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Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T23:37:28Z

JonathanKwok: /* Transferring Benefits */

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan''' 
[[User:JonathanKwok|Jonathan Kwok]]
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated<ref>India, Pakistan talks fail to end deadlock on Indus water dispute. (2017). Retrieved October 21, 2017, from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-pakistan-hold-talks-on-indus-waters-treaty/articleshow/60526137.cms</ref>.

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retrieved from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunneling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013. Even with environmental assessments, India does not usually forth come in sharing data and avoids announcing plans to projects ahead of time, causing suspicion<ref>Nabeel, F. (2017). How India and Pakistan are competing over the mighty Indus river. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/how-india-and-pakistan-are-competing-over-the-mighty-indus-river-a7769506.html</ref>.

==Affected Stakeholders==
[[File:1403983- zkn aprill-1494219008-128-640x480.jpg|thumb|An agriculture field in Pakistan]]

===Pakistan's farmers===
As of now, Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. There are 3 major reservoirs, 12 inter-river link canals, and 45 major irrigation canal commands; irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Other than agriculture, villagers near the river need the water for washing, bathing, and other sanitary reasons. In the lower riparian states of Pakistan, many farmers have shown great concern to the hegemonic policies upstream the Indus river. Many of the local ecosystem will be negatively affected due to the change in water flow, thus creating unpredictability in non-timber forest products available<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. The villagers have also claimed that the Indian government has openly threatened to stop the flow of the Indus river<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>. Due to the demand of ensuring on-going supply of water, farmer leader mentioned that growers will have no choice but to amass in the diplomatic enclave in the main capital and a memorandum will be shown to the UN, and the World Bank forcibly<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
===The World Bank===
A representative of the World Bank, David E. Lilienthal, visited the region of conflict and recommended the World Bank to facilitate the Indus river negotiation, which both countries agreed. The World Bank offered its offices and facilitation of the mediation in 1952 which led to the Indus Water Treaty in 1960<ref>Patel, B. N. (2017). Why does World Bank want to broker Indus water talks between India and Pakistan. The Indian Express. Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/why-does-world-bank-want-to-broker-indus-water-treaty-talks-between-india-and-pakistan-846306/ </ref>. The bank’s interest is in its economic value as well its political influence within the treaty. This power is shown in the annex as it states that the bank’s president can nominate a person to facilitate the arbitration’s umpire for when India or Pakistan fail to agree on terms<ref>Patel, B. N. (2017). Why does World Bank want to broker Indus water talks between India and Pakistan. The Indian Express. Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/why-does-world-bank-want-to-broker-indus-water-treaty-talks-between-india-and-pakistan-846306/ </ref>. This influence can attract the power of abuse. 
===Government of India===
The Jammu and Kashmir state of India are located in a region of limited resource (Himalayan region)(book ref). Its economy is relied mostly on tourism, but there is potential of economical expansion. The northern state has been pursuing hydro-electric projects for many years, but is interrupted from Pakistan’s claim of violating the treaty. Not only there are political restrictions to the projects, there are environmental drawbacks. Building “large hydro projects” require high attention to policies, environmental issues, and social issues. Under the treaty, India is allowed to pursue “small hydro projects” which are exempt from the EIA (environment impact assessment), EMP (environment management plan), and the SIA (Social impact assessment)<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>.

==Discussion==

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s state are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities: environmental and social damage<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life, which can further degrade the landscape downstream. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as the experience of drought including the limited water availability will be harsher.

==Recommendations==
===Transferring Benefits===
As population grows and resources become a luxury, the tension between the warring countries will expedite. North India's pursue of energy and economical growth will deteriorate Pakistan's agricultural economy, and full granted flow of the Indus river to Pakistan will limit North India's economy and energy production. If both countries continue to pursue their own interest, both will be affected like a double-edged blade. From this case study, what can be recommend is to allow one party to fully purse its interests, as well as paying gratitude to the other party for allowing full access to the river. If India is granted its permission to pursue its hydro-electric projects, India should pay Pakistan in taxes or in resources as gratitude since agriculture will be limited from the dams. If India is not given permission to pursue its hydro-electric projects, that would mean Pakistan would have full access to the river and therefore optimizing agricultural production. In that case, Pakistan should pay India in taxes or agricultural resources in gratitude since North India is already limited in resources. These gratitude payments will be facilitated by the World Bank as a neutral party.

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T08:00:40Z

JonathanKwok: /* Recommendations */

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan''' 
[[User:JonathanKwok|Jonathan Kwok]]
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated<ref>India, Pakistan talks fail to end deadlock on Indus water dispute. (2017). Retrieved October 21, 2017, from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-pakistan-hold-talks-on-indus-waters-treaty/articleshow/60526137.cms</ref>.

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retrieved from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunneling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013. Even with environmental assessments, India does not usually forth come in sharing data and avoids announcing plans to projects ahead of time, causing suspicion<ref>Nabeel, F. (2017). How India and Pakistan are competing over the mighty Indus river. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/how-india-and-pakistan-are-competing-over-the-mighty-indus-river-a7769506.html</ref>.

==Affected Stakeholders==
[[File:1403983- zkn aprill-1494219008-128-640x480.jpg|thumb|An agriculture field in Pakistan]]

===Pakistan's farmers===
As of now, Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. There are 3 major reservoirs, 12 inter-river link canals, and 45 major irrigation canal commands; irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Other than agriculture, villagers near the river need the water for washing, bathing, and other sanitary reasons. In the lower riparian states of Pakistan, many farmers have shown great concern to the hegemonic policies upstream the Indus river. Many of the local ecosystem will be negatively affected due to the change in water flow, thus creating unpredictability in non-timber forest products available<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. The villagers have also claimed that the Indian government has openly threatened to stop the flow of the Indus river<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>. Due to the demand of ensuring on-going supply of water, farmer leader mentioned that growers will have no choice but to amass in the diplomatic enclave in the main capital and a memorandum will be shown to the UN, and the World Bank forcibly<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
===The World Bank===
A representative of the World Bank, David E. Lilienthal, visited the region of conflict and recommended the World Bank to facilitate the Indus river negotiation, which both countries agreed. The World Bank offered its offices and facilitation of the mediation in 1952 which led to the Indus Water Treaty in 1960<ref>Patel, B. N. (2017). Why does World Bank want to broker Indus water talks between India and Pakistan. The Indian Express. Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/why-does-world-bank-want-to-broker-indus-water-treaty-talks-between-india-and-pakistan-846306/ </ref>. The bank’s interest is in its economic value as well its political influence within the treaty. This power is shown in the annex as it states that the bank’s president can nominate a person to facilitate the arbitration’s umpire for when India or Pakistan fail to agree on terms<ref>Patel, B. N. (2017). Why does World Bank want to broker Indus water talks between India and Pakistan. The Indian Express. Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/why-does-world-bank-want-to-broker-indus-water-treaty-talks-between-india-and-pakistan-846306/ </ref>. This influence can attract the power of abuse. 
===Government of India===
The Jammu and Kashmir state of India are located in a region of limited resource (Himalayan region)(book ref). Its economy is relied mostly on tourism, but there is potential of economical expansion. The northern state has been pursuing hydro-electric projects for many years, but is interrupted from Pakistan’s claim of violating the treaty. Not only there are political restrictions to the projects, there are environmental drawbacks. Building “large hydro projects” require high attention to policies, environmental issues, and social issues. Under the treaty, India is allowed to pursue “small hydro projects” which are exempt from the EIA (environment impact assessment), EMP (environment management plan), and the SIA (Social impact assessment)<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>.

==Discussion==

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s state are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities: environmental and social damage<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life, which can further degrade the landscape downstream. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as the experience of drought including the limited water availability will be harsher.

==Recommendations==
===Transferring Benefits===
As population grows and resources become a luxury, the tension between the warring countries will expedite. North India's pursue of energy and economical growth will deteriorate Pakistan's agricultural economy, and full granted flow of the Indus river to Pakistan will limit North India's economy and energy production. If both countries continue to pursue their own interest, both will be affected like a double-edged blade. From this case study, what can be recommend is to allow one party to fully purse its interests, as well as paying gratitude to the other party for allowing full access to the river. If India is granted its permission to pursue its hydro-electric projects, India should pay Pakistan in taxes or in resources as gratitude since agriculture will be limited from the dams. If India is not given permission to pursue its hydro-electric projects, that would mean Pakistan would have full access to the river and therefore optimizing agricultural production. In that case, Pakistan should pay India in taxes or agricultural resources in gratitude since North India is already limited in resources.

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T07:43:26Z

JonathanKwok:

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan''' 
[[User:JonathanKwok|Jonathan Kwok]]
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated<ref>India, Pakistan talks fail to end deadlock on Indus water dispute. (2017). Retrieved October 21, 2017, from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-pakistan-hold-talks-on-indus-waters-treaty/articleshow/60526137.cms</ref>.

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retrieved from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunneling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013. Even with environmental assessments, India does not usually forth come in sharing data and avoids announcing plans to projects ahead of time, causing suspicion<ref>Nabeel, F. (2017). How India and Pakistan are competing over the mighty Indus river. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/how-india-and-pakistan-are-competing-over-the-mighty-indus-river-a7769506.html</ref>.

==Affected Stakeholders==
[[File:1403983- zkn aprill-1494219008-128-640x480.jpg|thumb|An agriculture field in Pakistan]]

===Pakistan's farmers===
As of now, Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. There are 3 major reservoirs, 12 inter-river link canals, and 45 major irrigation canal commands; irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Other than agriculture, villagers near the river need the water for washing, bathing, and other sanitary reasons. In the lower riparian states of Pakistan, many farmers have shown great concern to the hegemonic policies upstream the Indus river. Many of the local ecosystem will be negatively affected due to the change in water flow, thus creating unpredictability in non-timber forest products available<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. The villagers have also claimed that the Indian government has openly threatened to stop the flow of the Indus river<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>. Due to the demand of ensuring on-going supply of water, farmer leader mentioned that growers will have no choice but to amass in the diplomatic enclave in the main capital and a memorandum will be shown to the UN, and the World Bank forcibly<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
===The World Bank===
A representative of the World Bank, David E. Lilienthal, visited the region of conflict and recommended the World Bank to facilitate the Indus river negotiation, which both countries agreed. The World Bank offered its offices and facilitation of the mediation in 1952 which led to the Indus Water Treaty in 1960<ref>Patel, B. N. (2017). Why does World Bank want to broker Indus water talks between India and Pakistan. The Indian Express. Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/why-does-world-bank-want-to-broker-indus-water-treaty-talks-between-india-and-pakistan-846306/ </ref>. The bank’s interest is in its economic value as well its political influence within the treaty. This power is shown in the annex as it states that the bank’s president can nominate a person to facilitate the arbitration’s umpire for when India or Pakistan fail to agree on terms<ref>Patel, B. N. (2017). Why does World Bank want to broker Indus water talks between India and Pakistan. The Indian Express. Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/why-does-world-bank-want-to-broker-indus-water-treaty-talks-between-india-and-pakistan-846306/ </ref>. This influence can attract the power of abuse. 
===Government of India===
The Jammu and Kashmir state of India are located in a region of limited resource (Himalayan region)(book ref). Its economy is relied mostly on tourism, but there is potential of economical expansion. The northern state has been pursuing hydro-electric projects for many years, but is interrupted from Pakistan’s claim of violating the treaty. Not only there are political restrictions to the projects, there are environmental drawbacks. Building “large hydro projects” require high attention to policies, environmental issues, and social issues. Under the treaty, India is allowed to pursue “small hydro projects” which are exempt from the EIA (environment impact assessment), EMP (environment management plan), and the SIA (Social impact assessment)<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>.

==Discussion==

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s state are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities: environmental and social damage<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life, which can further degrade the landscape downstream. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as the experience of drought including the limited water availability will be harsher.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T07:39:49Z

JonathanKwok: /* Interested Outside Stakeholders */

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan''' 
[[User:JonathanKwok|Jonathan Kwok]]
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retrieved from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunneling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013. Even with environmental assessments, India does not usually forth come in sharing data and avoids announcing plans to projects ahead of time, causing suspicion<ref>Nabeel, F. (2017). How India and Pakistan are competing over the mighty Indus river. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/how-india-and-pakistan-are-competing-over-the-mighty-indus-river-a7769506.html</ref>.

==Affected Stakeholders==
[[File:1403983- zkn aprill-1494219008-128-640x480.jpg|thumb|An agriculture field in Pakistan]]

===Pakistan's farmers===
As of now, Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. There are 3 major reservoirs, 12 inter-river link canals, and 45 major irrigation canal commands; irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Other than agriculture, villagers near the river need the water for washing, bathing, and other sanitary reasons. In the lower riparian states of Pakistan, many farmers have shown great concern to the hegemonic policies upstream the Indus river. Many of the local ecosystem will be negatively affected due to the change in water flow, thus creating unpredictability in non-timber forest products available<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. The villagers have also claimed that the Indian government has openly threatened to stop the flow of the Indus river<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>. Due to the demand of ensuring on-going supply of water, farmer leader mentioned that growers will have no choice but to amass in the diplomatic enclave in the main capital and a memorandum will be shown to the UN, and the World Bank forcibly<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
===The World Bank===
A representative of the World Bank, David E. Lilienthal, visited the region of conflict and recommended the World Bank to facilitate the Indus river negotiation, which both countries agreed. The World Bank offered its offices and facilitation of the mediation in 1952 which led to the Indus Water Treaty in 1960<ref>Patel, B. N. (2017). Why does World Bank want to broker Indus water talks between India and Pakistan. The Indian Express. Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/why-does-world-bank-want-to-broker-indus-water-treaty-talks-between-india-and-pakistan-846306/ </ref>. The bank’s interest is in its economic value as well its political influence within the treaty. This power is shown in the annex as it states that the bank’s president can nominate a person to facilitate the arbitration’s umpire for when India or Pakistan fail to agree on terms<ref>Patel, B. N. (2017). Why does World Bank want to broker Indus water talks between India and Pakistan. The Indian Express. Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/why-does-world-bank-want-to-broker-indus-water-treaty-talks-between-india-and-pakistan-846306/ </ref>. This influence can attract the power of abuse. 
===Government of India===
The Jammu and Kashmir state of India are located in a region of limited resource (Himalayan region)(book ref). Its economy is relied mostly on tourism, but there is potential of economical expansion. The northern state has been pursuing hydro-electric projects for many years, but is interrupted from Pakistan’s claim of violating the treaty. Not only there are political restrictions to the projects, there are environmental drawbacks. Building “large hydro projects” require high attention to policies, environmental issues, and social issues. Under the treaty, India is allowed to pursue “small hydro projects” which are exempt from the EIA (environment impact assessment), EMP (environment management plan), and the SIA (Social impact assessment)<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>.

==Discussion==

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s state are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities: environmental and social damage<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life, which can further degrade the landscape downstream. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as the experience of drought including the limited water availability will be harsher.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T07:34:47Z

JonathanKwok: /* Hydro Dams */

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan''' 
[[User:JonathanKwok|Jonathan Kwok]]
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retrieved from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunneling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013. Even with environmental assessments, India does not usually forth come in sharing data and avoids announcing plans to projects ahead of time, causing suspicion<ref>Nabeel, F. (2017). How India and Pakistan are competing over the mighty Indus river. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/how-india-and-pakistan-are-competing-over-the-mighty-indus-river-a7769506.html</ref>.

==Affected Stakeholders==
[[File:1403983- zkn aprill-1494219008-128-640x480.jpg|thumb|An agriculture field in Pakistan]]

===Pakistan's farmers===
As of now, Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. There are 3 major reservoirs, 12 inter-river link canals, and 45 major irrigation canal commands; irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Other than agriculture, villagers near the river need the water for washing, bathing, and other sanitary reasons. In the lower riparian states of Pakistan, many farmers have shown great concern to the hegemonic policies upstream the Indus river. Many of the local ecosystem will be negatively affected due to the change in water flow, thus creating unpredictability in non-timber forest products available<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. The villagers have also claimed that the Indian government has openly threatened to stop the flow of the Indus river<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>. Due to the demand of ensuring on-going supply of water, farmer leader mentioned that growers will have no choice but to amass in the diplomatic enclave in the main capital and a memorandum will be shown to the UN, and the World Bank forcibly<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s state are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities: environmental and social damage<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life, which can further degrade the landscape downstream. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as the experience of drought including the limited water availability will be harsher.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T07:15:08Z

JonathanKwok: /* Discussion */

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan''' 
[[User:JonathanKwok|Jonathan Kwok]]
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retreived from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.

==Affected Stakeholders==
[[File:1403983- zkn aprill-1494219008-128-640x480.jpg|thumb|An agriculture field in Pakistan]]

===Pakistan's farmers===
As of now, Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. There are 3 major reservoirs, 12 inter-river link canals, and 45 major irrigation canal commands; irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Other than agriculture, villagers near the river need the water for washing, bathing, and other sanitary reasons. In the lower riparian states of Pakistan, many farmers have shown great concern to the hegemonic policies upstream the Indus river. Many of the local ecosystem will be negatively affected due to the change in water flow, thus creating unpredictability in non-timber forest products available<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. The villagers have also claimed that the Indian government has openly threatened to stop the flow of the Indus river<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>. Due to the demand of ensuring on-going supply of water, farmer leader mentioned that growers will have no choice but to amass in the diplomatic enclave in the main capital and a memorandum will be shown to the UN, and the World Bank forcibly<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s state are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities: environmental and social damage<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life, which can further degrade the landscape downstream. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as the experience of drought including the limited water availability will be harsher.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/Inharmonicity in Pipa Strings

2017-12-03T02:52:22Z

JonathanKwok:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|Inharmonicity in Pipa Strings]] 

[[File:Photo 2017-04-04, 19 58 07.jpg|thumb|right|(Fig.1) This shows the front facing view of the pipa's full body.]]
[[User:JonathanKwok|Jonathan Kwok]] 

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipa Pípa] is a Chinese stringed instrument in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute Lute] family (Fig.1) . There are many variations of this instrument consisting of two to six strings, and a smaller bodied variation known as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuqin Liǔqín]

=== History ===
First prototypes of the Pípa were found in China. These prototypes dated back to 386 - 534 AD, during the Northern Wei Dynasty<ref>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. 2017. "The Pipa". http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pipa/hd_pipa.htm</ref>. It is played as a solo instrument, or can be played with an orchestra. The Pípa is usually played at ceremonial events and performances, or at formal imperial meetings; the Pipa was a popular instrument to play. In modern days, it is still popular choice of instrument to learn and it still holds traditional values to the chinese art and social culture.

=== Instrument ===
[[File:Pipa tuning.png|thumbnail|right|(Fig.2) This image shows the standard tuning for pipa strings. The thickest sting begins with A4, and the thinnest is A3]]
The Pípa is similar to most other instruments in the Lute family. It is comprised of a pear-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_box soundbox] with a round back shaped like a bowl. It has a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_(music) neck] which ranges from having 12 to 26 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fret frets]. Most common Pípa consist of four strings [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_tuning tuned] to A3, D4, E4, A4 (Fig.2). Traditionally, Pípa strings were made of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(music) silk] but more modern Pípa constructions uses wound-steel or nylon. These strings are connected to the bridge on the sound board, and on the tuning pegs at the end of the neck. A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(string_instrument) nut] holds the string before the tuning pegs to keep the strings in their place, and to prevent excess vibrations.

== Pípa Acoustics ==
=== Wood ===
The body of the Pípa is comprised mainly of wood. The wood type used for backing frame and soundboard ranges between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant angiosperm] trees and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm gymnosperm] trees. Both wood types have a wide range of density and strength that is used for constructing the Pípa. The soundboard is usually comprised of a wood material that is soft and light<ref>Waltham, C. 2015. Musical Acoustics: Pipa. http://acoustics.phas.ubc.ca/musical-instruments/strings/plucked/pipa/</ref> . Most commonly wood species used as soundboards come from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulownia ''Paulownia sp''], an angiosperm. The backing frame is comprised of a wood material that has dense and strong properties to hold the instrument together. It is preferred that the soundboard is made from softwood due to its light and high [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_factor resonant quality], and in relation to the backing the quality of hardwood being stiff and heavy allows it to act as a frame to support the tension from the stings<ref>Waltham, C. 2017. "Wood as an Acoustic Material". http://wiki.ubc.ca/Course:PHYS341/Lectures/Lecture_19</ref>

=== Strings===
Traditionally, pípa [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(music) strings] were silk strings which were lighter and thinner compared to modern day lute strings. Newer string material, such as steel alloys, nylon, and a combination of both material, became stronger than silk strings and therefore it could endure more tension, as a result the sound intensity can increase<ref>Waltham, C. 2017. "Strings". http://wiki.ubc.ca/Course:PHYS341/Lectures/Lecture_12</ref>. Newer string material would also last longer. Traditionally musicians would use a large wooden [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plectrum plectrum] to pluck the strings, however modern Pípa musicians would either use a plectrum or their fingers, sometimes even using finger picks. The act of plucking creates a transfer wave that travels along the string, which then oscillates and produces the sound<ref>Waltham, C. 2017. "Strings". http://wiki.ubc.ca/Course:PHYS341/Lectures/Lecture_12</ref>. Another factor of sound is that the instrument does not have perfectly rigid supports, allowing the vibrational energy of the plucked string to transfer throughout the soundboard, and the soundboard then radiates the sound.

== Harmonics & Inharmonic Series==
[[File:String Harmonics.png|thumb|right|(Fig.3) This Diagram shows the harmonic positions on a given string. The black line represents the string; the blue lines represents the fraction of the string length for the different harmonics]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music) harmonics series] is the sequence of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)#Partial partials], where the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency frequencies] are integer multiples of the lowest base frequency (fundamental frequency). Given a length of a fixed string (L), the string would have a harmonic series if played at the positions L/2, L/3, L/4, L/5, L/6, and L/7<ref>Bain, R. 2003. "The Harmonic Series". http://in.music.sc.edu/fs/bain/atmi02/hs/hs.pdf</ref> (Fig.3). Therefore the lowest harmonic is the base frequency and the other positions would produce [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones] 
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inharmonicity Inharmonicity] is the phenomenon where the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones] do not follow the base frequency's integer multiple. There is not distinct ratio in the frequency intervals of a given the base frequency. 

=== Inharmonicity phenomenon in Pípa strings ===
The act of plucking or striking a string creates a phenomenon of inharmonicity. Inharmonicity is also affected by string composition; the lower the tension, the thicker the diameter, and the less flexible the string, the more prevalent inharmonicity becomes. When playing the Pípa, Inharmonicity is prevalent as it gives the instrument its unique sound, however the musician can be affected by tuning since it is studied that pitch perception is affected by the intensity of inharmonicity <ref>Berger, J. Lin Chin, S. H. 2010. "Analysis of Pitch Perception of Inharmonicity in Pipa Strings Using Response Surface Methodology". Journal of New Music Research.</ref>. Especially when higher notes are played, there is a greater result in inharmonicity. Higher notes played on the pipa leads to an uneven integer multiples of frequencies, resulting in a skewed partial set. The higher the note or frequency, the greater effect of inharmonicity. Pipa players sometimes mask the inharmonicity by vibrating the string, which creates a minute range of frequencies. It is done by using the hand that plays the notes on the fret, and twisting the hand quickly but gently, known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_vibrato#Guitar vibrato]. Players often use vibrato on higher notes due to the greater effect of inharmonicity. 
Not only higher frequencies lead to greater uneven integer multiples, but the amount of partials increase. The assumption is that the effect of inharmonicity increases when there are more partials <ref>Järveläinen, H. Välimäki, V. Karjalainen, M. 1999. "Audibility of Inharmonicity in String Instrument Sounds, and Implications to Digital Sound Synthesis". Helsinki University of Technology.</ref> 

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T02:50:50Z

JonathanKwok:

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan''' 
[[User:JonathanKwok|Jonathan Kwok]]
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retreived from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.

==Affected Stakeholders==
[[File:1403983- zkn aprill-1494219008-128-640x480.jpg|thumb|An agriculture field in Pakistan]]

===Pakistan's farmers===
As of now, Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. There are 3 major reservoirs, 12 inter-river link canals, and 45 major irrigation canal commands; irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Other than agriculture, villagers near the river need the water for washing, bathing, and other sanitary reasons. In the lower riparian states of Pakistan, many farmers have shown great concern to the hegemonic policies upstream the Indus river. Many of the local ecosystem will be negatively affected due to the change in water flow, thus creating unpredictability in non-timber forest products available<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. The villagers have also claimed that the Indian government has openly threatened to stop the flow of the Indus river<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>. Due to the demand of ensuring on-going supply of water, farmer leader mentioned that growers will have no choice but to amass in the diplomatic enclave in the main capital and a memorandum will be shown to the UN, and the World Bank forcibly<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities, environmental and social<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T02:47:54Z

JonathanKwok:

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan''' 
[[http://wiki.ubc.ca/User:JonathanKwok|Jonathan kwok]]
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retreived from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.

==Affected Stakeholders==
[[File:1403983- zkn aprill-1494219008-128-640x480.jpg|thumb|An agriculture field in Pakistan]]

===Pakistan's farmers===
As of now, Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. There are 3 major reservoirs, 12 inter-river link canals, and 45 major irrigation canal commands; irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Other than agriculture, villagers near the river need the water for washing, bathing, and other sanitary reasons. In the lower riparian states of Pakistan, many farmers have shown great concern to the hegemonic policies upstream the Indus river. Many of the local ecosystem will be negatively affected due to the change in water flow, thus creating unpredictability in non-timber forest products available<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. The villagers have also claimed that the Indian government has openly threatened to stop the flow of the Indus river<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>. Due to the demand of ensuring on-going supply of water, farmer leader mentioned that growers will have no choice but to amass in the diplomatic enclave in the main capital and a memorandum will be shown to the UN, and the World Bank forcibly<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities, environmental and social<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T02:47:09Z

JonathanKwok:

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan''' 
[[User:jaykwok|Jonathan kwok]]
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retreived from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.

==Affected Stakeholders==
[[File:1403983- zkn aprill-1494219008-128-640x480.jpg|thumb|An agriculture field in Pakistan]]

===Pakistan's farmers===
As of now, Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. There are 3 major reservoirs, 12 inter-river link canals, and 45 major irrigation canal commands; irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Other than agriculture, villagers near the river need the water for washing, bathing, and other sanitary reasons. In the lower riparian states of Pakistan, many farmers have shown great concern to the hegemonic policies upstream the Indus river. Many of the local ecosystem will be negatively affected due to the change in water flow, thus creating unpredictability in non-timber forest products available<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. The villagers have also claimed that the Indian government has openly threatened to stop the flow of the Indus river<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>. Due to the demand of ensuring on-going supply of water, farmer leader mentioned that growers will have no choice but to amass in the diplomatic enclave in the main capital and a memorandum will be shown to the UN, and the World Bank forcibly<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities, environmental and social<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T02:46:30Z

JonathanKwok:

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan''' 
[[User:Jonathankwok]]
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retreived from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.

==Affected Stakeholders==
[[File:1403983- zkn aprill-1494219008-128-640x480.jpg|thumb|An agriculture field in Pakistan]]

===Pakistan's farmers===
As of now, Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. There are 3 major reservoirs, 12 inter-river link canals, and 45 major irrigation canal commands; irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Other than agriculture, villagers near the river need the water for washing, bathing, and other sanitary reasons. In the lower riparian states of Pakistan, many farmers have shown great concern to the hegemonic policies upstream the Indus river. Many of the local ecosystem will be negatively affected due to the change in water flow, thus creating unpredictability in non-timber forest products available<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. The villagers have also claimed that the Indian government has openly threatened to stop the flow of the Indus river<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>. Due to the demand of ensuring on-going supply of water, farmer leader mentioned that growers will have no choice but to amass in the diplomatic enclave in the main capital and a memorandum will be shown to the UN, and the World Bank forcibly<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities, environmental and social<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T02:45:22Z

JonathanKwok: /* Affected Stakeholders */

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan''' 
Jonathan Kwok
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retreived from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.

==Affected Stakeholders==
[[File:1403983- zkn aprill-1494219008-128-640x480.jpg|thumb|An agriculture field in Pakistan]]

===Pakistan's farmers===
As of now, Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. There are 3 major reservoirs, 12 inter-river link canals, and 45 major irrigation canal commands; irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Other than agriculture, villagers near the river need the water for washing, bathing, and other sanitary reasons. In the lower riparian states of Pakistan, many farmers have shown great concern to the hegemonic policies upstream the Indus river. Many of the local ecosystem will be negatively affected due to the change in water flow, thus creating unpredictability in non-timber forest products available<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. The villagers have also claimed that the Indian government has openly threatened to stop the flow of the Indus river<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>. Due to the demand of ensuring on-going supply of water, farmer leader mentioned that growers will have no choice but to amass in the diplomatic enclave in the main capital and a memorandum will be shown to the UN, and the World Bank forcibly<ref>Indus Water Treaty: Farmers say Indian policies leaving Pakistan high and dry. (2017). Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/</ref>.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities, environmental and social<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T02:21:07Z

JonathanKwok: /* Hydro Dams */

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan''' 
Jonathan Kwok
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retreived from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.

==Affected Stakeholders==
[[File:1403983- zkn aprill-1494219008-128-640x480.jpg|thumb|An agriculture field in Pakistan]]
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are affected stakeholders, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities, environmental and social<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T02:20:31Z

JonathanKwok: /* Affected Stakeholders */

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan''' 
Jonathan Kwok
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retreived from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

==Affected Stakeholders==
[[File:1403983- zkn aprill-1494219008-128-640x480.jpg|thumb|An agriculture field in Pakistan]]
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are affected stakeholders, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities, environmental and social<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

File:1403983- zkn aprill-1494219008-128-640x480.jpg

2017-12-03T02:20:06Z

JonathanKwok: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=An agriculture field in Pakistan}}
|date=2017-12-02 18:16:27
|source=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403983/indus-water-treaty-farmers-say-indian-policies-leaving-pakistan-high-dry/
|author=The Tribune Express / (AFP/FILE)
|permission=
|other_versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{subst:uwl}}

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T02:18:23Z

JonathanKwok:

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan''' 
Jonathan Kwok
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retreived from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

==Affected Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are affected stakeholders, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities, environmental and social<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T02:15:01Z

JonathanKwok:

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan'''

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948. [[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retreived from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

==Affected Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are affected stakeholders, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities, environmental and social<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T02:13:39Z

JonathanKwok:

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan'''

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retreived from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

==Affected Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are affected stakeholders, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities, environmental and social<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T02:13:04Z

JonathanKwok: /* Discussion */

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan'''

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retreived from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

==Affected Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are affected stakeholders, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities, environmental and social<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T01:52:07Z

JonathanKwok: /* Discussion */

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan'''

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retreived from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

==Affected Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are affected stakeholders, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed 

Unfortunately, this is not a simple one-sided conflict. Each country’s intention is for the benefit for itself and not to purposefully harm each other, and the Indus river is a necessity for both parties. North India’s are supposed to economically benefit from the dams however at a cost of negative externalities, environmental and social<ref>Yu, W. H., Yang, Y., Savitsky, A., Alford, D., Brown, C., Wescaot, J., . . . Robinson, S. (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.</ref>. Dam constructions cause major river bed and landscape degradation and interferes aquatic life. The reduce in water flow will also negatively affect Pakistan’s farmers as irrigated lands produce 90 percent of the country’s agriculture.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T01:38:09Z

JonathanKwok: /* Hydro Dams */

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan'''

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retreived from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.
[[File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg|thumb|Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

==Affected Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are affected stakeholders, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

File:Thediplomat 2016-06-08 18-24-55-553x360.jpg

2017-12-03T01:37:53Z

JonathanKwok: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Baglihar Dam on the Chenab river (Jammu and Kashmir)}}
|date=2017-12-02 17:35:54
|source=https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/kashmir-a-water-war-in-the-making/
|author= REUTERS/Amit Gupta
|permission=
|other_versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{subst:uwl}}

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T01:34:50Z

JonathanKwok: /* River Description and History */

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan'''

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.
[[File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg|thumb|A village near the Indus River in Pakistan]]

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retreived from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.

==Affected Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are affected stakeholders, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

File:Pakistan-indus-river.jpg

2017-12-03T01:34:29Z

JonathanKwok: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=A village near the Indus River in Pakistan}}
|date=2017-12-02 17:32:47
|source=http://www.keep-earth-beautiful.org/keep-pakistan-beautiful.html
|author=Keep Earth Beautiful
|permission=
|other_versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{subst:uwl}}

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T01:28:20Z

JonathanKwok: /* Hydro Dams */

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan'''

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. The Azad Kashmir region is one of the many areas that will be affected downstream. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retreived from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.

==Affected Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are affected stakeholders, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T01:24:53Z

JonathanKwok: /* Hydro Dams */

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan'''

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan <ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel<ref>Khan, M. R. (2013). Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 28(1), 213-221</ref>. However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas<ref>World Bank Group US. 1960. "Indus Water Treaty 1960." Retreived from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf</ref>. The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.

==Affected Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are affected stakeholders, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T01:20:33Z

JonathanKwok: /* Hydro Dams */

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan'''

The Indus river is a major source of resources for the villages that are situated along the river, especially near the mouth of the river when agriculture is optimal. Water from the Himalayas are a major resource since it meets basic living needs, however the access to water is threatened by hydro-electric dam projects in Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Smaller hydro projects already have had negative effects on farmers in Pakistan who are located downriver and depend on the river’s high water table for agriculture, yet India is intended to pursue larger projects since Jammu and Kashmir are economically limited in resources<ref>Sharma, A. K., & Thakur, N. (2015). Resource potential and development of small hydro power projects in Jammu and Kashmir in the western Himalayan region: India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1354-1368. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.024</ref>. Projects have been delayed from the enactment of the Indus Water Treaty that was agreed on 1960 between India and Pakistan, after the 1947 partition of British ruling. At present, deals between the countries are still being negotiated.
[[File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg|thumb|Map of Indus river]]

==River Description and History==
The River is one of the largest rivers in the world, stretching 3,200 kilometers<ref>Lodrick, D. O., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Indus River. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River</ref>. The drainage basin begins the at the Himalayas in Tibet, China, then passes through North India’s state Jammu Kashmir. The mouth of the river ends at the Arabian sea in the Southern Singh province of Pakistan, which is also home to the largest arid mangrove ecosystem. The total drainage is approximately 1,165,000 square kilometers, and the river’s annual flow is 243 cubic kilometers. 

During British colonial rule, the lands were changed and optimized for production by utilising the Indus river system. At that time, the canal systems for the river was known to provide Punjab the most extensive irrigation system in the world<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. After the partition of 1947, a border was drawn to what is now Pakistan and India. Disputes of tile rights to the river arose during times of droughts. Even though agreements and treaties have mitigated conflicts, debates on agreement and treaty claims are still discussed.

==Tenure arrangements==
===Standstill Agreement 1947===
The autumn of 1947, the monsoon flows receded thus limiting water access. This caused water-rights disputes to escalate. As a fast-temporary solution, chief engineers of West and East Punjab have met and signed a Standstill Agreement on December 18th 1947<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. This agreement froze water allocations allowing full water discharges on the Upper Bari Doab Canal, the Dipalore Canal, and the Bahawalpur Canal systems. The agreement expired on March 31st 1948 and was left open for discussion, but was left absent. India acquired legal right to certain parts of the river bordering Pakistan, to which India discontinued delivery of water from areas on April 1st 1948.

===Indus Water Treaty===
In 1951 David Lilienthal visited the conflicting countries and analysed the situation and suggested joint control to solve affairs<ref>Nazakat Ali, R., Faiz-ur-Rehman, & Mahmood-ur-RehmanWani. (2015). Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India: From Conciliation to Confrontation. Dialogue (1819-6462), 10(2), 166-181.</ref>. The world bank then recognized Lilienthal’s suggestion and offer the negotiation to help resolve the conflict. Suggestions included: the Indus Basin must be developed as a unit-designed built and operated similarly to a system in the United States, International financing will be arranged by the World Bank, and representatives from both countries will be included. After many additional proposals and reviews, the Indus Water Treaty was agreed on September 19th 1960.

==Hydro Dams==
Pakistan has claimed that India has failed to uphold the Indus Water Treaty due to hydro electric projects. As India prepares for construction, many rivers that flow through Pakistan will be diverted. Dams such as the planned Kishangana Project 2007 will divert water from the Neelum river to Wullar Lake to generate electricity. Data shows that water diverted from the river including the 8 month long dry season will have huge impact on the agricultural regions in the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan (footnote). 

As a response, Pakistan has appealed to International Court of Arbitration (ICA) to prevent India from continuing any future constructions or projects until further notice. The ICA stated that India shall not continue with the construction or any permanent works on or above the project that may inhibit the natural flow of the river channel (footnote). However, India has further denied claims of tampering of the waterbed nor any storage construction. The treaty also states that Indian is permitted project on western rivers, therefore projects themselves cannot be in violation of the treaty as long if they do not deviate from certain areas (treaty footnote). The ICA then commented that India may continue with the hydro electric project as long as the riverbed surface is not touched. This means coffer dams, bypass tunnelling, and construction under the river bed can be allowed. Construction was allowed to start near the end of 2012 and beginning of 2013.

==Affected Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are affected stakeholders, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T00:33:58Z

JonathanKwok:

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-03T00:14:41Z

JonathanKwok: /* Administrative arrangements */

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-02T22:22:50Z

JonathanKwok:

User:JonathanKwok

2017-12-02T22:08:39Z

JonathanKwok:

Jonathan Kwok
 
UBC Vancouver BSCN 2019.
 
== Projects ==
[[Course:CONS200/2016w2/Wiki_Projects/Invasive_Species#Available_Access_to_databases_on_Invasive_Species_and_their_Handling_Methods|Invasive Species]] April 2017 
[[Course:PHYS341/Inharmonicity_in_Pipa_Strings|Inharmonicity in Pipa Strings]] April 2017 
[[Course:FRST270/Wiki_Projects/Water_Rights_in_North_India%27s_Jammur_and_Kashmir_State_India|Water Rights in North India's Jammu and Kashmir state and Pakistan ]] December 2017

User:JonathanKwok

2017-12-02T22:06:52Z

JonathanKwok:

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-02T22:04:37Z

JonathanKwok:

File:Kashmir-indus-water-treaty.jpg

2017-12-02T22:03:47Z

JonathanKwok: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
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|date=2017-12-02 14:02:06
|source=https://propakistani.pk/2016/09/27/understanding-indus-water-treaty-can-india-really-block-pakistans-rivers/
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Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-02T21:57:35Z

JonathanKwok: /* River Description and History */

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-02T21:46:25Z

JonathanKwok:

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-02T21:41:21Z

JonathanKwok:

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-02T21:37:07Z

JonathanKwok:

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-12-02T21:36:12Z

JonathanKwok:

Course:FRST270/Wiki Projects/Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State India

2017-11-21T04:04:20Z

JonathanKwok:

'''Water Rights in North India's Jammur and Kashmir State and Pakistan'''

Add your summary here

==Description==
Description of the community forestry case study – Where located; history; national or regional context (if appropriate)

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

==Administrative arrangements==
Administrative arrangements. Describe the management authority and the reporting system.

==Affected Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are affected stakeholders, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST270
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:CONS200/2016w2/Wiki Projects/Invasive Species

2017-04-07T20:36:25Z

JonathanKwok: /* Prevention of Introduction */

'''Introduction'''

[[File:CONS200 Project InvasiveSpecies.jpg|thumb|Japanese Knotweed growing through concrete. A plant originally from Japan, it has spread throughout the world and is infamous for causing infrastructure damage. photo credit: Sea to Sky Invasive Species Council ]]
Invasive species are non-native plants that are capable of spreading and have negative effects on human health, the economy, and the environment. By invading and spreading, invasive species can negatively influence agriculture. This influence negatively affects food crops and agricultural land resources. This often leads to the negative effects seen amongst human populations and their respective economies. To combat this, countermeasures will need to be implemented in order to help prevent the hazardous effects non-native species. Ecosystem management of urban and rural areas is essential for maintaining biodiversity of local and neighboring environments. The absence of sufficient management, has resulted in the widespread introduction of invasive species. In addition to the establishment, of invasive species within our natural and agricultural systems, urban areas have witnessed an increase in non-native species populations as well. In response to increasing populations, four countermeasures can be applied to aid the management process. Databases of weeding techniques and their effects on local/adjacent ecosystems should be available to the general public as the primary countermeasure. Secondly, current legislation, policies and regulations must be created and implemented to respond to the present day dynamics of invasive species management. Strict enforcement by an assigned agency, with penalties for non-compliance, will prove essential to the success of these regulations. A third measure is a structured decision making plan that encompasses stakeholders’ key concerns, converted to key objectives. Allowing, stakeholders to assist through funds and activities for invasive species management. The final countermeasure, prevention, pertains to the entering, establishing, and spreading of non-native species across an area. The management of introductory pathways, establishment promoting agents, and vectors of entry are the most effective preventative measures with regard to invasive management. These counter-measures against non-native invasive species are independently successful. However, it is in their combination that long term mitigation can be achieved.

== Available Access to databases on Invasive Species and their Handling Methods ==

[[File:ISCBC3-516x318.jpg|thumb|left|The grow me instead program created by plant wise to educate people who garden on invasive species commonly planted in gardens, and native alternatives to those species. Hemingway, L. Cheng, G. 2013. "Invasive Species Council of BC: Public Educational Resources for Invasive Species". Retrieved from http://www.backyardcreative.ca/work/invasive-species/ ]]
The main concern with non-native invasive species is knowing how to get rid of them and knowing how to prevent further spread and growth. The responsibility not only falls on those who work in the weeding and restoration industry, but to society as this issue involves everyone and there is strength in numbers. Before the public can act towards elimination and prevention, information on assessing and controlling non-native invasive species can be hard to retrieve as well as understanding it. Most of the data on plant species is restricted in scholarly journals which only selected few can access without subscription payment, or private company and government databases which may not be disclosed to the public due to politics and laws on information copyright.<ref name=Ricciardi2000> Ricciardi, A. Steiner, W. Mack, R. N. Simberloff, D. 2000. Toward a Global Information System for Invasive Species. BioScience; 50 (3): 239-244. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568</ref>. The information that might already be public may not be used correctly. This can be an issue; if people are given false or misleading information on how to approach a plant species, the handler could be injured (if the plant were to be toxic) or the handler could further damage the surrounding environment by destroying native plant species or failing to dispose the invasive plant. As a result, a study was done showing that less than 20% of a population sample could not identify their local invasive species <ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. In the case of removing non-native invasive species and preventing their distribution, the availability and appropriateness of data can be an effective counter-measure against their spread. 

As information on non-native invasive species grow, experts suggest possible sources to distribute knowledge, educate, and to raise awareness: government authorities, media outlets, environmental scholars, and word-of-mouth<ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. Those sources are important since they are in constant relations with the municipal community, extending to a greater population. What they have in common is that those source distribution can be placed on a platform available to most of society, the internet. This option of informing the public has potential since there can be a broad range of sources and authors producing information on invasive species. The draw back is that submission of information is not filtered nor entirely correct information, such as secondary sources. This leads to biases as well as misinterpretation from the public. Though there might be misinterpretation, a study has shown that sources from the local government, control companies (companies involved in invasive species removal), and media reports were searched more frequently<ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. It can be inferred that the population is well-aware of knowing where to seek information on invasive species. Knowing where to receive information is one matter, but knowing whether the information is correct is another issue that must be addressed. 

A way to approach the problem of knowing whether the data is appropriate, as well as creating data available to everyone, is to tag and locate individual databases on invasive species throughout the internet, and to link them all in one collective database. This will act as a search engine as well as a server holding all knowledge on invasive species. This method of a collective database (meta-database), will allow not only the public to use, but for researchers to analyze and study different information on species<ref name=Ricciardi2000> Ricciardi, A. Steiner, W. Mack, R. N. Simberloff, D. 2000. Toward a Global Information System for Invasive Species. BioScience; 50 (3): 239-244. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568</ref>. Information can range from growth patterns, range distribution, biology, and tolerances and intolerances. This amount of information can easily be beneficial since there will be useful and important data to educate the population, and all of the data gathered has been screened by the scientific community that linked all the databases, solving the issue on access of information and its appropriateness. From this method of creating a database available to everyone, as well knowing that the information has been reviewed by the scientific community, the public will now have the suitable knowledge on approaching non-native invasive species, and learning how to further prevent its damage to nearby ecosystems.

==Section 2 (etc)==

Invasive species are quite dangerous, not just to urban areas, but to all areas of vegetation. By negatively affecting the amount of biodiversity, this could lead to the jeopardization of food security by affecting agricultural ecosystems<ref>Stokes, K. E. et al. “The Importance of Stakeholder Engagement in Invasive Species Management: A Cross-Jurisdictional Perspective in Ireland.” Biodiversity & Conservation 15.8 (2006): 2829–2852. Web</ref>. Although the easiest way in theory is to completely eradicate the invasive species altogether, this is not as simple as it sounds. Due to the different variety of groups that are affected, such as the social, environmental and economic aspects, it takes a surprisingly long time to reach an agreement. Since they have been recognized as a key component in the decreasing of biodiversity, countermeasures need to be proposed and implemented to prevent the spread and harmful impact of invasive species to a halt.

Although there are many threats the are accustomed with invasive species, being able to set up a counter measure that includes the best interest of both stakeholders and the environment is the greatest way to please each group’s needs. The third counter-measure is a structured decision making plan that encompasses stakeholders’ key concerns, which are converted to key objectives. The major problem when properly deciding a counter measure are the different variables in which one must incorporate. When trying to deal with invasive species, decision making and conflict management are key, which are “…characterised by not only technical, but also environmental, social and economic value judgements of different stakeholders”. Although the ec<ref>Liu, Shuang, and David Cook. “Eradicate, Contain, or Live with It? Collaborating with Stakeholders to Evaluate Responses to Invasive Species.” Food Security 8.1 (2016): 49–59. Web.</ref>onomic value plays a pivotal role in each counter-measure, the social and environmental groups are not to be left out, as they play key roles in how the smooth the process will be accepted. By implementing a structured decision making plan, it will allow stakeholders to assist through funds and activities for invasive species management, all while keeping their best interests.

Within this framework, the first step is to recognize who the stakeholders are for the problem at hand and their ideals, and convert their major concerns into the key management ideals and goals for the management of response. This step is important due to the reliance of the counter measure relying on the participation of these key figures. It is also important to integrate the social aspect of this measure in order to give response alternatives and locate an option that is preferred by each party. Ultimately, this will lead to a decision which is most popular and has the least amount of overall negative trade-off from each group. Even though it is very important for variables such as the social aspect to be incorporated into this plan, the economic contributions from stakeholders are key to be able to carry out any strategy to properly deal with invasive species. This countermeasure is necessary to contain invasive species because even though there are other means of containing non-native plant species, the economic value that stakeholders hold is crucial to carry out any counter-measure. This step by step process ensures that the ideals of the stakeholders are met without cutting out the ideals of other important groups. Although there are many ways to go about handling invasive species, without the funds to support the initiative, those plans cannot be carried out properly.

==Creation of Regulations and Enforcement==

There are currently many legislations and policies regarding invasive species worldwide. What seems to occur is that these may overlap with some from other areas, either contradicting them or diminishing their power <ref>Invasive Species Council of BC. "Invasive Species Strategy for British Columbia". 2012. http://bcinvasives.ca/documents/IS_Strategy_for_BC_Final_2012_06_07_print_sm.pdf</ref>. This leads to confusion and often gridlock on the enforcement of either legislation or policy. The cross-jurisdictional weak links created by the contradiction of regulations in several jurisdictions of a large area can become compounded <ref>Gaertner, Mirijam et al. “Managing Invasive Species in Cities: A Framework from Cape Town, South Africa.” Landscape and Urban Planning 151 (2016): 1–9. ScienceDirect. Web.</ref>. Leading to a regionally wide risk of invasive species introduction, the opposite of what is hoped to be achieved. In order to control and manage invasive species, all government levels in an area have to have regulations which agree with each other. This creates an overarching framework by which citizens, corporations, and governments can abide by. These regulations can come from previous ones which are re-formatted as long as they reflect successful management practices. This process is often lengthy and complex as it involves different levels of governance. Because of this complexity, regulations involving invasive species are seldom reformed or created, yet they are an essential component in the management of these types of species in order to reduce their negative impact on the environment and economy.

Populations of invasive species can be managed more effectively through eradication of new populations that are entering an area, therefore policies regarding the introduction of new species are important. These introduction pathways are mostly associated with human transportation of invasive species, for example trading ports, airports, highways etc. Most of the regulations regarding the introduction of invasive species then should be aimed at corporations and governments who provide the infrastructure through which invasive species are travelling through, and the users of said infrastructure<ref>Simberloff, Daniel, Ingrid M. Parker, and Phyllis N. Windle. “Introduced Species Policy, Management, and Future Research Needs.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3.1 (2005): 12–20. Wiley Online Library. Web.</ref>. Although there are trade-offs with these sort of regulations, it has been shown that it is economically preferable to regulate the introduction of invasive species before they reach an area rather than trying to manage a population once it has already been introduced <ref>Keller, Reuben P. et al. “Invasive Species in Europe: Ecology, Status, and Policy.” Environmental Sciences Europe 23.1 (2011): 23. enveurope.springeropen.com. Web.</ref>

Once a proper overarching framework of regulations regarding invasive species has been created, enforcement of these regulations must take place. Often, the gaps that are left between regulations and enforcement have lead to continuing damage to people and the environment at the hand of invasive species <ref>Simberloff, Daniel, Ingrid M. Parker, and Phyllis N. Windle. “Introduced Species Policy, Management, and Future Research Needs.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3.1 (2005): 12–20. Wiley Online Library. Web</ref>. Enforcement should be lead by an assigned agency agreed upon when establishing the regulations. In order for this agency to enforce regulations appropriately, enough power must be given by the jurisdictions involved, otherwise their lack of power will render the enforcement useless. This agency is responsible for creating a framework on how penalties due to non-compliance of the regulations in place would be applied. The framework created must also include education to the public (including corporations) on what their responsibilities are when it comes to the introduction and management of invasive species. Too often an agency is not given the power to properly enforce regulations or the public is not informed on the legal implications of invasive species. The last step in making successful regulations to manage invasive species if for the enforcement of said regulations to be equal throughout all jurisdictions . This creates an equitable, collaborative process where regulations are enforced and the proper entities are penalized if needed.

==Prevention of Introduction==

Invasive species directly alter the integrity of natural ecosystems, consequently affecting societal values. Often resulting in increased management costs and lost resource productivity<ref>Invasive alien species framework for BC: identifying and addressing threats to biodiversity: a working document to address issues associated with biodiversity in British Columbia. Victoria, B.C.: Biodiversity Branch, Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, 2004. Print.</ref>. The establishment and spread of these individuals significantly threatens BC’s environment, society, and economy due to the pressures these species place on the aforementioned systems. The number of invasive species entering, establishing, and spreading across an area can be mitigated through preventative measures. Achieved through the management of introductory pathways and establishment promoting agents.
In British Columbia, the diverse geographic and climate ranges provide a wide selection of pathways and vectors of entrance. Pathways are the geographic routing that facilitate the entry of invasive to British Columbia. Whereas vectors pertain to the the means by which invasive species from an external source population follow a pathway to a new destination<ref>MacNeely, Jeffrey A. Global strategy on invasive alien species. Gland: IUCN - The World Conservation Union, 2001. Print.</ref>. Often vectors of entry are vehicles, including : boats, cars, planes, trains and animals. Anthropogenic entryways are most commonly associated with the transportation and importation of goods<ref>Clements, David R., and S. J. Darbyshire. Invasive plants: inventories, strategies and action. Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Que.: Canadian Weed Science Society, 2007. Print.</ref>. These entryways can intentionally introduce new species, as a planned import from another province or country. Adjacently however, these entryways may accidentally transport these species on vehicles or in shipping containers<ref>Williamson, Mark. "Invasive species: vectors and management strategies." Diversity and Distributions 10.5-6 (2004): 508. Web</ref>. In contrast, natural vectors of spread consist of wildlife travel by way of migration, or forceful range expansion due to habitat destruction. Lastly, individual travel may also serve as a major vector for introduction due to the associated vehicles, pets, clothing, and footwear attributed to human travel.
Prior to the implementation of prevention solutions, environmental considerations must be made as invasive species are under additional pressure from the changing climate. Climate change and global warming has shifted climatic envelopes and has resulted in warming trends and increased variation in weather patterns. These variations in natural systems are resulting in altered ecosystems that are favouring the success invasive species populations<ref>Clements, David R., and S. J. Darbyshire. Invasive plants: inventories, strategies and action. Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Que.: Canadian Weed Science Society, 2007. Print.</ref>. Enabling species to expand or shift their ranges beyond their natural range of occurrence. Therefore, an immediate challenge is to identify and manage both natural and human-caused invasion pathways and vectors, in response to the changing climate.

[[File:534238043 2050ed9ea6 o.jpg|thumb|boots and backpacking equipment|Hiking equipment is often the unknown carrier of invasive species. The Canadian Wildlife service has established several campaigns to educate hikers on cleaning their equipment to prevent the introduction of invasive species. Levin, M. "Two-night Backpacking Trip Gear". Retrieved from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/mil8/534238043]]
The Canadian Wildlife service has outlined solutions, solving the problem of preventing invasive species establishment. These individual prevention solutions encompass a list of general recommendations that focus predominantly on the responsible and ethical treatment of natural resources <ref> An Action plan for wildlife habitat conservation: Canadian Wildlife Service. Ottawa: Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, 1992. Print.</ref>.
* The seeds and reproductive structures of invasive plants can be transported by residual mud and dirt. As such, try to clean the dirt from camping equipment, hiking boots or off of a vehicle before you leave an area..
* Don’t bring animals, plants and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, soil) into the country illegally. Especially when accessing vectors of travel associated with far distances (ie: planes).
* Clean construction machines and equipment prior to leaving a job site. The mud and soil stuck to the machines are capable of harboring many seeds from invasive plants.
* Avoid unnecessary disturbance of natural areas. Disturbing natural areas may increase the susceptibility of said area to an invasion by invasive species
* Help out in your community. Join a local native plant organization or native fish or wildlife group.

In addition to these aforementioned solutions, the Government of British Columbia has outlined a prevention action plan, designed to prohibit the introduction and establishment of invasive species. The goal of this action plan is to engage citizens to undertake responsible action <ref>Darrigran, Gustavo, and Cristina Damborenea. "Strategies and Measures to Prevent Spread of Invasive Species." Limnoperna Fortunei (2015): 357-71. Web</ref>

This will be achieved through:
* Bulleted list item implementation of their behaviour change strategy
* Bulleted list item fostering local and international partnerships
* Bulleted list item Obtaining the necessary resources to develop prevention infrastructure.
* Bulleted list item Formal recognition of positive actions

In collaboration with enhanced educational services in order to encourage and change public perception with regards to invasive species prevention<ref>Invasive alien species framework for BC: identifying and addressing threats to biodiversity: a working document to address issues associated with biodiversity in British Columbia. Victoria, B.C.: Biodiversity Branch, Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, 2004. Print.</ref>. As the persistence of invasive and exotic species continue to surpass the capabilities of local wildlife communities, to adapt, and respond to increased competition. Prevention of establishment vectors has become integral to secure the management of invasive species of British Columbia. Predominantly achieved through the implementation of behavioural change strategies, vehicular and individual travel management and the prevention of frivolous distribution <ref> An Action plan for wildlife habitat conservation: Canadian Wildlife Service. Ottawa: Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, 1992. Print.</ref>.

==Conclusion==

A large majority of the commercial, agricultural, and recreational systems of British Columbia depend, in part, on healthy native ecosystems. These ecosystems are currently under threat by invasive species. Invasive species, bring one of the leading threats to the native wildlife and vegetation, have established and overtaken many of these integral ecosystems. Approximately 42% of threatened or endangered species are at risk primarily due to the influence and effect of invasive species on these ecosystems.
The direct threats of invasive species are. preying on native species and out-competing native species for resources. These direct effects result in indirect changes to food webs. This may result in destroyed or depleted native food sources. Effectively decreasing species abundance and overall biodiversity. In addition to the natural degradation caused by these species, human health and economies are also at risk. The impacts of invasive species on our natural ecosystems and economy cost billions of dollars each year. In response to the damaging presence of invasive species, four countermeasures have been identified as being effective in the control and management of these species. Public availability of databases for weeding techniques can illustrate the effects of invasive species on local ecosystems. This countermeasure is a tool to educate and empower citizens to practice the responsible use of natural areas. In addition to public empowerment, legislation, policies and regulations must be created and implemented. These regulations must be current to be effective, and prove an important countermeasure in ensuring accountability amongst citizens and governments. Strict enforcement by an assigned agency, with penalties for non-compliance, will prove essential to the success invasive species management. Stakeholders’ key concerns, converted to key objectives must be outlined in a clear structured decision making plan. Facilitating stakeholder participation through financial support and actions for invasive species management. The final countermeasure, prevention, focuses on the restriction of transportation vectors of establishment. The aforementioned countermeasures have proven successful in their individual implementation throughout the province of British Columbia. However, it is in the collaboration of these countermeasures, that long lasting invasive species mitigation may be achieved.

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Conservation]]

File:534238043 2050ed9ea6 o.jpg

2017-04-07T20:34:01Z

JonathanKwok: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
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Course:CONS200/2016w2/Wiki Projects/Invasive Species

2017-04-06T20:08:43Z

JonathanKwok: /* Available Access to databases on Invasive Species and their Handling Methods */

'''Introduction'''
[[File:Japanese Knotweed.jpg|thumb|Japanese Knotweed growing through concrete. Hughes. A. 2013. " Japanese Knotweed Treatment & Eradication". Retrieved from http://www.odonovanagri.com/Contract/index.php/contract-services-division/japanese-knotweed-treatment-eradication]]
Ecosystem management of urban and rural areas is essential for maintaining biodiversity for local and adjacent environments. Without sufficient management, the introduction of invasive species can become widespread. This affects infrastructure, human health, and the survival of native species. Counter-measure are needed as non-native invasive species are becoming an increasing problem in urban areas. <ref>Sample Reference</ref>

== Available Access to databases on Invasive Species and their Handling Methods ==
[[File:ISCBC3-516x318.jpg|thumb|left|The grow me instead program created by plant wise to educate people who garden on invasive species commonly planted in gardens, and native alternatives to those species. Hemingway, L. Cheng, G. 2013. "Invasive Species Council of BC: Public Educational Resources for Invasive Species". Retrieved from http://www.backyardcreative.ca/work/invasive-species/ ]]
The main concern with non-native invasive species is knowing how to get rid of them and knowing how to prevent further spread and growth. The responsibility not only falls on those who work in the weeding and restoration industry, but to society as this issue involves everyone and there is strength in numbers. Before the public can act towards elimination and prevention, information on assessing and controlling non-native invasive species can be hard to retrieve as well as understanding it. Most of the data on plant species is restricted in scholarly journals which only selected few can access without subscription payment, or private company and government databases which may not be disclosed to the public due to politics and laws on information copyright.<ref name=Ricciardi2000> Ricciardi, A. Steiner, W. Mack, R. N. Simberloff, D. 2000. Toward a Global Information System for Invasive Species. BioScience; 50 (3): 239-244. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568</ref>. The information that might already be public may not be used correctly. This can be an issue; if people are given false or misleading information on how to approach a plant species, the handler could be injured (if the plant were to be toxic) or the handler could further damage the surrounding environment by destroying native plant species or failing to dispose the invasive plant. As a result, a study was done showing that less than 20% of a population sample could not identify their local invasive species <ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. In the case of removing non-native invasive species and preventing their distribution, the availability and appropriateness of data can be an effective counter-measure against their spread. 

As information on non-native invasive species grow, experts suggest possible sources to distribute knowledge, educate, and to raise awareness: government authorities, media outlets, environmental scholars, and word-of-mouth<ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. Those sources are important since they are in constant relations with the municipal community, extending to a greater population. What they have in common is that those source distribution can be placed on a platform available to most of society, the internet. This option of informing the public has potential since there can be a broad range of sources and authors producing information on invasive species. The draw back is that submission of information is not filtered nor entirely correct information, such as secondary sources. This leads to biases as well as misinterpretation from the public. Though there might be misinterpretation, a study has shown that sources from the local government, control companies (companies involved in invasive species removal), and media reports were searched more frequently<ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. It can be inferred that the population is well-aware of knowing where to seek information on invasive species. Knowing where to receive information is one matter, but knowing whether the information is correct is another issue that must be addressed. 

A way to approch the problem of knowing whether the data is appropriate, as well as creating data available to everyone, is to tag and locate individual databases on invasive species throughout the internet, and to link them all in one collective database. This will act as a search engine as well as a server holding all knowledge on invasive species. This method of a collective database (meta-database), will allow not only the public to use, but for researchers to analyze and study different information on species<ref name=Ricciardi2000> Ricciardi, A. Steiner, W. Mack, R. N. Simberloff, D. 2000. Toward a Global Information System for Invasive Species. BioScience; 50 (3): 239-244. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568</ref>. Information can range from growth patterns, range distribution, biology, and tolerances and intolerances. This amount of information can easily be beneficial since there will be useful and important data to educate the population, and all of the data gathered has been screened by the scientific community that linked all the databases, solving the issue on access of information and its appropriateness. From this method of creating a database available to everyone, as well knowing that the information has been reviewed by the scientific community, the public will now have the suitable knowledge on approaching non-native invasive species, and learning how to further prevent its damage to nearby ecosystems.

==Section 2 (etc)==

==Creation of Regulations and Enforcement==
There are currently many legislations and policies regarding invasive species worldwide. What seems to occur is that these may overlap with some from other areas, either contradicting them or diminishing their power (need to insert a citation here). This leads to confusion and often gridlock on the enforcement of either legislation or policy. The cross-jurisdictional weak links created by the contradiction of regulations in several jurisdictions of a large area can become compounded <ref>Gaertner, Mirijam et al. “Managing Invasive Species in Cities: A Framework from Cape Town, South Africa.” Landscape and Urban Planning 151 (2016): 1–9. ScienceDirect. Web.</ref>. Leading to a regionally wide risk of invasive species introduction, the opposite of what is hoped to be achieved. In order to control and manage invasive species, all government levels in an area have to have regulations which agree with each other. This creates an overarching framework by which citizens, corporations, and governments can abide by. These regulations can come from previous ones which are re-formatted as long as they reflect successful management practices.

Populations of invasive species can be managed more effectively through eradication of new populations that are entering an area, therefore policies regarding the introduction of new species are important. These introduction pathways are mostly associated with human transportation of invasive species, for example trading ports, airports, highways etc. Most of the regulations regarding the introduction of invasive species then should be aimed at corporations and governments who provide the infrastructure through which invasive species are travelling through, and the users of said infrastructure<ref>Simberloff, Daniel, Ingrid M. Parker, and Phyllis N. Windle. “Introduced Species Policy, Management, and Future Research Needs.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3.1 (2005): 12–20. Wiley Online Library. Web.</ref>. Although there are trade-offs with these sort of regulations, it has been shown that it is economically preferable to regulate the introduction of invasive species before they reach an area rather than trying to manage a population once it has already been introduced <ref>Keller, Reuben P. et al. “Invasive Species in Europe: Ecology, Status, and Policy.” Environmental Sciences Europe 23.1 (2011): 23. enveurope.springeropen.com. Web.</ref>

Once a proper overarching framework of regulations regarding invasive species has been created, enforcement of these regulations must take place. Often, gaps are left between regulations and enforcement have lead to continuing damage to people and the environment at the hand of invasive species <ref>Simberloff, Daniel, Ingrid M. Parker, and Phyllis N. Windle. “Introduced Species Policy, Management, and Future Research Needs.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3.1 (2005): 12–20. Wiley Online Library. Web</ref>. Enforcement should be lead by an assigned agency. This agency is responsible for creating a framework on how penalties due to non-compliance of the regulations in place would be applied (need to insert a citation here). This framework must also include education to the public (including corporations) on what their responsibilities are when it comes to the introduction and management of invasive species. Too often an agency is not given the power to properly enforce regulations or the public is not informed on the legal implications of invasive species. The last step in making successful regulations to manage invasive species if for the enforcement of said regulations to be equal throughout all jurisdictions . This creates an equitable, collaborative process where regulations are enforced and the proper entities are penalized if needed.

==Conclusion==

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Conservation]]

File:ISCBC3-516x318.jpg

2017-04-06T20:04:14Z

JonathanKwok: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=The grow me instead program created by plant wise to educate people who garden on invasive species commonly planted in gardens, and native alternatives to those species}}
|date=2014-08-29 18:46:53
|source=http://www.backyardcreative.ca/work/invasive-species/
|author= Lisa Hemingway, Grace Cheng.
|permission=
|other_versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{subst:uwl}}

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Course:CONS200/2016w2/Wiki Projects/Invasive Species

2017-04-06T20:02:35Z

JonathanKwok: /* Available Access to databases on Invasive Species and their Handling Methods */

'''Introduction'''
[[File:Japanese Knotweed.jpg|thumb|Japanese Knotweed growing through concrete. Hughes. A. 2013. " Japanese Knotweed Treatment & Eradication". Retrieved from http://www.odonovanagri.com/Contract/index.php/contract-services-division/japanese-knotweed-treatment-eradication]]
Ecosystem management of urban and rural areas is essential for maintaining biodiversity for local and adjacent environments. Without sufficient management, the introduction of invasive species can become widespread. This affects infrastructure, human health, and the survival of native species. Counter-measure are needed as non-native invasive species are becoming an increasing problem in urban areas. <ref>Sample Reference</ref>

== Available Access to databases on Invasive Species and their Handling Methods ==
[[File:Brochure|thumbnail|right|The grow me instead program created by plant wise to educate people who garden on invasive species commonly planted in gardens, and native alternatives to those species.]]
The main concern with non-native invasive species is knowing how to get rid of them and knowing how to prevent further spread and growth. The responsibility not only falls on those who work in the weeding and restoration industry, but to society as this issue involves everyone and there is strength in numbers. Before the public can act towards elimination and prevention, information on assessing and controlling non-native invasive species can be hard to retrieve as well as understanding it. Most of the data on plant species is restricted in scholarly journals which only selected few can access without subscription payment, or private company and government databases which may not be disclosed to the public due to politics and laws on information copyright.<ref name=Ricciardi2000> Ricciardi, A. Steiner, W. Mack, R. N. Simberloff, D. 2000. Toward a Global Information System for Invasive Species. BioScience; 50 (3): 239-244. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568</ref>. The information that might already be public may not be used correctly. This can be an issue; if people are given false or misleading information on how to approach a plant species, the handler could be injured (if the plant were to be toxic) or the handler could further damage the surrounding environment by destroying native plant species or failing to dispose the invasive plant. As a result, a study was done showing that less than 20% of a population sample could not identify their local invasive species <ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. In the case of removing non-native invasive species and preventing their distribution, the availability and appropriateness of data can be an effective counter-measure against their spread. 

As information on non-native invasive species grow, experts suggest possible sources to distribute knowledge, educate, and to raise awareness: government authorities, media outlets, environmental scholars, and word-of-mouth<ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. Those sources are important since they are in constant relations with the municipal community, extending to a greater population. What they have in common is that those source distribution can be placed on a platform available to most of society, the internet. This option of informing the public has potential since there can be a broad range of sources and authors producing information on invasive species. The draw back is that submission of information is not filtered nor entirely correct information, such as secondary sources. This leads to biases as well as misinterpretation from the public. Though there might be misinterpretation, a study has shown that sources from the local government, control companies (companies involved in invasive species removal), and media reports were searched more frequently<ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. It can be inferred that the population is well-aware of knowing where to seek information on invasive species. Knowing where to receive information is one matter, but knowing whether the information is correct is another issue that must be addressed. 

A way to approch the problem of knowing whether the data is appropriate, as well as creating data available to everyone, is to tag and locate individual databases on invasive species throughout the internet, and to link them all in one collective database. This will act as a search engine as well as a server holding all knowledge on invasive species. This method of a collective database (meta-database), will allow not only the public to use, but for researchers to analyze and study different information on species<ref name=Ricciardi2000> Ricciardi, A. Steiner, W. Mack, R. N. Simberloff, D. 2000. Toward a Global Information System for Invasive Species. BioScience; 50 (3): 239-244. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568</ref>. Information can range from growth patterns, range distribution, biology, and tolerances and intolerances. This amount of information can easily be beneficial since there will be useful and important data to educate the population, and all of the data gathered has been screened by the scientific community that linked all the databases, solving the issue on access of information and its appropriateness. From this method of creating a database available to everyone, as well knowing that the information has been reviewed by the scientific community, the public will now have the suitable knowledge on approaching non-native invasive species, and learning how to further prevent its damage to nearby ecosystems.

==Section 2 (etc)==

==Creation of Regulations and Enforcement==
There are currently many legislations and policies regarding invasive species worldwide. What seems to occur is that these may overlap with some from other areas, either contradicting them or diminishing their power (need to insert a citation here). This leads to confusion and often gridlock on the enforcement of either legislation or policy. The cross-jurisdictional weak links created by the contradiction of regulations in several jurisdictions of a large area can become compounded <ref>Gaertner, Mirijam et al. “Managing Invasive Species in Cities: A Framework from Cape Town, South Africa.” Landscape and Urban Planning 151 (2016): 1–9. ScienceDirect. Web.</ref>. Leading to a regionally wide risk of invasive species introduction, the opposite of what is hoped to be achieved. In order to control and manage invasive species, all government levels in an area have to have regulations which agree with each other. This creates an overarching framework by which citizens, corporations, and governments can abide by. These regulations can come from previous ones which are re-formatted as long as they reflect successful management practices.

Populations of invasive species can be managed more effectively through eradication of new populations that are entering an area, therefore policies regarding the introduction of new species are important. These introduction pathways are mostly associated with human transportation of invasive species, for example trading ports, airports, highways etc. Most of the regulations regarding the introduction of invasive species then should be aimed at corporations and governments who provide the infrastructure through which invasive species are travelling through, and the users of said infrastructure<ref>Simberloff, Daniel, Ingrid M. Parker, and Phyllis N. Windle. “Introduced Species Policy, Management, and Future Research Needs.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3.1 (2005): 12–20. Wiley Online Library. Web.</ref>. Although there are trade-offs with these sort of regulations, it has been shown that it is economically preferable to regulate the introduction of invasive species before they reach an area rather than trying to manage a population once it has already been introduced <ref>Keller, Reuben P. et al. “Invasive Species in Europe: Ecology, Status, and Policy.” Environmental Sciences Europe 23.1 (2011): 23. enveurope.springeropen.com. Web.</ref>

Once a proper overarching framework of regulations regarding invasive species has been created, enforcement of these regulations must take place. Often, gaps are left between regulations and enforcement have lead to continuing damage to people and the environment at the hand of invasive species <ref>Simberloff, Daniel, Ingrid M. Parker, and Phyllis N. Windle. “Introduced Species Policy, Management, and Future Research Needs.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3.1 (2005): 12–20. Wiley Online Library. Web</ref>. Enforcement should be lead by an assigned agency. This agency is responsible for creating a framework on how penalties due to non-compliance of the regulations in place would be applied (need to insert a citation here). This framework must also include education to the public (including corporations) on what their responsibilities are when it comes to the introduction and management of invasive species. Too often an agency is not given the power to properly enforce regulations or the public is not informed on the legal implications of invasive species. The last step in making successful regulations to manage invasive species if for the enforcement of said regulations to be equal throughout all jurisdictions . This creates an equitable, collaborative process where regulations are enforced and the proper entities are penalized if needed.

==Conclusion==

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Conservation]]

Course:CONS200/2016w2/Wiki Projects/Invasive Species

2017-04-06T17:53:46Z

JonathanKwok:

'''Introduction'''
[[File:Japanese Knotweed.jpg|thumb|Japanese Knotweed growing through concrete. Hughes. A. 2013. " Japanese Knotweed Treatment & Eradication". Retrieved from http://www.odonovanagri.com/Contract/index.php/contract-services-division/japanese-knotweed-treatment-eradication]]
Ecosystem management of urban and rural areas is essential for maintaining biodiversity for local and adjacent environments. Without sufficient management, the introduction of invasive species can become widespread. This affects infrastructure, human health, and the survival of native species. Counter-measure are needed as non-native invasive species are becoming an increasing problem in urban areas. <ref>Sample Reference</ref>

== Available Access to databases on Invasive Species and their Handling Methods ==
The main concern with non-native invasive species is knowing how to get rid of them and knowing how to prevent further spread and growth. The responsibility not only falls on those who work in the weeding and restoration industry, but to society as this issue involves everyone and there is strength in numbers. Before the public can act towards elimination and prevention, information on assessing and controlling non-native invasive species can be hard to retrieve as well as understanding it. Most of the data on plant species is restricted in scholarly journals which only selected few can access without subscription payment, or private company and government databases which may not be disclosed to the public due to politics and laws on information copyright.<ref name=Ricciardi2000> Ricciardi, A. Steiner, W. Mack, R. N. Simberloff, D. 2000. Toward a Global Information System for Invasive Species. BioScience; 50 (3): 239-244. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568</ref>. The information that might already be public may not be used correctly. This can be an issue; if people are given false or misleading information on how to approach a plant species, the handler could be injured (if the plant were to be toxic) or the handler could further damage the surrounding environment by destroying native plant species or failing to dispose the invasive plant. As a result, a study was done showing that less than 20% of a population sample could not identify their local invasive species <ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. In the case of removing non-native invasive species and preventing their distribution, the availability and appropriateness of data can be an effective counter-measure against their spread. 

As information on non-native invasive species grow, experts suggest possible sources to distribute knowledge, educate, and to raise awareness: government authorities, media outlets, environmental scholars, and word-of-mouth<ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. Those sources are important since they are in constant relations with the municipal community, extending to a greater population. What they have in common is that those source distribution can be placed on a platform available to most of society, the internet. This option of informing the public has potential since there can be a broad range of sources and authors producing information on invasive species. The draw back is that submission of information is not filtered nor entirely correct information, such as secondary sources. This leads to biases as well as misinterpretation from the public. Though there might be misinterpretation, a study has shown that sources from the local government, control companies (companies involved in invasive species removal), and media reports were searched more frequently<ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. It can be inferred that the population is well-aware of knowing where to seek information on invasive species. Knowing where to receive information is one matter, but knowing whether the information is correct is another issue that must be addressed. 

A way to approch the problem of knowing whether the data is appropriate, as well as creating data available to everyone, is to tag and locate individual databases on invasive species throughout the internet, and to link them all in one collective database. This will act as a search engine as well as a server holding all knowledge on invasive species. This method of a collective database (meta-database), will allow not only the public to use, but for researchers to analyze and study different information on species<ref name=Ricciardi2000> Ricciardi, A. Steiner, W. Mack, R. N. Simberloff, D. 2000. Toward a Global Information System for Invasive Species. BioScience; 50 (3): 239-244. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568</ref>. Information can range from growth patterns, range distribution, biology, and tolerances and intolerances. This amount of information can easily be beneficial since there will be useful and important data to educate the population, and all of the data gathered has been screened by the scientific community that linked all the databases, solving the issue on access of information and its appropriateness. From this method of creating a database available to everyone, as well knowing that the information has been reviewed by the scientific community, the public will now have the suitable knowledge on approaching non-native invasive species, and learning how to further prevent its damage to nearby ecosystems.

==Section 2 (etc)==

==Creation of Regulations and Enforcement==
There are currently many legislations and policies regarding invasive species worldwide. What seems to occur is that these may overlap with some from other areas, either contradicting them or diminishing their power (need to insert a citation here). This leads to confusion and often gridlock on the enforcement of either legislation or policy. The cross-jurisdictional weak links created by the contradiction of regulations in several jurisdictions of a large area can become compounded <ref>Gaertner, Mirijam et al. “Managing Invasive Species in Cities: A Framework from Cape Town, South Africa.” Landscape and Urban Planning 151 (2016): 1–9. ScienceDirect. Web.</ref>. Leading to a regionally wide risk of invasive species introduction, the opposite of what is hoped to be achieved. In order to control and manage invasive species, all government levels in an area have to have regulations which agree with each other. This creates an overarching framework by which citizens, corporations, and governments can abide by. These regulations can come from previous ones which are re-formatted as long as they reflect successful management practices.

Populations of invasive species can be managed more effectively through eradication of new populations that are entering an area, therefore policies regarding the introduction of new species are important. These introduction pathways are mostly associated with human transportation of invasive species, for example trading ports, airports, highways etc. Most of the regulations regarding the introduction of invasive species then should be aimed at corporations and governments who provide the infrastructure through which invasive species are travelling through, and the users of said infrastructure<ref>Simberloff, Daniel, Ingrid M. Parker, and Phyllis N. Windle. “Introduced Species Policy, Management, and Future Research Needs.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3.1 (2005): 12–20. Wiley Online Library. Web.</ref>. Although there are trade-offs with these sort of regulations, it has been shown that it is economically preferable to regulate the introduction of invasive species before they reach an area rather than trying to manage a population once it has already been introduced <ref>Keller, Reuben P. et al. “Invasive Species in Europe: Ecology, Status, and Policy.” Environmental Sciences Europe 23.1 (2011): 23. enveurope.springeropen.com. Web.</ref>

Once a proper overarching framework of regulations regarding invasive species has been created, enforcement of these regulations must take place. Often, gaps are left between regulations and enforcement have lead to continuing damage to people and the environment at the hand of invasive species <ref>Simberloff, Daniel, Ingrid M. Parker, and Phyllis N. Windle. “Introduced Species Policy, Management, and Future Research Needs.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3.1 (2005): 12–20. Wiley Online Library. Web</ref>. Enforcement should be lead by an assigned agency. This agency is responsible for creating a framework on how penalties due to non-compliance of the regulations in place would be applied (need to insert a citation here). This framework must also include education to the public (including corporations) on what their responsibilities are when it comes to the introduction and management of invasive species. Too often an agency is not given the power to properly enforce regulations or the public is not informed on the legal implications of invasive species. The last step in making successful regulations to manage invasive species if for the enforcement of said regulations to be equal throughout all jurisdictions . This creates an equitable, collaborative process where regulations are enforced and the proper entities are penalized if needed.

==Conclusion==

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Conservation]]

File:Japanese Knotweed.jpg

2017-04-06T17:51:20Z

JonathanKwok: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Japanese Knotweed growing through concrete}}
|date=2012-08-09 17:48:28
|source=http://www.odonovanagri.com/Contract/index.php/contract-services-division/japanese-knotweed-treatment-eradication
|author=Alan Hughes
|permission=
|other_versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{subst:uwl}}

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Course:CONS200/2016w2/Wiki Projects/Invasive Species

2017-04-06T17:49:03Z

JonathanKwok:

'''Introduction'''
[[File:Japanese knotweed|thumbnail|right|Japanese Knotweed growing through concrete. Retrieved from http://www.odonovanagri.com/Contract/index.php/contract-services-division/japanese-knotweed-treatment-eradication]]
Ecosystem management of urban and rural areas is essential for maintaining biodiversity for local and adjacent environments. Without sufficient management, the introduction of invasive species can become widespread. This affects infrastructure, human health, and the survival of native species. Counter-measure are needed as non-native invasive species are becoming an increasing problem in urban areas. <ref>Sample Reference</ref>

== Available Access to databases on Invasive Species and their Handling Methods ==
The main concern with non-native invasive species is knowing how to get rid of them and knowing how to prevent further spread and growth. The responsibility not only falls on those who work in the weeding and restoration industry, but to society as this issue involves everyone and there is strength in numbers. Before the public can act towards elimination and prevention, information on assessing and controlling non-native invasive species can be hard to retrieve as well as understanding it. Most of the data on plant species is restricted in scholarly journals which only selected few can access without subscription payment, or private company and government databases which may not be disclosed to the public due to politics and laws on information copyright.<ref name=Ricciardi2000> Ricciardi, A. Steiner, W. Mack, R. N. Simberloff, D. 2000. Toward a Global Information System for Invasive Species. BioScience; 50 (3): 239-244. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568</ref>. The information that might already be public may not be used correctly. This can be an issue; if people are given false or misleading information on how to approach a plant species, the handler could be injured (if the plant were to be toxic) or the handler could further damage the surrounding environment by destroying native plant species or failing to dispose the invasive plant. As a result, a study was done showing that less than 20% of a population sample could not identify their local invasive species <ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. In the case of removing non-native invasive species and preventing their distribution, the availability and appropriateness of data can be an effective counter-measure against their spread. 

As information on non-native invasive species grow, experts suggest possible sources to distribute knowledge, educate, and to raise awareness: government authorities, media outlets, environmental scholars, and word-of-mouth<ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. Those sources are important since they are in constant relations with the municipal community, extending to a greater population. What they have in common is that those source distribution can be placed on a platform available to most of society, the internet. This option of informing the public has potential since there can be a broad range of sources and authors producing information on invasive species. The draw back is that submission of information is not filtered nor entirely correct information, such as secondary sources. This leads to biases as well as misinterpretation from the public. Though there might be misinterpretation, a study has shown that sources from the local government, control companies (companies involved in invasive species removal), and media reports were searched more frequently<ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. It can be inferred that the population is well-aware of knowing where to seek information on invasive species. Knowing where to receive information is one matter, but knowing whether the information is correct is another issue that must be addressed. 

A way to approch the problem of knowing whether the data is appropriate, as well as creating data available to everyone, is to tag and locate individual databases on invasive species throughout the internet, and to link them all in one collective database. This will act as a search engine as well as a server holding all knowledge on invasive species. This method of a collective database (meta-database), will allow not only the public to use, but for researchers to analyze and study different information on species<ref name=Ricciardi2000> Ricciardi, A. Steiner, W. Mack, R. N. Simberloff, D. 2000. Toward a Global Information System for Invasive Species. BioScience; 50 (3): 239-244. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568</ref>. Information can range from growth patterns, range distribution, biology, and tolerances and intolerances. This amount of information can easily be beneficial since there will be useful and important data to educate the population, and all of the data gathered has been screened by the scientific community that linked all the databases, solving the issue on access of information and its appropriateness. From this method of creating a database available to everyone, as well knowing that the information has been reviewed by the scientific community, the public will now have the suitable knowledge on approaching non-native invasive species, and learning how to further prevent its damage to nearby ecosystems.

==Section 2 (etc)==

==Creation of Regulations and Enforcement==
There are currently many legislations and policies regarding invasive species worldwide. What seems to occur is that these may overlap with some from other areas, either contradicting them or diminishing their power (need to insert a citation here). This leads to confusion and often gridlock on the enforcement of either legislation or policy. The cross-jurisdictional weak links created by the contradiction of regulations in several jurisdictions of a large area can become compounded <ref>Gaertner, Mirijam et al. “Managing Invasive Species in Cities: A Framework from Cape Town, South Africa.” Landscape and Urban Planning 151 (2016): 1–9. ScienceDirect. Web.</ref>. Leading to a regionally wide risk of invasive species introduction, the opposite of what is hoped to be achieved. In order to control and manage invasive species, all government levels in an area have to have regulations which agree with each other. This creates an overarching framework by which citizens, corporations, and governments can abide by. These regulations can come from previous ones which are re-formatted as long as they reflect successful management practices.

Populations of invasive species can be managed more effectively through eradication of new populations that are entering an area, therefore policies regarding the introduction of new species are important. These introduction pathways are mostly associated with human transportation of invasive species, for example trading ports, airports, highways etc. Most of the regulations regarding the introduction of invasive species then should be aimed at corporations and governments who provide the infrastructure through which invasive species are travelling through, and the users of said infrastructure<ref>Simberloff, Daniel, Ingrid M. Parker, and Phyllis N. Windle. “Introduced Species Policy, Management, and Future Research Needs.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3.1 (2005): 12–20. Wiley Online Library. Web.</ref>. Although there are trade-offs with these sort of regulations, it has been shown that it is economically preferable to regulate the introduction of invasive species before they reach an area rather than trying to manage a population once it has already been introduced <ref>Keller, Reuben P. et al. “Invasive Species in Europe: Ecology, Status, and Policy.” Environmental Sciences Europe 23.1 (2011): 23. enveurope.springeropen.com. Web.</ref>

Once a proper overarching framework of regulations regarding invasive species has been created, enforcement of these regulations must take place. Often, gaps are left between regulations and enforcement have lead to continuing damage to people and the environment at the hand of invasive species <ref>Simberloff, Daniel, Ingrid M. Parker, and Phyllis N. Windle. “Introduced Species Policy, Management, and Future Research Needs.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3.1 (2005): 12–20. Wiley Online Library. Web</ref>. Enforcement should be lead by an assigned agency. This agency is responsible for creating a framework on how penalties due to non-compliance of the regulations in place would be applied (need to insert a citation here). This framework must also include education to the public (including corporations) on what their responsibilities are when it comes to the introduction and management of invasive species. Too often an agency is not given the power to properly enforce regulations or the public is not informed on the legal implications of invasive species. The last step in making successful regulations to manage invasive species if for the enforcement of said regulations to be equal throughout all jurisdictions . This creates an equitable, collaborative process where regulations are enforced and the proper entities are penalized if needed.

==Conclusion==

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Conservation]]

Course:CONS200/2016w2/Wiki Projects/Invasive Species

2017-04-06T05:51:07Z

JonathanKwok: /* Available Access to databases on Invasive Species and their Handling Methods */

'''Introduction'''

Ecosystem management of urban and rural areas is essential for maintaining biodiversity for local and adjacent environments. Without sufficient management, the introduction of invasive species can become widespread. This affects infrastructure, human health, and the survival of native species. Counter-measure are needed as non-native invasive species are becoming an increasing problem in urban areas. <ref>Sample Reference</ref>

== Available Access to databases on Invasive Species and their Handling Methods ==
The main concern with non-native invasive species is knowing how to get rid of them and knowing how to prevent further spread and growth. The responsibility not only falls on those who work in the weeding and restoration industry, but to society as this issue involves everyone and there is strength in numbers. Before the public can act towards elimination and prevention, information on assessing and controlling non-native invasive species can be hard to retrieve as well as understanding it. Most of the data on plant species is restricted in scholarly journals which only selected few can access without subscription payment, or private company and government databases which may not be disclosed to the public due to politics and laws on information copyright.<ref name=Ricciardi2000> Ricciardi, A. Steiner, W. Mack, R. N. Simberloff, D. 2000. Toward a Global Information System for Invasive Species. BioScience; 50 (3): 239-244. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568</ref>. The information that might already be public may not be used correctly. This can be an issue; if people are given false or misleading information on how to approach a plant species, the handler could be injured (if the plant were to be toxic) or the handler could further damage the surrounding environment by destroying native plant species or failing to dispose the invasive plant. As a result, a study was done showing that less than 20% of a population sample could not identify their local invasive species <ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. In the case of removing non-native invasive species and preventing their distribution, the availability and appropriateness of data can be an effective counter-measure against their spread. 

As information on non-native invasive species grow, experts suggest possible sources to distribute knowledge, educate, and to raise awareness: government authorities, media outlets, environmental scholars, and word-of-mouth<ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. Those sources are important since they are in constant relations with the municipal community, extending to a greater population. What they have in common is that those source distribution can be placed on a platform available to most of society, the internet. This option of informing the public has potential since there can be a broad range of sources and authors producing information on invasive species. The draw back is that submission of information is not filtered nor entirely correct information, such as secondary sources. This leads to biases as well as misinterpretation from the public. Though there might be misinterpretation, a study has shown that sources from the local government, control companies (companies involved in invasive species removal), and media reports were searched more frequently<ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. It can be inferred that the population is well-aware of knowing where to seek information on invasive species. Knowing where to receive information is one matter, but knowing whether the information is correct is another issue that must be addressed. 

A way to approch the problem of knowing whether the data is appropriate, as well as creating data available to everyone, is to tag and locate individual databases on invasive species throughout the internet, and to link them all in one collective database. This will act as a search engine as well as a server holding all knowledge on invasive species. This method of a collective database (meta-database), will allow not only the public to use, but for researchers to analyze and study different information on species<ref name=Ricciardi2000> Ricciardi, A. Steiner, W. Mack, R. N. Simberloff, D. 2000. Toward a Global Information System for Invasive Species. BioScience; 50 (3): 239-244. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568</ref>. Information can range from growth patterns, range distribution, biology, and tolerances and intolerances. This amount of information can easily be beneficial since there will be useful and important data to educate the population, and all of the data gathered has been screened by the scientific community that linked all the databases, solving the issue on access of information and its appropriateness. From this method of creating a database available to everyone, as well knowing that the information has been reviewed by the scientific community, the public will now have the suitable knowledge on approaching non-native invasive species, and learning how to further prevent its damage to nearby ecosystems.

==Section 2 (etc)==

==Creation of Regulations and Enforcement==
There are currently many legislations and policies regarding invasive species worldwide. What seems to occur is that these may overlap with some from other areas, either contradicting them or diminishing their power (need to insert a citation here). This leads to confusion and often gridlock on the enforcement of either legislation or policy. The cross-jurisdictional weak links created by the contradiction of regulations in several jurisdictions of a large area can become compounded <ref>Gaertner, Mirijam et al. “Managing Invasive Species in Cities: A Framework from Cape Town, South Africa.” Landscape and Urban Planning 151 (2016): 1–9. ScienceDirect. Web.</ref>. Leading to a regionally wide risk of invasive species introduction, the opposite of what is hoped to be achieved. In order to control and manage invasive species, all government levels in an area have to have regulations which agree with each other. This creates an overarching framework by which citizens, corporations, and governments can abide by. These regulations can come from previous ones which are re-formatted as long as they reflect successful management practices.

Populations of invasive species can be managed more effectively through eradication of new populations that are entering an area, therefore policies regarding the introduction of new species are important. These introduction pathways are mostly associated with human transportation of invasive species, for example trading ports, airports, highways etc. Most of the regulations regarding the introduction of invasive species then should be aimed at corporations and governments who provide the infrastructure through which invasive species are travelling through, and the users of said infrastructure<ref>Simberloff, Daniel, Ingrid M. Parker, and Phyllis N. Windle. “Introduced Species Policy, Management, and Future Research Needs.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3.1 (2005): 12–20. Wiley Online Library. Web.</ref>. Although there are trade-offs with these sort of regulations, it has been shown that it is economically preferable to regulate the introduction of invasive species before they reach an area rather than trying to manage a population once it has already been introduced <ref>Keller, Reuben P. et al. “Invasive Species in Europe: Ecology, Status, and Policy.” Environmental Sciences Europe 23.1 (2011): 23. enveurope.springeropen.com. Web.</ref>

Once a proper overarching framework of regulations regarding invasive species has been created, enforcement of these regulations must take place. Often, gaps are left between regulations and enforcement have lead to continuing damage to people and the environment at the hand of invasive species <ref>Simberloff, Daniel, Ingrid M. Parker, and Phyllis N. Windle. “Introduced Species Policy, Management, and Future Research Needs.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3.1 (2005): 12–20. Wiley Online Library. Web</ref>. Enforcement should be lead by an assigned agency. This agency is responsible for creating a framework on how penalties due to non-compliance of the regulations in place would be applied (need to insert a citation here). This framework must also include education to the public (including corporations) on what their responsibilities are when it comes to the introduction and management of invasive species. Too often an agency is not given the power to properly enforce regulations or the public is not informed on the legal implications of invasive species. The last step in making successful regulations to manage invasive species if for the enforcement of said regulations to be equal throughout all jurisdictions . This creates an equitable, collaborative process where regulations are enforced and the proper entities are penalized if needed.

==Conclusion==

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Conservation]]

Course:CONS200/2016w2/Wiki Projects/Invasive Species

2017-04-06T05:19:49Z

JonathanKwok: /* Available Access to databases on Invasive Species and their Handling Methods */

'''Introduction'''

Ecosystem management of urban and rural areas is essential for maintaining biodiversity for local and adjacent environments. Without sufficient management, the introduction of invasive species can become widespread. This affects infrastructure, human health, and the survival of native species. Counter-measure are needed as non-native invasive species are becoming an increasing problem in urban areas. <ref>Sample Reference</ref>

== Available Access to databases on Invasive Species and their Handling Methods ==
The main concern with non-native invasive species is how to get rid of them and knowing how to prevent further spread and growth. The responsibility not only falls on those who work in the weeding and restoration industry, but to society as this issue involves everyone and there is strength in numbers. Before the public can act towards elimination and prevention, information on assessing and controlling non-native invasive species can be hard to retrieve. Most of the data on plant species is restricted in scholarly journals which only selected few can access without subscription payment, or private and government databases which may not be disclosed to the public <ref name=Ricciardi2000> Ricciardi, A. Steiner, W. Mack, R. N. Simberloff, D. 2000. Toward a Global Information System for Invasive Species. BioScience; 50 (3): 239-244. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568</ref>. This can be an issue; if people are given false or misleading information on how to approach a plant species, the handler could be injured (if the plant were to be toxic) or the handler could further damage the surrounding environment by destroying native plant species or failing to dispose the invasive plant. As a result, a study was done showing that less than 20% of a population sample could not identify their local invasive species <ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref> 

As information on non-native invasive species grow, experts suggest possible sources that are able to distribute knowledge and to raise awareness: government authorities, media outlets, environmental scholars, and word-of-mouth<ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. What they have in common is that those source distribution can be placed on a platform available to most of society, the internet. This option of informing the public has potential since there can be a broad range of sources and authors. The draw back is that submission of information is not filtered nor entirely correct information, such as secondary sources. This leads to biases as well as misinterpretation from the public. Though there might be misinterpretation, a study has shown that sources from the local government, control companies (companies involved in invasive species removal), and media reports were searched more frequently<ref name=Robinson2017>Robinson, B. S., Inger, R., Crowley, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Weeds on the web: conflicting management advice about an invasive non-native plant. Journal Of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 178-187. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12712</ref>. It can be inferred that the population is well-aware of knowing where to seek information on invasive species. 

Another efficient approach of making data available to everyone is to tag individual databases on invasive species throughout the internet, and to link them all in one collective database. This will act as a search engine as well as a server holding all knowledge on invasive species. This method of a collective database (meta-database), will allow not only the public to use, but for researchers to analyze and study different information on species<ref name=Ricciardi2000> Ricciardi, A. Steiner, W. Mack, R. N. Simberloff, D. 2000. Toward a Global Information System for Invasive Species. BioScience; 50 (3): 239-244. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568</ref>. Information can range from growth patterns, range distribution, biology, and tolerances and intolerances. This amount of information can easily be beneficial since there will be useful and important data to educate the population, and all of the data gathered has been screened by the scientific community that linked all the databases.

==Section 2 (etc)==

==Creation of Regulations and Enforcement==
There are currently many legislations and policies regarding invasive species worldwide. What seems to occur is that these may overlap with some from other areas, either contradicting them or diminishing their power (need to insert a citation here). This leads to confusion and often gridlock on the enforcement of either legislation or policy. The cross-jurisdictional weak links created by the contradiction of regulations in several jurisdictions of a large area can become compounded <ref>Gaertner, Mirijam et al. “Managing Invasive Species in Cities: A Framework from Cape Town, South Africa.” Landscape and Urban Planning 151 (2016): 1–9. ScienceDirect. Web.</ref>. Leading to a regionally wide risk of invasive species introduction, the opposite of what is hoped to be achieved. In order to control and manage invasive species, all government levels in an area have to have regulations which agree with each other. This creates an overarching framework by which citizens, corporations, and governments can abide by. These regulations can come from previous ones which are re-formatted as long as they reflect successful management practices.

Populations of invasive species can be managed more effectively through eradication of new populations that are entering an area, therefore policies regarding the introduction of new species are important. These introduction pathways are mostly associated with human transportation of invasive species, for example trading ports, airports, highways etc. Most of the regulations regarding the introduction of invasive species then should be aimed at corporations and governments who provide the infrastructure through which invasive species are travelling through, and the users of said infrastructure<ref>Simberloff, Daniel, Ingrid M. Parker, and Phyllis N. Windle. “Introduced Species Policy, Management, and Future Research Needs.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3.1 (2005): 12–20. Wiley Online Library. Web.</ref>. Although there are trade-offs with these sort of regulations, it has been shown that it is economically preferable to regulate the introduction of invasive species before they reach an area rather than trying to manage a population once it has already been introduced <ref>Keller, Reuben P. et al. “Invasive Species in Europe: Ecology, Status, and Policy.” Environmental Sciences Europe 23.1 (2011): 23. enveurope.springeropen.com. Web.</ref>

Once a proper overarching framework of regulations regarding invasive species has been created, enforcement of these regulations must take place. Often, gaps are left between regulations and enforcement have lead to continuing damage to people and the environment at the hand of invasive species <ref>Simberloff, Daniel, Ingrid M. Parker, and Phyllis N. Windle. “Introduced Species Policy, Management, and Future Research Needs.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3.1 (2005): 12–20. Wiley Online Library. Web</ref>. Enforcement should be lead by an assigned agency. This agency is responsible for creating a framework on how penalties due to non-compliance of the regulations in place would be applied (need to insert a citation here). This framework must also include education to the public (including corporations) on what their responsibilities are when it comes to the introduction and management of invasive species. Too often an agency is not given the power to properly enforce regulations or the public is not informed on the legal implications of invasive species. The last step in making successful regulations to manage invasive species if for the enforcement of said regulations to be equal throughout all jurisdictions . This creates an equitable, collaborative process where regulations are enforced and the proper entities are penalized if needed.

==Conclusion==

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Conservation]]