UBC Wiki - User contributions [en]

Sandbox:2026 Team 3 Coding

2026-06-23T18:03:10Z

JiachengSun:

== Home ==

=== Welcome to 2026 Team 3 Coding sub-team ===

== Coding ==
Overview of the Arduino code

=== Requirements ===

==== Functions ====
1.The transmitter and receiver can realize bidirectional communication。

2.The receiver part can control servo's spinning, motor spinning forward and backward.

3.Three modes of Temperature control (off, hot, cold) using relay.

==== Objectives ====

# The turning radius of the tricycle should be less than 600 mm, allowing the vehicle to turn smoothly in a limited testing area.
# The tricycle should be able to move forward and backward using joystick control from the transmitter.
# The steering system should respond clearly to left and right joystick input, allowing the user to control the direction of the tricycle accurately.
# The control system should include a neutral zone so that the tricycle stops moving when the joystick is released or placed near the center position.

==== Constraints ====
Maximum electrical consumption: 9,6V 2.8A.The receiver-side design is constrained by the Arduino Nano’s limited number of input/output pins. The receiver must control the drive motors, steering system, and air-conditioning device while also receiving signals from the transmitter. Therefore, the coding system must assign pins carefully and avoid using unnecessary components. The receiver code also needs to be simple and reliable so that the tricycle can respond quickly to joystick movement and button input.

==== Features ====

1.Turning signal

2.Statement display(Temperature, humidity, gears mode, air-conditioner mode)

3.Horn

=== The Design ===

==== Transmitter Hardware ====
The transmitter is the handheld controller used by the operator. It includes an Arduino Nano, a joystick module, a push button, and the required wiring connections. The purpose of the transmitter is to collect user input and convert it into control commands for the tricycle.

The joystick is the main input device for vehicle movement. The vertical direction of the joystick controls forward and backward motion. When the joystick is pushed forward, the tricycle moves forward. When the joystick is pulled backward, the tricycle reverses. The horizontal direction of the joystick controls steering. Moving the joystick left or right sends a turning command to the tricycle.

The push button is used to control the Peltier-based temperature control device. Each press of the button changes the operating mode. This allows the user to switch between cooling and heating without needing extra controls.

The transmitter hardware was designed to be compact and easy to use. Since the controller only needs a few input components, the circuit can remain simple and organized. This also makes troubleshooting easier during testing.

===== Overall figure =====
The overall transmitter system is shown in Figure 1. The joystick and button are connected to the Arduino Nano as input devices. The Arduino reads these input signals and converts them into commands for movement, steering, and temperature control.

Figure 1. Overall layout of the transmitter hardware system.

The joystick provides two analog inputs: one for forward and backward control, and one for left and right steering control. The button provides a digital input for switching the Peltier system mode. Together, these components allow the user to control the main functions of the tricycle through one simple remote controller.

===== Adurino Nano =====
Adurino Nano is used for packing everything, including the position of joystick, buttons state, in to the Struct Signal and delivered it to receiver. At the mean time, receiving the ack pack delivered by receiver and display it onto LCD screen to demostrate the overall state of the e-cycle.

=====joystick=====
The joystick is the main input device used to control the movement of the tricycle. It is powered by the Arduino Nano and provides position data in two directions. The X-position is used for steering control, while the Y-position is used for forward and backward movement.

The joystick outputs are connected to the Arduino Nano through input pins such as A0 and A1. The press function of the joystick can also be connected to another input pin, such as A2, depending on the final wiring design. The Arduino reads these values continuously and converts them into movement commands.

When the joystick is pushed forward or backward, the transmitter sends a command for the vehicle to move forward or reverse. When the joystick is moved left or right, the transmitter sends a steering command. A neutral zone is included in the program so that small joystick noise does not accidentally move the tricycle.

The joystick is powered by nano, information of X position and Y position and the press condition is transmitted to A0, A1, A2 and port into the adurino nano.

LCD is used for displayinig statement including temperature, humidity, the whether reverse gear is on and which temperature mode is on. LCD display compared to LED lights is more flexible to edit, intuitive to person.

=====nRF24L01 modules=====
The nRF24L01 modules are used for wireless communication between the transmitter and the receiver. One module is connected to the transmitter, and another module is connected to the receiver. These two modules allow the joystick positions, button states, and system feedback data to be transferred wirelessly.

On the transmitter side, the nRF24L01 sends the structured control packet from the Arduino Nano to the receiver. This packet includes movement commands, steering commands, and temperature-control commands. On the receiver side, the module receives these commands and sends feedback information back to the transmitter.

The nRF24L01 module is powered by the 3.3 V pin on the Arduino Nano. A capacitor is added to the circuit to help stabilize the power supply and reduce communication problems caused by voltage drops. This improves the reliability of the wireless connection.

==== Receiver Hardware ====

===== Adurino Nano =====
The Arduino Nano is used as the main controller in the receiver system. Its role is to process the control commands from the transmitter and send the correct signals to the output components on the tricycle. Based on the received joystick command, the Arduino controls the driving motor and the steering servo. Based on the button command, the Arduino controls the temperature system.

The Arduino Nano was chosen because it is small, lightweight, and easy to integrate into the tricycle circuit. It has enough input and output pins to connect to the servo, motor control circuit, MOSFET, and relay module. Since the tricycle is a small prototype, the compact size of the Arduino Nano also helps reduce the space needed for the receiver hardware.

Another advantage of using the Arduino Nano is that it can be tested and programmed easily. During testing, the coding group can check whether the Arduino is receiving the correct commands and whether each output component responds correctly. This makes debugging more organized and helps the team identify problems in either the software or hardware.

===== Servo =====
The servo is used to control the steering direction of the tricycle. When the user moves the joystick left or right, the receiver Arduino sends a signal to the servo. The servo then rotates to the required angle, allowing the front wheel or steering mechanism to turn.

The servo was selected because it can rotate to specific positions instead of only turning on or off. This is useful for steering because the tricycle needs controlled left and right movement. For example, when the joystick is moved slightly, the servo can turn by a smaller angle. When the joystick is moved further, the servo can turn by a larger angle.

In the program, the joystick value is mapped to a servo angle. A neutral joystick position keeps the servo near the center position, so the tricycle moves straight. This design makes the steering control more intuitive for the user and easier to adjust during testing.

===== Motor =====
The motor is used to provide the driving force for the tricycle. It allows the vehicle to move forward and backward based on the joystick input from the transmitter. When the joystick is pushed forward, the receiver activates the motor to move the tricycle forward. When the joystick is pulled backward, the motor direction is changed so the tricycle can reverse.

The motor requires more current than the Arduino Nano can safely provide directly. Because of this, the motor is controlled through a separate driving circuit instead of being connected directly to the Arduino output pin. This protects the Arduino and allows the motor to receive enough power from the battery.

The motor control is designed to respond to clear joystick commands. When the joystick returns to the neutral position, the motor stops. This makes the tricycle safer during testing because the vehicle should not continue moving when the user is not giving a movement command.

===== MOSEFT =====
The MOSFET is used as an electronic switch for controlling higher-power components in the receiver system. Since the Arduino Nano can only provide a small amount of current from its output pins, it cannot directly power components such as the motor or the Peltier device. The MOSFET solves this problem by allowing the Arduino to control a larger current using a small control signal.

When the Arduino sends a signal to the MOSFET gate, the MOSFET allows current to flow through the connected load. When the Arduino signal is off, the MOSFET stops the current flow. This makes the MOSFET useful for turning high-power devices on and off safely.

Using a MOSFET also improves the reliability of the system because it separates the Arduino control circuit from the higher-power output circuit. This reduces the risk of damaging the Arduino and makes the circuit more suitable for a working tricycle prototype.

===== Relay =====
The relay is used to switch the operating mode of the Peltier-based temperature control system. A Peltier module can provide cooling or heating depending on the direction of current flow. Therefore, the relay helps change the circuit connection so that the system can switch between cooling and heating modes.

The relay is controlled by the Arduino Nano based on the button command from the transmitter. When the user presses the button, the Arduino changes the relay state. This allows the temperature control system to switch modes without the user needing to manually change any wiring.

The relay was included because it provides a simple and clear way to control a higher-power circuit using a low-power Arduino signal. It also helps keep the temperature control system separate from the main logic circuit, which makes the design safer and easier to test.

==== Remote Control Display ====
{{YouTube|id=8xli9cMYe5c}}

==== Program Flowchart ====
[[File:2026 Team3 TX flowchart.png|left|thumb|Transimitter side Flow chart]]
[[File:RX flowchart 2026.png|none|thumb|547x547px|Receiver side Flow chart]]

==== Extra Features ====
DHT Temperature and Humidity Sensor. It is used for detecting the temperature and humidity inside the car to better detect the statement of the car.

LCD display. Acknowledgement Payload is used for transmiting the data of the vehicle back to the transmitter and display the car statement on the LCD screen.

=== Appendix ===

====Adurino code====

Sandbox:2026 Team 3 Coding

2026-06-18T23:35:17Z

JiachengSun:

== Home ==

=== Welcome to 2026 Team 3 Coding sub-team ===

== Coding ==
Overview of the Arduino code

=== Requirements ===

==== Functions ====
1.The transmitter and receiver can realize bidirectional communication。

2.The receiver part can control servo's spinning, motor spinning forward and backward.

3.Three modes of Temperature control (off, hot, cold) using relay.

==== Objectives ====

# The turning radius of the tricycle should be less than 600 mm, allowing the vehicle to turn smoothly in a limited testing area.
# The tricycle should be able to move forward and backward using joystick control from the transmitter.
# The steering system should respond clearly to left and right joystick input, allowing the user to control the direction of the tricycle accurately.
# The control system should include a neutral zone so that the tricycle stops moving when the joystick is released or placed near the center position.

==== Constraints ====
Maximum electrical consumption: 9,6V 2.8A.

==== Features ====

1.Turning signal

2.Statement display(Temperature, humidity, gears mode, air-conditioner mode)

3.Horn

=== The Design ===

==== Transmitter Hardware ====
The transmitter is the handheld controller used by the operator. It includes an Arduino Nano, a joystick module, a push button, and the required wiring connections. The purpose of the transmitter is to collect user input and convert it into control commands for the tricycle.

The joystick is the main input device for vehicle movement. The vertical direction of the joystick controls forward and backward motion. When the joystick is pushed forward, the tricycle moves forward. When the joystick is pulled backward, the tricycle reverses. The horizontal direction of the joystick controls steering. Moving the joystick left or right sends a turning command to the tricycle.

The push button is used to control the Peltier-based temperature control device. Each press of the button changes the operating mode. This allows the user to switch between cooling and heating without needing extra controls.

The transmitter hardware was designed to be compact and easy to use. Since the controller only needs a few input components, the circuit can remain simple and organized. This also makes troubleshooting easier during testing.

===== Overall figure =====
The overall transmitter system is shown in Figure 1. The joystick and button are connected to the Arduino Nano as input devices. The Arduino reads these input signals and converts them into commands for movement, steering, and temperature control.

Figure 1. Overall layout of the transmitter hardware system.

The joystick provides two analog inputs: one for forward and backward control, and one for left and right steering control. The button provides a digital input for switching the Peltier system mode. Together, these components allow the user to control the main functions of the tricycle through one simple remote controller.

===== Adurino Nano =====
Adurino Nano is used for packing everything, including the position of joystick, buttons state, in to the Struct Signal and delivered it to receiver. At the mean time, receiving the ack pack delivered by receiver and display it onto LCD screen to demostrate the overall state of the e-cycle.

=====joystick=====
The joystick is the main input device used to control the movement of the tricycle. It is powered by the Arduino Nano and provides position data in two directions. The X-position is used for steering control, while the Y-position is used for forward and backward movement.

The joystick outputs are connected to the Arduino Nano through input pins such as A0 and A1. The press function of the joystick can also be connected to another input pin, such as A2, depending on the final wiring design. The Arduino reads these values continuously and converts them into movement commands.

When the joystick is pushed forward or backward, the transmitter sends a command for the vehicle to move forward or reverse. When the joystick is moved left or right, the transmitter sends a steering command. A neutral zone is included in the program so that small joystick noise does not accidentally move the tricycle.

The joystick is powered by nano, information of X position and Y position and the press condition is transmitted to A0, A1, A2 and port into the adurino nano.

LCD is used for displayinig statement including temperature, humidity, the whether reverse gear is on and which temperature mode is on. LCD display compared to LED lights is more flexible to edit, intuitive to person.

=====nRF24L01 modules=====
The nRF24L01 modules are used for wireless communication between the transmitter and the receiver. One module is connected to the transmitter, and another module is connected to the receiver. These two modules allow the joystick positions, button states, and system feedback data to be transferred wirelessly.

On the transmitter side, the nRF24L01 sends the structured control packet from the Arduino Nano to the receiver. This packet includes movement commands, steering commands, and temperature-control commands. On the receiver side, the module receives these commands and sends feedback information back to the transmitter.

The nRF24L01 module is powered by the 3.3 V pin on the Arduino Nano. A capacitor is added to the circuit to help stabilize the power supply and reduce communication problems caused by voltage drops. This improves the reliability of the wireless connection.

==== Receiver Hardware ====

===== Adurino Nano =====
The Arduino Nano is used as the main controller in the receiver system. Its role is to process the control commands from the transmitter and send the correct signals to the output components on the tricycle. Based on the received joystick command, the Arduino controls the driving motor and the steering servo. Based on the button command, the Arduino controls the temperature system.

The Arduino Nano was chosen because it is small, lightweight, and easy to integrate into the tricycle circuit. It has enough input and output pins to connect to the servo, motor control circuit, MOSFET, and relay module. Since the tricycle is a small prototype, the compact size of the Arduino Nano also helps reduce the space needed for the receiver hardware.

Another advantage of using the Arduino Nano is that it can be tested and programmed easily. During testing, the coding group can check whether the Arduino is receiving the correct commands and whether each output component responds correctly. This makes debugging more organized and helps the team identify problems in either the software or hardware.

===== Servo =====
The servo is used to control the steering direction of the tricycle. When the user moves the joystick left or right, the receiver Arduino sends a signal to the servo. The servo then rotates to the required angle, allowing the front wheel or steering mechanism to turn.

The servo was selected because it can rotate to specific positions instead of only turning on or off. This is useful for steering because the tricycle needs controlled left and right movement. For example, when the joystick is moved slightly, the servo can turn by a smaller angle. When the joystick is moved further, the servo can turn by a larger angle.

In the program, the joystick value is mapped to a servo angle. A neutral joystick position keeps the servo near the center position, so the tricycle moves straight. This design makes the steering control more intuitive for the user and easier to adjust during testing.

===== Motor =====
The motor is used to provide the driving force for the tricycle. It allows the vehicle to move forward and backward based on the joystick input from the transmitter. When the joystick is pushed forward, the receiver activates the motor to move the tricycle forward. When the joystick is pulled backward, the motor direction is changed so the tricycle can reverse.

The motor requires more current than the Arduino Nano can safely provide directly. Because of this, the motor is controlled through a separate driving circuit instead of being connected directly to the Arduino output pin. This protects the Arduino and allows the motor to receive enough power from the battery.

The motor control is designed to respond to clear joystick commands. When the joystick returns to the neutral position, the motor stops. This makes the tricycle safer during testing because the vehicle should not continue moving when the user is not giving a movement command.

===== MOSEFT =====
The MOSFET is used as an electronic switch for controlling higher-power components in the receiver system. Since the Arduino Nano can only provide a small amount of current from its output pins, it cannot directly power components such as the motor or the Peltier device. The MOSFET solves this problem by allowing the Arduino to control a larger current using a small control signal.

When the Arduino sends a signal to the MOSFET gate, the MOSFET allows current to flow through the connected load. When the Arduino signal is off, the MOSFET stops the current flow. This makes the MOSFET useful for turning high-power devices on and off safely.

Using a MOSFET also improves the reliability of the system because it separates the Arduino control circuit from the higher-power output circuit. This reduces the risk of damaging the Arduino and makes the circuit more suitable for a working tricycle prototype.

===== Relay =====
The relay is used to switch the operating mode of the Peltier-based temperature control system. A Peltier module can provide cooling or heating depending on the direction of current flow. Therefore, the relay helps change the circuit connection so that the system can switch between cooling and heating modes.

The relay is controlled by the Arduino Nano based on the button command from the transmitter. When the user presses the button, the Arduino changes the relay state. This allows the temperature control system to switch modes without the user needing to manually change any wiring.

The relay was included because it provides a simple and clear way to control a higher-power circuit using a low-power Arduino signal. It also helps keep the temperature control system separate from the main logic circuit, which makes the design safer and easier to test.

==== Remote Control Display ====
{{YouTube|id=8xli9cMYe5c}}

==== Program Flowchart ====
[[File:2026 Team3 TX flowchart.png|left|thumb|Transimitter side Flow chart]]
[[File:RX flowchart 2026.png|none|thumb|547x547px|Receiver side Flow chart]]

==== Extra Features ====
DHT Temperature and Humidity Sensor. It is used for detecting the temperature and humidity inside the car to better detect the statement of the car.

LCD display. Acknowledgement Payload is used for transmiting the data of the vehicle back to the transmitter and display the car statement on the LCD screen.

=== Appendix ===

====Adurino code====