits and they would not care what's going on in the forests.
|-
|Communal 'forest nurse'
|Villagers who selling the same type of forestry products voluntarily come together and make up a mutual-helping group. All the forests are managed by members together.
|Partial turn from the price-taker to price-maker.
|Because this is a voluntary group without strict regulation, sometimes member would have conflict opinion on how to manage the forests.
|-
|Lease type 'forest nurese'
|Villagers rent their forests to others. And tenant could manage and sell products.
|Villagers are totally free under this type of 'forest nurse', they can begin other business.
|May cause strong competition on renting the forests.
|}[[File:5d905e5d8259f821a59dac4734049ad7.jpg|thumb]]
==== Successful example ====
Shui Zhou, a famous forest nurse in local, combines three types of forest nurse to manage around 14,000,070 square meters low-productive forests and barren mountains from 132 households, 9 villages. His job is forestation. To improve the quality and quantity of production from these forests, Shui Zhou employs villagers who have rich experience with forestation to help him manage the mountains. Most of the forests he managed belong to villagers who go to city for a job. Without Shui Zhou, these forests would be logged by outsiders or degenerate. After Shui Zhou's professional management, these barren mountains appears green species and primary forests. Till now, the value of these forests reach 16,000,000 RMB.<ref name=":1" />

== Administrative arrangements ==
[[File:Ladfkjlajflajfd.png|thumb|483x483px|center]]

The central government of China would release brief policy contain the main direction of development. And local government would based on their unique situation to make adjustment. In Longquan, to fit the villagers needs, local government sets four departments.<ref>Wang, Y. (2013). Solving the bottleneck of the forest reform -- longquan city takes the lead in releasing         the certificate of forest management rights. 浙江林业,   (11), 14-15.</ref> Forest right management center, forest resource storage center, forest assert evaluation agency, and credit cooperatives can help provide specific services for villagers and companies.

PS: Their function are showed in Implication section.

==Affected Stakeholders==

=== High interests & Low power ===
Villagers who don't rent their household plots: They live in village and their forests are the only thing they depend on. They really care about what's going on in their household plots, because their life would be directly affected by forests.

Owners of lease type 'forest nurse': Owners get the legal rights of these forests, and they have the same role as villagers who don't rent their household plots.

=== High interests & High power ===
Owners of communal 'forest nurse': The mutual-help group is come up with villagers who want to have a better price of their forest production. And These forests belong to them, they care about these forests. Moreover, they have more power than individual.

Village committee: They represent the villagers' rights and prevent outsiders logging in villagers' household plots. They have power to make negotiate with governments.

==Interested Stakeholders==

=== Low interests & Low power ===
Villagers who rent their household and get another job: They get rental and do not care about forests.

Villagers who get right mortgage loan: They get the loan to start their own business and leave their forests alone.

Credit Cooperatives:

=== Low interests & High power ===
Companies in Equity joint 'forest nurse': Make profits from the forests, and they can go anywhere else.

Workers in Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency: Just take the salary and work here.

==Discussion==
=== Tenure change ===

==== Intentions ====
To provide villagers' legal right to the forests and make sure everyone owns forest, governments released the new policy and made tenure change.

==== Assessment ====
Clear forestry property rights, according to law to protect the legitimate rights and interests of forest farmers. Aroused the enthusiasm of forest farmer, activated forestry management mechanism. We have promoted the standardized circulation of forest rights and optimized the allocation of forest resources. It unifies the archiving and preservation of forest ownership data and establishes the foundation of forest right management system. Mediation of a large number of forest disputes, effectively maintain the social harmony and stability of forest region .<ref name=":0" />However, some villagers can't manage their forest well and cause the degeneration. Some villagers don't want to make a live with forest, instead they want to do something bigger. Meanwhile, villagers only have forests resource which need time to become money. Although the tenure change have improved villagers' life a lot, there were still some problems need to be solved. Therefore, villagers and local governments come up with some new implications.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
==== Intentions ====
Longquan is located in a mountainous area, in the southwest of Zhejiang province. One of the important problems of Longquan city's rural development is the difficulty in obtaining loans.<ref>俞滨. (三权”抵押贷款探索与实践

——以龙泉农信联社为例

</ref>Through this measure, the forest right is taken as the carrier of mortgage financing to transform resources into capital, make the forest right certificate become the "credit card" of forest farmers, and the forest becomes the green bank, so as to transform the potential resource advantage into the actual economic advantage.<ref name=":0" />

==== Assessment ====
This new implication of forests promotes the financial development of Longquan and help villagers get out of the small town. The new implication give these people who have wild ambition a chance to make their dream come true. The regulations of this implication are not comprehensive enough. And the process of replying the loan is pretty complete, some villagers enough don't know how to reply.

=== 'Forest nurse' ===
==== Intentions ====
After the tenure change, everyone owns household plot. However, some of them would like to do other business rather than make profits from the forests. To make these people free and avoid degeneration of these forests, 'forest nurse' came out.<ref name=":1" />

==== Assessment ====
To some extent, it can reduce the disputes between farmers and promote the popularization of forestry technology.<ref name=":1" /> This implication collect individual forests to one person or group. Turn from the small-scale forest management to large-scale forest management. Not only improved productivity, but also improving local people' life quality. But it will make individual villager become hard to compete with them.

==Recommendations==

=== Strengthen publicity and raise awareness ===
First, we will make full use of the radio, newspaper, television and other media to publicize policies related to the reform of the forest rights system, increase the enthusiasm of forest farmers in participating in democratic decision-making on the circulation of collective forest resources, and increase their awareness of protecting forest resources. The second is to improve the financial sector's understanding of forestry and participation in the forest rights mortgage business enthusiasm

=== Strengthen forest rights management and services ===
Complete the regulation of forest right mortgage loan, and improve workers efficiency.

=== Establish database and implement digital forest right management ===
The relevant information of the ownership and use right of forest, forest, forestland, establish complete electronic archives and convenient and rapid digitalization management system, can undertake locking to the forest right card after forest right mortgage loan, avoid the household owner applies for cutting formalities and forest right change formalities without authorization after mortgage

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-26T03:24:25Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Before the big change */

Add your summary here

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
[[File:Longquan.png|thumb|Satellite of Longquan]]
Longquan is a county-level city and former county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lishui. Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 square hectometers and a forestry land of 259,900 square hectometers, including a woodland area of 227,100 square hectometers and a shrub woodland area of 8,200 square hectometers. Among the woodland, there are 155,200 square hectometers timber stands, 25,300 square hectometers shelterbelts, 2,500 square hectometers special forests, 35,100 square hectometers bamboo forests, and 9,000 square hectometers economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.018 million cubic meters, with 38 qubic meters per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref name=":0">Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39.</ref>

=== History context ===
Longquan is surrounded by hills, and was isolated before 1981. People in Longquan got benefits from the abundant forestry resources for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore after the Chinese economic reform. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref name=":1">[null Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: "Lin nannies" become the fresh force of building modern forestry.] ''绿色中国,        '' (Z2), 56-57.</ref>People in Longquan were live in poor life between 1950-1980.

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in a rural area owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-1991: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.<ref>Huang, L., Chen, S. & Chen, Q. (2005). On the reform of forest resource property right system in China. 西北林学院学报, 20(02), 190-196.</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==
[[File:366050edc86fda1df4d76418ff6ce4d8.jpg|thumb|Villagers first time get legal rights to land during 1950-1953]][[File:36ba72a08b87d56c520de28f27c9ad8e.jpg|thumb|Villagers shared everything during 1957-1980]]
=== Before the big change ===
Same as Naidu, the tenure and property of forests in Longquan before 1981 were chaotic because of the wrong leadership.

1950-1953: After the implementation of the 'Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China', large forests, wasteland and barren hills in the whole country have been nationalized. In Longquan, through the land reform, the local people have separated the individual-owned forests, and the forest owners can freely cut, utilize, sell and give away all the forests they own.

1953-1956: Since 1953, the rural cooperative movement has begun, and the work of joining the community in mountain forests has been carried out. The individual ownership of mountain and forest rights of farmers has been transformed. The local people only retain the ownership of the trees on the hills and the scattered trees in front and behind the houses. The ownership of the mountains and the patches of trees is converted to collective ownership by the cooperatives through discount.

1957-1980: Since 1957, the situation got worse. Through the implementation of 'Rural People's Communes 61' and the campaign of 'one year and two communes', farmers have been forced to join the people's communes and all the mountain forests of the former cooperatives have been owned by the communes. During the Cultural Revolution, the countryside began to merge with the society and carry out the movement of "cutting the tail of capitalism", confiscating the residents 'self-retaining mountains, land and trees. As a result, only the state and collective ownership of forests, trees and woodlands.

=== After the big change ===
Between 1981 and 1984, Longquan began the first step of revolution. Trying to stabilize the property of forests, ensure the individual forest area, and confirm the Forestry production responsibility system. After three years, there were 437.4 square kilometers household plot area, 1439 square kilometer responsible area, 644.5 square kilometer collective forests area and 67.3 square kilometer state forests area.<ref>[null Hong, R. (2012). Study on the reform of forest rights system in longquan city. (Doctoral dissertation,] 浙江        农林大学).</ref>

In 1981, the forestry "three-fix" reform, with the main contents of "stabilizing mountain rights and forest rights, delimiting self-retaining mountains, and determining the contractual responsibility system for forestry production", began, which is the beginning of the diversification of forest resources ownership in China. In 1981, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council promulgated the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Forestry by Protecting Forests (No. 21 of the Central Committee [1981]). The vast number of peasants were assigned to the self-retaining hills and contracted to the responsible hills. Professional and key households contracted for afforestation of barren hills In 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Ten Policies on Further Activating the Rural Economy. The policy of opening up the market and afforestation to the household in collective forest areas has enabled farmers to have more adequate forest land management rights and forest ownership. At the same time, the contractual responsibility system with the main characteristics of decentralization of profits is implemented in the state-owned forest areas, which transfers the management rights of some state-owned forestry enterprises to the operators. However, due to the failure to keep up with the supporting policies and the lack of trust of operators in the reform policies, there is a serious phenomenon of deforestation in the south.

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Definition
!Tenure
|-
|Household plot
|Household plot was the land which community allocated for each local people during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household has using right to forests and all production of the forests. This land could be inherited and transferred. Government and communities could not take it back.
|-
|Responsible mountains
|Responsibility mountains is the land which rural community divided barren mountains and a part of old collective mountains to each household during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household could manage it. The production in old collective mountains belong to community and the production in barren area belong to individual.
|-
|Collective forests
|
|Community has the legal ownership of the forests, and all production in the forests belong to villagers.
|-
|State forests
|
|State has legal ownership of the forests, and people who has license has using right.
|}

==Implications==

After the change of tenure, there are some new implications for forests which promote the development of both economy and conservation.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
[[File:LOAN1997.png|thumb|Main process of Loan|500x500px]]
Longquan city has set up a Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency to actively promote the circulation of forest resources. Basic program in forest right mortgage: Household plot owners go to Credit Cooperatives apply for loans. Credit Cooperatives, Forest Service, and Village Committee mortgage evaluate the household plot and sign entrust guarantee contract with Forest Resources Storage Center. After the forest right mortgage registered by the Forest Service, Credit Cooperatives would release the loan. The loan term is tentatively set as one year and the loan limit is temporally set as 50% of the assessed value of the mortgaged right.<ref name=":0" /> Within the term of the loan, the mortgaged property shall still be managed by the owner of household plot and supervised by the Forestry Service.

During the mortgage loan period, the trees mortgaged shall not issue the tree cutting license without the consent of the mortgagee, nor shall they go through the procedures for transferring ownership of the trees.<ref name=":0" />

1.      Collection and storage center guarantee

2.      Forest right direct mortgage

3.      Forest right plus credit, forest right small circular l

==== EXAMPLES: ====
[[File:55b0c26982f76ccd74746f90b6c473f6.jpg|thumb|600x600px]]
1.The renovation of 30 percent of the dilapidated houses in the other three villages of Xianbian, Anfu and Dachu in Anren town, Longquan city, exceeded one million yuan through the mortgage of forest rights, accounting for on-quarter of the total construction funds.

2.Neng fu company solved the capital problem by taking out a mortgage of 12 million yuan of forest right. Under the severe situation of financial crisis, the export of foreign trade increased against the trend, and the export of foreign trade reached 16 million us dollars.

3.The per capita net income of rural residents in Longquan city reached 8,025 yuan, an average annual increase of 19.7 percent.<ref name=":2">[null Tong, H., Deng, W., Wu, Z., Cheng, A. & Ying, S. (2012). Study on the effect of the reform of collective forest rights system in longquan city and the follow-up supporting policies.] 华东森林经理, 26(4),            13-17.</ref>

==== PROBLEMS: ====
In Longquan city, there are 44 outstanding mortgages of 3.14 million yuan overdue, 18 of which are worth 1.15 million yuan through efforts to collect stock, and 26 of which are not disposed of by 1.99 million yuan<ref name=":2" />

First, the guarantee mechanism is not perfect, the degree of marketization is not high. Second, due to the uncertainty of the preservation of forest resource assets, it is difficult to realize the acquisition, storage and realization of mortgage assets after some borrowers fail to repay their loans due to investment failure or death. Third, some forest farmers have a weak sense of integrity. At the same time, the evaluation and guarantee of forest resources and assets do not have the market-oriented operation of social service intermediaries, which also affects the smooth and healthy development of forest right mortgage loans.<ref name=":2" />

=== Forest nurse ===
All villagers in Longquan get legal rights to a piece of land. And all of they aware the importance of protecting their land. But there was an embarrassing situation: each family only has a proper area of forest, which means they can live well with their forest, but it’s impossible to become a wealthy man with it. And people were afraid that if they go out for business someone would log their trees and steal their forestry resources. Therefore, a new system came out, “forest nurse”, helping people take care of forests.<ref name=":1" />

==== Different type of forest nurse:<ref name=":1" /> ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Types
!Definition
!Advantages
!Disadvantages
|-
|Equity joint 'forest nurse'
|Villagers or communities provide lands and companies provide money to manage the land. The tenure of the land will not change. Companies in charge of selling the products of forests, and net profits will divided based on stocks.
|Companies have the best skills on how to make the biggest profits, and villagers would receive the economic benefits. In addition, villagers don't have to spend time on managing the forest.
|These companies are in interested group, they come to make profits and they would not care what's going on in the forests.
|-
|Communal 'forest nurse'
|Villagers who selling the same type of forestry products voluntarily come together and make up a mutual-helping group. All the forests are managed by members together.
|Partial turn from the price-taker to price-maker.
|Because this is a voluntary group without strict regulation, sometimes member would have conflict opinion on how to manage the forests.
|-
|Lease type 'forest nurese'
|Villagers rent their forests to others. And tenant could manage and sell products.
|Villagers are totally free under this type of 'forest nurse', they can begin other business.
|May cause strong competition on renting the forests.
|}

[[File:5d905e5d8259f821a59dac4734049ad7.jpg|thumb]]
==== Successful example ====
Shui Zhou, a famous forest nurse in local, combines three types of forest nurse to manage around 14,000,070 square meters low-productive forests and barren mountains from 132 households, 9 villages. His job is forestation. To improve the quality and quantity of production from these forests, Shui Zhou employs villagers who have rich experience with forestation to help him manage the mountains. Most of the forests he managed belong to villagers who go to city for a job. Without Shui Zhou, these forests would be logged by outsiders or degenerate. After Shui Zhou's professional management, these barren mountains appears green species and primary forests. Till now, the value of these forests reach 16,000,000 RMB.<ref name=":1" />

== Administrative arrangements ==
[[File:Ladfkjlajflajfd.png|thumb|717x717px]]

The central government of China would release brief policy contain the main direction of development. And local government would based on their unique situation to make adjustment. In Longquan, to fit the villagers needs, local government sets four departments.<ref>Wang, Y. (2013). Solving the bottleneck of the forest reform -- longquan city takes the lead in releasing         the certificate of forest management rights. 浙江林业,   (11), 14-15.</ref> Forest right management center, forest resource storage center, forest assert evaluation agency, and credit cooperatives can help provide specific services for villagers and companies.

PS: Their function are showed in Implication section.

==Affected Stakeholders==

=== High interests & Low power ===
Villagers who don't rent their household plots: They live in village and their forests are the only thing they depend on. They really care about what's going on in their household plots, because their life would be directly affected by forests.

Owners of lease type 'forest nurse': Owners get the legal rights of these forests, and they have the same role as villagers who don't rent their household plots.

=== High interests & High power ===
Owners of communal 'forest nurse': The mutual-help group is come up with villagers who want to have a better price of their forest production. And These forests belong to them, they care about these forests. Moreover, they have more power than individual.

Village committee: They represent the villagers' rights and prevent outsiders logging in villagers' household plots. They have power to make negotiate with governments.

==Interested Stakeholders==

=== Low interests & Low power ===
Villagers who rent their household and get another job: They get rental and do not care about forests.

Villagers who get right mortgage loan: They get the loan to start their own business and leave their forests alone.

Credit Cooperatives:

=== Low interests & High power ===
Companies in Equity joint 'forest nurse': Make profits from the forests, and they can go anywhere else.

Workers in Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency: Just take the salary and work here.

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

=== Tenure change ===

==== Intentions ====
To provide villagers' legal right to the forests and make sure everyone owns forest, governments released the new policy and made tenure change.

==== Assessment ====
Clear forestry property rights, according to law to protect the legitimate rights and interests of forest farmers. Aroused the enthusiasm of forest farmer, activated forestry management mechanism. We have promoted the standardized circulation of forest rights and optimized the allocation of forest resources. It unifies the archiving and preservation of forest ownership data and establishes the foundation of forest right management system. Mediation of a large number of forest disputes, effectively maintain the social harmony and stability of forest region .<ref name=":0" />However, some villagers can't manage their forest well and cause the degeneration. Some villagers don't want to make a live with forest, instead they want to do something bigger. Meanwhile, villagers only have forests resource which need time to become money. Although the tenure change have improved villagers' life a lot, there were still some problems need to be solved. Therefore, villagers and local governments come up with some new implications.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
==== Intentions ====
Longquan is located in a mountainous area, in the southwest of Zhejiang province. One of the important problems of Longquan city's rural development is the difficulty in obtaining loans.<ref>俞滨. (三权”抵押贷款探索与实践

——以龙泉农信联社为例

</ref>Through this measure, the forest right is taken as the carrier of mortgage financing to transform resources into capital, make the forest right certificate become the "credit card" of forest farmers, and the forest becomes the green bank, so as to transform the potential resource advantage into the actual economic advantage.<ref name=":0" />

==== Assessment ====
This new implication of forests promotes the financial development of Longquan and help villagers get out of the small town. The new implication give these people who have wild ambition a chance to make their dream come true. The regulations of this implication are not comprehensive enough. And the process of replying the loan is pretty complete, some villagers enough don't know how to reply.

=== 'Forest nurse' ===
==== Intentions ====
After the tenure change, everyone owns household plot. However, some of them would like to do other business rather than make profits from the forests. To make these people free and avoid degeneration of these forests, 'forest nurse' came out.<ref name=":1" />

==== Assessment ====
To some extent, it can reduce the disputes between farmers and promote the popularization of forestry technology.<ref name=":1" /> This implication collect individual forests to one person or group. Turn from the small-scale forest management to large-scale forest management. Not only improved productivity, but also improving local people' life quality. But it will make individual villager become hard to compete with them.

==Recommendations==

=== Strengthen publicity and raise awareness ===
First, we will make full use of the radio, newspaper, television and other media to publicize policies related to the reform of the forest rights system, increase the enthusiasm of forest farmers in participating in democratic decision-making on the circulation of collective forest resources, and increase their awareness of protecting forest resources. The second is to improve the financial sector's understanding of forestry and participation in the forest rights mortgage business enthusiasm

=== Strengthen forest rights management and services ===
Complete the regulation of forest right mortgage loan, and improve workers efficiency.

=== Establish database and implement digital forest right management ===
The relevant information of the ownership and use right of forest, forest, forestland, establish complete electronic archives and convenient and rapid digitalization management system, can undertake locking to the forest right card after forest right mortgage loan, avoid the household owner applies for cutting formalities and forest right change formalities without authorization after mortgage

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-26T01:37:33Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Property circulation */

Add your summary here

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
[[File:Longquan.png|thumb|Satellite of Longquan]]
Longquan is a county-level city and former county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lishui. Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 square hectometers and a forestry land of 259,900 square hectometers, including a woodland area of 227,100 square hectometers and a shrub woodland area of 8,200 square hectometers. Among the woodland, there are 155,200 square hectometers timber stands, 25,300 square hectometers shelterbelts, 2,500 square hectometers special forests, 35,100 square hectometers bamboo forests, and 9,000 square hectometers economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.018 million cubic meters, with 38 qubic meters per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref name=":0">Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39.</ref>

=== History context ===
Longquan is surrounded by hills, and was isolated before 1981. People in Longquan got benefits from the abundant forestry resources for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore after the Chinese economic reform. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref name=":1">[null Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: "Lin nannies" become the fresh force of building modern forestry.] ''绿色中国,        '' (Z2), 56-57.</ref>People in Longquan were live in poor life between 1950-1980.

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in a rural area owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-1991: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.<ref>Huang, L., Chen, S. & Chen, Q. (2005). On the reform of forest resource property right system in China. 西北林学院学报, 20(02), 190-196.</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==

=== Before the big change ===
Same as Naidu, the tenure and property of forests in Longquan before 1981 were chaotic because of the wrong leadership.
[[File:366050edc86fda1df4d76418ff6ce4d8.jpg|thumb|Villagers first time get legal rights to land during 1950-1953]]
1950-1953: After the implementation of the 'Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China', large forests, wasteland and barren hills in the whole country have been nationalized. In Longquan, through the land reform, the local people have separated the individual-owned forests, and the forest owners can freely cut, utilize, sell and give away all the forests they own.

1953-1956: Since 1953, the rural cooperative movement has begun, and the work of joining the community in mountain forests has been carried out. The individual ownership of mountain and forest rights of farmers has been transformed. The local people only retain the ownership of the trees on the hills and the scattered trees in front and behind the houses. The ownership of the mountains and the patches of trees is converted to collective ownership by the cooperatives through discount.
[[File:36ba72a08b87d56c520de28f27c9ad8e.jpg|thumb|Villagers shared everything during 1957-1980]]
1957-1980: Since 1957, the situation got worse. Through the implementation of 'Rural People's Communes 61' and the campaign of 'one year and two communes', farmers have been forced to join the people's communes and all the mountain forests of the former cooperatives have been owned by the communes. During the Cultural Revolution, the countryside began to merge with the society and carry out the movement of "cutting the tail of capitalism", confiscating the residents 'self-retaining mountains, land and trees. As a result, only the state and collective ownership of forests, trees and woodlands.

=== After the big change ===
Between 1981 and 1984, Longquan began the first step of revolution. Trying to stabilize the property of forests, ensure the individual forest area, and confirm the Forestry production responsibility system. After three years, there were 437.4 square kilometers household plot area, 1439 square kilometer responsible area, 644.5 square kilometer collective forests area and 67.3 square kilometer state forests area.<ref>[null Hong, R. (2012). Study on the reform of forest rights system in longquan city. (Doctoral dissertation,] 浙江        农林大学).</ref>

In 1981, the forestry "three-fix" reform, with the main contents of "stabilizing mountain rights and forest rights, delimiting self-retaining mountains, and determining the contractual responsibility system for forestry production", began, which is the beginning of the diversification of forest resources ownership in China. In 1981, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council promulgated the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Forestry by Protecting Forests (No. 21 of the Central Committee [1981]). The vast number of peasants were assigned to the self-retaining hills and contracted to the responsible hills. Professional and key households contracted for afforestation of barren hills In 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Ten Policies on Further Activating the Rural Economy. The policy of opening up the market and afforestation to the household in collective forest areas has enabled farmers to have more adequate forest land management rights and forest ownership. At the same time, the contractual responsibility system with the main characteristics of decentralization of profits is implemented in the state-owned forest areas, which transfers the management rights of some state-owned forestry enterprises to the operators. However, due to the failure to keep up with the supporting policies and the lack of trust of operators in the reform policies, there is a serious phenomenon of deforestation in the south.

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Definition
!Tenure
|-
|Household plot
|Household plot was the land which community allocated for each local people during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household has using right to forests and all production of the forests. This land could be inherited and transferred. Government and communities could not take it back.
|-
|Responsible mountains
|Responsibility mountains is the land which rural community divided barren mountains and a part of old collective mountains to each household during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household could manage it. The production in old collective mountains belong to community and the production in barren area belong to individual.
|-
|Collective forests
|
|Community has the legal ownership of the forests, and all production in the forests belong to villagers.
|-
|State forests
|
|State has legal ownership of the forests, and people who has license has using right.
|}

==Implications==

After the change of tenure, there are some new implications for forests which promote the development of both economy and conservation.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
[[File:LOAN1997.png|thumb|Main process of Loan|500x500px]]
Longquan city has set up a Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency to actively promote the circulation of forest resources. Basic program in forest right mortgage: Household plot owners go to Credit Cooperatives apply for loans. Credit Cooperatives, Forest Service, and Village Committee mortgage evaluate the household plot and sign entrust guarantee contract with Forest Resources Storage Center. After the forest right mortgage registered by the Forest Service, Credit Cooperatives would release the loan. The loan term is tentatively set as one year and the loan limit is temporally set as 50% of the assessed value of the mortgaged right.<ref name=":0" /> Within the term of the loan, the mortgaged property shall still be managed by the owner of household plot and supervised by the Forestry Service.

During the mortgage loan period, the trees mortgaged shall not issue the tree cutting license without the consent of the mortgagee, nor shall they go through the procedures for transferring ownership of the trees.<ref name=":0" />

1.      Collection and storage center guarantee

2.      Forest right direct mortgage

3.      Forest right plus credit, forest right small circular l

==== EXAMPLES: ====
[[File:55b0c26982f76ccd74746f90b6c473f6.jpg|thumb|600x600px]]
1.The renovation of 30 percent of the dilapidated houses in the other three villages of Xianbian, Anfu and Dachu in Anren town, Longquan city, exceeded one million yuan through the mortgage of forest rights, accounting for on-quarter of the total construction funds.

2.Neng fu company solved the capital problem by taking out a mortgage of 12 million yuan of forest right. Under the severe situation of financial crisis, the export of foreign trade increased against the trend, and the export of foreign trade reached 16 million us dollars.

3.The per capita net income of rural residents in Longquan city reached 8,025 yuan, an average annual increase of 19.7 percent.<ref name=":2">[null Tong, H., Deng, W., Wu, Z., Cheng, A. & Ying, S. (2012). Study on the effect of the reform of collective forest rights system in longquan city and the follow-up supporting policies.] 华东森林经理, 26(4),            13-17.</ref>

==== PROBLEMS: ====
In Longquan city, there are 44 outstanding mortgages of 3.14 million yuan overdue, 18 of which are worth 1.15 million yuan through efforts to collect stock, and 26 of which are not disposed of by 1.99 million yuan<ref name=":2" />

First, the guarantee mechanism is not perfect, the degree of marketization is not high. Second, due to the uncertainty of the preservation of forest resource assets, it is difficult to realize the acquisition, storage and realization of mortgage assets after some borrowers fail to repay their loans due to investment failure or death. Third, some forest farmers have a weak sense of integrity. At the same time, the evaluation and guarantee of forest resources and assets do not have the market-oriented operation of social service intermediaries, which also affects the smooth and healthy development of forest right mortgage loans.<ref name=":2" />

=== Forest nurse ===
All villagers in Longquan get legal rights to a piece of land. And all of they aware the importance of protecting their land. But there was an embarrassing situation: each family only has a proper area of forest, which means they can live well with their forest, but it’s impossible to become a wealthy man with it. And people were afraid that if they go out for business someone would log their trees and steal their forestry resources. Therefore, a new system came out, “forest nurse”, helping people take care of forests.<ref name=":1" />

==== Different type of forest nurse:<ref name=":1" /> ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Types
!Definition
!Advantages
!Disadvantages
|-
|Equity joint 'forest nurse'
|Villagers or communities provide lands and companies provide money to manage the land. The tenure of the land will not change. Companies in charge of selling the products of forests, and net profits will divided based on stocks.
|Companies have the best skills on how to make the biggest profits, and villagers would receive the economic benefits. In addition, villagers don't have to spend time on managing the forest.
|These companies are in interested group, they come to make profits and they would not care what's going on in the forests.
|-
|Communal 'forest nurse'
|Villagers who selling the same type of forestry products voluntarily come together and make up a mutual-helping group. All the forests are managed by members together.
|Partial turn from the price-taker to price-maker.
|Because this is a voluntary group without strict regulation, sometimes member would have conflict opinion on how to manage the forests.
|-
|Lease type 'forest nurese'
|Villagers rent their forests to others. And tenant could manage and sell products.
|Villagers are totally free under this type of 'forest nurse', they can begin other business.
|May cause strong competition on renting the forests.
|}

==== Successful example ====
[[File:5d905e5d8259f821a59dac4734049ad7.jpg|thumb]]
Shui Zhou, a famous forest nurse in local, combines three types of forest nurse to manage around 14,000,070 square meters low-productive forests and barren mountains from 132 households, 9 villages. His job is forestation. To improve the quality and quantity of production from these forests, Shui Zhou employs villagers who have rich experience with forestation to help him manage the mountains. Most of the forests he managed belong to villagers who go to city for a job. Without Shui Zhou, these forests would be logged by outsiders or degenerate. After Shui Zhou's professional management, these barren mountains appears green species and primary forests. Till now, the value of these forests reach 16,000,000 RMB.<ref name=":1" />

== Administrative arrangements ==
[[File:Ladfkjlajflajfd.png|thumb|757x757px]]

The central government of China would release brief policy contain the main direction of development. And local government would based on their unique situation to make adjustment. In Longquan, to fit the villagers needs, local government sets four departments.<ref>Wang, Y. (2013). Solving the bottleneck of the forest reform -- longquan city takes the lead in releasing         the certificate of forest management rights. 浙江林业,   (11), 14-15.</ref> Forest right management center, forest resource storage center, forest assert evaluation agency, and credit cooperatives can help provide specific services for villagers and companies.

PS: Their function are showed in Implication section.

==Affected Stakeholders==

=== High interests & Low power ===
Villagers who don't rent their household plots: They live in village and their forests are the only thing they depend on. They really care about what's going on in their household plots, because their life would be directly affected by forests.

Owners of lease type 'forest nurse': Owners get the legal rights of these forests, and they have the same role as villagers who don't rent their household plots.

=== High interests & High power ===
Owners of communal 'forest nurse': The mutual-help group is come up with villagers who want to have a better price of their forest production. And These forests belong to them, they care about these forests. Moreover, they have more power than individual.

Village committee: They represent the villagers' rights and prevent outsiders logging in villagers' household plots. They have power to make negotiate with governments.

==Interested Stakeholders==

=== Low interests & Low power ===
Villagers who rent their household and get another job: They get rental and do not care about forests.

Villagers who get right mortgage loan: They get the loan to start their own business and leave their forests alone.

Credit Cooperatives:

=== Low interests & High power ===
Companies in Equity joint 'forest nurse': Make profits from the forests, and they can go anywhere else.

Workers in Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency: Just take the salary and work here.

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

=== Tenure change ===

==== Intentions ====
To provide villagers' legal right to the forests and make sure everyone owns forest, governments released the new policy and made tenure change.

==== Assessment ====
Clear forestry property rights, according to law to protect the legitimate rights and interests of forest farmers. Aroused the enthusiasm of forest farmer, activated forestry management mechanism. We have promoted the standardized circulation of forest rights and optimized the allocation of forest resources. It unifies the archiving and preservation of forest ownership data and establishes the foundation of forest right management system. Mediation of a large number of forest disputes, effectively maintain the social harmony and stability of forest region .<ref name=":0" />However, some villagers can't manage their forest well and cause the degeneration. Some villagers don't want to make a live with forest, instead they want to do something bigger. Meanwhile, villagers only have forests resource which need time to become money. Although the tenure change have improved villagers' life a lot, there were still some problems need to be solved. Therefore, villagers and local governments come up with some new implications.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
==== Intentions ====
Longquan is located in a mountainous area, in the southwest of Zhejiang province. One of the important problems of Longquan city's rural development is the difficulty in obtaining loans.<ref>俞滨. (三权”抵押贷款探索与实践

——以龙泉农信联社为例

</ref>Through this measure, the forest right is taken as the carrier of mortgage financing to transform resources into capital, make the forest right certificate become the "credit card" of forest farmers, and the forest becomes the green bank, so as to transform the potential resource advantage into the actual economic advantage.<ref name=":0" />

==== Assessment ====
This new implication of forests promotes the financial development of Longquan and help villagers get out of the small town. The new implication give these people who have wild ambition a chance to make their dream come true. The regulations of this implication are not comprehensive enough. And the process of replying the loan is pretty complete, some villagers enough don't know how to reply.

=== 'Forest nurse' ===
==== Intentions ====
After the tenure change, everyone owns household plot. However, some of them would like to do other business rather than make profits from the forests. To make these people free and avoid degeneration of these forests, 'forest nurse' came out.<ref name=":1" />

==== Assessment ====
To some extent, it can reduce the disputes between farmers and promote the popularization of forestry technology.<ref name=":1" /> This implication collect individual forests to one person or group. Turn from the small-scale forest management to large-scale forest management. Not only improved productivity, but also improving local people' life quality. But it will make individual villager become hard to compete with them.

==Recommendations==

=== Strengthen publicity and raise awareness ===
First, we will make full use of the radio, newspaper, television and other media to publicize policies related to the reform of the forest rights system, increase the enthusiasm of forest farmers in participating in democratic decision-making on the circulation of collective forest resources, and increase their awareness of protecting forest resources. The second is to improve the financial sector's understanding of forestry and participation in the forest rights mortgage business enthusiasm

=== Strengthen forest rights management and services ===
Complete the regulation of forest right mortgage loan, and improve workers efficiency.

=== Establish database and implement digital forest right management ===
The relevant information of the ownership and use right of forest, forest, forestland, establish complete electronic archives and convenient and rapid digitalization management system, can undertake locking to the forest right card after forest right mortgage loan, avoid the household owner applies for cutting formalities and forest right change formalities without authorization after mortgage

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-26T01:09:40Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Administrative arrangements */

Add your summary here

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
[[File:Longquan.png|thumb|Satellite of Longquan]]
Longquan is a county-level city and former county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lishui. Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 square hectometers and a forestry land of 259,900 square hectometers, including a woodland area of 227,100 square hectometers and a shrub woodland area of 8,200 square hectometers. Among the woodland, there are 155,200 square hectometers timber stands, 25,300 square hectometers shelterbelts, 2,500 square hectometers special forests, 35,100 square hectometers bamboo forests, and 9,000 square hectometers economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.018 million cubic meters, with 38 qubic meters per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref name=":0">Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39.</ref>

=== History context ===
Longquan is surrounded by hills, and was isolated before 1981. People in Longquan got benefits from the abundant forestry resources for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore after the Chinese economic reform. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref name=":1">[null Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: "Lin nannies" become the fresh force of building modern forestry.] ''绿色中国,        '' (Z2), 56-57.</ref>People in Longquan were live in poor life between 1950-1980.

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in a rural area owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-1991: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.<ref>Huang, L., Chen, S. & Chen, Q. (2005). On the reform of forest resource property right system in China. 西北林学院学报, 20(02), 190-196.</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==

=== Before the big change ===
Same as Naidu, the tenure and property of forests in Longquan before 1981 were chaotic because of the wrong leadership.
[[File:366050edc86fda1df4d76418ff6ce4d8.jpg|thumb|Villagers first time get legal rights to land during 1950-1953]]
1950-1953: After the implementation of the 'Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China', large forests, wasteland and barren hills in the whole country have been nationalized. In Longquan, through the land reform, the local people have separated the individual-owned forests, and the forest owners can freely cut, utilize, sell and give away all the forests they own.

1953-1956: Since 1953, the rural cooperative movement has begun, and the work of joining the community in mountain forests has been carried out. The individual ownership of mountain and forest rights of farmers has been transformed. The local people only retain the ownership of the trees on the hills and the scattered trees in front and behind the houses. The ownership of the mountains and the patches of trees is converted to collective ownership by the cooperatives through discount.
[[File:36ba72a08b87d56c520de28f27c9ad8e.jpg|thumb|Villagers shared everything during 1957-1980]]
1957-1980: Since 1957, the situation got worse. Through the implementation of 'Rural People's Communes 61' and the campaign of 'one year and two communes', farmers have been forced to join the people's communes and all the mountain forests of the former cooperatives have been owned by the communes. During the Cultural Revolution, the countryside began to merge with the society and carry out the movement of "cutting the tail of capitalism", confiscating the residents 'self-retaining mountains, land and trees. As a result, only the state and collective ownership of forests, trees and woodlands.

=== After the big change ===
Between 1981 and 1984, Longquan began the first step of revolution. Trying to stabilize the property of forests, ensure the individual forest area, and confirm the Forestry production responsibility system. After three years, there were 437.4 square kilometers household plot area, 1439 square kilometer responsible area, 644.5 square kilometer collective forests area and 67.3 square kilometer state forests area.<ref>[null Hong, R. (2012). Study on the reform of forest rights system in longquan city. (Doctoral dissertation,] 浙江        农林大学).</ref>

In 1981, the forestry "three-fix" reform, with the main contents of "stabilizing mountain rights and forest rights, delimiting self-retaining mountains, and determining the contractual responsibility system for forestry production", began, which is the beginning of the diversification of forest resources ownership in China. In 1981, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council promulgated the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Forestry by Protecting Forests (No. 21 of the Central Committee [1981]). The vast number of peasants were assigned to the self-retaining hills and contracted to the responsible hills. Professional and key households contracted for afforestation of barren hills In 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Ten Policies on Further Activating the Rural Economy. The policy of opening up the market and afforestation to the household in collective forest areas has enabled farmers to have more adequate forest land management rights and forest ownership. At the same time, the contractual responsibility system with the main characteristics of decentralization of profits is implemented in the state-owned forest areas, which transfers the management rights of some state-owned forestry enterprises to the operators. However, due to the failure to keep up with the supporting policies and the lack of trust of operators in the reform policies, there is a serious phenomenon of deforestation in the south.

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Definition
!Tenure
|-
|Household plot
|Household plot was the land which community allocated for each local people during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household has using right to forests and all production of the forests. This land could be inherited and transferred. Government and communities could not take it back.
|-
|Responsible mountains
|Responsibility mountains is the land which rural community divided barren mountains and a part of old collective mountains to each household during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household could manage it. The production in old collective mountains belong to community and the production in barren area belong to individual.
|-
|Collective forests
|
|Community has the legal ownership of the forests, and all production in the forests belong to villagers.
|-
|State forests
|
|State has legal ownership of the forests, and people who has license has using right.
|}

==Implications==

After the change of tenure, there are some new implications for forests which promote the development of both economy and conservation.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
[[File:LOAN1997.png|thumb|Main process of Loan|500x500px]]
Longquan city has set up a Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency to actively promote the circulation of forest resources. Basic program in forest right mortgage: Household plot owners go to Credit Cooperatives apply for loans. Credit Cooperatives, Forest Service, and Village Committee mortgage evaluate the household plot and sign entrust guarantee contract with Forest Resources Storage Center. After the forest right mortgage registered by the Forest Service, Credit Cooperatives would release the loan. The loan term is tentatively set as one year and the loan limit is temporally set as 50% of the assessed value of the mortgaged right.<ref name=":0" /> Within the term of the loan, the mortgaged property shall still be managed by the owner of household plot and supervised by the Forestry Service.

During the mortgage loan period, the trees mortgaged shall not issue the tree cutting license without the consent of the mortgagee, nor shall they go through the procedures for transferring ownership of the trees.<ref name=":0" />

1.      Collection and storage center guarantee

2.      Forest right direct mortgage

3.      Forest right plus credit, forest right small circular l

==== EXAMPLES: ====
[[File:55b0c26982f76ccd74746f90b6c473f6.jpg|thumb|600x600px]]
1.The renovation of 30 percent of the dilapidated houses in the other three villages of Xianbian, Anfu and Dachu in Anren town, Longquan city, exceeded one million yuan through the mortgage of forest rights, accounting for on-quarter of the total construction funds.

2.Neng fu company solved the capital problem by taking out a mortgage of 12 million yuan of forest right. Under the severe situation of financial crisis, the export of foreign trade increased against the trend, and the export of foreign trade reached 16 million us dollars.

3.The per capita net income of rural residents in Longquan city reached 8,025 yuan, an average annual increase of 19.7 percent.<ref name=":2">[null Tong, H., Deng, W., Wu, Z., Cheng, A. & Ying, S. (2012). Study on the effect of the reform of collective forest rights system in longquan city and the follow-up supporting policies.] 华东森林经理, 26(4),            13-17.</ref>

==== PROBLEMS: ====
In Longquan city, there are 44 outstanding mortgages of 3.14 million yuan overdue, 18 of which are worth 1.15 million yuan through efforts to collect stock, and 26 of which are not disposed of by 1.99 million yuan<ref name=":2" />

First, the guarantee mechanism is not perfect, the degree of marketization is not high. Second, due to the uncertainty of the preservation of forest resource assets, it is difficult to realize the acquisition, storage and realization of mortgage assets after some borrowers fail to repay their loans due to investment failure or death. Third, some forest farmers have a weak sense of integrity. At the same time, the evaluation and guarantee of forest resources and assets do not have the market-oriented operation of social service intermediaries, which also affects the smooth and healthy development of forest right mortgage loans.<ref name=":2" />

=== Forest nurse ===
All villagers in Longquan get legal rights to a piece of land. And all of they aware the importance of protecting their land. But there was an embarrassing situation: each family only has a proper area of forest, which means they can live well with their forest, but it’s impossible to become a wealthy man with it. And people were afraid that if they go out for business someone would log their trees and steal their forestry resources. Therefore, a new system came out, “forest nurse”, helping people take care of forests.<ref name=":1" />

==== Different type of forest nurse:<ref name=":1" /> ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Types
!Definition
!Advantages
!Disadvantages
|-
|Equity joint 'forest nurse'
|Villagers or communities provide lands and companies provide money to manage the land. The tenure of the land will not change. Companies in charge of selling the products of forests, and net profits will divided based on stocks.
|Companies have the best skills on how to make the biggest profits, and villagers would receive the economic benefits. In addition, villagers don't have to spend time on managing the forest.
|These companies are in interested group, they come to make profits and they would not care what's going on in the forests.
|-
|Communal 'forest nurse'
|Villagers who selling the same type of forestry products voluntarily come together and make up a mutual-helping group. All the forests are managed by members together.
|Partial turn from the price-taker to price-maker.
|Because this is a voluntary group without strict regulation, sometimes member would have conflict opinion on how to manage the forests.
|-
|Lease type 'forest nurese'
|Villagers rent their forests to others. And tenant could manage and sell products.
|Villagers are totally free under this type of 'forest nurse', they can begin other business.
|May cause strong competition on renting the forests.
|}

=== Property circulation ===

Forestry bureau in Longquan set up forest rights management center, forest rights trading center, forest resources collection and storage center forest resources assets evaluation center, seventeen primary forest rights management service point, and 43 financial spots at August 2007.<ref name=":3">Wang, Y. (2013). Solving the bottleneck of the forest reform -- longquan city takes the lead in releasing         the certificate of forest management rights. 浙江林业,   (11), 14-15.</ref>

The forest warrant attributes and spatial attributes are all digitized into the system, and updated in time according to the needs to realize dynamic management to achieve the consistency of people, places, and certificates<ref name=":3" />

== Administrative arrangements ==
[[File:Ladfkjlajflajfd.png|thumb|757x757px]]

The central government of China would release brief policy contain the main direction of development. And local government would based on their unique situation to make adjustment. In Longquan, to fit the villagers needs, local government sets four departments.<ref>Wang, Y. (2013). Solving the bottleneck of the forest reform -- longquan city takes the lead in releasing         the certificate of forest management rights. 浙江林业,   (11), 14-15.</ref> Forest right management center, forest resource storage center, forest assert evaluation agency, and credit cooperatives can help provide specific services for villagers and companies.

PS: Their function are showed in Implication section.

==Affected Stakeholders==

=== High interests & Low power ===
Villagers who don't rent their household plots: They live in village and their forests are the only thing they depend on. They really care about what's going on in their household plots, because their life would be directly affected by forests.

Owners of lease type 'forest nurse': Owners get the legal rights of these forests, and they have the same role as villagers who don't rent their household plots.

=== High interests & High power ===
Owners of communal 'forest nurse': The mutual-help group is come up with villagers who want to have a better price of their forest production. And These forests belong to them, they care about these forests. Moreover, they have more power than individual.

Village committee: They represent the villagers' rights and prevent outsiders logging in villagers' household plots. They have power to make negotiate with governments.

==Interested Stakeholders==

=== Low interests & Low power ===
Villagers who rent their household and get another job: They get rental and do not care about forests.

Villagers who get right mortgage loan: They get the loan to start their own business and leave their forests alone.

Credit Cooperatives:

=== Low interests & High power ===
Companies in Equity joint 'forest nurse': Make profits from the forests, and they can go anywhere else.

Workers in Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency: Just take the salary and work here.

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

=== Tenure change ===

==== Intentions ====
To provide villagers' legal right to the forests and make sure everyone owns forest, governments released the new policy and made tenure change.

==== Assessment ====
Clear forestry property rights, according to law to protect the legitimate rights and interests of forest farmers. Aroused the enthusiasm of forest farmer, activated forestry management mechanism. We have promoted the standardized circulation of forest rights and optimized the allocation of forest resources. It unifies the archiving and preservation of forest ownership data and establishes the foundation of forest right management system. Mediation of a large number of forest disputes, effectively maintain the social harmony and stability of forest region .<ref name=":0" />However, some villagers can't manage their forest well and cause the degeneration. Some villagers don't want to make a live with forest, instead they want to do something bigger. Meanwhile, villagers only have forests resource which need time to become money. Although the tenure change have improved villagers' life a lot, there were still some problems need to be solved. Therefore, villagers and local governments come up with some new implications.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
==== Intentions ====
Longquan is located in a mountainous area, in the southwest of Zhejiang province. One of the important problems of Longquan city's rural development is the difficulty in obtaining loans.<ref>俞滨. (三权”抵押贷款探索与实践

——以龙泉农信联社为例

</ref>Through this measure, the forest right is taken as the carrier of mortgage financing to transform resources into capital, make the forest right certificate become the "credit card" of forest farmers, and the forest becomes the green bank, so as to transform the potential resource advantage into the actual economic advantage.<ref name=":0" />

==== Assessment ====
This new implication of forests promotes the financial development of Longquan and help villagers get out of the small town. The new implication give these people who have wild ambition a chance to make their dream come true. The regulations of this implication are not comprehensive enough. And the process of replying the loan is pretty complete, some villagers enough don't know how to reply.

=== 'Forest nurse' ===
==== Intentions ====
After the tenure change, everyone owns household plot. However, some of them would like to do other business rather than make profits from the forests. To make these people free and avoid degeneration of these forests, 'forest nurse' came out.<ref name=":1" />

==== Assessment ====
To some extent, it can reduce the disputes between farmers and promote the popularization of forestry technology.<ref name=":1" /> This implication collect individual forests to one person or group. Turn from the small-scale forest management to large-scale forest management. Not only improved productivity, but also improving local people' life quality. But it will make individual villager become hard to compete with them.

==Recommendations==

=== Strengthen publicity and raise awareness ===
First, we will make full use of the radio, newspaper, television and other media to publicize policies related to the reform of the forest rights system, increase the enthusiasm of forest farmers in participating in democratic decision-making on the circulation of collective forest resources, and increase their awareness of protecting forest resources. The second is to improve the financial sector's understanding of forestry and participation in the forest rights mortgage business enthusiasm

=== Strengthen forest rights management and services ===
Complete the regulation of forest right mortgage loan, and improve workers efficiency.

=== Establish database and implement digital forest right management ===
The relevant information of the ownership and use right of forest, forest, forestland, establish complete electronic archives and convenient and rapid digitalization management system, can undertake locking to the forest right card after forest right mortgage loan, avoid the household owner applies for cutting formalities and forest right change formalities without authorization after mortgage

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-26T01:07:08Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Administrative arrangements */

Add your summary here

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
[[File:Longquan.png|thumb|Satellite of Longquan]]
Longquan is a county-level city and former county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lishui. Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 square hectometers and a forestry land of 259,900 square hectometers, including a woodland area of 227,100 square hectometers and a shrub woodland area of 8,200 square hectometers. Among the woodland, there are 155,200 square hectometers timber stands, 25,300 square hectometers shelterbelts, 2,500 square hectometers special forests, 35,100 square hectometers bamboo forests, and 9,000 square hectometers economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.018 million cubic meters, with 38 qubic meters per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref name=":0">Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39.</ref>

=== History context ===
Longquan is surrounded by hills, and was isolated before 1981. People in Longquan got benefits from the abundant forestry resources for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore after the Chinese economic reform. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref name=":1">[null Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: "Lin nannies" become the fresh force of building modern forestry.] ''绿色中国,        '' (Z2), 56-57.</ref>People in Longquan were live in poor life between 1950-1980.

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in a rural area owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-1991: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.<ref>Huang, L., Chen, S. & Chen, Q. (2005). On the reform of forest resource property right system in China. 西北林学院学报, 20(02), 190-196.</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==

=== Before the big change ===
Same as Naidu, the tenure and property of forests in Longquan before 1981 were chaotic because of the wrong leadership.
[[File:366050edc86fda1df4d76418ff6ce4d8.jpg|thumb|Villagers first time get legal rights to land during 1950-1953]]
1950-1953: After the implementation of the 'Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China', large forests, wasteland and barren hills in the whole country have been nationalized. In Longquan, through the land reform, the local people have separated the individual-owned forests, and the forest owners can freely cut, utilize, sell and give away all the forests they own.

1953-1956: Since 1953, the rural cooperative movement has begun, and the work of joining the community in mountain forests has been carried out. The individual ownership of mountain and forest rights of farmers has been transformed. The local people only retain the ownership of the trees on the hills and the scattered trees in front and behind the houses. The ownership of the mountains and the patches of trees is converted to collective ownership by the cooperatives through discount.
[[File:36ba72a08b87d56c520de28f27c9ad8e.jpg|thumb|Villagers shared everything during 1957-1980]]
1957-1980: Since 1957, the situation got worse. Through the implementation of 'Rural People's Communes 61' and the campaign of 'one year and two communes', farmers have been forced to join the people's communes and all the mountain forests of the former cooperatives have been owned by the communes. During the Cultural Revolution, the countryside began to merge with the society and carry out the movement of "cutting the tail of capitalism", confiscating the residents 'self-retaining mountains, land and trees. As a result, only the state and collective ownership of forests, trees and woodlands.

=== After the big change ===
Between 1981 and 1984, Longquan began the first step of revolution. Trying to stabilize the property of forests, ensure the individual forest area, and confirm the Forestry production responsibility system. After three years, there were 437.4 square kilometers household plot area, 1439 square kilometer responsible area, 644.5 square kilometer collective forests area and 67.3 square kilometer state forests area.<ref>[null Hong, R. (2012). Study on the reform of forest rights system in longquan city. (Doctoral dissertation,] 浙江        农林大学).</ref>

In 1981, the forestry "three-fix" reform, with the main contents of "stabilizing mountain rights and forest rights, delimiting self-retaining mountains, and determining the contractual responsibility system for forestry production", began, which is the beginning of the diversification of forest resources ownership in China. In 1981, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council promulgated the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Forestry by Protecting Forests (No. 21 of the Central Committee [1981]). The vast number of peasants were assigned to the self-retaining hills and contracted to the responsible hills. Professional and key households contracted for afforestation of barren hills In 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Ten Policies on Further Activating the Rural Economy. The policy of opening up the market and afforestation to the household in collective forest areas has enabled farmers to have more adequate forest land management rights and forest ownership. At the same time, the contractual responsibility system with the main characteristics of decentralization of profits is implemented in the state-owned forest areas, which transfers the management rights of some state-owned forestry enterprises to the operators. However, due to the failure to keep up with the supporting policies and the lack of trust of operators in the reform policies, there is a serious phenomenon of deforestation in the south.

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Definition
!Tenure
|-
|Household plot
|Household plot was the land which community allocated for each local people during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household has using right to forests and all production of the forests. This land could be inherited and transferred. Government and communities could not take it back.
|-
|Responsible mountains
|Responsibility mountains is the land which rural community divided barren mountains and a part of old collective mountains to each household during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household could manage it. The production in old collective mountains belong to community and the production in barren area belong to individual.
|-
|Collective forests
|
|Community has the legal ownership of the forests, and all production in the forests belong to villagers.
|-
|State forests
|
|State has legal ownership of the forests, and people who has license has using right.
|}

==Implications==

After the change of tenure, there are some new implications for forests which promote the development of both economy and conservation.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
[[File:LOAN1997.png|thumb|Main process of Loan|500x500px]]
Longquan city has set up a Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency to actively promote the circulation of forest resources. Basic program in forest right mortgage: Household plot owners go to Credit Cooperatives apply for loans. Credit Cooperatives, Forest Service, and Village Committee mortgage evaluate the household plot and sign entrust guarantee contract with Forest Resources Storage Center. After the forest right mortgage registered by the Forest Service, Credit Cooperatives would release the loan. The loan term is tentatively set as one year and the loan limit is temporally set as 50% of the assessed value of the mortgaged right.<ref name=":0" /> Within the term of the loan, the mortgaged property shall still be managed by the owner of household plot and supervised by the Forestry Service.

During the mortgage loan period, the trees mortgaged shall not issue the tree cutting license without the consent of the mortgagee, nor shall they go through the procedures for transferring ownership of the trees.<ref name=":0" />

1.      Collection and storage center guarantee

2.      Forest right direct mortgage

3.      Forest right plus credit, forest right small circular l

==== EXAMPLES: ====
[[File:55b0c26982f76ccd74746f90b6c473f6.jpg|thumb|600x600px]]
1.The renovation of 30 percent of the dilapidated houses in the other three villages of Xianbian, Anfu and Dachu in Anren town, Longquan city, exceeded one million yuan through the mortgage of forest rights, accounting for on-quarter of the total construction funds.

2.Neng fu company solved the capital problem by taking out a mortgage of 12 million yuan of forest right. Under the severe situation of financial crisis, the export of foreign trade increased against the trend, and the export of foreign trade reached 16 million us dollars.

3.The per capita net income of rural residents in Longquan city reached 8,025 yuan, an average annual increase of 19.7 percent.<ref name=":2">[null Tong, H., Deng, W., Wu, Z., Cheng, A. & Ying, S. (2012). Study on the effect of the reform of collective forest rights system in longquan city and the follow-up supporting policies.] 华东森林经理, 26(4),            13-17.</ref>

==== PROBLEMS: ====
In Longquan city, there are 44 outstanding mortgages of 3.14 million yuan overdue, 18 of which are worth 1.15 million yuan through efforts to collect stock, and 26 of which are not disposed of by 1.99 million yuan<ref name=":2" />

First, the guarantee mechanism is not perfect, the degree of marketization is not high. Second, due to the uncertainty of the preservation of forest resource assets, it is difficult to realize the acquisition, storage and realization of mortgage assets after some borrowers fail to repay their loans due to investment failure or death. Third, some forest farmers have a weak sense of integrity. At the same time, the evaluation and guarantee of forest resources and assets do not have the market-oriented operation of social service intermediaries, which also affects the smooth and healthy development of forest right mortgage loans.<ref name=":2" />

=== Forest nurse ===
All villagers in Longquan get legal rights to a piece of land. And all of they aware the importance of protecting their land. But there was an embarrassing situation: each family only has a proper area of forest, which means they can live well with their forest, but it’s impossible to become a wealthy man with it. And people were afraid that if they go out for business someone would log their trees and steal their forestry resources. Therefore, a new system came out, “forest nurse”, helping people take care of forests.<ref name=":1" />

==== Different type of forest nurse:<ref name=":1" /> ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Types
!Definition
!Advantages
!Disadvantages
|-
|Equity joint 'forest nurse'
|Villagers or communities provide lands and companies provide money to manage the land. The tenure of the land will not change. Companies in charge of selling the products of forests, and net profits will divided based on stocks.
|Companies have the best skills on how to make the biggest profits, and villagers would receive the economic benefits. In addition, villagers don't have to spend time on managing the forest.
|These companies are in interested group, they come to make profits and they would not care what's going on in the forests.
|-
|Communal 'forest nurse'
|Villagers who selling the same type of forestry products voluntarily come together and make up a mutual-helping group. All the forests are managed by members together.
|Partial turn from the price-taker to price-maker.
|Because this is a voluntary group without strict regulation, sometimes member would have conflict opinion on how to manage the forests.
|-
|Lease type 'forest nurese'
|Villagers rent their forests to others. And tenant could manage and sell products.
|Villagers are totally free under this type of 'forest nurse', they can begin other business.
|May cause strong competition on renting the forests.
|}

=== Property circulation ===

Forestry bureau in Longquan set up forest rights management center, forest rights trading center, forest resources collection and storage center forest resources assets evaluation center, seventeen primary forest rights management service point, and 43 financial spots at August 2007.<ref name=":3">Wang, Y. (2013). Solving the bottleneck of the forest reform -- longquan city takes the lead in releasing         the certificate of forest management rights. 浙江林业,   (11), 14-15.</ref>

The forest warrant attributes and spatial attributes are all digitized into the system, and updated in time according to the needs to realize dynamic management to achieve the consistency of people, places, and certificates<ref name=":3" />

== Administrative arrangements ==
[[File:Ladfkjlajflajfd.png|thumb|757x757px]]

The central government of China would release brief policy contain the main direction of development. And local government would based on their unique situation to make adjustment. In Longquan, to fit the villagers needs, local government sets four departments. Forest right management center, forest resource storage center, forest assert evaluation agency, and credit cooperatives can help provide specific services for villagers and companies.

==Affected Stakeholders==

=== High interests & Low power ===
Villagers who don't rent their household plots: They live in village and their forests are the only thing they depend on. They really care about what's going on in their household plots, because their life would be directly affected by forests.

Owners of lease type 'forest nurse': Owners get the legal rights of these forests, and they have the same role as villagers who don't rent their household plots.

=== High interests & High power ===
Owners of communal 'forest nurse': The mutual-help group is come up with villagers who want to have a better price of their forest production. And These forests belong to them, they care about these forests. Moreover, they have more power than individual.

Village committee: They represent the villagers' rights and prevent outsiders logging in villagers' household plots. They have power to make negotiate with governments.

==Interested Stakeholders==

=== Low interests & Low power ===
Villagers who rent their household and get another job: They get rental and do not care about forests.

Villagers who get right mortgage loan: They get the loan to start their own business and leave their forests alone.

Credit Cooperatives:

=== Low interests & High power ===
Companies in Equity joint 'forest nurse': Make profits from the forests, and they can go anywhere else.

Workers in Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency: Just take the salary and work here.

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

=== Tenure change ===

==== Intentions ====
To provide villagers' legal right to the forests and make sure everyone owns forest, governments released the new policy and made tenure change.

==== Assessment ====
Clear forestry property rights, according to law to protect the legitimate rights and interests of forest farmers. Aroused the enthusiasm of forest farmer, activated forestry management mechanism. We have promoted the standardized circulation of forest rights and optimized the allocation of forest resources. It unifies the archiving and preservation of forest ownership data and establishes the foundation of forest right management system. Mediation of a large number of forest disputes, effectively maintain the social harmony and stability of forest region .<ref name=":0" />However, some villagers can't manage their forest well and cause the degeneration. Some villagers don't want to make a live with forest, instead they want to do something bigger. Meanwhile, villagers only have forests resource which need time to become money. Although the tenure change have improved villagers' life a lot, there were still some problems need to be solved. Therefore, villagers and local governments come up with some new implications.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
==== Intentions ====
Longquan is located in a mountainous area, in the southwest of Zhejiang province. One of the important problems of Longquan city's rural development is the difficulty in obtaining loans.<ref>俞滨. (三权”抵押贷款探索与实践

——以龙泉农信联社为例

</ref>Through this measure, the forest right is taken as the carrier of mortgage financing to transform resources into capital, make the forest right certificate become the "credit card" of forest farmers, and the forest becomes the green bank, so as to transform the potential resource advantage into the actual economic advantage.<ref name=":0" />

==== Assessment ====
This new implication of forests promotes the financial development of Longquan and help villagers get out of the small town. The new implication give these people who have wild ambition a chance to make their dream come true. The regulations of this implication are not comprehensive enough. And the process of replying the loan is pretty complete, some villagers enough don't know how to reply.

=== 'Forest nurse' ===
==== Intentions ====
After the tenure change, everyone owns household plot. However, some of them would like to do other business rather than make profits from the forests. To make these people free and avoid degeneration of these forests, 'forest nurse' came out.<ref name=":1" />

==== Assessment ====
To some extent, it can reduce the disputes between farmers and promote the popularization of forestry technology.<ref name=":1" /> This implication collect individual forests to one person or group. Turn from the small-scale forest management to large-scale forest management. Not only improved productivity, but also improving local people' life quality. But it will make individual villager become hard to compete with them.

==Recommendations==

=== Strengthen publicity and raise awareness ===
First, we will make full use of the radio, newspaper, television and other media to publicize policies related to the reform of the forest rights system, increase the enthusiasm of forest farmers in participating in democratic decision-making on the circulation of collective forest resources, and increase their awareness of protecting forest resources. The second is to improve the financial sector's understanding of forestry and participation in the forest rights mortgage business enthusiasm

=== Strengthen forest rights management and services ===
Complete the regulation of forest right mortgage loan, and improve workers efficiency.

=== Establish database and implement digital forest right management ===
The relevant information of the ownership and use right of forest, forest, forestland, establish complete electronic archives and convenient and rapid digitalization management system, can undertake locking to the forest right card after forest right mortgage loan, avoid the household owner applies for cutting formalities and forest right change formalities without authorization after mortgage

==References==
<references/>

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Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-26T00:02:47Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Discussion */

Add your summary here

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
[[File:Longquan.png|thumb|Satellite of Longquan]]
Longquan is a county-level city and former county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lishui. Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 square hectometers and a forestry land of 259,900 square hectometers, including a woodland area of 227,100 square hectometers and a shrub woodland area of 8,200 square hectometers. Among the woodland, there are 155,200 square hectometers timber stands, 25,300 square hectometers shelterbelts, 2,500 square hectometers special forests, 35,100 square hectometers bamboo forests, and 9,000 square hectometers economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.018 million cubic meters, with 38 qubic meters per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref name=":0">Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39.</ref>

=== History context ===
Longquan is surrounded by hills, and was isolated before 1981. People in Longquan got benefits from the abundant forestry resources for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore after the Chinese economic reform. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref name=":1">[null Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: "Lin nannies" become the fresh force of building modern forestry.] ''绿色中国,        '' (Z2), 56-57.</ref>People in Longquan were live in poor life between 1950-1980.

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in a rural area owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-1991: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.<ref>Huang, L., Chen, S. & Chen, Q. (2005). On the reform of forest resource property right system in China. 西北林学院学报, 20(02), 190-196.</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==

=== Before the big change ===
Same as Naidu, the tenure and property of forests in Longquan before 1981 were chaotic because of the wrong leadership.
[[File:366050edc86fda1df4d76418ff6ce4d8.jpg|thumb|Villagers first time get legal rights to land during 1950-1953]]
1950-1953: After the implementation of the 'Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China', large forests, wasteland and barren hills in the whole country have been nationalized. In Longquan, through the land reform, the local people have separated the individual-owned forests, and the forest owners can freely cut, utilize, sell and give away all the forests they own.

1953-1956: Since 1953, the rural cooperative movement has begun, and the work of joining the community in mountain forests has been carried out. The individual ownership of mountain and forest rights of farmers has been transformed. The local people only retain the ownership of the trees on the hills and the scattered trees in front and behind the houses. The ownership of the mountains and the patches of trees is converted to collective ownership by the cooperatives through discount.
[[File:36ba72a08b87d56c520de28f27c9ad8e.jpg|thumb|Villagers shared everything during 1957-1980]]
1957-1980: Since 1957, the situation got worse. Through the implementation of 'Rural People's Communes 61' and the campaign of 'one year and two communes', farmers have been forced to join the people's communes and all the mountain forests of the former cooperatives have been owned by the communes. During the Cultural Revolution, the countryside began to merge with the society and carry out the movement of "cutting the tail of capitalism", confiscating the residents 'self-retaining mountains, land and trees. As a result, only the state and collective ownership of forests, trees and woodlands.

=== After the big change ===
Between 1981 and 1984, Longquan began the first step of revolution. Trying to stabilize the property of forests, ensure the individual forest area, and confirm the Forestry production responsibility system. After three years, there were 437.4 square kilometers household plot area, 1439 square kilometer responsible area, 644.5 square kilometer collective forests area and 67.3 square kilometer state forests area.<ref>[null Hong, R. (2012). Study on the reform of forest rights system in longquan city. (Doctoral dissertation,] 浙江        农林大学).</ref>

In 1981, the forestry "three-fix" reform, with the main contents of "stabilizing mountain rights and forest rights, delimiting self-retaining mountains, and determining the contractual responsibility system for forestry production", began, which is the beginning of the diversification of forest resources ownership in China. In 1981, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council promulgated the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Forestry by Protecting Forests (No. 21 of the Central Committee [1981]). The vast number of peasants were assigned to the self-retaining hills and contracted to the responsible hills. Professional and key households contracted for afforestation of barren hills In 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Ten Policies on Further Activating the Rural Economy. The policy of opening up the market and afforestation to the household in collective forest areas has enabled farmers to have more adequate forest land management rights and forest ownership. At the same time, the contractual responsibility system with the main characteristics of decentralization of profits is implemented in the state-owned forest areas, which transfers the management rights of some state-owned forestry enterprises to the operators. However, due to the failure to keep up with the supporting policies and the lack of trust of operators in the reform policies, there is a serious phenomenon of deforestation in the south.

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Definition
!Tenure
|-
|Household plot
|Household plot was the land which community allocated for each local people during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household has using right to forests and all production of the forests. This land could be inherited and transferred. Government and communities could not take it back.
|-
|Responsible mountains
|Responsibility mountains is the land which rural community divided barren mountains and a part of old collective mountains to each household during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household could manage it. The production in old collective mountains belong to community and the production in barren area belong to individual.
|-
|Collective forests
|
|Community has the legal ownership of the forests, and all production in the forests belong to villagers.
|-
|State forests
|
|State has legal ownership of the forests, and people who has license has using right.
|}

==Implications==

After the change of tenure, there are some new implications for forests which promote the development of both economy and conservation.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
[[File:LOAN1997.png|thumb|Main process of Loan|500x500px]]
Longquan city has set up a Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency to actively promote the circulation of forest resources. Basic program in forest right mortgage: Household plot owners go to Credit Cooperatives apply for loans. Credit Cooperatives, Forest Service, and Village Committee mortgage evaluate the household plot and sign entrust guarantee contract with Forest Resources Storage Center. After the forest right mortgage registered by the Forest Service, Credit Cooperatives would release the loan. The loan term is tentatively set as one year and the loan limit is temporally set as 50% of the assessed value of the mortgaged right.<ref name=":0" /> Within the term of the loan, the mortgaged property shall still be managed by the owner of household plot and supervised by the Forestry Service.

During the mortgage loan period, the trees mortgaged shall not issue the tree cutting license without the consent of the mortgagee, nor shall they go through the procedures for transferring ownership of the trees.<ref name=":0" />

1.      Collection and storage center guarantee

2.      Forest right direct mortgage

3.      Forest right plus credit, forest right small circular l

==== EXAMPLES: ====
[[File:55b0c26982f76ccd74746f90b6c473f6.jpg|thumb|600x600px]]
1.The renovation of 30 percent of the dilapidated houses in the other three villages of Xianbian, Anfu and Dachu in Anren town, Longquan city, exceeded one million yuan through the mortgage of forest rights, accounting for on-quarter of the total construction funds.

2.Neng fu company solved the capital problem by taking out a mortgage of 12 million yuan of forest right. Under the severe situation of financial crisis, the export of foreign trade increased against the trend, and the export of foreign trade reached 16 million us dollars.

3.The per capita net income of rural residents in Longquan city reached 8,025 yuan, an average annual increase of 19.7 percent.<ref name=":2">[null Tong, H., Deng, W., Wu, Z., Cheng, A. & Ying, S. (2012). Study on the effect of the reform of collective forest rights system in longquan city and the follow-up supporting policies.] 华东森林经理, 26(4),            13-17.</ref>

==== PROBLEMS: ====
In Longquan city, there are 44 outstanding mortgages of 3.14 million yuan overdue, 18 of which are worth 1.15 million yuan through efforts to collect stock, and 26 of which are not disposed of by 1.99 million yuan<ref name=":2" />

First, the guarantee mechanism is not perfect, the degree of marketization is not high. Second, due to the uncertainty of the preservation of forest resource assets, it is difficult to realize the acquisition, storage and realization of mortgage assets after some borrowers fail to repay their loans due to investment failure or death. Third, some forest farmers have a weak sense of integrity. At the same time, the evaluation and guarantee of forest resources and assets do not have the market-oriented operation of social service intermediaries, which also affects the smooth and healthy development of forest right mortgage loans.<ref name=":2" />

=== Forest nurse ===
All villagers in Longquan get legal rights to a piece of land. And all of they aware the importance of protecting their land. But there was an embarrassing situation: each family only has a proper area of forest, which means they can live well with their forest, but it’s impossible to become a wealthy man with it. And people were afraid that if they go out for business someone would log their trees and steal their forestry resources. Therefore, a new system came out, “forest nurse”, helping people take care of forests.<ref name=":1" />

==== Different type of forest nurse:<ref name=":1" /> ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Types
!Definition
!Advantages
!Disadvantages
|-
|Equity joint 'forest nurse'
|Villagers or communities provide lands and companies provide money to manage the land. The tenure of the land will not change. Companies in charge of selling the products of forests, and net profits will divided based on stocks.
|Companies have the best skills on how to make the biggest profits, and villagers would receive the economic benefits. In addition, villagers don't have to spend time on managing the forest.
|These companies are in interested group, they come to make profits and they would not care what's going on in the forests.
|-
|Communal 'forest nurse'
|Villagers who selling the same type of forestry products voluntarily come together and make up a mutual-helping group. All the forests are managed by members together.
|Partial turn from the price-taker to price-maker.
|Because this is a voluntary group without strict regulation, sometimes member would have conflict opinion on how to manage the forests.
|-
|Lease type 'forest nurese'
|Villagers rent their forests to others. And tenant could manage and sell products.
|Villagers are totally free under this type of 'forest nurse', they can begin other business.
|May cause strong competition on renting the forests.
|}

=== Property circulation ===

Forestry bureau in Longquan set up forest rights management center, forest rights trading center, forest resources collection and storage center forest resources assets evaluation center, seventeen primary forest rights management service point, and 43 financial spots at August 2007.<ref name=":3">Wang, Y. (2013). Solving the bottleneck of the forest reform -- longquan city takes the lead in releasing         the certificate of forest management rights. 浙江林业,   (11), 14-15.</ref>

The forest warrant attributes and spatial attributes are all digitized into the system, and updated in time according to the needs to realize dynamic management to achieve the consistency of people, places, and certificates<ref name=":3" />

== Administrative arrangements ==

==Affected Stakeholders==

=== High interests & Low power ===
Villagers who don't rent their household plots: They live in village and their forests are the only thing they depend on. They really care about what's going on in their household plots, because their life would be directly affected by forests.

Owners of lease type 'forest nurse': Owners get the legal rights of these forests, and they have the same role as villagers who don't rent their household plots.

=== High interests & High power ===
Owners of communal 'forest nurse': The mutual-help group is come up with villagers who want to have a better price of their forest production. And These forests belong to them, they care about these forests. Moreover, they have more power than individual.

Village committee: They represent the villagers' rights and prevent outsiders logging in villagers' household plots. They have power to make negotiate with governments.

==Interested Stakeholders==

=== Low interests & Low power ===
Villagers who rent their household and get another job: They get rental and do not care about forests.

Villagers who get right mortgage loan: They get the loan to start their own business and leave their forests alone.

Credit Cooperatives:

=== Low interests & High power ===
Companies in Equity joint 'forest nurse': Make profits from the forests, and they can go anywhere else.

Workers in Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency: Just take the salary and work here.

==Discussion==

=== Tenure change ===

==== Intentions ====
To provide villagers' legal right to the forests and make sure everyone owns forest, governments released the new policy and made tenure change.

==== Assessment ====
Clear forestry property rights, according to law to protect the legitimate rights and interests of forest farmers. Aroused the enthusiasm of forest farmer, activated forestry management mechanism. We have promoted the standardized circulation of forest rights and optimized the allocation of forest resources. It unifies the archiving and preservation of forest ownership data and establishes the foundation of forest right management system. Mediation of a large number of forest disputes, effectively maintain the social harmony and stability of forest region .<ref name=":0" />However, some villagers can't manage their forest well and cause the degeneration. Some villagers don't want to make a live with forest, instead they want to do something bigger. Meanwhile, villagers only have forests resource which need time to become money. Although the tenure change have improved villagers' life a lot, there were still some problems need to be solved. Therefore, villagers and local governments come up with some new implications.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
==== Intentions ====
Longquan is located in a mountainous area, in the southwest of Zhejiang province. One of the important problems of Longquan city's rural development is the difficulty in obtaining loans.<ref>俞滨. (三权”抵押贷款探索与实践

——以龙泉农信联社为例

</ref>Through this measure, the forest right is taken as the carrier of mortgage financing to transform resources into capital, make the forest right certificate become the "credit card" of forest farmers, and the forest becomes the green bank, so as to transform the potential resource advantage into the actual economic advantage.<ref name=":0" />

==== Assessment ====
This new implication of forests promotes the financial development of Longquan and help villagers get out of the small town. The new implication give these people who have wild ambition a chance to make their dream come true. The regulations of this implication are not comprehensive enough. And the process of replying the loan is pretty complete, some villagers enough don't know how to reply.

=== 'Forest nurse' ===
==== Intentions ====
After the tenure change, everyone owns household plot. However, some of them would like to do other business rather than make profits from the forests. To make these people free and avoid degeneration of these forests, 'forest nurse' came out.<ref name=":1" />

==== Assessment ====
To some extent, it can reduce the disputes between farmers and promote the popularization of forestry technology.<ref name=":1" /> This implication collect individual forests to one person or group. Turn from the small-scale forest management to large-scale forest management. Not only improved productivity, but also improving local people' life quality. But it will make individual villager become hard to compete with them.

==Recommendations==

=== Strengthen publicity and raise awareness ===
First, we will make full use of the radio, newspaper, television and other media to publicize policies related to the reform of the forest rights system, increase the enthusiasm of forest farmers in participating in democratic decision-making on the circulation of collective forest resources, and increase their awareness of protecting forest resources. The second is to improve the financial sector's understanding of forestry and participation in the forest rights mortgage business enthusiasm

=== Strengthen forest rights management and services ===
Complete the regulation of forest right mortgage loan, and improve workers efficiency.

=== Establish database and implement digital forest right management ===
The relevant information of the ownership and use right of forest, forest, forestland, establish complete electronic archives and convenient and rapid digitalization management system, can undertake locking to the forest right card after forest right mortgage loan, avoid the household owner applies for cutting formalities and forest right change formalities without authorization after mortgage

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-25T23:24:11Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Property circulation */

Add your summary here

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
[[File:Longquan.png|thumb|Satellite of Longquan]]
Longquan is a county-level city and former county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lishui. Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 square hectometers and a forestry land of 259,900 square hectometers, including a woodland area of 227,100 square hectometers and a shrub woodland area of 8,200 square hectometers. Among the woodland, there are 155,200 square hectometers timber stands, 25,300 square hectometers shelterbelts, 2,500 square hectometers special forests, 35,100 square hectometers bamboo forests, and 9,000 square hectometers economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.018 million cubic meters, with 38 qubic meters per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref name=":0">Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39.</ref>

=== History context ===
Longquan is surrounded by hills, and was isolated before 1981. People in Longquan got benefits from the abundant forestry resources for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore after the Chinese economic reform. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref name=":1">[null Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: "Lin nannies" become the fresh force of building modern forestry.] ''绿色中国,        '' (Z2), 56-57.</ref>People in Longquan were live in poor life between 1950-1980.

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in a rural area owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-1991: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.<ref>Huang, L., Chen, S. & Chen, Q. (2005). On the reform of forest resource property right system in China. 西北林学院学报, 20(02), 190-196.</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==

=== Before the big change ===
Same as Naidu, the tenure and property of forests in Longquan before 1981 were chaotic because of the wrong leadership.
[[File:366050edc86fda1df4d76418ff6ce4d8.jpg|thumb|Villagers first time get legal rights to land during 1950-1953]]
1950-1953: After the implementation of the 'Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China', large forests, wasteland and barren hills in the whole country have been nationalized. In Longquan, through the land reform, the local people have separated the individual-owned forests, and the forest owners can freely cut, utilize, sell and give away all the forests they own.

1953-1956: Since 1953, the rural cooperative movement has begun, and the work of joining the community in mountain forests has been carried out. The individual ownership of mountain and forest rights of farmers has been transformed. The local people only retain the ownership of the trees on the hills and the scattered trees in front and behind the houses. The ownership of the mountains and the patches of trees is converted to collective ownership by the cooperatives through discount.
[[File:36ba72a08b87d56c520de28f27c9ad8e.jpg|thumb|Villagers shared everything during 1957-1980]]
1957-1980: Since 1957, the situation got worse. Through the implementation of 'Rural People's Communes 61' and the campaign of 'one year and two communes', farmers have been forced to join the people's communes and all the mountain forests of the former cooperatives have been owned by the communes. During the Cultural Revolution, the countryside began to merge with the society and carry out the movement of "cutting the tail of capitalism", confiscating the residents 'self-retaining mountains, land and trees. As a result, only the state and collective ownership of forests, trees and woodlands.

=== After the big change ===
Between 1981 and 1984, Longquan began the first step of revolution. Trying to stabilize the property of forests, ensure the individual forest area, and confirm the Forestry production responsibility system. After three years, there were 437.4 square kilometers household plot area, 1439 square kilometer responsible area, 644.5 square kilometer collective forests area and 67.3 square kilometer state forests area.<ref>[null Hong, R. (2012). Study on the reform of forest rights system in longquan city. (Doctoral dissertation,] 浙江        农林大学).</ref>

In 1981, the forestry "three-fix" reform, with the main contents of "stabilizing mountain rights and forest rights, delimiting self-retaining mountains, and determining the contractual responsibility system for forestry production", began, which is the beginning of the diversification of forest resources ownership in China. In 1981, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council promulgated the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Forestry by Protecting Forests (No. 21 of the Central Committee [1981]). The vast number of peasants were assigned to the self-retaining hills and contracted to the responsible hills. Professional and key households contracted for afforestation of barren hills In 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Ten Policies on Further Activating the Rural Economy. The policy of opening up the market and afforestation to the household in collective forest areas has enabled farmers to have more adequate forest land management rights and forest ownership. At the same time, the contractual responsibility system with the main characteristics of decentralization of profits is implemented in the state-owned forest areas, which transfers the management rights of some state-owned forestry enterprises to the operators. However, due to the failure to keep up with the supporting policies and the lack of trust of operators in the reform policies, there is a serious phenomenon of deforestation in the south.

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Definition
!Tenure
|-
|Household plot
|Household plot was the land which community allocated for each local people during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household has using right to forests and all production of the forests. This land could be inherited and transferred. Government and communities could not take it back.
|-
|Responsible mountains
|Responsibility mountains is the land which rural community divided barren mountains and a part of old collective mountains to each household during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household could manage it. The production in old collective mountains belong to community and the production in barren area belong to individual.
|-
|Collective forests
|
|Community has the legal ownership of the forests, and all production in the forests belong to villagers.
|-
|State forests
|
|State has legal ownership of the forests, and people who has license has using right.
|}

==Implications==

After the change of tenure, there are some new implications for forests which promote the development of both economy and conservation.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
[[File:LOAN1997.png|thumb|Main process of Loan|500x500px]]
Longquan city has set up a Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency to actively promote the circulation of forest resources. Basic program in forest right mortgage: Household plot owners go to Credit Cooperatives apply for loans. Credit Cooperatives, Forest Service, and Village Committee mortgage evaluate the household plot and sign entrust guarantee contract with Forest Resources Storage Center. After the forest right mortgage registered by the Forest Service, Credit Cooperatives would release the loan. The loan term is tentatively set as one year and the loan limit is temporally set as 50% of the assessed value of the mortgaged right.<ref name=":0" /> Within the term of the loan, the mortgaged property shall still be managed by the owner of household plot and supervised by the Forestry Service.

During the mortgage loan period, the trees mortgaged shall not issue the tree cutting license without the consent of the mortgagee, nor shall they go through the procedures for transferring ownership of the trees.<ref name=":0" />

1.      Collection and storage center guarantee

2.      Forest right direct mortgage

3.      Forest right plus credit, forest right small circular l

==== EXAMPLES: ====
[[File:55b0c26982f76ccd74746f90b6c473f6.jpg|thumb|600x600px]]
1.The renovation of 30 percent of the dilapidated houses in the other three villages of Xianbian, Anfu and Dachu in Anren town, Longquan city, exceeded one million yuan through the mortgage of forest rights, accounting for on-quarter of the total construction funds.

2.Neng fu company solved the capital problem by taking out a mortgage of 12 million yuan of forest right. Under the severe situation of financial crisis, the export of foreign trade increased against the trend, and the export of foreign trade reached 16 million us dollars.

3.The per capita net income of rural residents in Longquan city reached 8,025 yuan, an average annual increase of 19.7 percent.<ref name=":2">[null Tong, H., Deng, W., Wu, Z., Cheng, A. & Ying, S. (2012). Study on the effect of the reform of collective forest rights system in longquan city and the follow-up supporting policies.] 华东森林经理, 26(4),            13-17.</ref>

==== PROBLEMS: ====
In Longquan city, there are 44 outstanding mortgages of 3.14 million yuan overdue, 18 of which are worth 1.15 million yuan through efforts to collect stock, and 26 of which are not disposed of by 1.99 million yuan<ref name=":2" />

First, the guarantee mechanism is not perfect, the degree of marketization is not high. Second, due to the uncertainty of the preservation of forest resource assets, it is difficult to realize the acquisition, storage and realization of mortgage assets after some borrowers fail to repay their loans due to investment failure or death. Third, some forest farmers have a weak sense of integrity. At the same time, the evaluation and guarantee of forest resources and assets do not have the market-oriented operation of social service intermediaries, which also affects the smooth and healthy development of forest right mortgage loans.<ref name=":2" />

=== Forest nurse ===
All villagers in Longquan get legal rights to a piece of land. And all of they aware the importance of protecting their land. But there was an embarrassing situation: each family only has a proper area of forest, which means they can live well with their forest, but it’s impossible to become a wealthy man with it. And people were afraid that if they go out for business someone would log their trees and steal their forestry resources. Therefore, a new system came out, “forest nurse”, helping people take care of forests.<ref name=":1" />

==== Different type of forest nurse:<ref name=":1" /> ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Types
!Definition
!Advantages
!Disadvantages
|-
|Equity joint 'forest nurse'
|Villagers or communities provide lands and companies provide money to manage the land. The tenure of the land will not change. Companies in charge of selling the products of forests, and net profits will divided based on stocks.
|Companies have the best skills on how to make the biggest profits, and villagers would receive the economic benefits. In addition, villagers don't have to spend time on managing the forest.
|These companies are in interested group, they come to make profits and they would not care what's going on in the forests.
|-
|Communal 'forest nurse'
|Villagers who selling the same type of forestry products voluntarily come together and make up a mutual-helping group. All the forests are managed by members together.
|Partial turn from the price-taker to price-maker.
|Because this is a voluntary group without strict regulation, sometimes member would have conflict opinion on how to manage the forests.
|-
|Lease type 'forest nurese'
|Villagers rent their forests to others. And tenant could manage and sell products.
|Villagers are totally free under this type of 'forest nurse', they can begin other business.
|May cause strong competition on renting the forests.
|}

==== Successful example ====
[[File:5d905e5d8259f821a59dac4734049ad7.jpg|thumb]]
Shui Zhou, a famous forest nurse in local, combines three types 'forest nurse' to manage around 14,000,070 square meters low productive forests and barren mountains from 132 households, 9 villages. His job is forestation. To improve the quality and quantity of the forests production, Shui Zhou employs villagers who have rich experience with deforestation to help him manage the forests. Most part of these forests belong to villagers who go to city for jobs. Without Shui Zhou, these forests would be logged by outsiders or degenerate. Till 2009, the value of these forests reached to 16,000,000 RMB.<ref name=":1" />

== Administrative arrangements ==

==Affected Stakeholders==

=== High interests & Low power ===
Villagers who don't rent their household plots: They live in village and their forests are the only thing they depend on. They really care about what's going on in their household plots, because their life would be directly affected by forests.

Owners of lease type 'forest nurse': Owners get the legal rights of these forests, and they have the same role as villagers who don't rent their household plots.

=== High interests & High power ===
Owners of communal 'forest nurse': The mutual-help group is come up with villagers who want to have a better price of their forest production. And These forests belong to them, they care about these forests. Moreover, they have more power than individual.

Village committee: They represent the villagers' rights and prevent outsiders logging in villagers' household plots. They have power to make negotiate with governments.

==Interested Stakeholders==

=== Low interests & Low power ===
Villagers who rent their household and get another job: They get rental and do not care about forests.

Villagers who get right mortgage loan: They get the loan to start their own business and leave their forests alone.

Credit Cooperatives:

=== Low interests & High power ===
Companies in Equity joint 'forest nurse': Make profits from the forests, and they can go anywhere else.

Workers in Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency: Just take the salary and work here.

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

=== Tenure change ===

==== Intentions ====
To provide villagers' legal right to the forests and make sure everyone owns forest, governments released the new policy and made tenure change.

==== Assessment ====
Clear forestry property rights, according to law to protect the legitimate rights and interests of forest farmers. Aroused the enthusiasm of forest farmer, activated forestry management mechanism. We have promoted the standardized circulation of forest rights and optimized the allocation of forest resources. It unifies the archiving and preservation of forest ownership data and establishes the foundation of forest right management system. Mediation of a large number of forest disputes, effectively maintain the social harmony and stability of forest region .<ref name=":0" />However, some villagers can't manage their forest well and cause the degeneration. Some villagers don't want to make a live with forest, instead they want to do something bigger. Meanwhile, villagers only have forests resource which need time to become money. Although the tenure change have improved villagers' life a lot, there were still some problems need to be solved. Therefore, villagers and local governments come up with some new implications.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
==== Intentions ====
Longquan is located in a mountainous area, in the southwest of Zhejiang province. One of the important problems of Longquan city's rural development is the difficulty in obtaining loans.<ref>俞滨. (三权”抵押贷款探索与实践

——以龙泉农信联社为例

</ref>Through this measure, the forest right is taken as the carrier of mortgage financing to transform resources into capital, make the forest right certificate become the "credit card" of forest farmers, and the forest becomes the green bank, so as to transform the potential resource advantage into the actual economic advantage.<ref name=":0" />

==== Assessment ====
This new implication of forests promotes the financial development of Longquan and help villagers get out of the small town. The new implication give these people who have wild ambition a chance to make their dream come true. The regulations of this implication are not comprehensive enough. And the process of replying the loan is pretty complete, some villagers enough don't know how to reply.

=== 'Forest nurse' ===
==== Intentions ====
After the tenure change, everyone owns household plot. However, some of them would like to do other business rather than make profits from the forests. To make these people free and avoid degeneration of these forests, 'forest nurse' came out.<ref name=":1" />

==== Assessment ====
To some extent, it can reduce the disputes between farmers and promote the popularization of forestry technology.<ref name=":1" /> This implication collect individual forests to one person or group. Turn from the small-scale forest management to large-scale forest management. Not only improved productivity, but also improving local people' life quality. But it will make individual villager become hard to compete with them.

==Recommendations==

=== Strengthen publicity and raise awareness ===
First, we will make full use of the radio, newspaper, television and other media to publicize policies related to the reform of the forest rights system, increase the enthusiasm of forest farmers in participating in democratic decision-making on the circulation of collective forest resources, and increase their awareness of protecting forest resources. The second is to improve the financial sector's understanding of forestry and participation in the forest rights mortgage business enthusiasm

=== Strengthen forest rights management and services ===
Complete the regulation of forest right mortgage loan, and improve workers efficiency.

=== Establish database and implement digital forest right management ===
The relevant information of the ownership and use right of forest, forest, forestland, establish complete electronic archives and convenient and rapid digitalization management system, can undertake locking to the forest right card after forest right mortgage loan, avoid the household owner applies for cutting formalities and forest right change formalities without authorization after mortgage

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-25T23:02:50Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Tenure change */

Add your summary here

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
[[File:Longquan.png|thumb|Satellite of Longquan]]
Longquan is a county-level city and former county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lishui. Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 square hectometers and a forestry land of 259,900 square hectometers, including a woodland area of 227,100 square hectometers and a shrub woodland area of 8,200 square hectometers. Among the woodland, there are 155,200 square hectometers timber stands, 25,300 square hectometers shelterbelts, 2,500 square hectometers special forests, 35,100 square hectometers bamboo forests, and 9,000 square hectometers economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.018 million cubic meters, with 38 qubic meters per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref name=":0">Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39.</ref>

=== History context ===
Longquan is surrounded by hills, and was isolated before 1981. People in Longquan got benefits from the abundant forestry resources for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore after the Chinese economic reform. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref name=":1">[null Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: "Lin nannies" become the fresh force of building modern forestry.] ''绿色中国,        '' (Z2), 56-57.</ref>People in Longquan were live in poor life between 1950-1980.

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in a rural area owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-1991: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.<ref>Huang, L., Chen, S. & Chen, Q. (2005). On the reform of forest resource property right system in China. 西北林学院学报, 20(02), 190-196.</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==

=== Before the big change ===
Same as Naidu, the tenure and property of forests in Longquan before 1981 were chaotic because of the wrong leadership.
[[File:366050edc86fda1df4d76418ff6ce4d8.jpg|thumb|Villagers first time get legal rights to land during 1950-1953]]
1950-1953: After the implementation of the 'Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China', large forests, wasteland and barren hills in the whole country have been nationalized. In Longquan, through the land reform, the local people have separated the individual-owned forests, and the forest owners can freely cut, utilize, sell and give away all the forests they own.

1953-1956: Since 1953, the rural cooperative movement has begun, and the work of joining the community in mountain forests has been carried out. The individual ownership of mountain and forest rights of farmers has been transformed. The local people only retain the ownership of the trees on the hills and the scattered trees in front and behind the houses. The ownership of the mountains and the patches of trees is converted to collective ownership by the cooperatives through discount.
[[File:36ba72a08b87d56c520de28f27c9ad8e.jpg|thumb|Villagers shared everything during 1957-1980]]
1957-1980: Since 1957, the situation got worse. Through the implementation of 'Rural People's Communes 61' and the campaign of 'one year and two communes', farmers have been forced to join the people's communes and all the mountain forests of the former cooperatives have been owned by the communes. During the Cultural Revolution, the countryside began to merge with the society and carry out the movement of "cutting the tail of capitalism", confiscating the residents 'self-retaining mountains, land and trees. As a result, only the state and collective ownership of forests, trees and woodlands.

=== After the big change ===
Between 1981 and 1984, Longquan began the first step of revolution. Trying to stabilize the property of forests, ensure the individual forest area, and confirm the Forestry production responsibility system. After three years, there were 437.4 square kilometers household plot area, 1439 square kilometer responsible area, 644.5 square kilometer collective forests area and 67.3 square kilometer state forests area.<ref>[null Hong, R. (2012). Study on the reform of forest rights system in longquan city. (Doctoral dissertation,] 浙江        农林大学).</ref>

In 1981, the forestry "three-fix" reform, with the main contents of "stabilizing mountain rights and forest rights, delimiting self-retaining mountains, and determining the contractual responsibility system for forestry production", began, which is the beginning of the diversification of forest resources ownership in China. In 1981, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council promulgated the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Forestry by Protecting Forests (No. 21 of the Central Committee [1981]). The vast number of peasants were assigned to the self-retaining hills and contracted to the responsible hills. Professional and key households contracted for afforestation of barren hills In 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Ten Policies on Further Activating the Rural Economy. The policy of opening up the market and afforestation to the household in collective forest areas has enabled farmers to have more adequate forest land management rights and forest ownership. At the same time, the contractual responsibility system with the main characteristics of decentralization of profits is implemented in the state-owned forest areas, which transfers the management rights of some state-owned forestry enterprises to the operators. However, due to the failure to keep up with the supporting policies and the lack of trust of operators in the reform policies, there is a serious phenomenon of deforestation in the south.

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Definition
!Tenure
|-
|Household plot
|Household plot was the land which community allocated for each local people during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household has using right to forests and all production of the forests. This land could be inherited and transferred. Government and communities could not take it back.
|-
|Responsible mountains
|Responsibility mountains is the land which rural community divided barren mountains and a part of old collective mountains to each household during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household could manage it. The production in old collective mountains belong to community and the production in barren area belong to individual.
|-
|Collective forests
|
|Community has the legal ownership of the forests, and all production in the forests belong to villagers.
|-
|State forests
|
|State has legal ownership of the forests, and people who has license has using right.
|}

==Implications==

After the change of tenure, there are some new implications for forests which promote the development of both economy and conservation.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
[[File:LOAN1997.png|thumb|Main process of Loan|500x500px]]
Longquan city has set up a Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency to actively promote the circulation of forest resources. Basic program in forest right mortgage: Household plot owners go to Credit Cooperatives apply for loans. Credit Cooperatives, Forest Service, and Village Committee mortgage evaluate the household plot and sign entrust guarantee contract with Forest Resources Storage Center. After the forest right mortgage registered by the Forest Service, Credit Cooperatives would release the loan. The loan term is tentatively set as one year and the loan limit is temporally set as 50% of the assessed value of the mortgaged right.<ref name=":0" /> Within the term of the loan, the mortgaged property shall still be managed by the owner of household plot and supervised by the Forestry Service.

During the mortgage loan period, the trees mortgaged shall not issue the tree cutting license without the consent of the mortgagee, nor shall they go through the procedures for transferring ownership of the trees.<ref name=":0" />

1.      Collection and storage center guarantee

2.      Forest right direct mortgage

3.      Forest right plus credit, forest right small circular l

==== EXAMPLES: ====
[[File:55b0c26982f76ccd74746f90b6c473f6.jpg|thumb|600x600px]]
1.The renovation of 30 percent of the dilapidated houses in the other three villages of Xianbian, Anfu and Dachu in Anren town, Longquan city, exceeded one million yuan through the mortgage of forest rights, accounting for on-quarter of the total construction funds.

2.Neng fu company solved the capital problem by taking out a mortgage of 12 million yuan of forest right. Under the severe situation of financial crisis, the export of foreign trade increased against the trend, and the export of foreign trade reached 16 million us dollars.

3.The per capita net income of rural residents in Longquan city reached 8,025 yuan, an average annual increase of 19.7 percent.<ref name=":2">[null Tong, H., Deng, W., Wu, Z., Cheng, A. & Ying, S. (2012). Study on the effect of the reform of collective forest rights system in longquan city and the follow-up supporting policies.] 华东森林经理, 26(4),            13-17.</ref>

==== PROBLEMS: ====
In Longquan city, there are 44 outstanding mortgages of 3.14 million yuan overdue, 18 of which are worth 1.15 million yuan through efforts to collect stock, and 26 of which are not disposed of by 1.99 million yuan<ref name=":2" />

First, the guarantee mechanism is not perfect, the degree of marketization is not high. Second, due to the uncertainty of the preservation of forest resource assets, it is difficult to realize the acquisition, storage and realization of mortgage assets after some borrowers fail to repay their loans due to investment failure or death. Third, some forest farmers have a weak sense of integrity. At the same time, the evaluation and guarantee of forest resources and assets do not have the market-oriented operation of social service intermediaries, which also affects the smooth and healthy development of forest right mortgage loans.<ref name=":2" />

=== Forest nurse ===
All villagers in Longquan get legal rights to a piece of land. And all of they aware the importance of protecting their land. But there was an embarrassing situation: each family only has a proper area of forest, which means they can live well with their forest, but it’s impossible to become a wealthy man with it. And people were afraid that if they go out for business someone would log their trees and steal their forestry resources. Therefore, a new system came out, “forest nurse”, helping people take care of forests.<ref name=":1" />

==== Different type of forest nurse:<ref name=":1" /> ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Types
!Definition
!Advantages
!Disadvantages
|-
|Equity joint 'forest nurse'
|Villagers or communities provide lands and companies provide money to manage the land. The tenure of the land will not change. Companies in charge of selling the products of forests, and net profits will divided based on stocks.
|Companies have the best skills on how to make the biggest profits, and villagers would receive the economic benefits. In addition, villagers don't have to spend time on managing the forest.
|These companies are in interested group, they come to make profits and they would not care what's going on in the forests.
|-
|Communal 'forest nurse'
|Villagers who selling the same type of forestry products voluntarily come together and make up a mutual-helping group. All the forests are managed by members together.
|Partial turn from the price-taker to price-maker.
|Because this is a voluntary group without strict regulation, sometimes member would have conflict opinion on how to manage the forests.
|-
|Lease type 'forest nurese'
|Villagers rent their forests to others. And tenant could manage and sell products.
|Villagers are totally free under this type of 'forest nurse', they can begin other business.
|May cause strong competition on renting the forests.
|}

=== Property circulation ===

Forestry bureau in Longquan set up forest rights management center, forest rights trading center, forest resources collection and storage center forest resources assets evaluation center, seventeen primary forest rights management service point, and 43 financial spots at August 2007.<ref name=":3">Wang, Y. (2013). Solving the bottleneck of the forest reform -- longquan city takes the lead in releasing         the certificate of forest management rights. 浙江林业,   (11), 14-15.</ref>

The forest warrant attributes and spatial attributes are all digitized into the system, and updated in time according to the needs to realize dynamic management to achieve the consistency of people, places, and certificates<ref name=":3" />

== Administrative arrangements ==

==Affected Stakeholders==

=== High interests & Low power ===
Villagers who don't rent their household plots: They live in village and their forests are the only thing they depend on. They really care about what's going on in their household plots, because their life would be directly affected by forests.

Owners of lease type 'forest nurse': Owners get the legal rights of these forests, and they have the same role as villagers who don't rent their household plots.

=== High interests & High power ===
Owners of communal 'forest nurse': The mutual-help group is come up with villagers who want to have a better price of their forest production. And These forests belong to them, they care about these forests. Moreover, they have more power than individual.

Village committee: They represent the villagers' rights and prevent outsiders logging in villagers' household plots. They have power to make negotiate with governments.

==Interested Stakeholders==

=== Low interests & Low power ===
Villagers who rent their household and get another job: They get rental and do not care about forests.

Villagers who get right mortgage loan: They get the loan to start their own business and leave their forests alone.

Credit Cooperatives:

=== Low interests & High power ===
Companies in Equity joint 'forest nurse': Make profits from the forests, and they can go anywhere else.

Workers in Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency: Just take the salary and work here.

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

=== Tenure change ===

==== Intentions ====
To provide villagers' legal right to the forests and make sure everyone owns forest, governments released the new policy and made tenure change.

==== Assessment ====
Clear forestry property rights, according to law to protect the legitimate rights and interests of forest farmers. Aroused the enthusiasm of forest farmer, activated forestry management mechanism. We have promoted the standardized circulation of forest rights and optimized the allocation of forest resources. It unifies the archiving and preservation of forest ownership data and establishes the foundation of forest right management system. Mediation of a large number of forest disputes, effectively maintain the social harmony and stability of forest region .<ref name=":0" />However, some villagers can't manage their forest well and cause the degeneration. Some villagers don't want to make a live with forest, instead they want to do something bigger. Meanwhile, villagers only have forests resource which need time to become money. Although the tenure change have improved villagers' life a lot, there were still some problems need to be solved. Therefore, villagers and local governments come up with some new implications.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
==== Intentions ====
Longquan is located in a mountainous area, in the southwest of Zhejiang province. One of the important problems of Longquan city's rural development is the difficulty in obtaining loans.<ref>俞滨. (三权”抵押贷款探索与实践

——以龙泉农信联社为例

</ref>Through this measure, the forest right is taken as the carrier of mortgage financing to transform resources into capital, make the forest right certificate become the "credit card" of forest farmers, and the forest becomes the green bank, so as to transform the potential resource advantage into the actual economic advantage.<ref name=":0" />

==== Assessment ====
This new implication of forests promotes the financial development of Longquan and help villagers get out of the small town. The new implication give these people who have wild ambition a chance to make their dream come true. The regulations of this implication are not comprehensive enough. And the process of replying the loan is pretty complete, some villagers enough don't know how to reply.

=== 'Forest nurse' ===
==== Intentions ====
After the tenure change, everyone owns household plot. However, some of them would like to do other business rather than make profits from the forests. To make these people free and avoid degeneration of these forests, 'forest nurse' came out.<ref name=":1" />

==== Assessment ====
To some extent, it can reduce the disputes between farmers and promote the popularization of forestry technology.<ref name=":1" /> This implication collect individual forests to one person or group. Turn from the small-scale forest management to large-scale forest management. Not only improved productivity, but also improving local people' life quality. But it will make individual villager become hard to compete with them.

==Recommendations==

=== Strengthen publicity and raise awareness ===
First, we will make full use of the radio, newspaper, television and other media to publicize policies related to the reform of the forest rights system, increase the enthusiasm of forest farmers in participating in democratic decision-making on the circulation of collective forest resources, and increase their awareness of protecting forest resources. The second is to improve the financial sector's understanding of forestry and participation in the forest rights mortgage business enthusiasm

=== Strengthen forest rights management and services ===
Complete the regulation of forest right mortgage loan, and improve workers efficiency.

=== Establish database and implement digital forest right management ===
The relevant information of the ownership and use right of forest, forest, forestland, establish complete electronic archives and convenient and rapid digitalization management system, can undertake locking to the forest right card after forest right mortgage loan, avoid the household owner applies for cutting formalities and forest right change formalities without authorization after mortgage

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-25T22:52:00Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Discussion */

Add your summary here

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
[[File:Longquan.png|thumb|Satellite of Longquan]]
Longquan is a county-level city and former county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lishui. Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 square hectometers and a forestry land of 259,900 square hectometers, including a woodland area of 227,100 square hectometers and a shrub woodland area of 8,200 square hectometers. Among the woodland, there are 155,200 square hectometers timber stands, 25,300 square hectometers shelterbelts, 2,500 square hectometers special forests, 35,100 square hectometers bamboo forests, and 9,000 square hectometers economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.018 million cubic meters, with 38 qubic meters per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref name=":0">Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39.</ref>

=== History context ===
Longquan is surrounded by hills, and was isolated before 1981. People in Longquan got benefits from the abundant forestry resources for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore after the Chinese economic reform. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref name=":1">[null Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: "Lin nannies" become the fresh force of building modern forestry.] ''绿色中国,        '' (Z2), 56-57.</ref>People in Longquan were live in poor life between 1950-1980.

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in a rural area owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-1991: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.<ref>Huang, L., Chen, S. & Chen, Q. (2005). On the reform of forest resource property right system in China. 西北林学院学报, 20(02), 190-196.</ref>

==Tenure arrangements==

=== Before the big change ===
Same as Naidu, the tenure and property of forests in Longquan before 1981 were chaotic because of the wrong leadership.
[[File:366050edc86fda1df4d76418ff6ce4d8.jpg|thumb|Villagers first time get legal rights to land during 1950-1953]]
1950-1953: After the implementation of the 'Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China', large forests, wasteland and barren hills in the whole country have been nationalized. In Longquan, through the land reform, the local people have separated the individual-owned forests, and the forest owners can freely cut, utilize, sell and give away all the forests they own.

1953-1956: Since 1953, the rural cooperative movement has begun, and the work of joining the community in mountain forests has been carried out. The individual ownership of mountain and forest rights of farmers has been transformed. The local people only retain the ownership of the trees on the hills and the scattered trees in front and behind the houses. The ownership of the mountains and the patches of trees is converted to collective ownership by the cooperatives through discount.
[[File:36ba72a08b87d56c520de28f27c9ad8e.jpg|thumb|Villagers shared everything during 1957-1980]]
1957-1980: Since 1957, the situation got worse. Through the implementation of 'Rural People's Communes 61' and the campaign of 'one year and two communes', farmers have been forced to join the people's communes and all the mountain forests of the former cooperatives have been owned by the communes. During the Cultural Revolution, the countryside began to merge with the society and carry out the movement of "cutting the tail of capitalism", confiscating the residents 'self-retaining mountains, land and trees. As a result, only the state and collective ownership of forests, trees and woodlands.

=== After the big change ===
Between 1981 and 1984, Longquan began the first step of revolution. Trying to stabilize the property of forests, ensure the individual forest area, and confirm the Forestry production responsibility system. After three years, there were 437.4 square kilometers household plot area, 1439 square kilometer responsible area, 644.5 square kilometer collective forests area and 67.3 square kilometer state forests area.<ref>[null Hong, R. (2012). Study on the reform of forest rights system in longquan city. (Doctoral dissertation,] 浙江        农林大学).</ref>

In 1981, the forestry "three-fix" reform, with the main contents of "stabilizing mountain rights and forest rights, delimiting self-retaining mountains, and determining the contractual responsibility system for forestry production", began, which is the beginning of the diversification of forest resources ownership in China. In 1981, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council promulgated the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Forestry by Protecting Forests (No. 21 of the Central Committee [1981]). The vast number of peasants were assigned to the self-retaining hills and contracted to the responsible hills. Professional and key households contracted for afforestation of barren hills In 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Ten Policies on Further Activating the Rural Economy. The policy of opening up the market and afforestation to the household in collective forest areas has enabled farmers to have more adequate forest land management rights and forest ownership. At the same time, the contractual responsibility system with the main characteristics of decentralization of profits is implemented in the state-owned forest areas, which transfers the management rights of some state-owned forestry enterprises to the operators. However, due to the failure to keep up with the supporting policies and the lack of trust of operators in the reform policies, there is a serious phenomenon of deforestation in the south.

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Definition
!Tenure
|-
|Household plot
|Household plot was the land which community allocated for each local people during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household has using right to forests and all production of the forests. This land could be inherited and transferred. Government and communities could not take it back.
|-
|Responsible mountains
|Responsibility mountains is the land which rural community divided barren mountains and a part of old collective mountains to each household during the 'Three-Fix' period.
|Communities has the ownership of this land, but each household could manage it. The production in old collective mountains belong to community and the production in barren area belong to individual.
|-
|Collective forests
|
|Community has the legal ownership of the forests, and all production in the forests belong to villagers.
|-
|State forests
|
|State has legal ownership of the forests, and people who has license has using right.
|}

==Implications==

After the change of tenure, there are some new implications for forests which promote the development of both economy and conservation.

=== Forest right mortgage loan ===
[[File:LOAN1997.png|thumb|Main process of Loan|500x500px]]
Longquan city has set up a Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency to actively promote the circulation of forest resources. Basic program in forest right mortgage: Household plot owners go to Credit Cooperatives apply for loans. Credit Cooperatives, Forest Service, and Village Committee mortgage evaluate the household plot and sign entrust guarantee contract with Forest Resources Storage Center. After the forest right mortgage registered by the Forest Service, Credit Cooperatives would release the loan. The loan term is tentatively set as one year and the loan limit is temporally set as 50% of the assessed value of the mortgaged right.<ref name=":0" /> Within the term of the loan, the mortgaged property shall still be managed by the owner of household plot and supervised by the Forestry Service.

During the mortgage loan period, the trees mortgaged shall not issue the tree cutting license without the consent of the mortgagee, nor shall they go through the procedures for transferring ownership of the trees.<ref name=":0" />

1.      Collection and storage center guarantee

2.      Forest right direct mortgage

3.      Forest right plus credit, forest right small circular l

==== EXAMPLES: ====
[[File:55b0c26982f76ccd74746f90b6c473f6.jpg|thumb|600x600px]]
1.The renovation of 30 percent of the dilapidated houses in the other three villages of Xianbian, Anfu and Dachu in Anren town, Longquan city, exceeded one million yuan through the mortgage of forest rights, accounting for on-quarter of the total construction funds.

2.Neng fu company solved the capital problem by taking out a mortgage of 12 million yuan of forest right. Under the severe situation of financial crisis, the export of foreign trade increased against the trend, and the export of foreign trade reached 16 million us dollars.

3.The per capita net income of rural residents in Longquan city reached 8,025 yuan, an average annual increase of 19.7 percent.<ref name=":2">[null Tong, H., Deng, W., Wu, Z., Cheng, A. & Ying, S. (2012). Study on the effect of the reform of collective forest rights system in longquan city and the follow-up supporting policies.] 华东森林经理, 26(4),            13-17.</ref>

==== PROBLEMS: ====
In Longquan city, there are 44 outstanding mortgages of 3.14 million yuan overdue, 18 of which are worth 1.15 million yuan through efforts to collect stock, and 26 of which are not disposed of by 1.99 million yuan<ref name=":2" />

First, the guarantee mechanism is not perfect, the degree of marketization is not high. Second, due to the uncertainty of the preservation of forest resource assets, it is difficult to realize the acquisition, storage and realization of mortgage assets after some borrowers fail to repay their loans due to investment failure or death. Third, some forest farmers have a weak sense of integrity. At the same time, the evaluation and guarantee of forest resources and assets do not have the market-oriented operation of social service intermediaries, which also affects the smooth and healthy development of forest right mortgage loans.<ref name=":2" />

=== Forest nurse ===
All villagers in Longquan get legal rights to a piece of land. And all of they aware the importance of protecting their land. But there was an embarrassing situation: each family only has a proper area of forest, which means they can live well with their forest, but it’s impossible to become a wealthy man with it. And people were afraid that if they go out for business someone would log their trees and steal their forestry resources. Therefore, a new system came out, “forest nurse”, helping people take care of forests.<ref name=":1" />

==== Different type of forest nurse:<ref name=":1" /> ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Types
!Definition
!Advantages
!Disadvantages
|-
|Equity joint 'forest nurse'
|Villagers or communities provide lands and companies provide money to manage the land. The tenure of the land will not change. Companies in charge of selling the products of forests, and net profits will divided based on stocks.
|Companies have the best skills on how to make the biggest profits, and villagers would receive the economic benefits. In addition, villagers don't have to spend time on managing the forest.
|These companies are in interested group, they come to make profits and they would not care what's going on in the forests.
|-
|Communal 'forest nurse'
|Villagers who selling the same type of forestry products voluntarily come together and make up a mutual-helping group. All the forests are managed by members together.
|Partial turn from the price-taker to price-maker.
|Because this is a voluntary group without strict regulation, sometimes member would have conflict opinion on how to manage the forests.
|-
|Lease type 'forest nurese'
|Villagers rent their forests to others. And tenant could manage and sell products.
|Villagers are totally free under this type of 'forest nurse', they can begin other business.
|May cause strong competition on renting the forests.
|}

=== Property circulation ===

Forestry bureau in Longquan set up forest rights management center, forest rights trading center, forest resources collection and storage center forest resources assets evaluation center, seventeen primary forest rights management service point, and 43 financial spots at August 2007.<ref name=":3">Wang, Y. (2013). Solving the bottleneck of the forest reform -- longquan city takes the lead in releasing         the certificate of forest management rights. 浙江林业,   (11), 14-15.</ref>

The forest warrant attributes and spatial attributes are all digitized into the system, and updated in time according to the needs to realize dynamic management to achieve the consistency of people, places, and certificates<ref name=":3" />

== Administrative arrangements ==

==Affected Stakeholders==

=== High interests & Low power ===
Villagers who don't rent their household plots: They live in village and their forests are the only thing they depend on. They really care about what's going on in their household plots, because their life would be directly affected by forests.

Owners of lease type 'forest nurse': Owners get the legal rights of these forests, and they have the same role as villagers who don't rent their household plots.

=== High interests & High power ===
Owners of communal 'forest nurse': The mutual-help group is come up with villagers who want to have a better price of their forest production. And These forests belong to them, they care about these forests. Moreover, they have more power than individual.

Village committee: They represent the villagers' rights and prevent outsiders logging in villagers' household plots. They have power to make negotiate with governments.

==Interested Stakeholders==

=== Low interests & Low power ===
Villagers who rent their household and get another job: They get rental and do not care about forests.

Villagers who get right mortgage loan: They get the loan to start their own business and leave their forests alone.

Credit Cooperatives:

=== Low interests & High power ===
Companies in Equity joint 'forest nurse': Make profits from the forests, and they can go anywhere else.

Workers in Forest Right Management Center, Forest Resources Storage Center and Forest Assets Evaluation Agency: Just take the salary and work here.

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

=== Tenure change ===

==== Intentions ====
To provide villagers' legal right to the forests and make sure everyone owns forest, governments released the new policy and made tenure change.

==== Assessment ====
Clear forestry property rights, according to law to protect the legitimate rights and interests of forest farmers. Aroused the enthusiasm of forest farmer, activated forestry management mechanism. We have promoted the standardized circulation of forest rights and optimized the allocation of forest resources. It unifies the archiving and preservation of forest ownership data and establishes the foundation of forest right management system. Mediation of a large number of forest disputes, effectively maintain the social harmony and stability of forest region .<ref name=":0" />However, some villagers can't manage their forest well and cause the degeneration. Some villagers don't want to make a live with forest, instead they want to do something bigger. Meanwhile, villagers only have forests resource which need time to become money. Although the tenure change have improved villagers' life a lot, there were still some problems need to be solved. Therefore, villagers and local governments come up with some new implications.

==== Forest right mortgage loan ====

===== Intentions =====
Longquan is located in a mountainous area, in the southwest of Zhejiang province. One of the important problems of Longquan city's rural development is the difficulty in obtaining loans.<ref>俞滨. (三权”抵押贷款探索与实践

——以龙泉农信联社为例

</ref>Through this measure, the forest right is taken as the carrier of mortgage financing to transform resources into capital, make the forest right certificate become the "credit card" of forest farmers, and the forest becomes the green bank, so as to transform the potential resource advantage into the actual economic advantage.<ref name=":0" />

===== Assessment =====
This new implication of forests promotes the financial development of Longquan and help villagers get out of the small town. The new implication give these people who have wild ambition a chance to make their dream come true. The regulations of this implication are not comprehensive enough. And the process of replying the loan is pretty complete, some villagers enough don't know how to reply.

==== 'Forest nurse' ====

===== Intentions =====
After the tenure change, everyone owns household plot. However, some of them would like to do other business rather than make profits from the forests. To make these people free and avoid degeneration of these forests, 'forest nurse' came out.<ref name=":1" />

===== Assessment =====
To some extent, it can reduce the disputes between farmers and promote the popularization of forestry technology.<ref name=":1" /> This implication collect individual forests to one person or group. Turn from the small-scale forest management to large-scale forest management. Not only improved productivity, but also improving local people' life quality. But it will make individual villager become hard to compete with them.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-25T21:41:09Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Affected Stakeholders */

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-25T18:04:49Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Different type of forest nurse:[2] */

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-25T04:29:12Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Implications */

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-25T01:54:35Z

LINGSENKONG: /* After the big change */

File:LOAN1997.png

2018-11-25T00:59:23Z

LINGSENKONG: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
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|date=2018-11-24
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{{self|cc-by-sa-4.0}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-24T23:22:25Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Before the big change */

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-23T05:10:48Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Forest right mortgage loan */

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-23T04:42:18Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Timeline of the property of forest resource */

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-23T03:48:22Z

LINGSENKONG: /* Geographical conditions */

File:Longquan.png

2018-11-23T03:25:30Z

LINGSENKONG: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Satellite picture}}
|date=2018-11-22
|source=Google map
|author=Google map
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=={{int:license-header}}==
{{cc-by-sa-4.0}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The implications for forests and people of the tenure changes in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, China

2018-11-23T00:18:03Z

LINGSENKONG: /* References */

Add your summary here

==Description==

=== Geographical conditions ===
Longquan city is in the southwest of Zhejiang province, with a total area of 303,900 hm2 and a forestry land of 259,900 hm2, including a woodland area of 22,710,000 hm2 and a shrub woodland area of 0.82 million hm2. Among the woodland, there are 1552 thousand hm2 timber stands, 253 thousand hm2 shelterbelts, 0.25 thousand hm2 special forests, 351 thousand hm2 bamboo forests, and 90 thousand hm2 economic forests. The total amount of live wood accumulation was 1.01821 million m3, with 38m3 per capita and 77.4% of the city's forest coverage.<ref>Cheng, G., & Li, X. (2010). On the practice and development strategy of collective forest rights reform in longquan city. 安徽农学通报, 16(22), 39-39.</ref>

=== History context ===
People in Longquan got benefits from the forests for hundreds of years. However, this situation could not last anymore after the Chinese economic reform. Cause the tenure and property of forests were chaotic, a forest always has several owners. And there was no specific regulation to rule people which lead to degeneration of forests in Longquan.<ref>[null Ye, H. (2009). Longquan city: "Lin nannies" become the fresh force of building modern forestry.] ''绿色中国, '' (Z2), 56-57.</ref>

=== Timeline of the property of forest resource ===
1950-1953: Local people in a rural area owned private forests without regulations. They could do whatever they want.

1953-1956: Except for private gardens and household plots, all individual forests became collective forests.

1957-1980: There were only State forests and collective forests.

1980-1991: Local people and farmers got household plots and responsible mountains.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

==Administrative arrangements==
Administrative arrangements. Describe the management authority and the reporting system.

==Affected Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are affected stakeholders, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}