UBC Wiki - User contributions [en]

Thread:Talk:Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality/Suggested edits/reply

2018-11-27T08:33:55Z

JayveeOng: Reply to Suggested edits

Hi Vanessa,

Thanks for reading my wiki and asking questions. For some of your questions, I actually wanted to address those in my post but stuck to the scope of my topic instead, partly also because of the word count limit, which I am actually quite a bit over already. I will probably add hyperlinks to some of the keywords that you’ve mentioned.

For more information that may address your questions about Neoliberalism, here is the link from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism

For more information about Keynesianism, here is the link from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesian_economics

Here is also a great link on how Canada has transformed under the influence of neoliberalism: https://canadiandimension.com/articles/view/canadas

Hope the links help!

Cheers

Thread:Talk:GRSJ224/AbortionInEasternEurope/penalty for abortion in Poland

2018-11-26T09:22:30Z

JayveeOng:

Thanks for your contribution! Your wiki contribution is quite in depth. You also outlined the legality of abortion in different countries in Eastern Europe which is great! The map showing different countries where it is legal or not to get an abortion was a great idea. As I was reading your topic, a couple of questions came into mind.

How does Poland deter abortion legally? What are the penalties for women getting caught having an abortion and the person administering the abortion in Poland?

Also, in number 4, I changed “women right” to “women’s rights”; and “Abortion” to “abortion”.

Thread:Talk:GRSJ224/AbortionInEasternEurope/penalty for abortion in Poland

2018-11-26T09:20:04Z

JayveeOng: New thread: penalty for abortion in Poland

Your wiki contribution is quite in depth. You outlined the legality of abortion in different countries in Eastern Europe. The map showing different countries where it is legal or not to get an abortion was a great idea. As I was reading your topic, a couple of questions came into mind.

How does Poland deter abortion legally? What are the penalties for women getting caught having an abortion and the person administering the abortion in Poland?

Also, in number 4, I changed “women right” to “women’s rights”; and “Abortion” to “abortion”.

GRSJ224/AbortionInEasternEurope

2018-11-26T09:18:32Z

JayveeOng:

'''<big>Abortion in Eastern Europe</big>'''
# '''Introduction'''
Abortion is the process of killing unborn infants inside the body of the pregnant. From history to modern times, people discuss if abortion could be a choice or if it is morally right or not. Religions debates if it is right to kill infants inside pregnant body in name of women’s right, thus legalizing abortion always has been a global issue. Broadly, abortion is legal in Eastern Europe however, there are also some countries which consider abortion illegal for religious reason. As abortion has been a controversial issue among many countries in Eastern Europe, its law has been changed several times.
[[File:Af-map-abortion-laws-v2.jpg|thumb|721x721px|[https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/6409621/abortion-map-third-of-world-countries-ban-illegal-jail-miscarriages/ The World's Abortion Laws]]]

'''2. Country where Abortion is legal'''
* '''Romania: Romanian orphans'''
From 1966 to 1986, Romania strictly prohibited Abortion. Romanian leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu legalized abortion on demand in 1957 after Romanian revolution. It was; however soon changed in 1966. Ceaușescu announced "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decree_770 decree 770]" which is to ban abortion strictly. Decree 770 was processed as the part of Demographic Policy. Romanian women could not have abortion in any reason, and moreover, they were almost forced to have 4 children in each family. Many Romanian women suffered for venereal disease and sexually harassed in hospital in reason of physical examination. Romanian women were continuously observed by secret polices if they were following the rule or getting abortion illegally. Women whom did not have child or got married had to pay extra tax or be punished. Under such policy, Romanian population showed elucidates increase, but it was only instant. Romanian pennant’s death rate increased largely, and many families could not handle 4 children they were forced to have. Heavy taxation on families made them weak economically and as consequence, many children were abandoned. They were called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_orphans “Romanian Orphans]”. Romanian orphanage also could not take care of millions of abandoned children and in reason of that, many of Romanian orphans grew up with less care and educations. Numbers of Romanian orphans were sent outside as sexual slave. Even after Decree 770 was abolished, many Romanian suffered both economically and politically.
* '''Ukraine'''
Ukraine, during Soviet Union period followed the abortion law of Soviet Union. It was first legalized 1920, but banned after that the Government discovered big decline of Population in 1933.
* '''Czechoslovakia'''
Communist Czechoslovakia allowed abortion in many reasons in 1957 such as rape or disable of maternity. But they banned Abortion after Population decreased.
* '''Bulgaria'''
Bulgaria also legalized abortion in 1956. In 1973, its law changed and women with only one child could not get abortion except the case of incest and rape.
* '''Yugoslavia'''
Yugoslavia legalized abortion 1952. They supported women’s right to make decision on giving birth of infants. But it was regulated in 1977 and it became harder to get abortion.
* '''Albania'''
Albania was stricter on abortion issue compared to neighboring nations. The abortion was only allowed when women was pregnant in fatal danger. However, regulation on abortion got loosened by 1989 and, it was legalized to pregnant who got raped and under certain age.
* '''Many of communist countries in Eastern Europe'''
It was different by nations, but most of the communist countries which got influenced from Soviet Union, was more generous on abortion. For example, abortion was legal for women in certain conditions in Hungary. Romania also legalized Abortion until 1966, when Ceausescu banned Abortion as part of Demographic Policy. Czechoslovakia banned Abortion when population decreased. However, there is also special case, such as in Poland. Abortion was legal and it was provided in public hospital. Against that, however, there were protests of Catholic citizens and with religious reason, it became illegal.

'''3. Country where Abortion is illegal'''
* '''Poland : Religious reason(Catholic)'''
The majority of Polish population including Government are Catholic and thus, abortion is quite strictly prohibited in Poland except the certain situation. However, its prohibition of abortion is not yet completely occurred in Poland since they are also aware of some situations that abortion is needed such as rape or maternal health issues. The Polish citizens tended to not oppose on legalization of abortion in most of times, however when Government tried to prohibit abortion in a complete way, they were opposing to it. In modern times, Abortion is not allowed to Polish citizens except for the certain reasons like rape or maternal health because of religious reason.

'''4. The history of abortion in eastern Europe'''

Eastern Europe discussed the issue of abortion many time though many years, and what made many of Europeans to restrict or to legalize abortion is mainly connected with its moral and religious issue. However, in cases of Romania and Czechoslovakia, they treated the issue of abortion in different matters. They restricted abortion to increase the population or to stop the decrease in population of their countries. Nowadays most of Eastern European nations legalized abortion, but still the controversy on moral issue of abortion and women's rights are continuously being debated in many nations in Eastern Europe.

Citation
# Warsaw, Staff and agencies in. “Mass Protests in Poland against Tightening of Abortion Law.” ''The Guardian'', Guardian News and Media, 23 Mar. 2018, www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/23/abortion-poland-mass-protests-against-tightening-of-law.
# Tietze, C, and H Lehfeldt. “Legal Abortion in Eastern Europe.” ''Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports.'', U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Apr. 1961, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12305577.
# Bradatan, Cristina, and Glenn Firebaugh. “History, Population Policies, and Fertility Decline in Eastern Europe.” ''Journal of Family History'', vol. 32, no. 2, 1 Apr. 2007, pp. 179–192., doi:10.1177/0363199006297732.
# Michael, Tom. “THIRD of Countries Still Ban Abortion with Some Jailing Women for Miscarriages.” ''The Sun'', The Sun, 31 May 2018, www.thesun.co.uk/news/6409621/abortion-map-third-of-world-countries-ban-illegal-jail-miscarriages/.

Jane(Hyunjung) Kim #54083134

Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality

2018-11-12T08:30:42Z

JayveeOng:

Income inequality, the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population, has become widespread and a persistent issue globally. Many people blame economic globalization to be the cause of rising income inequality. Arguably, many people in developing countries have been lifted out of poverty through economic globalization. But because of this, many workers have also been displaced out of jobs in the developed world. There are many other factors that are considered to exacerbate income disparity, but the rise of neoliberalism has been the underlying cause of an ever-increasing income inequality.<ref>Stone, J. (2016, May 27). Neoliberalism is increasing inequality and stunting economic growth, the IMF says. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/neoliberalism-is-increasing-inequality-and-stunting-economic-growth-the-imf-says-a7052416.html</nowiki></ref>

== <big>Neoliberalism and Income Inequality</big> ==

=== '''Neoliberalism''' ===
Neoliberalism refers to the ideology and policy model that emphasizes the greater role of the free market over the state in economic planning.<ref>Coburn, D. (2000). Income inequality, social cohesion and the health status of populations: The role of neo-liberalism. Social Science & Medicine,] 51(1), 135-146. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00445-1</ref> It has been the dominant economic ideology since the 1980s. It emphasizes that free markets, meaning minimal intervention by government or state in economic and social affairs, will lead to an efficient allocation of resources and sustained economic growth in society.

The economist Milton Friedman spurred much of the intellectual inspiration on Neoliberalism. He argues that the “free private enterprise exchange economy” i.e. capitalism, is the only system which provides individuals with economic freedom.<ref>Eagleton-Pierce, M. (2016). Neoliberalism: The key concepts. Abingdon, Oxon;New York, NY;: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203798188</ref> A freedom to trade and form contracts with others without outside intervention, meaning without coercion. Friedman’s ideologies do not consider the threat of starvation and homelessness for not working or being left out in a competitive society to be a form of coercion. He also believes that the one and only social responsibility of business was to maximise stockholder value, in terms of profits, growth or dividends.<ref>Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. Friedman. Chicago: University of Chicago.</ref> With this ideology, the role of government is very limited and only has to do with functions that are necessary to preserve greater freedom which attracted many followers in the next following decades.

=== '''The Rise of Neoliberalism''' ===
Before the rise of neoliberalism, there was a dominant Keynesian economic orientation. This system of principles, norms and decision-making policies in the political economy was called Keynesianism. It was named after the British economist John Maynard Keynes. The Keynesian economic orientation advocates for state interventions to dampen business cycle, ensure continuous economic growth, and keep employment high.<ref>Arnon, A., Weinblatt, J., Young, W., & SpringerLink ebooks - Business and Economics. (2010;2011;). Perspectives on keynesian economics (1st ed.). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14409-7</ref> With Keynesianism, the state is expected to intervene when there is an economic slowdown. One way is to build more infrastructure to provide more jobs.

During the 1970’s, global economic growth started to slow while inflation and employment were on the rise. From 1973 to 1975, there was also a major global recession. Additionally, the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 led oil prices to spike. As a result, these made economic growth even harder. On top of these events, there was a general Third World debt crisis where international debt grew exponentially. Much of Latin America and the Third world were not able to repay their initial loans. Payments for these loans had to be restructured which led to privatization of state-owned enterprises, fiscal austerity, deregulation of businesses, regressive taxation, and trade and investment openness.<ref name=":0">Wade, R. H. (2007). Ngaire Woods The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank and Their Borrowers. New Political Economy, 12(1), 127-138. doi:10.1080/13563460601068909</ref> These crises that have caused economic stagnation made decision-making elites question the old ways of doing things which paved the way for change.

Many think tank, lobbying groups, and economic organizations started to shift and abandoned their Keynesian economic orientation. Also, many countries underwent a shift in national politics which embraced a greater role for the free market in the economy and less of the Keynesian economic principles. This led to social welfare policies becoming under attack, subjected to declining funds, or outright dismantlement. Additionally, pressure to privatize government production grew like in housing, education, utilities, and media (Harvey, 2005). This paved the way for the transfer of control of economic factors to the private sector from the public sector by promoting policy transformations such as privatization, open trade, deregulation of business and finance, public spending cuts, lower taxation especially of corporations and the wealthy – in short, neoliberalist policies.<ref name=":0" />

The Federal Reserve (US Central bank; Fed in short) also adapted a new system of monetarism which was aimed at counteracting inflation through the control of interest rates. A new role of the Fed was to keep employment relatively low because high employment keeps the supply of workers tight. When the supply of workers is tight, it pressures employers to raise wages which puts upward pressure on inflation rates. By raising interest rates, the Fed can control and slow economic growth to tame inflation rates.<ref>Baker, D. (2006). Beyond the conservative nanny state: Policies to promote self-sufficiency among the wealthy.</ref> Because of this, the Fed clearly had no interest in full employment, livable wages or to even maximize economic growth. The Fed’s new orientation was to help raise private profits. Moreover, the Feds became lenient towards finance. Because deregulation was promoted, this led to some parts of the economy transforming into a speculative financial economy from a productive manufacturing one. Financial markets soon dominated traditional productive markets like manufacturing, service, and agriculture.

These events that pushed for a change to neoliberalist policies and orientation would help accumulate profits that benefitted the wealthy and privileged. As a result, neoliberalism has caused a disproportionate income inequality between the rich and the rest of the people.

=== Introduction to Income Inequality ===
Income inequality refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population. Intuitively, income inequality refers to the fact that different people earn different amounts of money.<ref name=":1">Yglesias, M. (2014, April 02). What is income inequality? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.vox.com/cards/income-inequality/what-is-income-inequality</nowiki></ref> The wider those earnings are dispersed, the more unequal they are. The most striking aspect has been the widening gap between the rich and the rest.

To put this into perspective, in 2015, Canada’s top 10 per cent earners had total incomes that were 2.74 times those of the median person. And the top 1 per cent had a pre-tax income of $234,130 which is at least 6.8 times higher than the median.<ref>Census data shows income inequality remains a major challenge. (2017, October 09). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/census-shows-income-inequality-is-on-the-rise/article36524022/</nowiki></ref> Also, a study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental economic organisation with 36 member countries to stimulate economic progress and world trade, shows that a quarter of a century ago, the average disposable income of the richest 10% in OECD countries was around seven times higher than that of the poorest 10%; today, it’s around 9½ times higher.<ref>Keeley, B., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, & OECD iLibrary. (2015). Income inequality: The gap between rich and poor. Paris: OECD.</ref> And in 2017, the wealthiest 1 percent of the world's population now owns more than half of the world's wealth.<ref>Frank, R. (2017, November 14). Richest 1% now owns half the world's wealth. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/14/richest-1-percent-now-own-half-the-worlds-wealth.html</nowiki></ref>

==== How is income inequality measured? ====
[[File:Gini_coeffficient.jpg|thumb|462x462px|Gini coefficient after taxes and transfers have been made. The higher the gini, the more inequality; 1 corresponding to perfect inequality and 0 with perfect equality.]]
The Gini coefficient is a number that quantifies the extent of income inequality in a country. It is the most widely used single-summary number for judging the level of inequality in a particular country or region.<ref name=":1" /> However, it is important to know that the Gini coefficient provides only a high-level overview and may miss the increasing share of income going to the top 1% or 10% of earners.

==== How is the Gini coefficient derived? ====
[[File:Lorenz_curve.jpg|thumb|462x462px|Lorenz curve]]
To derive a Gini coefficient, one can start with a Lorenz curve. In a Lorenz curve, the horizontal axis on the chart represents cumulative shares of the population. The vertical axis is cumulative shares of income. The graph below explains how it works and how the numbers are derived.

=== Effects of Income Inequality ===
Some economists believe that some income inequality is efficient or good for the economy. In his 1975 work "Equality and Efficient: The Big Trade-Off," the Harvard economist Arthur Okun argued that inequality was the price to be paid for an efficient economy which became the backbone of conservative policy.<ref name=":2">Ellyatt, H. (2013, January 08). Is Income Inequality as American as Apple Pie? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/id/100361302</nowiki></ref> He believed that income inequality is "a by-product of a functioning capitalist society" and the wealthiest had more, because they were more productive.<ref name=":2" />

But even economists worry that inequality inhibits growth and opportunity when it becomes too high, which is the case in many countries.<ref>Voinea, L., Lovin, H., & Cojocaru, A. (2018). The impact of inequality on the transmission of monetary policy. Journal of International Money and Finance, 85, 236-250. doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.11.007 </ref> Widening income disparity, which can be witnessed in many countries, is alarming because it is known to adversely affect many aspects of well-being. The harmful effects of widening income inequality affect national health and education outcomes, as well as residential segregation.<ref>Jencks, C. (2002). Does inequality matter? Daedalus, 131(1), 49-65.</ref> Additionally, numerous of social factors such as social mobility, growing crime rates leading to increased rates of imprisonment, less healthy choices of food consumption leading to obesity, and life expectancy and mental health have strong correlation with levels of income inequality: the higher the inequality within a country, the higher the measured social ill.<ref>Schröder, M. (2016). Is Income Inequality Related to Tolerance for Inequality? Social Justice Research, 30(1), 23-47. doi:10.1007/s11211-016-0276-8</ref>

Additionally, income inequality where income growth accrues disproportionately to the top income groups stunts economic growth. This happens as more people fall into poverty because the middle class gets “hollowed out”. Since the middle class is the backbone of many economies, this results in lower aggregate demand in the economy as more people can’t afford to spend compared to a few that can. As a result, there may be a slowdown in productivity growth which has an adverse impact on resource allocations as well as on the incentive structure, innovation, and diffusion of technology.<ref>Slottje, D. J., Raj, B., SpringerLINK eBooks - English/International Collection (Archive), & SpringerLink (Online service). (1999;1998;). Income inequality, poverty, and economic welfare. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-51073-1</ref> Slower economic growth leads to the increasing importance of capital for financial prosperity. In turn, this leads to an “accelerating” wealth gap as those with capital can invest it for further asset growth, whereas those without cannot.<ref>Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge: Belknap harvard.</ref>

=== Neoliberalism as the Underlying Cause of Income Inequality ===
Different reports claim different factors contribute to rising income inequality. One argument focuses on on market intervention by the state on issues involving social welfare, progressive taxation, and power of labour movements.<ref name=":3">Atkinson, A. B. (2003). Income inequality in OECD countries: Data and explanations. CESifo Economic Studies, 49(4), 479-513. doi:10.1093/cesifo/49.4.479</ref> Atkinson argues that these mechanisms that have historically reduced income disparity by redistributing market income have been in decline for decades in many countries<ref name=":3" />. Another focus of inquiry, the “great U-turn”, has been blamed for its contribution to rising income inequality through corporate restructuring. It involves deindustrialization which entails the loss of the middle class throughout the developed world.<ref name=":4">Alderson, A. S., & Nielsen, F. (2002). Globalization and the great U-turn: Income inequality trends in 16 OECD countries. American Journal of Sociology, 107(5), 1244-1299. doi:10.1086/341329</ref>

Additionally, economic globalization, as a result of technological progress, has been greatly blamed as another cause on income inequality. Alderson & Nielsen argue that trade and investment typically favours the wealthier households<ref name=":4" />. Also, economic globalization has led to more open international trade and investment and the rise of powerful transnational corporations which have pressured countries to adopt market-oriented reforms.

Despite these factors, supported by empirical evidence, being valid arguments, focusing on these issues misses the big picture. Kotz argues that globalization is just an intermediary factor while neoliberalism is the deeper underlying cause of an ever-increasing income inequality.<ref>Kotz, D. M. (2015). The rise and fall of neoliberal capitalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</ref> Additionally, he argues that globalization is not just a result of technological progress because the technology for globalization has existed long before the 1970’s.

The consensus of corporate and decision-making elites without public participation in the 1970’s to shift from a Keynesian strategy of state intervention, domestic production, and public investment to a neoliberal strategy of economic liberalism, export-oriented growth, and privatization is the fundamental cause of rising inequality.

Neoliberalism is a multifaceted social and economic system with a multidimensional phenomenon. Many strategies were implemented to help revitalize profits and keep a high return of investment such as business, finance, and labour deregulation. Additionally, there were tax reforms, social spending cuts, privatization of publicly owned firms, monetarist policy that places inflation control above full employment, offshoring and downsizing, international free trade agreements, increasing foreign investment, and export-led growth.

=== Activism Against Income Inequality ===
Income inequality was largely ignored by leaders and policy makers around the world during much of its climb. Only after the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession Great Recession] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_movement Occupy Movement] did the problem of growing income inequality finally capture mainstream attention.

The Occupy Movement was not simply a group of activists with complaints against corporate greed; it encompassed so much more. Greed, corporate influence, and income inequality were by-products of the main issue of the movement: the social and economic system influenced by neoliberalist policies.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%25 “We are the 99%”] is a political slogan widely used and coined by the Occupy movement. The phrase directly refers to the income and wealth inequality in the United States with a concentration of wealth among the top earning 1%.<ref name=":5">We are the 99%. (2018, August 29). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%</nowiki></ref> It reflects an opinion that the "99%" are paying the price for the mistakes of a tiny minority within the upper class.<ref name=":5" />

The first Occupy protest to receive widespread attention was Occupy Wall Street (OWS). It began in New York City's Zuccotti Park on September 17, 2011. Occupy Wall Street, an anti-capitalist social movement, emerged in the United States in 2011 after a massive housing market collapse.<ref name=":6">Occupy Wall Street. (2018, November 07). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street</nowiki></ref> Their focus was to help change the economic and political landscape by raising awareness of income inequality, political corruption and the power of the rich.<ref name=":6" /> The OWS movement can be seen as one of the most influential movements in recent US history. It brought on congressmen, politicians, and the general public to discuss the severity of social inequality in the United States.

Six years after OWS, income inequality is still on the rise. New figures from Oxfam show the world's billionaires increased their fortunes by a handsome $762-billion in just 12 months. And that 82 per cent of new wealth created last year went to the top 1 per cent. <ref>There are two sides to today's global income inequality. (2018, January 23). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/the-two-sides-of-todays-global-income-inequality/article37676680/</nowiki></ref> The trend where the rich are getting richer at expense of everyone else still continues.

=== Sources ===
<references />

Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality

2018-11-12T08:09:17Z

JayveeOng:

Income inequality, the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population, has become widespread and a persistent issue globally. Many people blame economic globalization to be the cause of rising income inequality. Arguably, many people in developing countries have been lifted out of poverty through economic globalization. But because of this, many workers have also been displaced out of jobs in the developed world. There are many other factors that are considered to exacerbate income disparity, but the rise of neoliberalism has been the underlying cause of an ever-increasing income inequality.

== <big>Neoliberalism and Income Inequality</big> ==

=== '''Neoliberalism''' ===
Neoliberalism refers to the ideology and policy model that emphasizes the greater role of the free market over the state in economic planning.<ref>Coburn, D. (2000). Income inequality, social cohesion and the health status of populations: The role of neo-liberalism. Social Science & Medicine,] 51(1), 135-146. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00445-1</ref> It has been the dominant economic ideology since the 1980s. It emphasizes that free markets, meaning minimal intervention by government or state in economic and social affairs, will lead to an efficient allocation of resources and sustained economic growth in society.

The economist Milton Friedman spurred much of the intellectual inspiration on Neoliberalism. He argues that the “free private enterprise exchange economy” i.e. capitalism, is the only system which provides individuals with economic freedom.<ref>Eagleton-Pierce, M. (2016). Neoliberalism: The key concepts. Abingdon, Oxon;New York, NY;: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203798188</ref> A freedom to trade and form contracts with others without outside intervention, meaning without coercion. Friedman’s ideologies do not consider the threat of starvation and homelessness for not working or being left out in a competitive society to be a form of coercion. He also believes that the one and only social responsibility of business was to maximise stockholder value, in terms of profits, growth or dividends.<ref>Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. Friedman. Chicago: University of Chicago.</ref> With this ideology, the role of government is very limited and only has to do with functions that are necessary to preserve greater freedom which attracted many followers in the next following decades.

=== '''The Rise of Neoliberalism''' ===
Before the rise of neoliberalism, there was a dominant Keynesian economic orientation. This system of principles, norms and decision-making policies in the political economy was called Keynesianism. It was named after the British economist John Maynard Keynes. The Keynesian economic orientation advocates for state interventions to dampen business cycle, ensure continuous economic growth, and keep employment high.<ref>Arnon, A., Weinblatt, J., Young, W., & SpringerLink ebooks - Business and Economics. (2010;2011;). Perspectives on keynesian economics (1st ed.). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14409-7</ref> With Keynesianism, the state is expected to intervene when there is an economic slowdown. One way is to build more infrastructure to provide more jobs.

During the 1970’s, global economic growth started to slow while inflation and employment were on the rise. From 1973 to 1975, there was also a major global recession. Additionally, the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 led oil prices to spike. As a result, these made economic growth even harder. On top of these events, there was a general Third World debt crisis where international debt grew exponentially. Much of Latin America and the Third world were not able to repay their initial loans. Payments for these loans had to be restructured which led to privatization of state-owned enterprises, fiscal austerity, deregulation of businesses, regressive taxation, and trade and investment openness.<ref name=":0">Wade, R. H. (2007). Ngaire Woods The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank and Their Borrowers. New Political Economy, 12(1), 127-138. doi:10.1080/13563460601068909</ref> These crises that have caused economic stagnation made decision-making elites question the old ways of doing things which paved the way for change.

Many think tank, lobbying groups, and economic organizations started to shift and abandoned their Keynesian economic orientation. Also, many countries underwent a shift in national politics which embraced a greater role for the free market in the economy and less of the Keynesian economic principles. This led to social welfare policies becoming under attack, subjected to declining funds, or outright dismantlement. Additionally, pressure to privatize government production grew like in housing, education, utilities, and media (Harvey, 2005). This paved the way for the transfer of control of economic factors to the private sector from the public sector by promoting policy transformations such as privatization, open trade, deregulation of business and finance, public spending cuts, lower taxation especially of corporations and the wealthy – in short, neoliberalist policies.<ref name=":0" />

The Federal Reserve (US Central bank; Fed in short) also adapted a new system of monetarism which was aimed at counteracting inflation through the control of interest rates. A new role of the Fed was to keep employment relatively low because high employment keeps the supply of workers tight. When the supply of workers is tight, it pressures employers to raise wages which puts upward pressure on inflation rates. By raising interest rates, the Fed can control and slow economic growth to tame inflation rates.<ref>Baker, D. (2006). Beyond the conservative nanny state: Policies to promote self-sufficiency among the wealthy.</ref> Because of this, the Fed clearly had no interest in full employment, livable wages or to even maximize economic growth. The Fed’s new orientation was to help raise private profits. Moreover, the Feds became lenient towards finance. Because deregulation was promoted, this led to some parts of the economy transforming into a speculative financial economy from a productive manufacturing one. Financial markets soon dominated traditional productive markets like manufacturing, service, and agriculture.

These events that pushed for a change to neoliberalist policies and orientation would help accumulate profits that benefitted the wealthy and privileged. As a result, neoliberalism has caused a disproportionate income inequality between the rich and the rest of the people.

=== Introduction to Income Inequality ===
Income inequality refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population. Intuitively, income inequality refers to the fact that different people earn different amounts of money.<ref name=":1">Yglesias, M. (2014, April 02). What is income inequality? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.vox.com/cards/income-inequality/what-is-income-inequality</nowiki></ref> The wider those earnings are dispersed, the more unequal they are. The most striking aspect has been the widening gap between the rich and the rest.

To put this into perspective, in 2015, Canada’s top 10 per cent earners had total incomes that were 2.74 times those of the median person. And the top 1 per cent had a pre-tax income of $234,130 which is at least 6.8 times higher than the median.<ref>Census data shows income inequality remains a major challenge. (2017, October 09). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/census-shows-income-inequality-is-on-the-rise/article36524022/</nowiki></ref> Also, a study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental economic organisation with 36 member countries to stimulate economic progress and world trade, shows that a quarter of a century ago, the average disposable income of the richest 10% in OECD countries was around seven times higher than that of the poorest 10%; today, it’s around 9½ times higher.<ref>Keeley, B., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, & OECD iLibrary. (2015). Income inequality: The gap between rich and poor. Paris: OECD.</ref> And in 2017, the wealthiest 1 percent of the world's population now owns more than half of the world's wealth.<ref>Frank, R. (2017, November 14). Richest 1% now owns half the world's wealth. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/14/richest-1-percent-now-own-half-the-worlds-wealth.html</nowiki></ref>

==== How is income inequality measured? ====
[[File:Gini_coeffficient.jpg|thumb|462x462px|Gini coefficient after taxes and transfers have been made. The higher the gini, the more inequality; 1 corresponding to perfect inequality and 0 with perfect equality.]]
The Gini coefficient is a number that quantifies the extent of income inequality in a country. It is the most widely used single-summary number for judging the level of inequality in a particular country or region.<ref name=":1" /> However, it is important to know that the Gini coefficient provides only a high-level overview and may miss the increasing share of income going to the top 1% or 10% of earners.

==== How is the Gini coefficient derived? ====
[[File:Lorenz_curve.jpg|thumb|462x462px|Lorenz curve]]
To derive a Gini coefficient, one can start with a Lorenz curve. In a Lorenz curve, the horizontal axis on the chart represents cumulative shares of the population. The vertical axis is cumulative shares of income. The graph below explains how it works and how the numbers are derived.

=== Effects of Income Inequality ===
Some economists believe that some income inequality is efficient or good for the economy. In his 1975 work "Equality and Efficient: The Big Trade-Off," the Harvard economist Arthur Okun argued that inequality was the price to be paid for an efficient economy which became the backbone of conservative policy.<ref name=":2">Ellyatt, H. (2013, January 08). Is Income Inequality as American as Apple Pie? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/id/100361302</nowiki></ref> He believed that income inequality is "a by-product of a functioning capitalist society" and the wealthiest had more, because they were more productive.<ref name=":2" />

But even economists worry that inequality inhibits growth and opportunity when it becomes too high, which is the case in many countries.<ref>Voinea, L., Lovin, H., & Cojocaru, A. (2018). The impact of inequality on the transmission of monetary policy. Journal of International Money and Finance, 85, 236-250. doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.11.007 </ref> Widening income disparity, which can be witnessed in many countries, is alarming because it is known to adversely affect many aspects of well-being. The harmful effects of widening income inequality affect national health and education outcomes, as well as residential segregation.<ref>Jencks, C. (2002). Does inequality matter? Daedalus, 131(1), 49-65.</ref> Additionally, numerous of social factors such as social mobility, growing crime rates leading to increased rates of imprisonment, less healthy choices of food consumption leading to obesity, and life expectancy and mental health have strong correlation with levels of income inequality: the higher the inequality within a country, the higher the measured social ill.<ref>Schröder, M. (2016). Is Income Inequality Related to Tolerance for Inequality? Social Justice Research, 30(1), 23-47. doi:10.1007/s11211-016-0276-8</ref>

Additionally, income inequality where income growth accrues disproportionately to the top income groups stunts economic growth. This happens as more people fall into poverty because the middle class gets “hollowed out”. Since the middle class is the backbone of many economies, this results in lower aggregate demand in the economy as more people can’t afford to spend compared to a few that can. As a result, there may be a slowdown in productivity growth which has an adverse impact on resource allocations as well as on the incentive structure, innovation, and diffusion of technology.<ref>Slottje, D. J., Raj, B., SpringerLINK eBooks - English/International Collection (Archive), & SpringerLink (Online service). (1999;1998;). Income inequality, poverty, and economic welfare. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-51073-1</ref> Slower economic growth leads to the increasing importance of capital for financial prosperity. In turn, this leads to an “accelerating” wealth gap as those with capital can invest it for further asset growth, whereas those without cannot.<ref>Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge: Belknap harvard.</ref>

=== Neoliberalism as the Underlying Cause of Income Inequality ===
Different reports claim different factors contribute to rising income inequality. One argument focuses on on market intervention by the state on issues involving social welfare, progressive taxation, and power of labour movements.<ref name=":3">Atkinson, A. B. (2003). Income inequality in OECD countries: Data and explanations. CESifo Economic Studies, 49(4), 479-513. doi:10.1093/cesifo/49.4.479</ref> Atkinson argues that these mechanisms that have historically reduced income disparity by redistributing market income have been in decline for decades in many countries<ref name=":3" />. Another focus of inquiry, the “great U-turn”, has been blamed for its contribution to rising income inequality through corporate restructuring. It involves deindustrialization which entails the loss of the middle class throughout the developed world.<ref name=":4">Alderson, A. S., & Nielsen, F. (2002). Globalization and the great U-turn: Income inequality trends in 16 OECD countries. American Journal of Sociology, 107(5), 1244-1299. doi:10.1086/341329</ref>

Additionally, economic globalization, as a result of technological progress, has been greatly blamed as another cause on income inequality. Alderson & Nielsen argue that trade and investment typically favours the wealthier households<ref name=":4" />. Also, economic globalization has led to more open international trade and investment and the rise of powerful transnational corporations which have pressured countries to adopt market-oriented reforms.

Despite these factors, supported by empirical evidence, being valid arguments, focusing on these issues misses the big picture. Kotz argues that globalization is just an intermediary factor while neoliberalism is the deeper underlying cause of an ever-increasing income inequality.<ref>Kotz, D. M. (2015). The rise and fall of neoliberal capitalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</ref> Additionally, he argues that globalization is not just a result of technological progress because the technology for globalization has existed long before the 1970’s.

The consensus of corporate and decision-making elites without public participation in the 1970’s to shift from a Keynesian strategy of state intervention, domestic production, and public investment to a neoliberal strategy of economic liberalism, export-oriented growth, and privatization is the fundamental cause of rising inequality.

Neoliberalism is a multifaceted social and economic system with a multidimensional phenomenon. Many strategies were implemented to help revitalize profits and keep a high return of investment such as business, finance, and labour deregulation. Additionally, there were tax reforms, social spending cuts, privatization of publicly owned firms, monetarist policy that places inflation control above full employment, offshoring and downsizing, international free trade agreements, increasing foreign investment, and export-led growth.

=== Activism Against Income Inequality ===
Income inequality was largely ignored by leaders and policy makers around the world during much of its climb. Only after the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession Great Recession] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_movement Occupy Movement] did the problem of growing income inequality finally capture mainstream attention.

The Occupy Movement was not simply a group of activists with complaints against corporate greed; it encompassed so much more. Greed, corporate influence, and income inequality were by-products of the main issue of the movement: the social and economic system influenced by neoliberalist policies.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%25 “We are the 99%”] is a political slogan widely used and coined by the Occupy movement. The phrase directly refers to the income and wealth inequality in the United States with a concentration of wealth among the top earning 1%.<ref name=":5">We are the 99%. (2018, August 29). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%</nowiki></ref> It reflects an opinion that the "99%" are paying the price for the mistakes of a tiny minority within the upper class.<ref name=":5" />

The first Occupy protest to receive widespread attention was Occupy Wall Street (OWS). It began in New York City's Zuccotti Park on September 17, 2011. Occupy Wall Street, an anti-capitalist social movement, emerged in the United States in 2011 after a massive housing market collapse.<ref name=":6">Occupy Wall Street. (2018, November 07). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street</nowiki></ref> Their focus was to help change the economic and political landscape by raising awareness of income inequality, political corruption and the power of the rich.<ref name=":6" /> The OWS movement can be seen as one of the most influential movements in recent US history. It brought on congressmen, politicians, and the general public to discuss the severity of social inequality in the United States.

Six years after OWS, income inequality is still on the rise. New figures from Oxfam show the world's billionaires increased their fortunes by a handsome $762-billion in just 12 months. And that 82 per cent of new wealth created last year went to the top 1 per cent. <ref>There are two sides to today's global income inequality. (2018, January 23). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/the-two-sides-of-todays-global-income-inequality/article37676680/</nowiki></ref> The trend where the rich are getting richer at expense of everyone else still continues.

=== Sources ===
<references />

Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality

2018-11-12T08:06:46Z

JayveeOng:

Income inequality, the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population has become widespread and a persistent issue globally. Many people blame economic globalization to be the cause of rising income inequality. Arguably, many people in developing countries have been lifted out of poverty through economic globalization. But because of this, many workers have also been displaced out of jobs in the developed world. There are many other factors that are considered to exacerbate income disparity, but the rise of neoliberalism has been the underlying cause of an ever-increasing income inequality.

== <big>Neoliberalism and Income Inequality</big> ==

=== '''Neoliberalism''' ===
Neoliberalism refers to the ideology and policy model that emphasizes the greater role of the free market over the state in economic planning.<ref>Coburn, D. (2000). Income inequality, social cohesion and the health status of populations: The role of neo-liberalism. Social Science & Medicine,] 51(1), 135-146. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00445-1</ref> It has been the dominant economic ideology since the 1980s. It emphasizes that free markets, meaning minimal intervention by government or state in economic and social affairs, will lead to an efficient allocation of resources and sustained economic growth in society.

The economist Milton Friedman spurred much of the intellectual inspiration on Neoliberalism. He argues that the “free private enterprise exchange economy” i.e. capitalism, is the only system which provides individuals with economic freedom.<ref>Eagleton-Pierce, M. (2016). Neoliberalism: The key concepts. Abingdon, Oxon;New York, NY;: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203798188</ref> A freedom to trade and form contracts with others without outside intervention, meaning without coercion. Friedman’s ideologies do not consider the threat of starvation and homelessness for not working or being left out in a competitive society to be a form of coercion. He also believes that the one and only social responsibility of business was to maximise stockholder value, in terms of profits, growth or dividends.<ref>Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. Friedman. Chicago: University of Chicago.</ref> With this ideology, the role of government is very limited and only has to do with functions that are necessary to preserve greater freedom which attracted many followers in the next following decades.

=== '''The Rise of Neoliberalism''' ===
Before the rise of neoliberalism, there was a dominant Keynesian economic orientation. This system of principles, norms and decision-making policies in the political economy was called Keynesianism. It was named after the British economist John Maynard Keynes. The Keynesian economic orientation advocates for state interventions to dampen business cycle, ensure continuous economic growth, and keep employment high.<ref>Arnon, A., Weinblatt, J., Young, W., & SpringerLink ebooks - Business and Economics. (2010;2011;). Perspectives on keynesian economics (1st ed.). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14409-7</ref> With Keynesianism, the state is expected to intervene when there is an economic slowdown. One way is to build more infrastructure to provide more jobs.

During the 1970’s, global economic growth started to slow while inflation and employment were on the rise. From 1973 to 1975, there was also a major global recession. Additionally, the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 led oil prices to spike. As a result, these made economic growth even harder. On top of these events, there was a general Third World debt crisis where international debt grew exponentially. Much of Latin America and the Third world were not able to repay their initial loans. Payments for these loans had to be restructured which led to privatization of state-owned enterprises, fiscal austerity, deregulation of businesses, regressive taxation, and trade and investment openness.<ref name=":0">Wade, R. H. (2007). Ngaire Woods The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank and Their Borrowers. New Political Economy, 12(1), 127-138. doi:10.1080/13563460601068909</ref> These crises that have caused economic stagnation made decision-making elites question the old ways of doing things which paved the way for change.

Many think tank, lobbying groups, and economic organizations started to shift and abandoned their Keynesian economic orientation. Also, many countries underwent a shift in national politics which embraced a greater role for the free market in the economy and less of the Keynesian economic principles. This led to social welfare policies becoming under attack, subjected to declining funds, or outright dismantlement. Additionally, pressure to privatize government production grew like in housing, education, utilities, and media (Harvey, 2005). This paved the way for the transfer of control of economic factors to the private sector from the public sector by promoting policy transformations such as privatization, open trade, deregulation of business and finance, public spending cuts, lower taxation especially of corporations and the wealthy – in short, neoliberalist policies.<ref name=":0" />

The Federal Reserve (US Central bank; Fed in short) also adapted a new system of monetarism which was aimed at counteracting inflation through the control of interest rates. A new role of the Fed was to keep employment relatively low because high employment keeps the supply of workers tight. When the supply of workers is tight, it pressures employers to raise wages which puts upward pressure on inflation rates. By raising interest rates, the Fed can control and slow economic growth to tame inflation rates.<ref>Baker, D. (2006). Beyond the conservative nanny state: Policies to promote self-sufficiency among the wealthy.</ref> Because of this, the Fed clearly had no interest in full employment, livable wages or to even maximize economic growth. The Fed’s new orientation was to help raise private profits. Moreover, the Feds became lenient towards finance. Because deregulation was promoted, this led to some parts of the economy transforming into a speculative financial economy from a productive manufacturing one. Financial markets soon dominated traditional productive markets like manufacturing, service, and agriculture.

These events that pushed for a change to neoliberalist policies and orientation would help accumulate profits that benefitted the wealthy and privileged. As a result, neoliberalism has caused a disproportionate income inequality between the rich and the rest of the people.

=== Introduction to Income Inequality ===
Income inequality refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population. Intuitively, income inequality refers to the fact that different people earn different amounts of money.<ref name=":1">Yglesias, M. (2014, April 02). What is income inequality? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.vox.com/cards/income-inequality/what-is-income-inequality</nowiki></ref> The wider those earnings are dispersed, the more unequal they are. The most striking aspect has been the widening gap between the rich and the rest.

To put this into perspective, in 2015, Canada’s top 10 per cent earners had total incomes that were 2.74 times those of the median person. And the top 1 per cent had a pre-tax income of $234,130 which is at least 6.8 times higher than the median.<ref>Census data shows income inequality remains a major challenge. (2017, October 09). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/census-shows-income-inequality-is-on-the-rise/article36524022/</nowiki></ref> Also, a study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental economic organisation with 36 member countries to stimulate economic progress and world trade, shows that a quarter of a century ago, the average disposable income of the richest 10% in OECD countries was around seven times higher than that of the poorest 10%; today, it’s around 9½ times higher.<ref>Keeley, B., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, & OECD iLibrary. (2015). Income inequality: The gap between rich and poor. Paris: OECD.</ref> And in 2017, the wealthiest 1 percent of the world's population now owns more than half of the world's wealth.<ref>Frank, R. (2017, November 14). Richest 1% now owns half the world's wealth. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/14/richest-1-percent-now-own-half-the-worlds-wealth.html</nowiki></ref>

==== How is income inequality measured? ====
[[File:Gini_coeffficient.jpg|thumb|462x462px|Gini coefficient after taxes and transfers have been made. The higher the gini, the more inequality; 1 corresponding to perfect inequality and 0 with perfect equality.]]
The Gini coefficient is a number that quantifies the extent of income inequality in a country. It is the most widely used single-summary number for judging the level of inequality in a particular country or region.<ref name=":1" /> However, it is important to know that the Gini coefficient provides only a high-level overview and may miss the increasing share of income going to the top 1% or 10% of earners.

==== How is the Gini coefficient derived? ====
[[File:Lorenz_curve.jpg|thumb|462x462px|Lorenz curve]]
To derive a Gini coefficient, one can start with a Lorenz curve. In a Lorenz curve, the horizontal axis on the chart represents cumulative shares of the population. The vertical axis is cumulative shares of income. The graph below explains how it works and how the numbers are derived.

=== Effects of Income Inequality ===
Some economists believe that some income inequality is efficient or good for the economy. In his 1975 work "Equality and Efficient: The Big Trade-Off," the Harvard economist Arthur Okun argued that inequality was the price to be paid for an efficient economy which became the backbone of conservative policy.<ref name=":2">Ellyatt, H. (2013, January 08). Is Income Inequality as American as Apple Pie? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/id/100361302</nowiki></ref> He believed that income inequality is "a by-product of a functioning capitalist society" and the wealthiest had more, because they were more productive.<ref name=":2" />

But even economists worry that inequality inhibits growth and opportunity when it becomes too high, which is the case in many countries.<ref>Voinea, L., Lovin, H., & Cojocaru, A. (2018). The impact of inequality on the transmission of monetary policy. Journal of International Money and Finance, 85, 236-250. doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.11.007 </ref> Widening income disparity, which can be witnessed in many countries, is alarming because it is known to adversely affect many aspects of well-being. The harmful effects of widening income inequality affect national health and education outcomes, as well as residential segregation.<ref>Jencks, C. (2002). Does inequality matter? Daedalus, 131(1), 49-65.</ref> Additionally, numerous of social factors such as social mobility, growing crime rates leading to increased rates of imprisonment, less healthy choices of food consumption leading to obesity, and life expectancy and mental health have strong correlation with levels of income inequality: the higher the inequality within a country, the higher the measured social ill.<ref>Schröder, M. (2016). Is Income Inequality Related to Tolerance for Inequality? Social Justice Research, 30(1), 23-47. doi:10.1007/s11211-016-0276-8</ref>

Additionally, income inequality where income growth accrues disproportionately to the top income groups stunts economic growth. This happens as more people fall into poverty because the middle class gets “hollowed out”. Since the middle class is the backbone of many economies, this results in lower aggregate demand in the economy as more people can’t afford to spend compared to a few that can. As a result, there may be a slowdown in productivity growth which has an adverse impact on resource allocations as well as on the incentive structure, innovation, and diffusion of technology.<ref>Slottje, D. J., Raj, B., SpringerLINK eBooks - English/International Collection (Archive), & SpringerLink (Online service). (1999;1998;). Income inequality, poverty, and economic welfare. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-51073-1</ref> Slower economic growth leads to the increasing importance of capital for financial prosperity. In turn, this leads to an “accelerating” wealth gap as those with capital can invest it for further asset growth, whereas those without cannot.<ref>Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge: Belknap harvard.</ref>

=== Neoliberalism as the Underlying Cause of Income Inequality ===
Different reports claim different factors contribute to rising income inequality. One argument focuses on on market intervention by the state on issues involving social welfare, progressive taxation, and power of labour movements.<ref name=":3">Atkinson, A. B. (2003). Income inequality in OECD countries: Data and explanations. CESifo Economic Studies, 49(4), 479-513. doi:10.1093/cesifo/49.4.479</ref> Atkinson argues that these mechanisms that have historically reduced income disparity by redistributing market income have been in decline for decades in many countries<ref name=":3" />. Another focus of inquiry, the “great U-turn”, has been blamed for its contribution to rising income inequality through corporate restructuring. It involves deindustrialization which entails the loss of the middle class throughout the developed world.<ref name=":4">Alderson, A. S., & Nielsen, F. (2002). Globalization and the great U-turn: Income inequality trends in 16 OECD countries. American Journal of Sociology, 107(5), 1244-1299. doi:10.1086/341329</ref>

Additionally, economic globalization, as a result of technological progress, has been greatly blamed as another cause on income inequality. Alderson & Nielsen argue that trade and investment typically favours the wealthier households<ref name=":4" />. Also, economic globalization has led to more open international trade and investment and the rise of powerful transnational corporations which have pressured countries to adopt market-oriented reforms.

Despite these factors, supported by empirical evidence, being valid arguments, focusing on these issues misses the big picture. Kotz argues that globalization is just an intermediary factor while neoliberalism is the deeper underlying cause of an ever-increasing income inequality.<ref>Kotz, D. M. (2015). The rise and fall of neoliberal capitalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</ref> Additionally, he argues that globalization is not just a result of technological progress because the technology for globalization has existed long before the 1970’s.

The consensus of corporate and decision-making elites without public participation in the 1970’s to shift from a Keynesian strategy of state intervention, domestic production, and public investment to a neoliberal strategy of economic liberalism, export-oriented growth, and privatization is the fundamental cause of rising inequality.

Neoliberalism is a multifaceted social and economic system with a multidimensional phenomenon. Many strategies were implemented to help revitalize profits and keep a high return of investment such as business, finance, and labour deregulation. Additionally, there were tax reforms, social spending cuts, privatization of publicly owned firms, monetarist policy that places inflation control above full employment, offshoring and downsizing, international free trade agreements, increasing foreign investment, and export-led growth.

=== Activism Against Income Inequality ===
Income inequality was largely ignored by leaders and policy makers around the world during much of its climb. Only after the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession Great Recession] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_movement Occupy Movement] did the problem of growing income inequality finally capture mainstream attention.

The Occupy Movement was not simply a group of activists with complaints against corporate greed; it encompassed so much more. Greed, corporate influence, and income inequality were by-products of the main issue of the movement: the social and economic system influenced by neoliberalist policies.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%25 “We are the 99%”] is a political slogan widely used and coined by the Occupy movement. The phrase directly refers to the income and wealth inequality in the United States with a concentration of wealth among the top earning 1%.<ref name=":5">We are the 99%. (2018, August 29). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%</nowiki></ref> It reflects an opinion that the "99%" are paying the price for the mistakes of a tiny minority within the upper class.<ref name=":5" />

The first Occupy protest to receive widespread attention was Occupy Wall Street (OWS). It began in New York City's Zuccotti Park on September 17, 2011. Occupy Wall Street, an anti-capitalist social movement, emerged in the United States in 2011 after a massive housing market collapse.<ref name=":6">Occupy Wall Street. (2018, November 07). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street</nowiki></ref> Their focus was to help change the economic and political landscape by raising awareness of income inequality, political corruption and the power of the rich.<ref name=":6" /> The OWS movement can be seen as one of the most influential movements in recent US history. It brought on congressmen, politicians, and the general public to discuss the severity of social inequality in the United States.

Six years after OWS, income inequality is still on the rise. New figures from Oxfam show the world's billionaires increased their fortunes by a handsome $762-billion in just 12 months. And that 82 per cent of new wealth created last year went to the top 1 per cent. <ref>There are two sides to today's global income inequality. (2018, January 23). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/the-two-sides-of-todays-global-income-inequality/article37676680/</nowiki></ref> The trend where the rich are getting richer at expense of everyone else still continues.

=== Sources ===
<references />

Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality

2018-11-12T06:39:11Z

JayveeOng:

== <big>Neoliberalism and Income Inequality</big> ==

=== '''Neoliberalism''' ===
Neoliberalism refers to the ideology and policy model that emphasizes the greater role of the free market over the state in economic planning.<ref>Coburn, D. (2000). Income inequality, social cohesion and the health status of populations: The role of neo-liberalism. Social Science & Medicine,] 51(1), 135-146. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00445-1</ref> It has been the dominant economic ideology since the 1980s. It emphasizes that free markets, meaning minimal intervention by government or state in economic and social affairs, will lead to an efficient allocation of resources and sustained economic growth in society.

The economist Milton Friedman spurred much of the intellectual inspiration on Neoliberalism. He argues that the “free private enterprise exchange economy” i.e. capitalism, is the only system which provides individuals with economic freedom.<ref>Eagleton-Pierce, M. (2016). Neoliberalism: The key concepts. Abingdon, Oxon;New York, NY;: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203798188</ref> A freedom to trade and form contracts with others without outside intervention, meaning without coercion. Friedman’s ideologies do not consider the threat of starvation and homelessness for not working or being left out in a competitive society to be a form of coercion. He also believes that the one and only social responsibility of business was to maximise stockholder value, in terms of profits, growth or dividends.<ref>Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. Friedman. Chicago: University of Chicago.</ref> With this ideology, the role of government is very limited and only has to do with functions that are necessary to preserve greater freedom which attracted many followers in the next following decades.

=== '''The Rise of Neoliberalism''' ===
Before the rise of neoliberalism, there was a dominant Keynesian economic orientation. This system of principles, norms and decision-making policies in the political economy was called Keynesianism. It was named after the British economist John Maynard Keynes. The Keynesian economic orientation advocates for state interventions to dampen business cycle, ensure continuous economic growth, and keep employment high.<ref>Arnon, A., Weinblatt, J., Young, W., & SpringerLink ebooks - Business and Economics. (2010;2011;). Perspectives on keynesian economics (1st ed.). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14409-7</ref> With Keynesianism, the state is expected to intervene when there is an economic slowdown. One way is to build more infrastructure to provide more jobs.

During the 1970’s, global economic growth started to slow while inflation and employment were on the rise. From 1973 to 1975, there was also a major global recession. Additionally, the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 led oil prices to spike. As a result, these made economic growth even harder. On top of these events, there was a general Third World debt crisis where international debt grew exponentially. Much of Latin America and the Third world were not able to repay their initial loans. Payments for these loans had to be restructured which led to privatization of state-owned enterprises, fiscal austerity, deregulation of businesses, regressive taxation, and trade and investment openness.<ref name=":0">Wade, R. H. (2007). Ngaire Woods The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank and Their Borrowers. New Political Economy, 12(1), 127-138. doi:10.1080/13563460601068909</ref> These crises that have caused economic stagnation made decision-making elites question the old ways of doing things which paved the way for change.

Many think tank, lobbying groups, and economic organizations started to shift and abandoned their Keynesian economic orientation. Also, many countries underwent a shift in national politics which embraced a greater role for the free market in the economy and less of the Keynesian economic principles. This led to social welfare policies becoming under attack, subjected to declining funds, or outright dismantlement. Additionally, pressure to privatize government production grew like in housing, education, utilities, and media (Harvey, 2005). This paved the way for the transfer of control of economic factors to the private sector from the public sector by promoting policy transformations such as privatization, open trade, deregulation of business and finance, public spending cuts, lower taxation especially of corporations and the wealthy – in short, neoliberalist policies.<ref name=":0" />

The Federal Reserve (US Central bank; Fed in short) also adapted a new system of monetarism which was aimed at counteracting inflation through the control of interest rates. A new role of the Fed was to keep employment relatively low because high employment keeps the supply of workers tight. When the supply of workers is tight, it pressures employers to raise wages which puts upward pressure on inflation rates. By raising interest rates, the Fed can control and slow economic growth to tame inflation rates.<ref>Baker, D. (2006). Beyond the conservative nanny state: Policies to promote self-sufficiency among the wealthy.</ref> Because of this, the Fed clearly had no interest in full employment, livable wages or to even maximize economic growth. The Fed’s new orientation was to help raise private profits. Moreover, the Feds became lenient towards finance. Because deregulation was promoted, this led to some parts of the economy transforming into a speculative financial economy from a productive manufacturing one. Financial markets soon dominated traditional productive markets like manufacturing, service, and agriculture.

These events that pushed for a change to neoliberalist policies and orientation would help accumulate profits that benefitted the wealthy and privileged. As a result, neoliberalism has caused a disproportionate income inequality between the rich and the rest of the people.

=== Introduction to Income Inequality ===
Income inequality refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population. Intuitively, income inequality refers to the fact that different people earn different amounts of money.<ref name=":1">Yglesias, M. (2014, April 02). What is income inequality? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.vox.com/cards/income-inequality/what-is-income-inequality</nowiki></ref> The wider those earnings are dispersed, the more unequal they are. The most striking aspect has been the widening gap between the rich and the rest.

To put this into perspective, in 2015, Canada’s top 10 per cent earners had total incomes that were 2.74 times those of the median person. And the top 1 per cent had a pre-tax income of $234,130 which is at least 6.8 times higher than the median.<ref>Census data shows income inequality remains a major challenge. (2017, October 09). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/census-shows-income-inequality-is-on-the-rise/article36524022/</nowiki></ref> Also, a study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental economic organisation with 36 member countries to stimulate economic progress and world trade, shows that a quarter of a century ago, the average disposable income of the richest 10% in OECD countries was around seven times higher than that of the poorest 10%; today, it’s around 9½ times higher.<ref>Keeley, B., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, & OECD iLibrary. (2015). Income inequality: The gap between rich and poor. Paris: OECD.</ref> And in 2017, the wealthiest 1 percent of the world's population now owns more than half of the world's wealth.<ref>Frank, R. (2017, November 14). Richest 1% now owns half the world's wealth. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/14/richest-1-percent-now-own-half-the-worlds-wealth.html</nowiki></ref>

==== How is income inequality measured? ====
[[File:Gini_coeffficient.jpg|thumb|462x462px|Gini coefficient after taxes and transfers have been made. The higher the gini, the more inequality; 1 corresponding to perfect inequality and 0 with perfect equality.]]
The Gini coefficient is a number that quantifies the extent of income inequality in a country. It is the most widely used single-summary number for judging the level of inequality in a particular country or region.<ref name=":1" /> However, it is important to know that the Gini coefficient provides only a high-level overview and may miss the increasing share of income going to the top 1% or 10% of earners.

==== How is the Gini coefficient derived? ====
[[File:Lorenz_curve.jpg|thumb|462x462px|Lorenz curve]]
To derive a Gini coefficient, one can start with a Lorenz curve. In a Lorenz curve, the horizontal axis on the chart represents cumulative shares of the population. The vertical axis is cumulative shares of income. The graph below explains how it works and how the numbers are derived.

=== Effects of Income Inequality ===
Some economists believe that some income inequality is efficient or good for the economy. In his 1975 work "Equality and Efficient: The Big Trade-Off," the Harvard economist Arthur Okun argued that inequality was the price to be paid for an efficient economy which became the backbone of conservative policy.<ref name=":2">Ellyatt, H. (2013, January 08). Is Income Inequality as American as Apple Pie? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/id/100361302</nowiki></ref> He believed that income inequality is "a by-product of a functioning capitalist society" and the wealthiest had more, because they were more productive.<ref name=":2" />

But even economists worry that inequality inhibits growth and opportunity when it becomes too high, which is the case in many countries.<ref>Voinea, L., Lovin, H., & Cojocaru, A. (2018). The impact of inequality on the transmission of monetary policy. Journal of International Money and Finance, 85, 236-250. doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.11.007 </ref> Widening income disparity, which can be witnessed in many countries, is alarming because it is known to adversely affect many aspects of well-being. The harmful effects of widening income inequality affect national health and education outcomes, as well as residential segregation.<ref>Jencks, C. (2002). Does inequality matter? Daedalus, 131(1), 49-65.</ref> Additionally, numerous of social factors such as social mobility, growing crime rates leading to increased rates of imprisonment, less healthy choices of food consumption leading to obesity, and life expectancy and mental health have strong correlation with levels of income inequality: the higher the inequality within a country, the higher the measured social ill.<ref>Schröder, M. (2016). Is Income Inequality Related to Tolerance for Inequality? Social Justice Research, 30(1), 23-47. doi:10.1007/s11211-016-0276-8</ref>

Additionally, income inequality where income growth accrues disproportionately to the top income groups stunts economic growth. This happens as more people fall into poverty because the middle class gets “hollowed out”. Since the middle class is the backbone of many economies, this results in lower aggregate demand in the economy as more people can’t afford to spend compared to a few that can. As a result, there may be a slowdown in productivity growth which has an adverse impact on resource allocations as well as on the incentive structure, innovation, and diffusion of technology.<ref>Slottje, D. J., Raj, B., SpringerLINK eBooks - English/International Collection (Archive), & SpringerLink (Online service). (1999;1998;). Income inequality, poverty, and economic welfare. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-51073-1</ref> Slower economic growth leads to the increasing importance of capital for financial prosperity. In turn, this leads to an “accelerating” wealth gap as those with capital can invest it for further asset growth, whereas those without cannot.<ref>Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge: Belknap harvard.</ref>

=== Neoliberalism as the Underlying Cause of Income Inequality ===
Different reports claim different factors contribute to rising income inequality. One argument focuses on on market intervention by the state on issues involving social welfare, progressive taxation, and power of labour movements.<ref name=":3">Atkinson, A. B. (2003). Income inequality in OECD countries: Data and explanations. CESifo Economic Studies, 49(4), 479-513. doi:10.1093/cesifo/49.4.479</ref> Atkinson argues that these mechanisms that have historically reduced income disparity by redistributing market income have been in decline for decades in many countries<ref name=":3" />. Another focus of inquiry, the “great U-turn”, has been blamed for its contribution to rising income inequality through corporate restructuring. It involves deindustrialization which entails the loss of the middle class throughout the developed world.<ref name=":4">Alderson, A. S., & Nielsen, F. (2002). Globalization and the great U-turn: Income inequality trends in 16 OECD countries. American Journal of Sociology, 107(5), 1244-1299. doi:10.1086/341329</ref>

Additionally, economic globalization, as a result of technological progress, has been greatly blamed as another cause on income inequality. Alderson & Nielsen argue that trade and investment typically favours the wealthier households<ref name=":4" />. Also, economic globalization has led to more open international trade and investment and the rise of powerful transnational corporations which have pressured countries to adopt market-oriented reforms.

Despite these factors, supported by empirical evidence, being valid arguments, focusing on these issues misses the big picture. Kotz argues that globalization is just an intermediary factor while neoliberalism is the deeper underlying cause of an ever-increasing income inequality.<ref>Kotz, D. M. (2015). The rise and fall of neoliberal capitalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</ref> Additionally, he argues that globalization is not just a result of technological progress because the technology for globalization has existed long before the 1970’s.

The consensus of corporate and decision-making elites without public participation in the 1970’s to shift from a Keynesian strategy of state intervention, domestic production, and public investment to a neoliberal strategy of economic liberalism, export-oriented growth, and privatization is the fundamental cause of rising inequality.

Neoliberalism is a multifaceted social and economic system with a multidimensional phenomenon. Many strategies were implemented to help revitalize profits and keep a high return of investment such as business, finance, and labour deregulation. Additionally, there were tax reforms, social spending cuts, privatization of publicly owned firms, monetarist policy that places inflation control above full employment, offshoring and downsizing, international free trade agreements, increasing foreign investment, and export-led growth.

=== Activism Against Income Inequality ===
Income inequality was largely ignored by leaders and policy makers around the world during much of its climb. Only after the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession Great Recession] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_movement Occupy Movement] did the problem of growing income inequality finally capture mainstream attention.

The Occupy Movement was not simply a group of activists with complaints against corporate greed; it encompassed so much more. Greed, corporate influence, and income inequality were by-products of the main issue of the movement: the social and economic system influenced by neoliberalist policies.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%25 “We are the 99%”] is a political slogan widely used and coined by the Occupy movement. The phrase directly refers to the income and wealth inequality in the United States with a concentration of wealth among the top earning 1%.<ref name=":5">We are the 99%. (2018, August 29). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%</nowiki></ref> It reflects an opinion that the "99%" are paying the price for the mistakes of a tiny minority within the upper class.<ref name=":5" />

The first Occupy protest to receive widespread attention was Occupy Wall Street (OWS). It began in New York City's Zuccotti Park on September 17, 2011. Occupy Wall Street, an anti-capitalist social movement, emerged in the United States in 2011 after a massive housing market collapse.<ref name=":6">Occupy Wall Street. (2018, November 07). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street</nowiki></ref> Their focus was to help change the economic and political landscape by raising awareness of income inequality, political corruption and the power of the rich.<ref name=":6" /> The OWS movement can be seen as one of the most influential movements in recent US history. It brought on congressmen, politicians, and the general public to discuss the severity of social inequality in the United States.

Six years after OWS, income inequality is still on the rise. New figures from Oxfam show the world's billionaires increased their fortunes by a handsome $762-billion in just 12 months. And that 82 per cent of new wealth created last year went to the top 1 per cent. <ref>There are two sides to today's global income inequality. (2018, January 23). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/the-two-sides-of-todays-global-income-inequality/article37676680/</nowiki></ref> The trend where the rich are getting richer at expense of everyone else still continues.

=== Sources ===
<references />

File:Lorenz curve.jpg

2018-11-12T06:33:48Z

JayveeOng: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Lorenz curve}}
|date=2018-11-11 06:26:58
|source=https://ourworldindata.org/income-inequality
|author=Our World in Data

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=={{int:license-header}}==
{{cc-by-sa-4.0}}

Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality

2018-11-12T06:28:35Z

JayveeOng:

== <big>Neoliberalism and Income Inequality</big> ==

=== '''Neoliberalism''' ===
Neoliberalism refers to the ideology and policy model that emphasizes the greater role of the free market over the state in economic planning.<ref>Coburn, D. (2000). Income inequality, social cohesion and the health status of populations: The role of neo-liberalism. Social Science & Medicine,] 51(1), 135-146. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00445-1</ref> It has been the dominant economic ideology since the 1980s. It emphasizes that free markets, meaning minimal intervention by government or state in economic and social affairs, will lead to an efficient allocation of resources and sustained economic growth in society.

The economist Milton Friedman spurred much of the intellectual inspiration on Neoliberalism. He argues that the “free private enterprise exchange economy” i.e. capitalism, is the only system which provides individuals with economic freedom.<ref>Eagleton-Pierce, M. (2016). Neoliberalism: The key concepts. Abingdon, Oxon;New York, NY;: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203798188</ref> A freedom to trade and form contracts with others without outside intervention, meaning without coercion. Friedman’s ideologies do not consider the threat of starvation and homelessness for not working or being left out in a competitive society to be a form of coercion. He also believes that the one and only social responsibility of business was to maximise stockholder value, in terms of profits, growth or dividends.<ref>Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. Friedman. Chicago: University of Chicago.</ref> With this ideology, the role of government is very limited and only has to do with functions that are necessary to preserve greater freedom which attracted many followers in the next following decades.

=== '''The Rise of Neoliberalism''' ===
Before the rise of neoliberalism, there was a dominant Keynesian economic orientation. This system of principles, norms and decision-making policies in the political economy was called Keynesianism. It was named after the British economist John Maynard Keynes. The Keynesian economic orientation advocates for state interventions to dampen business cycle, ensure continuous economic growth, and keep employment high.<ref>Arnon, A., Weinblatt, J., Young, W., & SpringerLink ebooks - Business and Economics. (2010;2011;). Perspectives on keynesian economics (1st ed.). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14409-7</ref> With Keynesianism, the state is expected to intervene when there is an economic slowdown. One way is to build more infrastructure to provide more jobs.

During the 1970’s, global economic growth started to slow while inflation and employment were on the rise. From 1973 to 1975, there was also a major global recession. Additionally, the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 led oil prices to spike. As a result, these made economic growth even harder. On top of these events, there was a general Third World debt crisis where international debt grew exponentially. Much of Latin America and the Third world were not able to repay their initial loans. Payments for these loans had to be restructured which led to privatization of state-owned enterprises, fiscal austerity, deregulation of businesses, regressive taxation, and trade and investment openness.<ref name=":0">Wade, R. H. (2007). Ngaire Woods The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank and Their Borrowers. New Political Economy, 12(1), 127-138. doi:10.1080/13563460601068909</ref> These crises that have caused economic stagnation made decision-making elites question the old ways of doing things which paved the way for change.

Many think tank, lobbying groups, and economic organizations started to shift and abandoned their Keynesian economic orientation. Also, many countries underwent a shift in national politics which embraced a greater role for the free market in the economy and less of the Keynesian economic principles. This led to social welfare policies becoming under attack, subjected to declining funds, or outright dismantlement. Additionally, pressure to privatize government production grew like in housing, education, utilities, and media (Harvey, 2005). This paved the way for the transfer of control of economic factors to the private sector from the public sector by promoting policy transformations such as privatization, open trade, deregulation of business and finance, public spending cuts, lower taxation especially of corporations and the wealthy – in short, neoliberalist policies.<ref name=":0" />

The Federal Reserve (US Central bank; Fed in short) also adapted a new system of monetarism which was aimed at counteracting inflation through the control of interest rates. A new role of the Fed was to keep employment relatively low because high employment keeps the supply of workers tight. When the supply of workers is tight, it pressures employers to raise wages which puts upward pressure on inflation rates. By raising interest rates, the Fed can control and slow economic growth to tame inflation rates.<ref>Baker, D. (2006). Beyond the conservative nanny state: Policies to promote self-sufficiency among the wealthy.</ref> Because of this, the Fed clearly had no interest in full employment, livable wages or to even maximize economic growth. The Fed’s new orientation was to help raise private profits. Moreover, the Feds became lenient towards finance. Because deregulation was promoted, this led to some parts of the economy transforming into a speculative financial economy from a productive manufacturing one. Financial markets soon dominated traditional productive markets like manufacturing, service, and agriculture.

These events that pushed for a change to neoliberalist policies and orientation would help accumulate profits that benefitted the wealthy and privileged. As a result, neoliberalism has caused a disproportionate income inequality between the rich and the rest of the people.

=== Introduction to Income Inequality ===
Income inequality refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population. Intuitively, income inequality refers to the fact that different people earn different amounts of money.<ref name=":1">Yglesias, M. (2014, April 02). What is income inequality? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.vox.com/cards/income-inequality/what-is-income-inequality</nowiki></ref> The wider those earnings are dispersed, the more unequal they are. The most striking aspect has been the widening gap between the rich and the rest.

To put this into perspective, in 2015, Canada’s top 10 per cent earners had total incomes that were 2.74 times those of the median person. And the top 1 per cent had a pre-tax income of $234,130 which is at least 6.8 times higher than the median.<ref>Census data shows income inequality remains a major challenge. (2017, October 09). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/census-shows-income-inequality-is-on-the-rise/article36524022/</nowiki></ref> Also, a study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental economic organisation with 36 member countries to stimulate economic progress and world trade, shows that a quarter of a century ago, the average disposable income of the richest 10% in OECD countries was around seven times higher than that of the poorest 10%; today, it’s around 9½ times higher.<ref>Keeley, B., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, & OECD iLibrary. (2015). Income inequality: The gap between rich and poor. Paris: OECD.</ref> And in 2017, the wealthiest 1 percent of the world's population now owns more than half of the world's wealth.<ref>Frank, R. (2017, November 14). Richest 1% now owns half the world's wealth. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/14/richest-1-percent-now-own-half-the-worlds-wealth.html</nowiki></ref>

==== How is income inequality measured? ====
[[File:Gini_coeffficient.jpg|thumb|587x587px|Gini coefficient after taxes and transfers have been made. The higher the gini, the more inequality; 1 corresponding to perfect inequality and 0 with perfect equality.]]
The Gini coefficient is a number that quantifies the extent of income inequality in a country. It is the most widely used single-summary number for judging the level of inequality in a particular country or region.<ref name=":1" /> However, it is important to know that the Gini coefficient provides only a high-level overview and may miss the increasing share of income going to the top 1% or 10% of earners.

==== How is the Gini coefficient derived? ====
To derive a Gini coefficient, one can start with a Lorenz curve. In a Lorenz curve, the horizontal axis on the chart represents cumulative shares of the population. The vertical axis is cumulative shares of income. The graph below explains how it works and how the numbers are derived.

=== Effects of Income Inequality ===
Some economists believe that some income inequality is efficient or good for the economy. In his 1975 work "Equality and Efficient: The Big Trade-Off," the Harvard economist Arthur Okun argued that inequality was the price to be paid for an efficient economy which became the backbone of conservative policy.<ref name=":2">Ellyatt, H. (2013, January 08). Is Income Inequality as American as Apple Pie? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/id/100361302</nowiki></ref> He believed that income inequality is "a by-product of a functioning capitalist society" and the wealthiest had more, because they were more productive.<ref name=":2" />

But even economists worry that inequality inhibits growth and opportunity when it becomes too high, which is the case in many countries.<ref>Voinea, L., Lovin, H., & Cojocaru, A. (2018). The impact of inequality on the transmission of monetary policy. Journal of International Money and Finance, 85, 236-250. doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.11.007 </ref> Widening income disparity, which can be witnessed in many countries, is alarming because it is known to adversely affect many aspects of well-being. The harmful effects of widening income inequality affect national health and education outcomes, as well as residential segregation.<ref>Jencks, C. (2002). Does inequality matter? Daedalus, 131(1), 49-65.</ref> Additionally, numerous of social factors such as social mobility, growing crime rates leading to increased rates of imprisonment, less healthy choices of food consumption leading to obesity, and life expectancy and mental health have strong correlation with levels of income inequality: the higher the inequality within a country, the higher the measured social ill.<ref>Schröder, M. (2016). Is Income Inequality Related to Tolerance for Inequality? Social Justice Research, 30(1), 23-47. doi:10.1007/s11211-016-0276-8</ref>

Additionally, income inequality where income growth accrues disproportionately to the top income groups stunts economic growth. This happens as more people fall into poverty because the middle class gets “hollowed out”. Since the middle class is the backbone of many economies, this results in lower aggregate demand in the economy as more people can’t afford to spend compared to a few that can. As a result, there may be a slowdown in productivity growth which has an adverse impact on resource allocations as well as on the incentive structure, innovation, and diffusion of technology.<ref>Slottje, D. J., Raj, B., SpringerLINK eBooks - English/International Collection (Archive), & SpringerLink (Online service). (1999;1998;). Income inequality, poverty, and economic welfare. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-51073-1</ref> Slower economic growth leads to the increasing importance of capital for financial prosperity. In turn, this leads to an “accelerating” wealth gap as those with capital can invest it for further asset growth, whereas those without cannot.<ref>Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge: Belknap harvard.</ref>

=== Neoliberalism as the Underlying Cause of Income Inequality ===
Different reports claim different factors contribute to rising income inequality. One argument focuses on on market intervention by the state on issues involving social welfare, progressive taxation, and power of labour movements.<ref name=":3">Atkinson, A. B. (2003). Income inequality in OECD countries: Data and explanations. CESifo Economic Studies, 49(4), 479-513. doi:10.1093/cesifo/49.4.479</ref> Atkinson argues that these mechanisms that have historically reduced income disparity by redistributing market income have been in decline for decades in many countries<ref name=":3" />. Another focus of inquiry, the “great U-turn”, has been blamed for its contribution to rising income inequality through corporate restructuring. It involves deindustrialization which entails the loss of the middle class throughout the developed world.<ref name=":4">Alderson, A. S., & Nielsen, F. (2002). Globalization and the great U-turn: Income inequality trends in 16 OECD countries. American Journal of Sociology, 107(5), 1244-1299. doi:10.1086/341329</ref>

Additionally, economic globalization, as a result of technological progress, has been greatly blamed as another cause on income inequality. Alderson & Nielsen argue that trade and investment typically favours the wealthier households<ref name=":4" />. Also, economic globalization has led to more open international trade and investment and the rise of powerful transnational corporations which have pressured countries to adopt market-oriented reforms.

Despite these factors, supported by empirical evidence, being valid arguments, focusing on these issues misses the big picture. Kotz argues that globalization is just an intermediary factor while neoliberalism is the deeper underlying cause of an ever-increasing income inequality.<ref>Kotz, D. M. (2015). The rise and fall of neoliberal capitalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</ref> Additionally, he argues that globalization is not just a result of technological progress because the technology for globalization has existed long before the 1970’s.

The consensus of corporate and decision-making elites without public participation in the 1970’s to shift from a Keynesian strategy of state intervention, domestic production, and public investment to a neoliberal strategy of economic liberalism, export-oriented growth, and privatization is the fundamental cause of rising inequality.

Neoliberalism is a multifaceted social and economic system with a multidimensional phenomenon. Many strategies were implemented to help revitalize profits and keep a high return of investment such as business, finance, and labour deregulation. Additionally, there were tax reforms, social spending cuts, privatization of publicly owned firms, monetarist policy that places inflation control above full employment, offshoring and downsizing, international free trade agreements, increasing foreign investment, and export-led growth.

=== Activism Against Income Inequality ===
Income inequality was largely ignored by leaders and policy makers around the world during much of its climb. Only after the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession Great Recession] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_movement Occupy Movement] did the problem of growing income inequality finally capture mainstream attention.

The Occupy Movement was not simply a group of activists with complaints against corporate greed; it encompassed so much more. Greed, corporate influence, and income inequality were by-products of the main issue of the movement: the social and economic system influenced by neoliberalist policies.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%25 “We are the 99%”] is a political slogan widely used and coined by the Occupy movement. The phrase directly refers to the income and wealth inequality in the United States with a concentration of wealth among the top earning 1%.<ref name=":5">We are the 99%. (2018, August 29). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%</nowiki></ref> It reflects an opinion that the "99%" are paying the price for the mistakes of a tiny minority within the upper class.<ref name=":5" />

The first Occupy protest to receive widespread attention was Occupy Wall Street (OWS). It began in New York City's Zuccotti Park on September 17, 2011. Occupy Wall Street, an anti-capitalist social movement, emerged in the United States in 2011 after a massive housing market collapse.<ref name=":6">Occupy Wall Street. (2018, November 07). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street</nowiki></ref> Their focus was to help change the economic and political landscape by raising awareness of income inequality, political corruption and the power of the rich.<ref name=":6" /> The OWS movement can be seen as one of the most influential movements in recent US history. It brought on congressmen, politicians, and the general public to discuss the severity of social inequality in the United States.

Six years after OWS, income inequality is still on the rise. New figures from Oxfam show the world's billionaires increased their fortunes by a handsome $762-billion in just 12 months. And that 82 per cent of new wealth created last year went to the top 1 per cent. <ref>There are two sides to today's global income inequality. (2018, January 23). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/the-two-sides-of-todays-global-income-inequality/article37676680/</nowiki></ref> The trend where the rich are getting richer at expense of everyone else still continues.

=== Sources ===
<references />

Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality

2018-11-12T06:27:34Z

JayveeOng:

== <big>Neoliberalism and Income Inequality</big> ==

=== '''Neoliberalism''' ===
Neoliberalism refers to the ideology and policy model that emphasizes the greater role of the free market over the state in economic planning.<ref>Coburn, D. (2000). Income inequality, social cohesion and the health status of populations: The role of neo-liberalism. Social Science & Medicine,] 51(1), 135-146. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00445-1</ref> It has been the dominant economic ideology since the 1980s. It emphasizes that free markets, meaning minimal intervention by government or state in economic and social affairs, will lead to an efficient allocation of resources and sustained economic growth in society.

The economist Milton Friedman spurred much of the intellectual inspiration on Neoliberalism. He argues that the “free private enterprise exchange economy” i.e. capitalism, is the only system which provides individuals with economic freedom.<ref>Eagleton-Pierce, M. (2016). Neoliberalism: The key concepts. Abingdon, Oxon;New York, NY;: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203798188</ref> A freedom to trade and form contracts with others without outside intervention, meaning without coercion. Friedman’s ideologies do not consider the threat of starvation and homelessness for not working or being left out in a competitive society to be a form of coercion. He also believes that the one and only social responsibility of business was to maximise stockholder value, in terms of profits, growth or dividends.<ref>Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. Friedman. Chicago: University of Chicago.</ref> With this ideology, the role of government is very limited and only has to do with functions that are necessary to preserve greater freedom which attracted many followers in the next following decades.

=== '''The Rise of Neoliberalism''' ===
Before the rise of neoliberalism, there was a dominant Keynesian economic orientation. This system of principles, norms and decision-making policies in the political economy was called Keynesianism. It was named after the British economist John Maynard Keynes. The Keynesian economic orientation advocates for state interventions to dampen business cycle, ensure continuous economic growth, and keep employment high.<ref>Arnon, A., Weinblatt, J., Young, W., & SpringerLink ebooks - Business and Economics. (2010;2011;). Perspectives on keynesian economics (1st ed.). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14409-7</ref> With Keynesianism, the state is expected to intervene when there is an economic slowdown. One way is to build more infrastructure to provide more jobs.

During the 1970’s, global economic growth started to slow while inflation and employment were on the rise. From 1973 to 1975, there was also a major global recession. Additionally, the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 led oil prices to spike. As a result, these made economic growth even harder. On top of these events, there was a general Third World debt crisis where international debt grew exponentially. Much of Latin America and the Third world were not able to repay their initial loans. Payments for these loans had to be restructured which led to privatization of state-owned enterprises, fiscal austerity, deregulation of businesses, regressive taxation, and trade and investment openness.<ref name=":0">Wade, R. H. (2007). Ngaire Woods The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank and Their Borrowers. New Political Economy, 12(1), 127-138. doi:10.1080/13563460601068909</ref> These crises that have caused economic stagnation made decision-making elites question the old ways of doing things which paved the way for change.

Many think tank, lobbying groups, and economic organizations started to shift and abandoned their Keynesian economic orientation. Also, many countries underwent a shift in national politics which embraced a greater role for the free market in the economy and less of the Keynesian economic principles. This led to social welfare policies becoming under attack, subjected to declining funds, or outright dismantlement. Additionally, pressure to privatize government production grew like in housing, education, utilities, and media (Harvey, 2005). This paved the way for the transfer of control of economic factors to the private sector from the public sector by promoting policy transformations such as privatization, open trade, deregulation of business and finance, public spending cuts, lower taxation especially of corporations and the wealthy – in short, neoliberalist policies.<ref name=":0" />

The Federal Reserve (US Central bank; Fed in short) also adapted a new system of monetarism which was aimed at counteracting inflation through the control of interest rates. A new role of the Fed was to keep employment relatively low because high employment keeps the supply of workers tight. When the supply of workers is tight, it pressures employers to raise wages which puts upward pressure on inflation rates. By raising interest rates, the Fed can control and slow economic growth to tame inflation rates.<ref>Baker, D. (2006). Beyond the conservative nanny state: Policies to promote self-sufficiency among the wealthy.</ref> Because of this, the Fed clearly had no interest in full employment, livable wages or to even maximize economic growth. The Fed’s new orientation was to help raise private profits. Moreover, the Feds became lenient towards finance. Because deregulation was promoted, this led to some parts of the economy transforming into a speculative financial economy from a productive manufacturing one. Financial markets soon dominated traditional productive markets like manufacturing, service, and agriculture.

These events that pushed for a change to neoliberalist policies and orientation would help accumulate profits that benefitted the wealthy and privileged. As a result, neoliberalism has caused a disproportionate income inequality between the rich and the rest of the people.

=== Introduction to Income Inequality ===
Income inequality refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population. Intuitively, income inequality refers to the fact that different people earn different amounts of money.<ref name=":1">Yglesias, M. (2014, April 02). What is income inequality? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.vox.com/cards/income-inequality/what-is-income-inequality</nowiki></ref> The wider those earnings are dispersed, the more unequal they are. The most striking aspect has been the widening gap between the rich and the rest.

To put this into perspective, in 2015, Canada’s top 10 per cent earners had total incomes that were 2.74 times those of the median person. And the top 1 per cent had a pre-tax income of $234,130 which is at least 6.8 times higher than the median.<ref>Census data shows income inequality remains a major challenge. (2017, October 09). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/census-shows-income-inequality-is-on-the-rise/article36524022/</nowiki></ref> Also, a study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental economic organisation with 36 member countries to stimulate economic progress and world trade, shows that a quarter of a century ago, the average disposable income of the richest 10% in OECD countries was around seven times higher than that of the poorest 10%; today, it’s around 9½ times higher.<ref>Keeley, B., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, & OECD iLibrary. (2015). Income inequality: The gap between rich and poor. Paris: OECD.</ref> And in 2017, the wealthiest 1 percent of the world's population now owns more than half of the world's wealth.<ref>Frank, R. (2017, November 14). Richest 1% now owns half the world's wealth. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/14/richest-1-percent-now-own-half-the-worlds-wealth.html</nowiki></ref>

==== How is income inequality measured? ====
[[File:Gini_coeffficient.jpg|thumb|587x587px|Gini coefficient after taxes and transfers have been made. The higher the gini, the more inequality; 1 corresponding to perfect inequality and 0 with perfect equality.]]
The Gini coefficient is a number that quantifies the extent of income inequality in a country. It is the most widely used single-summary number for judging the level of inequality in a particular country or region.<ref name=":1" /> However, it is important to know that the Gini coefficient provides only a high-level overview and may miss the increasing share of income going to the top 1% or 10% of earners.

=== How is the Gini coefficient derived? ===
To derive a Gini coefficient, one can start with a Lorenz curve. In a Lorenz curve, the horizontal axis on the chart represents cumulative shares of the population. The vertical axis is cumulative shares of income. The graph below explains how it works and how the numbers are derived.

=== Effects of Income Inequality ===
Some economists believe that some income inequality is efficient or good for the economy. In his 1975 work "Equality and Efficient: The Big Trade-Off," the Harvard economist Arthur Okun argued that inequality was the price to be paid for an efficient economy which became the backbone of conservative policy.<ref name=":2">Ellyatt, H. (2013, January 08). Is Income Inequality as American as Apple Pie? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/id/100361302</nowiki></ref> He believed that income inequality is "a by-product of a functioning capitalist society" and the wealthiest had more, because they were more productive.<ref name=":2" />

But even economists worry that inequality inhibits growth and opportunity when it becomes too high, which is the case in many countries.<ref>Voinea, L., Lovin, H., & Cojocaru, A. (2018). The impact of inequality on the transmission of monetary policy. Journal of International Money and Finance, 85, 236-250. doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.11.007 </ref> Widening income disparity, which can be witnessed in many countries, is alarming because it is known to adversely affect many aspects of well-being. The harmful effects of widening income inequality affect national health and education outcomes, as well as residential segregation.<ref>Jencks, C. (2002). Does inequality matter? Daedalus, 131(1), 49-65.</ref> Additionally, numerous of social factors such as social mobility, growing crime rates leading to increased rates of imprisonment, less healthy choices of food consumption leading to obesity, and life expectancy and mental health have strong correlation with levels of income inequality: the higher the inequality within a country, the higher the measured social ill.<ref>Schröder, M. (2016). Is Income Inequality Related to Tolerance for Inequality? Social Justice Research, 30(1), 23-47. doi:10.1007/s11211-016-0276-8</ref>

Additionally, income inequality where income growth accrues disproportionately to the top income groups stunts economic growth. This happens as more people fall into poverty because the middle class gets “hollowed out”. Since the middle class is the backbone of many economies, this results in lower aggregate demand in the economy as more people can’t afford to spend compared to a few that can. As a result, there may be a slowdown in productivity growth which has an adverse impact on resource allocations as well as on the incentive structure, innovation, and diffusion of technology.<ref>Slottje, D. J., Raj, B., SpringerLINK eBooks - English/International Collection (Archive), & SpringerLink (Online service). (1999;1998;). Income inequality, poverty, and economic welfare. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-51073-1</ref> Slower economic growth leads to the increasing importance of capital for financial prosperity. In turn, this leads to an “accelerating” wealth gap as those with capital can invest it for further asset growth, whereas those without cannot.<ref>Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge: Belknap harvard.</ref>

=== Neoliberalism as the Underlying Cause of Income Inequality ===
Different reports claim different factors contribute to rising income inequality. One argument focuses on on market intervention by the state on issues involving social welfare, progressive taxation, and power of labour movements.<ref name=":3">Atkinson, A. B. (2003). Income inequality in OECD countries: Data and explanations. CESifo Economic Studies, 49(4), 479-513. doi:10.1093/cesifo/49.4.479</ref> Atkinson argues that these mechanisms that have historically reduced income disparity by redistributing market income have been in decline for decades in many countries<ref name=":3" />. Another focus of inquiry, the “great U-turn”, has been blamed for its contribution to rising income inequality through corporate restructuring. It involves deindustrialization which entails the loss of the middle class throughout the developed world.<ref name=":4">Alderson, A. S., & Nielsen, F. (2002). Globalization and the great U-turn: Income inequality trends in 16 OECD countries. American Journal of Sociology, 107(5), 1244-1299. doi:10.1086/341329</ref>

Additionally, economic globalization, as a result of technological progress, has been greatly blamed as another cause on income inequality. Alderson & Nielsen argue that trade and investment typically favours the wealthier households<ref name=":4" />. Also, economic globalization has led to more open international trade and investment and the rise of powerful transnational corporations which have pressured countries to adopt market-oriented reforms.

Despite these factors, supported by empirical evidence, being valid arguments, focusing on these issues misses the big picture. Kotz argues that globalization is just an intermediary factor while neoliberalism is the deeper underlying cause of an ever-increasing income inequality.<ref>Kotz, D. M. (2015). The rise and fall of neoliberal capitalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</ref> Additionally, he argues that globalization is not just a result of technological progress because the technology for globalization has existed long before the 1970’s.

The consensus of corporate and decision-making elites without public participation in the 1970’s to shift from a Keynesian strategy of state intervention, domestic production, and public investment to a neoliberal strategy of economic liberalism, export-oriented growth, and privatization is the fundamental cause of rising inequality.

Neoliberalism is a multifaceted social and economic system with a multidimensional phenomenon. Many strategies were implemented to help revitalize profits and keep a high return of investment such as business, finance, and labour deregulation. Additionally, there were tax reforms, social spending cuts, privatization of publicly owned firms, monetarist policy that places inflation control above full employment, offshoring and downsizing, international free trade agreements, increasing foreign investment, and export-led growth.

=== Activism Against Income Inequality ===
Income inequality was largely ignored by leaders and policy makers around the world during much of its climb. Only after the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession Great Recession] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_movement Occupy Movement] did the problem of growing income inequality finally capture mainstream attention.

The Occupy Movement was not simply a group of activists with complaints against corporate greed; it encompassed so much more. Greed, corporate influence, and income inequality were by-products of the main issue of the movement: the social and economic system influenced by neoliberalist policies.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%25 “We are the 99%”] is a political slogan widely used and coined by the Occupy movement. The phrase directly refers to the income and wealth inequality in the United States with a concentration of wealth among the top earning 1%.<ref name=":5">We are the 99%. (2018, August 29). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%</nowiki></ref> It reflects an opinion that the "99%" are paying the price for the mistakes of a tiny minority within the upper class.<ref name=":5" />

The first Occupy protest to receive widespread attention was Occupy Wall Street (OWS). It began in New York City's Zuccotti Park on September 17, 2011. Occupy Wall Street, an anti-capitalist social movement, emerged in the United States in 2011 after a massive housing market collapse.<ref name=":6">Occupy Wall Street. (2018, November 07). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street</nowiki></ref> Their focus was to help change the economic and political landscape by raising awareness of income inequality, political corruption and the power of the rich.<ref name=":6" /> The OWS movement can be seen as one of the most influential movements in recent US history. It brought on congressmen, politicians, and the general public to discuss the severity of social inequality in the United States.

Six years after OWS, income inequality is still on the rise. New figures from Oxfam show the world's billionaires increased their fortunes by a handsome $762-billion in just 12 months. And that 82 per cent of new wealth created last year went to the top 1 per cent. <ref>There are two sides to today's global income inequality. (2018, January 23). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/the-two-sides-of-todays-global-income-inequality/article37676680/</nowiki></ref> The trend where the rich are getting richer at expense of everyone else still continues.

=== Sources ===
<references />

Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality

2018-11-12T06:23:02Z

JayveeOng:

== <big>Neoliberalism and Income Inequality</big> ==

=== '''Neoliberalism''' ===
Neoliberalism refers to the ideology and policy model that emphasizes the greater role of the free market over the state in economic planning.<ref>Coburn, D. (2000). Income inequality, social cohesion and the health status of populations: The role of neo-liberalism. Social Science & Medicine,] 51(1), 135-146. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00445-1</ref> It has been the dominant economic ideology since the 1980s. It emphasizes that free markets, meaning minimal intervention by government or state in economic and social affairs, will lead to an efficient allocation of resources and sustained economic growth in society.

The economist Milton Friedman spurred much of the intellectual inspiration on Neoliberalism. He argues that the “free private enterprise exchange economy” i.e. capitalism, is the only system which provides individuals with economic freedom.<ref>Eagleton-Pierce, M. (2016). Neoliberalism: The key concepts. Abingdon, Oxon;New York, NY;: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203798188</ref> A freedom to trade and form contracts with others without outside intervention, meaning without coercion. Friedman’s ideologies do not consider the threat of starvation and homelessness for not working or being left out in a competitive society to be a form of coercion. He also believes that the one and only social responsibility of business was to maximise stockholder value, in terms of profits, growth or dividends.<ref>Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. Friedman. Chicago: University of Chicago.</ref> With this ideology, the role of government is very limited and only has to do with functions that are necessary to preserve greater freedom which attracted many followers in the next following decades.

=== '''The Rise of Neoliberalism''' ===
Before the rise of neoliberalism, there was a dominant Keynesian economic orientation. This system of principles, norms and decision-making policies in the political economy was called Keynesianism. It was named after the British economist John Maynard Keynes. The Keynesian economic orientation advocates for state interventions to dampen business cycle, ensure continuous economic growth, and keep employment high.<ref>Arnon, A., Weinblatt, J., Young, W., & SpringerLink ebooks - Business and Economics. (2010;2011;). Perspectives on keynesian economics (1st ed.). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14409-7</ref> With Keynesianism, the state is expected to intervene when there is an economic slowdown. One way is to build more infrastructure to provide more jobs.

During the 1970’s, global economic growth started to slow while inflation and employment were on the rise. From 1973 to 1975, there was also a major global recession. Additionally, the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 led oil prices to spike. As a result, these made economic growth even harder. On top of these events, there was a general Third World debt crisis where international debt grew exponentially. Much of Latin America and the Third world were not able to repay their initial loans. Payments for these loans had to be restructured which led to privatization of state-owned enterprises, fiscal austerity, deregulation of businesses, regressive taxation, and trade and investment openness.<ref name=":0">Wade, R. H. (2007). Ngaire Woods The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank and Their Borrowers. New Political Economy, 12(1), 127-138. doi:10.1080/13563460601068909</ref> These crises that have caused economic stagnation made decision-making elites question the old ways of doing things which paved the way for change.

Many think tank, lobbying groups, and economic organizations started to shift and abandoned their Keynesian economic orientation. Also, many countries underwent a shift in national politics which embraced a greater role for the free market in the economy and less of the Keynesian economic principles. This led to social welfare policies becoming under attack, subjected to declining funds, or outright dismantlement. Additionally, pressure to privatize government production grew like in housing, education, utilities, and media (Harvey, 2005). This paved the way for the transfer of control of economic factors to the private sector from the public sector by promoting policy transformations such as privatization, open trade, deregulation of business and finance, public spending cuts, lower taxation especially of corporations and the wealthy – in short, neoliberalist policies.<ref name=":0" />

The Federal Reserve (US Central bank; Fed in short) also adapted a new system of monetarism which was aimed at counteracting inflation through the control of interest rates. A new role of the Fed was to keep employment relatively low because high employment keeps the supply of workers tight. When the supply of workers is tight, it pressures employers to raise wages which puts upward pressure on inflation rates. By raising interest rates, the Fed can control and slow economic growth to tame inflation rates.<ref>Baker, D. (2006). Beyond the conservative nanny state: Policies to promote self-sufficiency among the wealthy.</ref> Because of this, the Fed clearly had no interest in full employment, livable wages or to even maximize economic growth. The Fed’s new orientation was to help raise private profits. Moreover, the Feds became lenient towards finance. Because deregulation was promoted, this led to some parts of the economy transforming into a speculative financial economy from a productive manufacturing one. Financial markets soon dominated traditional productive markets like manufacturing, service, and agriculture.

These events that pushed for a change to neoliberalist policies and orientation would help accumulate profits that benefitted the wealthy and privileged. As a result, neoliberalism has caused a disproportionate income inequality between the rich and the rest of the people.

=== Introduction to Income Inequality ===
Income inequality refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population. Intuitively, income inequality refers to the fact that different people earn different amounts of money.<ref name=":1">Yglesias, M. (2014, April 02). What is income inequality? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.vox.com/cards/income-inequality/what-is-income-inequality</nowiki></ref> The wider those earnings are dispersed, the more unequal they are. The most striking aspect has been the widening gap between the rich and the rest.

To put this into perspective, in 2015, Canada’s top 10 per cent earners had total incomes that were 2.74 times those of the median person. And the top 1 per cent had a pre-tax income of $234,130 which is at least 6.8 times higher than the median.<ref>Census data shows income inequality remains a major challenge. (2017, October 09). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/census-shows-income-inequality-is-on-the-rise/article36524022/</nowiki></ref> Also, a study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental economic organisation with 36 member countries to stimulate economic progress and world trade, shows that a quarter of a century ago, the average disposable income of the richest 10% in OECD countries was around seven times higher than that of the poorest 10%; today, it’s around 9½ times higher.<ref>Keeley, B., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, & OECD iLibrary. (2015). Income inequality: The gap between rich and poor. Paris: OECD.</ref> And in 2017, the wealthiest 1 percent of the world's population now owns more than half of the world's wealth.<ref>Frank, R. (2017, November 14). Richest 1% now owns half the world's wealth. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/14/richest-1-percent-now-own-half-the-worlds-wealth.html</nowiki></ref>

==== How is income inequality measured? ====
[[File:Gini_coeffficient.jpg|thumb|587x587px|Gini coefficient after taxes and transfers have been made. The higher the gini, the more inequality; 1 corresponding to perfect inequality and 0 with perfect equality.]]
The Gini coefficient is a number that quantifies the extent of income inequality in a country. It is the most widely used single-summary number for judging the level of inequality in a particular country or region.<ref name=":1" /> However, it is important to know that the Gini coefficient provides only a high-level overview and may miss the increasing share of income going to the top 1% or 10% of earners.

=== Effects of Income Inequality ===
Some economists believe that some income inequality is efficient or good for the economy. In his 1975 work "Equality and Efficient: The Big Trade-Off," the Harvard economist Arthur Okun argued that inequality was the price to be paid for an efficient economy which became the backbone of conservative policy.<ref name=":2">Ellyatt, H. (2013, January 08). Is Income Inequality as American as Apple Pie? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/id/100361302</nowiki></ref> He believed that income inequality is "a by-product of a functioning capitalist society" and the wealthiest had more, because they were more productive.<ref name=":2" />

But even economists worry that inequality inhibits growth and opportunity when it becomes too high, which is the case in many countries.<ref>Voinea, L., Lovin, H., & Cojocaru, A. (2018). The impact of inequality on the transmission of monetary policy. Journal of International Money and Finance, 85, 236-250. doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.11.007 </ref> Widening income disparity, which can be witnessed in many countries, is alarming because it is known to adversely affect many aspects of well-being. The harmful effects of widening income inequality affect national health and education outcomes, as well as residential segregation.<ref>Jencks, C. (2002). Does inequality matter? Daedalus, 131(1), 49-65.</ref> Additionally, numerous of social factors such as social mobility, growing crime rates leading to increased rates of imprisonment, less healthy choices of food consumption leading to obesity, and life expectancy and mental health have strong correlation with levels of income inequality: the higher the inequality within a country, the higher the measured social ill.<ref>Schröder, M. (2016). Is Income Inequality Related to Tolerance for Inequality? Social Justice Research, 30(1), 23-47. doi:10.1007/s11211-016-0276-8</ref>

Additionally, income inequality where income growth accrues disproportionately to the top income groups stunts economic growth. This happens as more people fall into poverty because the middle class gets “hollowed out”. Since the middle class is the backbone of many economies, this results in lower aggregate demand in the economy as more people can’t afford to spend compared to a few that can. As a result, there may be a slowdown in productivity growth which has an adverse impact on resource allocations as well as on the incentive structure, innovation, and diffusion of technology.<ref>Slottje, D. J., Raj, B., SpringerLINK eBooks - English/International Collection (Archive), & SpringerLink (Online service). (1999;1998;). Income inequality, poverty, and economic welfare. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-51073-1</ref> Slower economic growth leads to the increasing importance of capital for financial prosperity. In turn, this leads to an “accelerating” wealth gap as those with capital can invest it for further asset growth, whereas those without cannot.<ref>Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge: Belknap harvard.</ref>

=== Neoliberalism as the Underlying Cause of Income Inequality ===
Different reports claim different factors contribute to rising income inequality. One argument focuses on on market intervention by the state on issues involving social welfare, progressive taxation, and power of labour movements.<ref name=":3">Atkinson, A. B. (2003). Income inequality in OECD countries: Data and explanations. CESifo Economic Studies, 49(4), 479-513. doi:10.1093/cesifo/49.4.479</ref> Atkinson argues that these mechanisms that have historically reduced income disparity by redistributing market income have been in decline for decades in many countries<ref name=":3" />. Another focus of inquiry, the “great U-turn”, has been blamed for its contribution to rising income inequality through corporate restructuring. It involves deindustrialization which entails the loss of the middle class throughout the developed world.<ref name=":4">Alderson, A. S., & Nielsen, F. (2002). Globalization and the great U-turn: Income inequality trends in 16 OECD countries. American Journal of Sociology, 107(5), 1244-1299. doi:10.1086/341329</ref>

Additionally, economic globalization, as a result of technological progress, has been greatly blamed as another cause on income inequality. Alderson & Nielsen argue that trade and investment typically favours the wealthier households<ref name=":4" />. Also, economic globalization has led to more open international trade and investment and the rise of powerful transnational corporations which have pressured countries to adopt market-oriented reforms.

Despite these factors, supported by empirical evidence, being valid arguments, focusing on these issues misses the big picture. Kotz argues that globalization is just an intermediary factor while neoliberalism is the deeper underlying cause of an ever-increasing income inequality.<ref>Kotz, D. M. (2015). The rise and fall of neoliberal capitalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</ref> Additionally, he argues that globalization is not just a result of technological progress because the technology for globalization has existed long before the 1970’s.

The consensus of corporate and decision-making elites without public participation in the 1970’s to shift from a Keynesian strategy of state intervention, domestic production, and public investment to a neoliberal strategy of economic liberalism, export-oriented growth, and privatization is the fundamental cause of rising inequality.

Neoliberalism is a multifaceted social and economic system with a multidimensional phenomenon. Many strategies were implemented to help revitalize profits and keep a high return of investment such as business, finance, and labour deregulation. Additionally, there were tax reforms, social spending cuts, privatization of publicly owned firms, monetarist policy that places inflation control above full employment, offshoring and downsizing, international free trade agreements, increasing foreign investment, and export-led growth.

=== Activism Against Income Inequality ===
Income inequality was largely ignored by leaders and policy makers around the world during much of its climb. Only after the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession Great Recession] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_movement Occupy Movement] did the problem of growing income inequality finally capture mainstream attention.

The Occupy Movement was not simply a group of activists with complaints against corporate greed; it encompassed so much more. Greed, corporate influence, and income inequality were by-products of the main issue of the movement: the social and economic system influenced by neoliberalist policies.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%25 “We are the 99%”] is a political slogan widely used and coined by the Occupy movement. The phrase directly refers to the income and wealth inequality in the United States with a concentration of wealth among the top earning 1%.<ref name=":5">We are the 99%. (2018, August 29). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%</nowiki></ref> It reflects an opinion that the "99%" are paying the price for the mistakes of a tiny minority within the upper class.<ref name=":5" />

The first Occupy protest to receive widespread attention was Occupy Wall Street (OWS). It began in New York City's Zuccotti Park on September 17, 2011. Occupy Wall Street, an anti-capitalist social movement, emerged in the United States in 2011 after a massive housing market collapse.<ref name=":6">Occupy Wall Street. (2018, November 07). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street</nowiki></ref> Their focus was to help change the economic and political landscape by raising awareness of income inequality, political corruption and the power of the rich.<ref name=":6" /> The OWS movement can be seen as one of the most influential movements in recent US history. It brought on congressmen, politicians, and the general public to discuss the severity of social inequality in the United States.

Six years after OWS, income inequality is still on the rise. New figures from Oxfam show the world's billionaires increased their fortunes by a handsome $762-billion in just 12 months. And that 82 per cent of new wealth created last year went to the top 1 per cent. <ref>There are two sides to today's global income inequality. (2018, January 23). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/the-two-sides-of-todays-global-income-inequality/article37676680/</nowiki></ref> The trend where the rich are getting richer at expense of everyone else still continues.

=== Sources ===
<references />

Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality

2018-11-12T06:18:28Z

JayveeOng:

== <big>Neoliberalism and Income Inequality</big> ==

=== '''Neoliberalism''' ===
Neoliberalism refers to the ideology and policy model that emphasizes the greater role of the free market over the state in economic planning.<ref>Coburn, D. (2000). Income inequality, social cohesion and the health status of populations: The role of neo-liberalism. Social Science & Medicine,] 51(1), 135-146. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00445-1</ref> It has been the dominant economic ideology since the 1980s. It emphasizes that free markets, meaning minimal intervention by government or state in economic and social affairs, will lead to an efficient allocation of resources and sustained economic growth in society.

The economist Milton Friedman spurred much of the intellectual inspiration on Neoliberalism. He argues that the “free private enterprise exchange economy” i.e. capitalism, is the only system which provides individuals with economic freedom.<ref>Eagleton-Pierce, M. (2016). Neoliberalism: The key concepts. Abingdon, Oxon;New York, NY;: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203798188</ref> A freedom to trade and form contracts with others without outside intervention, meaning without coercion. Friedman’s ideologies do not consider the threat of starvation and homelessness for not working or being left out in a competitive society to be a form of coercion. He also believes that the one and only social responsibility of business was to maximise stockholder value, in terms of profits, growth or dividends.<ref>Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. Friedman. Chicago: University of Chicago.</ref> With this ideology, the role of government is very limited and only has to do with functions that are necessary to preserve greater freedom which attracted many followers in the next following decades.

=== '''The Rise of Neoliberalism''' ===
Before the rise of neoliberalism, there was a dominant Keynesian economic orientation. This system of principles, norms and decision-making policies in the political economy was called Keynesianism. It was named after the British economist John Maynard Keynes. The Keynesian economic orientation advocates for state interventions to dampen business cycle, ensure continuous economic growth, and keep employment high.<ref>Arnon, A., Weinblatt, J., Young, W., & SpringerLink ebooks - Business and Economics. (2010;2011;). Perspectives on keynesian economics (1st ed.). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14409-7</ref> With Keynesianism, the state is expected to intervene when there is an economic slowdown. One way is to build more infrastructure to provide more jobs.

During the 1970’s, global economic growth started to slow while inflation and employment were on the rise. From 1973 to 1975, there was also a major global recession. Additionally, the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 led oil prices to spike. As a result, these made economic growth even harder. On top of these events, there was a general Third World debt crisis where international debt grew exponentially. Much of Latin America and the Third world were not able to repay their initial loans. Payments for these loans had to be restructured which led to privatization of state-owned enterprises, fiscal austerity, deregulation of businesses, regressive taxation, and trade and investment openness.<ref name=":0">Wade, R. H. (2007). Ngaire Woods The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank and Their Borrowers. New Political Economy, 12(1), 127-138. doi:10.1080/13563460601068909</ref> These crises that have caused economic stagnation made decision-making elites question the old ways of doing things which paved the way for change.

Many think tank, lobbying groups, and economic organizations started to shift and abandoned their Keynesian economic orientation. Also, many countries underwent a shift in national politics which embraced a greater role for the free market in the economy and less of the Keynesian economic principles. This led to social welfare policies becoming under attack, subjected to declining funds, or outright dismantlement. Additionally, pressure to privatize government production grew like in housing, education, utilities, and media (Harvey, 2005). This paved the way for the transfer of control of economic factors to the private sector from the public sector by promoting policy transformations such as privatization, open trade, deregulation of business and finance, public spending cuts, lower taxation especially of corporations and the wealthy – in short, neoliberalist policies.<ref name=":0" />

The Federal Reserve (US Central bank; Fed in short) also adapted a new system of monetarism which was aimed at counteracting inflation through the control of interest rates. A new role of the Fed was to keep employment relatively low because high employment keeps the supply of workers tight. When the supply of workers is tight, it pressures employers to raise wages which puts upward pressure on inflation rates. By raising interest rates, the Fed can control and slow economic growth to tame inflation rates.<ref>Baker, D. (2006). Beyond the conservative nanny state: Policies to promote self-sufficiency among the wealthy.</ref> Because of this, the Fed clearly had no interest in full employment, livable wages or to even maximize economic growth. The Fed’s new orientation was to help raise private profits. Moreover, the Feds became lenient towards finance. Because deregulation was promoted, this led to some parts of the economy transforming into a speculative financial economy from a productive manufacturing one. Financial markets soon dominated traditional productive markets like manufacturing, service, and agriculture.

These events that pushed for a change to neoliberalist policies and orientation would help accumulate profits that benefitted the wealthy and privileged. As a result, neoliberalism has caused a disproportionate income inequality between the rich and the rest of the people.

=== Introduction to Income Inequality ===
Income inequality refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population. Intuitively, income inequality refers to the fact that different people earn different amounts of money.<ref name=":1">Yglesias, M. (2014, April 02). What is income inequality? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.vox.com/cards/income-inequality/what-is-income-inequality</nowiki></ref> The wider those earnings are dispersed, the more unequal they are. The most striking aspect has been the widening gap between the rich and the rest.

To put this into perspective, in 2015, Canada’s top 10 per cent earners had total incomes that were 2.74 times those of the median person. And the top 1 per cent had a pre-tax income of $234,130 which is at least 6.8 times higher than the median.<ref>Census data shows income inequality remains a major challenge. (2017, October 09). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/census-shows-income-inequality-is-on-the-rise/article36524022/</nowiki></ref> Also, a study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental economic organisation with 36 member countries to stimulate economic progress and world trade, shows that a quarter of a century ago, the average disposable income of the richest 10% in OECD countries was around seven times higher than that of the poorest 10%; today, it’s around 9½ times higher.<ref>Keeley, B., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, & OECD iLibrary. (2015). Income inequality: The gap between rich and poor. Paris: OECD.</ref> And in 2017, the wealthiest 1 percent of the world's population now owns more than half of the world's wealth.<ref>Frank, R. (2017, November 14). Richest 1% now owns half the world's wealth. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/14/richest-1-percent-now-own-half-the-worlds-wealth.html</nowiki></ref>

==== How is income inequality measured? ====
[[File:Gini_coeffficient.jpg|thumb|381x381px|Gini coefficient after taxes and transfers have been made. The higher the gini, the more inequality; 1 corresponding to perfect inequality and 0 with perfect equality.]]
The Gini coefficient is a number that quantifies the extent of income inequality in a country. It is the most widely used single-summary number for judging the level of inequality in a particular country or region.<ref name=":1" /> However, it is important to know that the Gini coefficient provides only a high-level overview and may miss the increasing share of income going to the top 1% or 10% of earners.

=== Effects of Income Inequality ===
Some economists believe that some income inequality is efficient or good for the economy. In his 1975 work "Equality and Efficient: The Big Trade-Off," the Harvard economist Arthur Okun argued that inequality was the price to be paid for an efficient economy which became the backbone of conservative policy.<ref name=":2">Ellyatt, H. (2013, January 08). Is Income Inequality as American as Apple Pie? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/id/100361302</nowiki></ref> He believed that income inequality is "a by-product of a functioning capitalist society" and the wealthiest had more, because they were more productive.<ref name=":2" />

But even economists worry that inequality inhibits growth and opportunity when it becomes too high, which is the case in many countries.<ref>Voinea, L., Lovin, H., & Cojocaru, A. (2018). The impact of inequality on the transmission of monetary policy. Journal of International Money and Finance, 85, 236-250. doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.11.007 </ref> Widening income disparity, which can be witnessed in many countries, is alarming because it is known to adversely affect many aspects of well-being. The harmful effects of widening income inequality affect national health and education outcomes, as well as residential segregation.<ref>Jencks, C. (2002). Does inequality matter? Daedalus, 131(1), 49-65.</ref> Additionally, numerous of social factors such as social mobility, growing crime rates leading to increased rates of imprisonment, less healthy choices of food consumption leading to obesity, and life expectancy and mental health have strong correlation with levels of income inequality: the higher the inequality within a country, the higher the measured social ill.<ref>Schröder, M. (2016). Is Income Inequality Related to Tolerance for Inequality? Social Justice Research, 30(1), 23-47. doi:10.1007/s11211-016-0276-8</ref>

Additionally, income inequality where income growth accrues disproportionately to the top income groups stunts economic growth. This happens as more people fall into poverty because the middle class gets “hollowed out”. Since the middle class is the backbone of many economies, this results in lower aggregate demand in the economy as more people can’t afford to spend compared to a few that can. As a result, there may be a slowdown in productivity growth which has an adverse impact on resource allocations as well as on the incentive structure, innovation, and diffusion of technology.<ref>Slottje, D. J., Raj, B., SpringerLINK eBooks - English/International Collection (Archive), & SpringerLink (Online service). (1999;1998;). Income inequality, poverty, and economic welfare. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-51073-1</ref> Slower economic growth leads to the increasing importance of capital for financial prosperity. In turn, this leads to an “accelerating” wealth gap as those with capital can invest it for further asset growth, whereas those without cannot.<ref>Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge: Belknap harvard.</ref>

=== Neoliberalism as the Underlying Cause of Income Inequality ===
Different reports claim different factors contribute to rising income inequality. One argument focuses on on market intervention by the state on issues involving social welfare, progressive taxation, and power of labour movements.<ref name=":3">Atkinson, A. B. (2003). Income inequality in OECD countries: Data and explanations. CESifo Economic Studies, 49(4), 479-513. doi:10.1093/cesifo/49.4.479</ref> Atkinson argues that these mechanisms that have historically reduced income disparity by redistributing market income have been in decline for decades in many countries<ref name=":3" />. Another focus of inquiry, the “great U-turn”, has been blamed for its contribution to rising income inequality through corporate restructuring. It involves deindustrialization which entails the loss of the middle class throughout the developed world.<ref name=":4">Alderson, A. S., & Nielsen, F. (2002). Globalization and the great U-turn: Income inequality trends in 16 OECD countries. American Journal of Sociology, 107(5), 1244-1299. doi:10.1086/341329</ref>

Additionally, economic globalization, as a result of technological progress, has been greatly blamed as another cause on income inequality. Alderson & Nielsen argue that trade and investment typically favours the wealthier households<ref name=":4" />. Also, economic globalization has led to more open international trade and investment and the rise of powerful transnational corporations which have pressured countries to adopt market-oriented reforms.

Despite these factors, supported by empirical evidence, being valid arguments, focusing on these issues misses the big picture. Kotz argues that globalization is just an intermediary factor while neoliberalism is the deeper underlying cause of an ever-increasing income inequality.<ref>Kotz, D. M. (2015). The rise and fall of neoliberal capitalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</ref> Additionally, he argues that globalization is not just a result of technological progress because the technology for globalization has existed long before the 1970’s.

The consensus of corporate and decision-making elites without public participation in the 1970’s to shift from a Keynesian strategy of state intervention, domestic production, and public investment to a neoliberal strategy of economic liberalism, export-oriented growth, and privatization is the fundamental cause of rising inequality.

Neoliberalism is a multifaceted social and economic system with a multidimensional phenomenon. Many strategies were implemented to help revitalize profits and keep a high return of investment such as business, finance, and labour deregulation. Additionally, there were tax reforms, social spending cuts, privatization of publicly owned firms, monetarist policy that places inflation control above full employment, offshoring and downsizing, international free trade agreements, increasing foreign investment, and export-led growth.

=== Activism Against Income Inequality ===
Income inequality was largely ignored by leaders and policy makers around the world during much of its climb. Only after the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession Great Recession] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_movement Occupy Movement] did the problem of growing income inequality finally capture mainstream attention.

The Occupy Movement was not simply a group of activists with complaints against corporate greed; it encompassed so much more. Greed, corporate influence, and income inequality were by-products of the main issue of the movement: the social and economic system influenced by neoliberalist policies.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%25 “We are the 99%”] is a political slogan widely used and coined by the Occupy movement. The phrase directly refers to the income and wealth inequality in the United States with a concentration of wealth among the top earning 1%.<ref name=":5">We are the 99%. (2018, August 29). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%</nowiki></ref> It reflects an opinion that the "99%" are paying the price for the mistakes of a tiny minority within the upper class.<ref name=":5" />

The first Occupy protest to receive widespread attention was Occupy Wall Street (OWS). It began in New York City's Zuccotti Park on September 17, 2011. Occupy Wall Street, an anti-capitalist social movement, emerged in the United States in 2011 after a massive housing market collapse.<ref name=":6">Occupy Wall Street. (2018, November 07). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street</nowiki></ref> Their focus was to help change the economic and political landscape by raising awareness of income inequality, political corruption and the power of the rich.<ref name=":6" /> The OWS movement can be seen as one of the most influential movements in recent US history. It brought on congressmen, politicians, and the general public to discuss the severity of social inequality in the United States.

Six years after OWS, income inequality is still on the rise. New figures from Oxfam show the world's billionaires increased their fortunes by a handsome $762-billion in just 12 months. And that 82 per cent of new wealth created last year went to the top 1 per cent. <ref>There are two sides to today's global income inequality. (2018, January 23). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/the-two-sides-of-todays-global-income-inequality/article37676680/</nowiki></ref> The trend where the rich are getting richer at expense of everyone else still continues.

=== Sources ===
<references />

File:Gini coeffficient.jpg

2018-11-12T06:14:00Z

JayveeOng: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Gini coefficient after taxes and transfers have been made. The higher the gini, the more inequality; 1 corresponding to perfect inequality and 0 with perfect equality.}}
|date=2018-11-11 06:13:52
|source=https://ourworldindata.org/income-inequality
|author=Our World in Data

|permission=
|other versions=
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=={{int:license-header}}==
{{cc-by-sa-4.0}}

Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality

2018-11-12T02:48:36Z

JayveeOng:

== <big>Neoliberalism and Income Inequality</big> ==

=== '''Neoliberalism''' ===
Neoliberalism refers to the ideology and policy model that emphasizes the greater role of the free market over the state in economic planning.<ref>Coburn, D. (2000). Income inequality, social cohesion and the health status of populations: The role of neo-liberalism. Social Science & Medicine,] 51(1), 135-146. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00445-1</ref> It has been the dominant economic ideology since the 1980s. It emphasizes that free markets, meaning minimal intervention by government or state in economic and social affairs, will lead to an efficient allocation of resources and sustained economic growth in society.

The economist Milton Friedman spurred much of the intellectual inspiration on Neoliberalism. He argues that the “free private enterprise exchange economy” i.e. capitalism, is the only system which provides individuals with economic freedom.<ref>Eagleton-Pierce, M. (2016). Neoliberalism: The key concepts. Abingdon, Oxon;New York, NY;: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203798188</ref> A freedom to trade and form contracts with others without outside intervention, meaning without coercion. Friedman’s ideologies do not consider the threat of starvation and homelessness for not working or being left out in a competitive society to be a form of coercion. He also believes that the one and only social responsibility of business was to maximise stockholder value, in terms of profits, growth or dividends.<ref>Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. Friedman. Chicago: University of Chicago.</ref> With this ideology, the role of government is very limited and only has to do with functions that are necessary to preserve greater freedom which attracted many followers in the next following decades.

=== '''The Rise of Neoliberalism''' ===
Before the rise of neoliberalism, there was a dominant Keynesian economic orientation. This system of principles, norms and decision-making policies in the political economy was called Keynesianism. It was named after the British economist John Maynard Keynes. The Keynesian economic orientation advocates for state interventions to dampen business cycle, ensure continuous economic growth, and keep employment high.<ref>Arnon, A., Weinblatt, J., Young, W., & SpringerLink ebooks - Business and Economics. (2010;2011;). Perspectives on keynesian economics (1st ed.). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14409-7</ref> With Keynesianism, the state is expected to intervene when there is an economic slowdown. One way is to build more infrastructure to provide more jobs.

During the 1970’s, global economic growth started to slow while inflation and employment were on the rise. From 1973 to 1975, there was also a major global recession. Additionally, the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 led oil prices to spike. As a result, these made economic growth even harder. On top of these events, there was a general Third World debt crisis where international debt grew exponentially. Much of Latin America and the Third world were not able to repay their initial loans. Payments for these loans had to be restructured which led to privatization of state-owned enterprises, fiscal austerity, deregulation of businesses, regressive taxation, and trade and investment openness.<ref name=":0">Wade, R. H. (2007). Ngaire Woods The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank and Their Borrowers. New Political Economy, 12(1), 127-138. doi:10.1080/13563460601068909</ref> These crises that have caused economic stagnation made decision-making elites question the old ways of doing things which paved the way for change.

Many think tank, lobbying groups, and economic organizations started to shift and abandoned their Keynesian economic orientation. Also, many countries underwent a shift in national politics which embraced a greater role for the free market in the economy and less of the Keynesian economic principles. This led to social welfare policies becoming under attack, subjected to declining funds, or outright dismantlement. Additionally, pressure to privatize government production grew like in housing, education, utilities, and media (Harvey, 2005). This paved the way for the transfer of control of economic factors to the private sector from the public sector by promoting policy transformations such as privatization, open trade, deregulation of business and finance, public spending cuts, lower taxation especially of corporations and the wealthy – in short, neoliberalist policies.<ref name=":0" />

The Federal Reserve (US Central bank; Fed in short) also adapted a new system of monetarism which was aimed at counteracting inflation through the control of interest rates. A new role of the Fed was to keep employment relatively low because high employment keeps the supply of workers tight. When the supply of workers is tight, it pressures employers to raise wages which puts upward pressure on inflation rates. By raising interest rates, the Fed can control and slow economic growth to tame inflation rates.<ref>Baker, D. (2006). Beyond the conservative nanny state: Policies to promote self-sufficiency among the wealthy.</ref> Because of this, the Fed clearly had no interest in full employment, livable wages or to even maximize economic growth. The Fed’s new orientation was to help raise private profits. Moreover, the Feds became lenient towards finance. Because deregulation was promoted, this led to some parts of the economy transforming into a speculative financial economy from a productive manufacturing one. Financial markets soon dominated traditional productive markets like manufacturing, service, and agriculture.

These events that pushed for a change to neoliberalist policies and orientation would help accumulate profits that benefitted the wealthy and privileged. As a result, neoliberalism has caused a disproportionate income inequality between the rich and the rest of the people.

=== Introduction to Income Inequality ===
Income inequality refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population. Intuitively, income inequality refers to the fact that different people earn different amounts of money.<ref name=":1">Yglesias, M. (2014, April 02). What is income inequality? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.vox.com/cards/income-inequality/what-is-income-inequality</nowiki></ref> The wider those earnings are dispersed, the more unequal they are. The most striking aspect has been the widening gap between the rich and the rest.

To put this into perspective, in 2015, Canada’s top 10 per cent earners had total incomes that were 2.74 times those of the median person. And the top 1 per cent had a pre-tax income of $234,130 which is at least 6.8 times higher than the median.<ref>Census data shows income inequality remains a major challenge. (2017, October 09). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/census-shows-income-inequality-is-on-the-rise/article36524022/</nowiki></ref> Also, a study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental economic organisation with 36 member countries to stimulate economic progress and world trade, shows that a quarter of a century ago, the average disposable income of the richest 10% in OECD countries was around seven times higher than that of the poorest 10%; today, it’s around 9½ times higher.<ref>Keeley, B., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, & OECD iLibrary. (2015). Income inequality: The gap between rich and poor. Paris: OECD.</ref> And in 2017, the wealthiest 1 percent of the world's population now owns more than half of the world's wealth.<ref>Frank, R. (2017, November 14). Richest 1% now owns half the world's wealth. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/14/richest-1-percent-now-own-half-the-worlds-wealth.html</nowiki></ref>

==== How is income inequality measured? ====
The Gini coefficient is a number that quantifies the extent of income inequality in a country. It is the most widely used single-summary number for judging the level of inequality in a particular country or region.<ref name=":1" /> However, it is important to know that the Gini coefficient provides only a high-level overview and may miss the increasing share of income going to the top 1% or 10% of earners.

=== Effects of Income Inequality ===
Some economists believe that some income inequality is efficient or good for the economy. In his 1975 work "Equality and Efficient: The Big Trade-Off," the Harvard economist Arthur Okun argued that inequality was the price to be paid for an efficient economy which became the backbone of conservative policy.<ref name=":2">Ellyatt, H. (2013, January 08). Is Income Inequality as American as Apple Pie? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/id/100361302</nowiki></ref> He believed that income inequality is "a by-product of a functioning capitalist society" and the wealthiest had more, because they were more productive.<ref name=":2" />

But even economists worry that inequality inhibits growth and opportunity when it becomes too high, which is the case in many countries.<ref>Voinea, L., Lovin, H., & Cojocaru, A. (2018). The impact of inequality on the transmission of monetary policy. Journal of International Money and Finance, 85, 236-250. doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.11.007 </ref> Widening income disparity, which can be witnessed in many countries, is alarming because it is known to adversely affect many aspects of well-being. The harmful effects of widening income inequality affect national health and education outcomes, as well as residential segregation.<ref>Jencks, C. (2002). Does inequality matter? Daedalus, 131(1), 49-65.</ref> Additionally, numerous of social factors such as social mobility, growing crime rates leading to increased rates of imprisonment, less healthy choices of food consumption leading to obesity, and life expectancy and mental health have strong correlation with levels of income inequality: the higher the inequality within a country, the higher the measured social ill.<ref>Schröder, M. (2016). Is Income Inequality Related to Tolerance for Inequality? Social Justice Research, 30(1), 23-47. doi:10.1007/s11211-016-0276-8</ref>

Additionally, income inequality where income growth accrues disproportionately to the top income groups stunts economic growth. This happens as more people fall into poverty because the middle class gets “hollowed out”. Since the middle class is the backbone of many economies, this results in lower aggregate demand in the economy as more people can’t afford to spend compared to a few that can. As a result, there may be a slowdown in productivity growth which has an adverse impact on resource allocations as well as on the incentive structure, innovation, and diffusion of technology.<ref>Slottje, D. J., Raj, B., SpringerLINK eBooks - English/International Collection (Archive), & SpringerLink (Online service). (1999;1998;). Income inequality, poverty, and economic welfare. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-51073-1</ref> Slower economic growth leads to the increasing importance of capital for financial prosperity. In turn, this leads to an “accelerating” wealth gap as those with capital can invest it for further asset growth, whereas those without cannot.<ref>Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge: Belknap harvard.</ref>

=== Neoliberalism as the Underlying Cause of Income Inequality ===
Different reports claim different factors contribute to rising income inequality. One argument focuses on on market intervention by the state on issues involving social welfare, progressive taxation, and power of labour movements.<ref name=":3">Atkinson, A. B. (2003). Income inequality in OECD countries: Data and explanations. CESifo Economic Studies, 49(4), 479-513. doi:10.1093/cesifo/49.4.479</ref> Atkinson argues that these mechanisms that have historically reduced income disparity by redistributing market income have been in decline for decades in many countries<ref name=":3" />. Another focus of inquiry, the “great U-turn”, has been blamed for its contribution to rising income inequality through corporate restructuring. It involves deindustrialization which entails the loss of the middle class throughout the developed world.<ref name=":4">Alderson, A. S., & Nielsen, F. (2002). Globalization and the great U-turn: Income inequality trends in 16 OECD countries. American Journal of Sociology, 107(5), 1244-1299. doi:10.1086/341329</ref>

Additionally, economic globalization, as a result of technological progress, has been greatly blamed as another cause on income inequality. Alderson & Nielsen argue that trade and investment typically favours the wealthier households<ref name=":4" />. Also, economic globalization has led to more open international trade and investment and the rise of powerful transnational corporations which have pressured countries to adopt market-oriented reforms.

Despite these factors, supported by empirical evidence, being valid arguments, focusing on these issues misses the big picture. Kotz argues that globalization is just an intermediary factor while neoliberalism is the deeper underlying cause of an ever-increasing income inequality.<ref>Kotz, D. M. (2015). The rise and fall of neoliberal capitalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</ref> Additionally, he argues that globalization is not just a result of technological progress because the technology for globalization has existed long before the 1970’s.

The consensus of corporate and decision-making elites without public participation in the 1970’s to shift from a Keynesian strategy of state intervention, domestic production, and public investment to a neoliberal strategy of economic liberalism, export-oriented growth, and privatization is the fundamental cause of rising inequality.

Neoliberalism is a multifaceted social and economic system with a multidimensional phenomenon. Many strategies were implemented to help revitalize profits and keep a high return of investment such as business, finance, and labour deregulation. Additionally, there were tax reforms, social spending cuts, privatization of publicly owned firms, monetarist policy that places inflation control above full employment, offshoring and downsizing, international free trade agreements, increasing foreign investment, and export-led growth.

=== Activism Against Income Inequality ===
Income inequality was largely ignored by leaders and policy makers around the world during much of its climb. Only after the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession Great Recession] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_movement Occupy Movement] did the problem of growing income inequality finally capture mainstream attention.

The Occupy Movement was not simply a group of activists with complaints against corporate greed; it encompassed so much more. Greed, corporate influence, and income inequality were by-products of the main issue of the movement: the social and economic system influenced by neoliberalist policies.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%25 “We are the 99%”] is a political slogan widely used and coined by the Occupy movement. The phrase directly refers to the income and wealth inequality in the United States with a concentration of wealth among the top earning 1%.<ref name=":5">We are the 99%. (2018, August 29). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_the_99%</nowiki></ref> It reflects an opinion that the "99%" are paying the price for the mistakes of a tiny minority within the upper class.<ref name=":5" />

The first Occupy protest to receive widespread attention was Occupy Wall Street (OWS). It began in New York City's Zuccotti Park on September 17, 2011. Occupy Wall Street, an anti-capitalist social movement, emerged in the United States in 2011 after a massive housing market collapse.<ref name=":6">Occupy Wall Street. (2018, November 07). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street</nowiki></ref> Their focus was to help change the economic and political landscape by raising awareness of income inequality, political corruption and the power of the rich.<ref name=":6" /> The OWS movement can be seen as one of the most influential movements in recent US history. It brought on congressmen, politicians, and the general public to discuss the severity of social inequality in the United States.

Six years after OWS, income inequality is still on the rise. New figures from Oxfam show the world's billionaires increased their fortunes by a handsome $762-billion in just 12 months. And that 82 per cent of new wealth created last year went to the top 1 per cent. <ref>There are two sides to today's global income inequality. (2018, January 23). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/the-two-sides-of-todays-global-income-inequality/article37676680/</nowiki></ref> The trend where the rich are getting richer at expense of everyone else still continues.

=== Sources ===
<references />

Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality

2018-11-12T02:20:42Z

JayveeOng:

== <big>Neoliberalism and Income Inequality</big> ==

=== '''Neoliberalism''' ===
Neoliberalism refers to the ideology and policy model that emphasizes the greater role of the free market over the state in economic planning.<ref>Coburn, D. (2000). Income inequality, social cohesion and the health status of populations: The role of neo-liberalism. Social Science & Medicine,] 51(1), 135-146. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00445-1</ref> It has been the dominant economic ideology since the 1980s. It emphasizes that free markets, meaning minimal intervention by government or state in economic and social affairs, will lead to an efficient allocation of resources and sustained economic growth in society.

The economist Milton Friedman spurred much of the intellectual inspiration on Neoliberalism. He argues that the “free private enterprise exchange economy” i.e. capitalism, is the only system which provides individuals with economic freedom.<ref>Eagleton-Pierce, M. (2016). Neoliberalism: The key concepts. Abingdon, Oxon;New York, NY;: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203798188</ref> A freedom to trade and form contracts with others without outside intervention, meaning without coercion. Friedman’s ideologies do not consider the threat of starvation and homelessness for not working or being left out in a competitive society to be a form of coercion. He also believes that the one and only social responsibility of business was to maximise stockholder value, in terms of profits, growth or dividends.<ref>Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. Friedman. Chicago: University of Chicago.</ref> With this ideology, the role of government is very limited and only has to do with functions that are necessary to preserve greater freedom which attracted many followers in the next following decades.

=== '''The Rise of Neoliberalism''' ===
Before the rise of neoliberalism, there was a dominant Keynesian economic orientation. This system of principles, norms and decision-making policies in the political economy was called Keynesianism. It was named after the British economist John Maynard Keynes. The Keynesian economic orientation advocates for state interventions to dampen business cycle, ensure continuous economic growth, and keep employment high.<ref>Arnon, A., Weinblatt, J., Young, W., & SpringerLink ebooks - Business and Economics. (2010;2011;). Perspectives on keynesian economics (1st ed.). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14409-7</ref> With Keynesianism, the state is expected to intervene when there is an economic slowdown. One way is to build more infrastructure to provide more jobs.

During the 1970’s, global economic growth started to slow while inflation and employment were on the rise. From 1973 to 1975, there was also a major global recession. Additionally, the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 led oil prices to spike. As a result, these made economic growth even harder. On top of these events, there was a general Third World debt crisis where international debt grew exponentially. Much of Latin America and the Third world were not able to repay their initial loans. Payments for these loans had to be restructured which led to privatization of state-owned enterprises, fiscal austerity, deregulation of businesses, regressive taxation, and trade and investment openness.<ref name=":0">Wade, R. H. (2007). Ngaire Woods The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank and Their Borrowers. New Political Economy, 12(1), 127-138. doi:10.1080/13563460601068909</ref> These crises that have caused economic stagnation made decision-making elites question the old ways of doing things which paved the way for change.

Many think tank, lobbying groups, and economic organizations started to shift and abandoned their Keynesian economic orientation. Also, many countries underwent a shift in national politics which embraced a greater role for the free market in the economy and less of the Keynesian economic principles. This led to social welfare policies becoming under attack, subjected to declining funds, or outright dismantlement. Additionally, pressure to privatize government production grew like in housing, education, utilities, and media (Harvey, 2005). This paved the way for the transfer of control of economic factors to the private sector from the public sector by promoting policy transformations such as privatization, open trade, deregulation of business and finance, public spending cuts, lower taxation especially of corporations and the wealthy – in short, neoliberalist policies.<ref name=":0" />

The Federal Reserve (US Central bank; Fed in short) also adapted a new system of monetarism which was aimed at counteracting inflation through the control of interest rates. A new role of the Fed was to keep employment relatively low because high employment keeps the supply of workers tight. When the supply of workers is tight, it pressures employers to raise wages which puts upward pressure on inflation rates. By raising interest rates, the Fed can control and slow economic growth to tame inflation rates.<ref>Baker, D. (2006). Beyond the conservative nanny state: Policies to promote self-sufficiency among the wealthy.</ref> Because of this, the Fed clearly had no interest in full employment, livable wages or to even maximize economic growth. The Fed’s new orientation was to help raise private profits. Moreover, the Feds became lenient towards finance. Because deregulation was promoted, this led to some parts of the economy transforming into a speculative financial economy from a productive manufacturing one. Financial markets soon dominated traditional productive markets like manufacturing, service, and agriculture.

These events that pushed for a change to neoliberalist policies and orientation would help accumulate profits that benefitted the wealthy and privileged. As a result, neoliberalism has caused a disproportionate income inequality between the rich and the rest of the people.

=== Introduction to Income Inequality ===
Income inequality refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population. Intuitively, income inequality refers to the fact that different people earn different amounts of money.<ref name=":1">Yglesias, M. (2014, April 02). What is income inequality? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.vox.com/cards/income-inequality/what-is-income-inequality</nowiki></ref> The wider those earnings are dispersed, the more unequal they are. The most striking aspect has been the widening gap between the rich and the rest.

To put this into perspective, in 2015, Canada’s top 10 per cent earners had total incomes that were 2.74 times those of the median person. And the top 1 per cent had a pre-tax income of $234,130 which is at least 6.8 times higher than the median.<ref>Census data shows income inequality remains a major challenge. (2017, October 09). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/census-shows-income-inequality-is-on-the-rise/article36524022/</nowiki></ref> Also, a study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental economic organisation with 36 member countries to stimulate economic progress and world trade, shows that a quarter of a century ago, the average disposable income of the richest 10% in OECD countries was around seven times higher than that of the poorest 10%; today, it’s around 9½ times higher.<ref>Keeley, B., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, & OECD iLibrary. (2015). Income inequality: The gap between rich and poor. Paris: OECD.</ref> And in 2017, the wealthiest 1 percent of the world's population now owns more than half of the world's wealth.<ref>Frank, R. (2017, November 14). Richest 1% now owns half the world's wealth. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/14/richest-1-percent-now-own-half-the-worlds-wealth.html</nowiki></ref>

==== How is income inequality measured? ====
The Gini coefficient is a number that quantifies the extent of income inequality in a country. It is the most widely used single-summary number for judging the level of inequality in a particular country or region.<ref name=":1" /> However, it is important to know that the Gini coefficient provides only a high-level overview and may miss the increasing share of income going to the top 1% or 10% of earners.

=== Effects of Income Inequality ===
Some economists believe that some income inequality is efficient or good for the economy. In his 1975 work "Equality and Efficient: The Big Trade-Off," the Harvard economist Arthur Okun argued that inequality was the price to be paid for an efficient economy which became the backbone of conservative policy.<ref name=":2">Ellyatt, H. (2013, January 08). Is Income Inequality as American as Apple Pie? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.cnbc.com/id/100361302</nowiki></ref> He believed that income inequality is "a by-product of a functioning capitalist society" and the wealthiest had more, because they were more productive.<ref name=":2" />

But even economists worry that inequality inhibits growth and opportunity when it becomes too high, which is the case in many countries.<ref>Voinea, L., Lovin, H., & Cojocaru, A. (2018). The impact of inequality on the transmission of monetary policy. Journal of International Money and Finance, 85, 236-250. doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.11.007 </ref> Widening income disparity, which can be witnessed in many countries, is alarming because it is known to adversely affect many aspects of well-being. The harmful effects of widening income inequality affect national health and education outcomes, as well as residential segregation.<ref>Jencks, C. (2002). Does inequality matter? Daedalus, 131(1), 49-65.</ref> Additionally, numerous of social factors such as social mobility, growing crime rates leading to increased rates of imprisonment, less healthy choices of food consumption leading to obesity, and life expectancy and mental health have strong correlation with levels of income inequality: the higher the inequality within a country, the higher the measured social ill.<ref>Schröder, M. (2016). Is Income Inequality Related to Tolerance for Inequality? Social Justice Research, 30(1), 23-47. doi:10.1007/s11211-016-0276-8</ref>

Additionally, income inequality where income growth accrues disproportionately to the top income groups stunts economic growth. This happens as more people fall into poverty because the middle class gets “hollowed out”. Since the middle class is the backbone of many economies, this results in lower aggregate demand in the economy as more people can’t afford to spend compared to a few that can. As a result, there may be a slowdown in productivity growth which has an adverse impact on resource allocations as well as on the incentive structure, innovation, and diffusion of technology.<ref>Slottje, D. J., Raj, B., SpringerLINK eBooks - English/International Collection (Archive), & SpringerLink (Online service). (1999;1998;). Income inequality, poverty, and economic welfare. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-51073-1</ref> Slower economic growth leads to the increasing importance of capital for financial prosperity. In turn, this leads to an “accelerating” wealth gap as those with capital can invest it for further asset growth, whereas those without cannot.<ref>Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge: Belknap harvard.</ref>

=== Neoliberalism as the Underlying Cause of Income Inequality ===
Different reports claim different factors contribute to rising income inequality. One argument focuses on on market intervention by the state on issues involving social welfare, progressive taxation, and power of labour movements.<ref name=":3">Atkinson, A. B. (2003). Income inequality in OECD countries: Data and explanations. CESifo Economic Studies, 49(4), 479-513. doi:10.1093/cesifo/49.4.479</ref> Atkinson argues that these mechanisms that have historically reduced income disparity by redistributing market income have been in decline for decades in many countries<ref name=":3" />. Another focus of inquiry, the “great U-turn”, has been blamed for its contribution to rising income inequality through corporate restructuring. It involves deindustrialization which entails the loss of the middle class throughout the developed world.<ref name=":4">Alderson, A. S., & Nielsen, F. (2002). Globalization and the great U-turn: Income inequality trends in 16 OECD countries. American Journal of Sociology, 107(5), 1244-1299. doi:10.1086/341329</ref>

Additionally, economic globalization, as a result of technological progress, has been greatly blamed as another cause on income inequality. Alderson & Nielsen argue that trade and investment typically favours the wealthier households<ref name=":4" />. Also, economic globalization has led to more open international trade and investment and the rise of powerful transnational corporations which have pressured countries to adopt market-oriented reforms.

=== Sources ===
<references />

Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality

2018-10-14T15:52:26Z

JayveeOng:

Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality

2018-10-14T15:50:22Z

JayveeOng: /* Neoliberalism and Income Inequality */

== <big>Neoliberalism and Income Inequality</big> ==

'''Neoliberalism'''

Neoliberalism refers to the ideology and policy model that emphasizes the greater role of the free market over the state in economic planning.<ref>Coburn, D. (2000). Income inequality, social cohesion and the health status of populations: The role of neo-liberalism. Social Science & Medicine,] 51(1), 135-146. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00445-1</ref> It has been the dominant economic ideology since the 1980s. It emphasizes that free markets, meaning minimal intervention by government or state in economic and social affairs, will lead to an efficient allocation of resources and sustained economic growth in society.

The economist Milton Friedman spurred much of the intellectual inspiration on Neoliberalism. He argues that the “free private enterprise exchange economy” i.e. capitalism, is the only system which provides individuals with economic freedom.<ref>Eagleton-Pierce, M. (2016). Neoliberalism: The key concepts. Abingdon, Oxon;New York, NY;: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203798188</ref> A freedom to trade and form contracts with others without outside intervention, meaning without coercion. Friedman’s ideologies do not consider the threat of starvation and homelessness for not working or being left out in a competitive society to be a form of coercion. He also believes that the one and only social responsibility of business was to maximise stockholder value, in terms of profits, growth or dividends.<ref>Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. Friedman. Chicago: University of Chicago.</ref> With this ideology, the role of government is very limited and only has to do with functions that are necessary to preserve greater freedom which attracted many followers in the next following decades.

'''The Rise of Neoliberalism'''

Before the rise of neoliberalism, there was a dominant Keynesian economic orientation. This system of principles, norms and decision-making policies in the political economy was called Keynesianism. It was named after the British economist John Maynard Keynes. The Keynesian economic orientation advocates for state interventions to dampen business cycle, ensure continuous economic growth, and keep employment high.<ref>Arnon, A., Weinblatt, J., Young, W., & SpringerLink ebooks - Business and Economics. (2010;2011;). Perspectives on keynesian economics (1st ed.). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14409-7</ref> With Keynesianism, the state is expected to intervene when there is an economic slowdown. One way is to build more infrastructure to provide more jobs.

During the 1970’s, global economic growth started to slow while inflation and employment were on the rise. From 1973 to 1975, there was also a major global recession. Additionally, the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 led oil prices to spike. As a result, these made economic growth even harder. On top of these events, there was a general Third World debt crisis where international debt grew exponentially. Much of Latin America and the Third world were not able to repay their initial loans. Payments for these loans had to be restructured which led to privatization of state-owned enterprises, fiscal austerity, deregulation of businesses, regressive taxation, and trade and investment openness.<ref name=":0">Wade, R. H. (2007). Ngaire Woods The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank and Their Borrowers. New Political Economy, 12(1), 127-138. doi:10.1080/13563460601068909</ref> These crises that have caused economic stagnation made decision-making elites question the old ways of doing things which paved the way for change.

Many think tank, lobbying groups, and economic organizations started to shift and abandoned their Keynesian economic orientation. Also, many countries underwent a shift in national politics which embraced a greater role for the free market in the economy and less of the Keynesian economic principles. This led to social welfare policies becoming under attack, subjected to declining funds, or outright dismantlement. Additionally, pressure to privatize government production grew like in housing, education, utilities, and media (Harvey, 2005). This paved the way for the transfer of control of economic factors to the private sector from the public sector by promoting policy transformations such as privatization, open trade, deregulation of business and finance, public spending cuts, lower taxation especially of corporations and the wealthy – in short, neoliberalist policies.<ref name=":0" />

The Federal Reserve (US Central bank; Fed in short) also adapted a new system of monetarism which was aimed at counteracting inflation through the control of interest rates. A new role of the Fed was to keep employment relatively low because high employment keeps the supply of workers tight. When the supply of workers is tight, it pressures employers to raise wages which puts upward pressure on inflation rates. By raising interest rates, the Fed can control and slow economic growth to tame inflation rates.<ref>Baker, D. (2006). Beyond the conservative nanny state: Policies to promote self-sufficiency among the wealthy.</ref> Because of this, the Fed clearly had no interest in full employment, livable wages or to even maximize economic growth. The Fed’s new orientation was to help raise private profits. Moreover, the Feds became lenient towards finance. Because deregulation was promoted, this led to some parts of the economy transforming into a speculative financial economy from a productive manufacturing one. Financial markets soon dominated traditional productive markets like manufacturing, service, and agriculture.

These events that pushed for a change to neoliberalist policies and orientation would help accumulate profits that benefitted the wealthy and privileged. As a result, neoliberalism has caused a disproportionate income inequality between the rich and the rest of the people.   <references />

Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality

2018-10-14T15:36:27Z

JayveeOng:

Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality

2018-10-14T15:20:36Z

JayveeOng: /* Neoliberalism and Income Inequality */

== <big>Neoliberalism and Income Inequality</big> ==

'''Neoliberalism'''

Neoliberalism refers to the ideology and policy model that emphasizes the greater role of the free market over the state in economic planning (Coburn, 2000). It has been the dominant economic ideology since the 1980s. It emphasizes that free markets, meaning minimal intervention by government or state in economic and social affairs, will lead to an efficient allocation of resources and sustained economic growth in society.

The economist Milton Friedman spurred much of the intellectual inspiration on Neoliberalism. He argues that the “free private enterprise exchange economy” i.e. capitalism, is the only system which provides individuals with economic freedom (Eagleton-Pierce, 2016). A freedom to trade and form contracts with others without outside intervention, meaning without coercion. Friedman’s ideologies do not consider the threat of starvation and homelessness for not working or being left out in a competitive society to be a form of coercion. He also believes that the one and only social responsibility of business was to maximise stockholder value, in terms of profits, growth or dividends. (Friedman, 1962). With this ideology, the role of government is very limited and only has to do with functions that are necessary to preserve greater freedom which attracted many followers in the next following decades.

Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality

2018-10-14T15:17:17Z

JayveeOng:

== <big>Neoliberalism and Income Inequality</big> ==

GRSJ224

2018-10-08T08:20:04Z

JayveeOng:

=== INTRODUCTION ===

This '''Wikispace''' is a peer-produced shared resource that will evolve as students post content relating to GRSJ224. You are responsible for creating dynamic and informative wiki pages. As you add and update information throughout the semester, originality, resourcefulness, and creativity is encouraged. The wiki will be sustained for successive semesters so that the work you contribute will be available to future students.

=== ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION ===

To download and view full details of the assignment, click [https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/xid-16358571_1 here].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_preparation.gif ||
* Read: [https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2005/7/eli7004-pdf.pdf 7 Things you should know about Wikis]
* Choose a term from the table of contents
* Confirm your selection of topic with your instructor by the '''SECOND WEEK OF CLASSES'''
* Set up your wiki page.
* Instructions on how to use the Visual Editor on UBC Wikis: [https://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Visual_Editor Help:Visual Editor]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_finalizing.png ||
* Continue to work towards improving and finalizing your Wiki.
* Consider the wiki as a whole and the usefulness of adding images and links.
* Check your Talk page to see if your peers provided you with any useful feedback
* Ensure your Wiki is properly cited
* Proofread your Wiki

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_research.gif ||
* Gather resources in relevance of your discoveries to class materials.
* Familiarize yourself with the wiki-authoring tools of [[GRSJ224/wikibasics|Wiki Basics]]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_submit.gif ||
* Submit "Wikipedia Report" to your instructor in Connect

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_drafting.gif ||
* Read: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia's guide to Writing Better Articles]
* Write content relevant to class material.
* Tailor your page to your audience.
* Check out your peers’ draft Wikis below and provide feedback using the [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Talk_pages Talk pages]
* The intellectual rules of property DO apply: provide [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink links], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism plagiarisms].
|}

'''Helpful Links:'''
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d2u58vo0/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_kmj3r79h Embed an Image]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination Embed a Video]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d478y7sn/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_sg3scx28 Link to an external website]

=== TABLE OF CONTENTS ===

{| width="100%" class="wikitable" style="background:aliceblue; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #AEDCF6;" border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2"
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Democracy</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Neoliberalism</span></h2>
* [[Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality|Neoliberalism and Income Inequality]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Post-coloniality</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Reproduction</span></h2>====
*

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Feminism</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Discrimination</span></h2>====
* [[GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination|Racial Discrimination]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Masculinity</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Medicalization</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">LGBT Families</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
|-
|
|
|
|
|}

===ARCHIVE===
Here is an archive of the Wiki pages created by previous students: [[GRSJ224/archive|Archive of Wiki pages]]

GRSJ224

2018-10-08T08:15:30Z

JayveeOng: Undo revision 528912 by JayveeOng (talk)

=== INTRODUCTION ===

This '''Wikispace''' is a peer-produced shared resource that will evolve as students post content relating to GRSJ224. You are responsible for creating dynamic and informative wiki pages. As you add and update information throughout the semester, originality, resourcefulness, and creativity is encouraged. The wiki will be sustained for successive semesters so that the work you contribute will be available to future students.

=== ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION ===

To download and view full details of the assignment, click [https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/xid-16358571_1 here].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_preparation.gif ||
* Read: [https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2005/7/eli7004-pdf.pdf 7 Things you should know about Wikis]
* Choose a term from the table of contents
* Confirm your selection of topic with your instructor by the '''SECOND WEEK OF CLASSES'''
* Set up your wiki page.
* Instructions on how to use the Visual Editor on UBC Wikis: [https://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Visual_Editor Help:Visual Editor]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_finalizing.png ||
* Continue to work towards improving and finalizing your Wiki.
* Consider the wiki as a whole and the usefulness of adding images and links.
* Check your Talk page to see if your peers provided you with any useful feedback
* Ensure your Wiki is properly cited
* Proofread your Wiki

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_research.gif ||
* Gather resources in relevance of your discoveries to class materials.
* Familiarize yourself with the wiki-authoring tools of [[GRSJ224/wikibasics|Wiki Basics]]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_submit.gif ||
* Submit "Wikipedia Report" to your instructor in Connect

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_drafting.gif ||
* Read: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia's guide to Writing Better Articles]
* Write content relevant to class material.
* Tailor your page to your audience.
* Check out your peers’ draft Wikis below and provide feedback using the [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Talk_pages Talk pages]
* The intellectual rules of property DO apply: provide [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink links], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism plagiarisms].
|}

'''Helpful Links:'''
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d2u58vo0/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_kmj3r79h Embed an Image]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination Embed a Video]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d478y7sn/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_sg3scx28 Link to an external website]

=== TABLE OF CONTENTS ===

{| width="100%" class="wikitable" style="background:aliceblue; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #AEDCF6;" border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2"
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Democracy</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Neoliberalism</span></h2>
* [[Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality|Neoliberalism and Income Inequality]]

*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Post-coloniality</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Reproduction</span></h2>====
*

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Feminism</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Discrimination</span></h2>====
* [[GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination|Racial Discrimination]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Masculinity</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Medicalization</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">LGBT Families</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
|-
|
|
|
|
|}

===ARCHIVE===
Here is an archive of the Wiki pages created by previous students: [[GRSJ224/archive|Archive of Wiki pages]]

GRSJ224

2018-10-08T08:12:51Z

JayveeOng:

GRSJ224

2018-10-08T08:09:17Z

JayveeOng: /* Feminism */

=== INTRODUCTION ===

This '''Wikispace''' is a peer-produced shared resource that will evolve as students post content relating to GRSJ224. You are responsible for creating dynamic and informative wiki pages. As you add and update information throughout the semester, originality, resourcefulness, and creativity is encouraged. The wiki will be sustained for successive semesters so that the work you contribute will be available to future students.

=== ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION ===

To download and view full details of the assignment, click [https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/xid-16358571_1 here].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_preparation.gif ||
* Read: [https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2005/7/eli7004-pdf.pdf 7 Things you should know about Wikis]
* Choose a term from the table of contents
* Confirm your selection of topic with your instructor by the '''SECOND WEEK OF CLASSES'''
* Set up your wiki page.
* Instructions on how to use the Visual Editor on UBC Wikis: [https://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Visual_Editor Help:Visual Editor]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_finalizing.png ||
* Continue to work towards improving and finalizing your Wiki.
* Consider the wiki as a whole and the usefulness of adding images and links.
* Check your Talk page to see if your peers provided you with any useful feedback
* Ensure your Wiki is properly cited
* Proofread your Wiki

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_research.gif ||
* Gather resources in relevance of your discoveries to class materials.
* Familiarize yourself with the wiki-authoring tools of [[GRSJ224/wikibasics|Wiki Basics]]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_submit.gif ||
* Submit "Wikipedia Report" to your instructor in Connect

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_drafting.gif ||
* Read: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia's guide to Writing Better Articles]
* Write content relevant to class material.
* Tailor your page to your audience.
* Check out your peers’ draft Wikis below and provide feedback using the [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Talk_pages Talk pages]
* The intellectual rules of property DO apply: provide [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink links], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism plagiarisms].
|}

'''Helpful Links:'''
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d2u58vo0/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_kmj3r79h Embed an Image]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination Embed a Video]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d478y7sn/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_sg3scx28 Link to an external website]

=== TABLE OF CONTENTS ===

{| width="100%" class="wikitable" style="background:aliceblue; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #AEDCF6;" border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2"
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Democracy</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Neoliberalism</span></h2>
* [[Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality|Neoliberalism and Income Inequality]]

*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Post-coloniality</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Reproduction</span></h2>====
*

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Feminism</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Discrimination</span></h2>====
* [[GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination|Racial Discrimination]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Masculinity</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Medicalization</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">LGBT Families</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
|-
|
|
|
|
|}

===ARCHIVE===
Here is an archive of the Wiki pages created by previous students: [[GRSJ224/archive|Archive of Wiki pages]]

GRSJ224

2018-10-08T08:02:03Z

JayveeOng: Undo revision 528906 by JayveeOng (talk)

=== INTRODUCTION ===

This '''Wikispace''' is a peer-produced shared resource that will evolve as students post content relating to GRSJ224. You are responsible for creating dynamic and informative wiki pages. As you add and update information throughout the semester, originality, resourcefulness, and creativity is encouraged. The wiki will be sustained for successive semesters so that the work you contribute will be available to future students.

=== ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION ===

To download and view full details of the assignment, click [https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/xid-16358571_1 here].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_preparation.gif ||
* Read: [https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2005/7/eli7004-pdf.pdf 7 Things you should know about Wikis]
* Choose a term from the table of contents
* Confirm your selection of topic with your instructor by the '''SECOND WEEK OF CLASSES'''
* Set up your wiki page.
* Instructions on how to use the Visual Editor on UBC Wikis: [https://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Visual_Editor Help:Visual Editor]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_finalizing.png ||
* Continue to work towards improving and finalizing your Wiki.
* Consider the wiki as a whole and the usefulness of adding images and links.
* Check your Talk page to see if your peers provided you with any useful feedback
* Ensure your Wiki is properly cited
* Proofread your Wiki

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_research.gif ||
* Gather resources in relevance of your discoveries to class materials.
* Familiarize yourself with the wiki-authoring tools of [[GRSJ224/wikibasics|Wiki Basics]]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_submit.gif ||
* Submit "Wikipedia Report" to your instructor in Connect

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_drafting.gif ||
* Read: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia's guide to Writing Better Articles]
* Write content relevant to class material.
* Tailor your page to your audience.
* Check out your peers’ draft Wikis below and provide feedback using the [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Talk_pages Talk pages]
* The intellectual rules of property DO apply: provide [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink links], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism plagiarisms].
|}

'''Helpful Links:'''
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d2u58vo0/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_kmj3r79h Embed an Image]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination Embed a Video]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d478y7sn/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_sg3scx28 Link to an external website]

=== TABLE OF CONTENTS ===

{| width="100%" class="wikitable" style="background:aliceblue; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #AEDCF6;" border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2"
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Democracy</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Neoliberalism</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Post-coloniality</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Reproduction</span></h2>====
*

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Feminism</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Discrimination</span></h2>====
* [[GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination|Racial Discrimination]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Masculinity</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Medicalization</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">LGBT Families</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
|-
|
|
|
|
|}

===ARCHIVE===
Here is an archive of the Wiki pages created by previous students: [[GRSJ224/archive|Archive of Wiki pages]]

GRSJ224

2018-10-08T08:00:59Z

JayveeOng: Undo revision 528907 by JayveeOng (talk)

=== INTRODUCTION ===

This '''Wikispace''' is a peer-produced shared resource that will evolve as students post content relating to GRSJ224. You are responsible for creating dynamic and informative wiki pages. As you add and update information throughout the semester, originality, resourcefulness, and creativity is encouraged. The wiki will be sustained for successive semesters so that the work you contribute will be available to future students.

=== ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION ===

To download and view full details of the assignment, click [https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/xid-16358571_1 here].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_preparation.gif ||
* Read: [https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2005/7/eli7004-pdf.pdf 7 Things you should know about Wikis]
* Choose a term from the table of contents
* Confirm your selection of topic with your instructor by the '''SECOND WEEK OF CLASSES'''
* Set up your wiki page.
* Instructions on how to use the Visual Editor on UBC Wikis: [https://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Visual_Editor Help:Visual Editor]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_finalizing.png ||
* Continue to work towards improving and finalizing your Wiki.
* Consider the wiki as a whole and the usefulness of adding images and links.
* Check your Talk page to see if your peers provided you with any useful feedback
* Ensure your Wiki is properly cited
* Proofread your Wiki

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_research.gif ||
* Gather resources in relevance of your discoveries to class materials.
* Familiarize yourself with the wiki-authoring tools of [[GRSJ224/wikibasics|Wiki Basics]]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_submit.gif ||
* Submit "Wikipedia Report" to your instructor in Connect

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_drafting.gif ||
* Read: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia's guide to Writing Better Articles]
* Write content relevant to class material.
* Tailor your page to your audience.
* Check out your peers’ draft Wikis below and provide feedback using the [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Talk_pages Talk pages]
* The intellectual rules of property DO apply: provide [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink links], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism plagiarisms].
|}

'''Helpful Links:'''
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d2u58vo0/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_kmj3r79h Embed an Image]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination Embed a Video]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d478y7sn/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_sg3scx28 Link to an external website]

=== TABLE OF CONTENTS ===

{| width="100%" class="wikitable" style="background:aliceblue; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #AEDCF6;" border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2"
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Democracy</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Neoliberalism</span></h2>
* [[Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality|Neoliberalism and Income Inequality]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Post-coloniality</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Reproduction</span></h2>====
*

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Feminism</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Discrimination</span></h2>====
* [[GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination|Racial Discrimination]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Masculinity</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Medicalization</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">LGBT Families</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
|-
|
|
|
|
|}

===ARCHIVE===
Here is an archive of the Wiki pages created by previous students: [[GRSJ224/archive|Archive of Wiki pages]]

GRSJ224

2018-10-08T07:47:07Z

JayveeOng:

=== INTRODUCTION ===

This '''Wikispace''' is a peer-produced shared resource that will evolve as students post content relating to GRSJ224. You are responsible for creating dynamic and informative wiki pages. As you add and update information throughout the semester, originality, resourcefulness, and creativity is encouraged. The wiki will be sustained for successive semesters so that the work you contribute will be available to future students.

=== ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION ===

To download and view full details of the assignment, click [https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/xid-16358571_1 here].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_preparation.gif ||
* Read: [https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2005/7/eli7004-pdf.pdf 7 Things you should know about Wikis]
* Choose a term from the table of contents
* Confirm your selection of topic with your instructor by the '''SECOND WEEK OF CLASSES'''
* Set up your wiki page.
* Instructions on how to use the Visual Editor on UBC Wikis: [https://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Visual_Editor Help:Visual Editor]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_finalizing.png ||
* Continue to work towards improving and finalizing your Wiki.
* Consider the wiki as a whole and the usefulness of adding images and links.
* Check your Talk page to see if your peers provided you with any useful feedback
* Ensure your Wiki is properly cited
* Proofread your Wiki

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_research.gif ||
* Gather resources in relevance of your discoveries to class materials.
* Familiarize yourself with the wiki-authoring tools of [[GRSJ224/wikibasics|Wiki Basics]]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_submit.gif ||
* Submit "Wikipedia Report" to your instructor in Connect

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_drafting.gif ||
* Read: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia's guide to Writing Better Articles]
* Write content relevant to class material.
* Tailor your page to your audience.
* Check out your peers’ draft Wikis below and provide feedback using the [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Talk_pages Talk pages]
* The intellectual rules of property DO apply: provide [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink links], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism plagiarisms].
|}

'''Helpful Links:'''
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d2u58vo0/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_kmj3r79h Embed an Image]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination Embed a Video]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d478y7sn/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_sg3scx28 Link to an external website]

=== TABLE OF CONTENTS ===

{| width="100%" class="wikitable" style="background:aliceblue; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #AEDCF6;" border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2"
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Democracy</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Neoliberalism</span></h2>
* [[Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality|Neoliberalism and Income Inequality]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Post-coloniality</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Reproduction</span></h2>====
*

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Feminism</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Discrimination</span></h2>====
* [[GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination|Racial Discrimination]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Masculinity</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Medicalization</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">LGBT Families</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
|-
|
|
|
|
|}

===ARCHIVE===
Here is an archive of the Wiki pages created by previous students: [[GRSJ224/archive|Archive of Wiki pages]]

GRSJ224

2018-10-08T07:45:11Z

JayveeOng: /* Neoliberalism */

=== INTRODUCTION ===

This '''Wikispace''' is a peer-produced shared resource that will evolve as students post content relating to GRSJ224. You are responsible for creating dynamic and informative wiki pages. As you add and update information throughout the semester, originality, resourcefulness, and creativity is encouraged. The wiki will be sustained for successive semesters so that the work you contribute will be available to future students.

=== ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION ===

To download and view full details of the assignment, click [https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/xid-16358571_1 here].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_preparation.gif ||
* Read: [https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2005/7/eli7004-pdf.pdf 7 Things you should know about Wikis]
* Choose a term from the table of contents
* Confirm your selection of topic with your instructor by the '''SECOND WEEK OF CLASSES'''
* Set up your wiki page.
* Instructions on how to use the Visual Editor on UBC Wikis: [https://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Visual_Editor Help:Visual Editor]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_finalizing.png ||
* Continue to work towards improving and finalizing your Wiki.
* Consider the wiki as a whole and the usefulness of adding images and links.
* Check your Talk page to see if your peers provided you with any useful feedback
* Ensure your Wiki is properly cited
* Proofread your Wiki

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_research.gif ||
* Gather resources in relevance of your discoveries to class materials.
* Familiarize yourself with the wiki-authoring tools of [[GRSJ224/wikibasics|Wiki Basics]]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_submit.gif ||
* Submit "Wikipedia Report" to your instructor in Connect

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_drafting.gif ||
* Read: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia's guide to Writing Better Articles]
* Write content relevant to class material.
* Tailor your page to your audience.
* Check out your peers’ draft Wikis below and provide feedback using the [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Talk_pages Talk pages]
* The intellectual rules of property DO apply: provide [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink links], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism plagiarisms].
|}

'''Helpful Links:'''
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d2u58vo0/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_kmj3r79h Embed an Image]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination Embed a Video]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d478y7sn/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_sg3scx28 Link to an external website]

=== TABLE OF CONTENTS ===

{| width="100%" class="wikitable" style="background:aliceblue; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #AEDCF6;" border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2"
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Democracy</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Neoliberalism</span></h2>
* [[Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality|Neoliberalism and Income Inequality]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Post-coloniality</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Reproduction</span></h2>====
*

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Feminism</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Discrimination</span></h2>====
* [[GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination|Racial Discrimination]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Masculinity</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Medicalization</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">LGBT Families</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
|-
|
|
|
|
|}

===ARCHIVE===
Here is an archive of the Wiki pages created by previous students: [[GRSJ224/archive|Archive of Wiki pages]]

Grsj224/neoliberalismandincomeinequality

2018-10-08T07:39:54Z

JayveeOng: Created page with "Neoliberalism and Income Inequality"

Neoliberalism and Income Inequality

GRSJ224

2018-10-08T04:50:28Z

JayveeOng: Undo revision 528901 by JayveeOng (talk)

=== INTRODUCTION ===

This '''Wikispace''' is a peer-produced shared resource that will evolve as students post content relating to GRSJ224. You are responsible for creating dynamic and informative wiki pages. As you add and update information throughout the semester, originality, resourcefulness, and creativity is encouraged. The wiki will be sustained for successive semesters so that the work you contribute will be available to future students.

=== ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION ===

To download and view full details of the assignment, click [https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/xid-16358571_1 here].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_preparation.gif ||
* Read: [https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2005/7/eli7004-pdf.pdf 7 Things you should know about Wikis]
* Choose a term from the table of contents
* Confirm your selection of topic with your instructor by the '''SECOND WEEK OF CLASSES'''
* Set up your wiki page.
* Instructions on how to use the Visual Editor on UBC Wikis: [https://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Visual_Editor Help:Visual Editor]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_finalizing.png ||
* Continue to work towards improving and finalizing your Wiki.
* Consider the wiki as a whole and the usefulness of adding images and links.
* Check your Talk page to see if your peers provided you with any useful feedback
* Ensure your Wiki is properly cited
* Proofread your Wiki

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_research.gif ||
* Gather resources in relevance of your discoveries to class materials.
* Familiarize yourself with the wiki-authoring tools of [[GRSJ224/wikibasics|Wiki Basics]]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_submit.gif ||
* Submit "Wikipedia Report" to your instructor in Connect

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_drafting.gif ||
* Read: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia's guide to Writing Better Articles]
* Write content relevant to class material.
* Tailor your page to your audience.
* Check out your peers’ draft Wikis below and provide feedback using the [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Talk_pages Talk pages]
* The intellectual rules of property DO apply: provide [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink links], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism plagiarisms].
|}

'''Helpful Links:'''
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d2u58vo0/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_kmj3r79h Embed an Image]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination Embed a Video]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d478y7sn/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_sg3scx28 Link to an external website]

=== TABLE OF CONTENTS ===

{| width="100%" class="wikitable" style="background:aliceblue; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #AEDCF6;" border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2"
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Democracy</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Neoliberalism</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Post-coloniality</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Reproduction</span></h2>====
*

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Feminism</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Discrimination</span></h2>====
* [[GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination|Racial Discrimination]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Masculinity</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Medicalization</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">LGBT Families</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
|-
|
|
|
|
|}

===ARCHIVE===
Here is an archive of the Wiki pages created by previous students: [[GRSJ224/archive|Archive of Wiki pages]]

GRSJ224

2018-10-08T04:49:39Z

JayveeOng: Undo revision 528902 by JayveeOng (talk)

=== INTRODUCTION ===

This '''Wikispace''' is a peer-produced shared resource that will evolve as students post content relating to GRSJ224. You are responsible for creating dynamic and informative wiki pages. As you add and update information throughout the semester, originality, resourcefulness, and creativity is encouraged. The wiki will be sustained for successive semesters so that the work you contribute will be available to future students.

=== ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION ===

To download and view full details of the assignment, click [https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/xid-16358571_1 here].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_preparation.gif ||
* Read: [https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2005/7/eli7004-pdf.pdf 7 Things you should know about Wikis]
* Choose a term from the table of contents
* Confirm your selection of topic with your instructor by the '''SECOND WEEK OF CLASSES'''
* Set up your wiki page.
* Instructions on how to use the Visual Editor on UBC Wikis: [https://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Visual_Editor Help:Visual Editor]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_finalizing.png ||
* Continue to work towards improving and finalizing your Wiki.
* Consider the wiki as a whole and the usefulness of adding images and links.
* Check your Talk page to see if your peers provided you with any useful feedback
* Ensure your Wiki is properly cited
* Proofread your Wiki

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_research.gif ||
* Gather resources in relevance of your discoveries to class materials.
* Familiarize yourself with the wiki-authoring tools of [[GRSJ224/wikibasics|Wiki Basics]]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_submit.gif ||
* Submit "Wikipedia Report" to your instructor in Connect

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_drafting.gif ||
* Read: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia's guide to Writing Better Articles]
* Write content relevant to class material.
* Tailor your page to your audience.
* Check out your peers’ draft Wikis below and provide feedback using the [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Talk_pages Talk pages]
* The intellectual rules of property DO apply: provide [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink links], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism plagiarisms].
|}

'''Helpful Links:'''
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d2u58vo0/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_kmj3r79h Embed an Image]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination Embed a Video]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d478y7sn/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_sg3scx28 Link to an external website]

=== TABLE OF CONTENTS ===

{| width="100%" class="wikitable" style="background:aliceblue; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #AEDCF6;" border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2"
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Democracy</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Neoliberalism</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Post-coloniality</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Reproduction</span></h2>====
*

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====Inequality====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Feminism</span></h2>
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Discrimination</span></h2>====
* [[GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination|Racial Discrimination]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Masculinity</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Medicalization</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">LGBT Families</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
|-
|
|
|
|
|}

===ARCHIVE===
Here is an archive of the Wiki pages created by previous students: [[GRSJ224/archive|Archive of Wiki pages]]

GRSJ224

2018-10-08T04:37:43Z

JayveeOng: /* Neoliberalism */

=== INTRODUCTION ===

This '''Wikispace''' is a peer-produced shared resource that will evolve as students post content relating to GRSJ224. You are responsible for creating dynamic and informative wiki pages. As you add and update information throughout the semester, originality, resourcefulness, and creativity is encouraged. The wiki will be sustained for successive semesters so that the work you contribute will be available to future students.

=== ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION ===

To download and view full details of the assignment, click [https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/xid-16358571_1 here].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_preparation.gif ||
* Read: [https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2005/7/eli7004-pdf.pdf 7 Things you should know about Wikis]
* Choose a term from the table of contents
* Confirm your selection of topic with your instructor by the '''SECOND WEEK OF CLASSES'''
* Set up your wiki page.
* Instructions on how to use the Visual Editor on UBC Wikis: [https://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Visual_Editor Help:Visual Editor]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_finalizing.png ||
* Continue to work towards improving and finalizing your Wiki.
* Consider the wiki as a whole and the usefulness of adding images and links.
* Check your Talk page to see if your peers provided you with any useful feedback
* Ensure your Wiki is properly cited
* Proofread your Wiki

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_research.gif ||
* Gather resources in relevance of your discoveries to class materials.
* Familiarize yourself with the wiki-authoring tools of [[GRSJ224/wikibasics|Wiki Basics]]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_submit.gif ||
* Submit "Wikipedia Report" to your instructor in Connect

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_drafting.gif ||
* Read: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia's guide to Writing Better Articles]
* Write content relevant to class material.
* Tailor your page to your audience.
* Check out your peers’ draft Wikis below and provide feedback using the [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Talk_pages Talk pages]
* The intellectual rules of property DO apply: provide [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink links], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism plagiarisms].
|}

'''Helpful Links:'''
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d2u58vo0/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_kmj3r79h Embed an Image]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination Embed a Video]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d478y7sn/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_sg3scx28 Link to an external website]

=== TABLE OF CONTENTS ===

{| width="100%" class="wikitable" style="background:aliceblue; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #AEDCF6;" border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2"
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Democracy</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Neoliberalism</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Post-coloniality</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Reproduction</span></h2>====
*

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Feminism</span></h2>
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Discrimination</span></h2>====
* [[GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination|Racial Discrimination]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Masculinity</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Medicalization</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">LGBT Families</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
|-
|
|
|
|
|}

===ARCHIVE===
Here is an archive of the Wiki pages created by previous students: [[GRSJ224/archive|Archive of Wiki pages]]

GRSJ224

2018-10-08T04:37:10Z

JayveeOng: /* Neoliberalism */

=== INTRODUCTION ===

This '''Wikispace''' is a peer-produced shared resource that will evolve as students post content relating to GRSJ224. You are responsible for creating dynamic and informative wiki pages. As you add and update information throughout the semester, originality, resourcefulness, and creativity is encouraged. The wiki will be sustained for successive semesters so that the work you contribute will be available to future students.

=== ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION ===

To download and view full details of the assignment, click [https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/xid-16358571_1 here].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_preparation.gif ||
* Read: [https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2005/7/eli7004-pdf.pdf 7 Things you should know about Wikis]
* Choose a term from the table of contents
* Confirm your selection of topic with your instructor by the '''SECOND WEEK OF CLASSES'''
* Set up your wiki page.
* Instructions on how to use the Visual Editor on UBC Wikis: [https://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Visual_Editor Help:Visual Editor]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_finalizing.png ||
* Continue to work towards improving and finalizing your Wiki.
* Consider the wiki as a whole and the usefulness of adding images and links.
* Check your Talk page to see if your peers provided you with any useful feedback
* Ensure your Wiki is properly cited
* Proofread your Wiki

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_research.gif ||
* Gather resources in relevance of your discoveries to class materials.
* Familiarize yourself with the wiki-authoring tools of [[GRSJ224/wikibasics|Wiki Basics]]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_submit.gif ||
* Submit "Wikipedia Report" to your instructor in Connect

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_drafting.gif ||
* Read: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia's guide to Writing Better Articles]
* Write content relevant to class material.
* Tailor your page to your audience.
* Check out your peers’ draft Wikis below and provide feedback using the [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Talk_pages Talk pages]
* The intellectual rules of property DO apply: provide [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink links], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism plagiarisms].
|}

'''Helpful Links:'''
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d2u58vo0/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_kmj3r79h Embed an Image]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination Embed a Video]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d478y7sn/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_sg3scx28 Link to an external website]

=== TABLE OF CONTENTS ===

{| width="100%" class="wikitable" style="background:aliceblue; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #AEDCF6;" border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2"
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Democracy</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Neoliberalism</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Post-coloniality</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Reproduction</span></h2>====
*

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====Inequality====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Feminism</span></h2>
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Discrimination</span></h2>====
* [[GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination|Racial Discrimination]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Masculinity</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Medicalization</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">LGBT Families</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
|-
|
|
|
|
|}

===ARCHIVE===
Here is an archive of the Wiki pages created by previous students: [[GRSJ224/archive|Archive of Wiki pages]]

GRSJ300StudentBlogs

2018-06-26T04:28:54Z

JayveeOng: /* 2018SA-GRSJ300-98A (Instructor: Dr. Manjeet Birk) */

Post your UBC Blog URLS here! Please follow the following format: [Danielle] Ray] http://blogs.ubc.ca/blogurl<br />
Note: use '''http://''', do not use https://
=== 2018SA-GRSJ300-98A (Instructor: Dr. Manjeet Birk)===
*Rayna Ellis http://blogs.ubc.ca/raynaellis
*Jun Hyung Park http://blogs.ubc.ca/junhyungpark/
*Briana Matienzo http://blogs.ubc.ca/brimtnz
*Yei Young Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/glorialee
*Esther Chan https://blogs.ubc.ca/estherchan
*Hanna Jarrett http://blogs.ubc.ca/hannajarrett/
*Jia Hwang http://blogs.ubc.ca/jiahwang/
*Mike Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/mikelee/
*Arielle Sadaka http://blogs.ubc.ca/ariellesadaka
*Jenny Zhang http://blogs.ubc.ca/jennyzhang/
*Chelsea Bean http://blogs.ubc.ca/chelseabean
*Veronica Cho http://blogs.ubc.ca/thinkingender
*Sophia Harvey http://blogs.ubc.ca/sophiaharvey/
*Emma Tuson http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300emmatusonculturejam/
*Miranda Lambert http://blogs.ubc.ca/mirandaelambert/
*Chelsea Gladstone https://blogs.ubc.ca/chelseagladstone/
*Jayvee Ong http://blogs.ubc.ca/jayveeong

=== 2017WC-GRSJ300-99C (Instructor: Dr. Manjeet Birk)===
*Wemi Ade http://blogs.ubc.ca/wemiade/
*Erin Waterman https://blogs.ubc.ca/erinwaterman/
*Danielle Ray http://blogs.ubc.ca/danielleray/
*Yingjun Ruan http://blogs.ubc.ca/yingjunruan/2018/02/16/gender-stereotyping/
*Philip Chan http://blogs.ubc.ca/philipchan/
*Hanna Peterson http://blogs.ubc.ca/hannapetersonculturejam/
*Laura Chenciner http://blogs.ubc.ca/lchenciner/
*Sujeong Yang http://blogs.ubc.ca/emilyyangsj/
*Noah Heyl http://blogs.ubc.ca/falkirks/
*Megan Cordoba http://blogs.ubc.ca/megancordoba/
*Harleen Kandola http://blogs.ubc.ca/harleenkandola/
*Jeanie Lam http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300jeanie/
*Vanessa Yamamoto http://blogs.ubc.ca/vanessayamamoto/
*Baylee Landymore http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300baylee/
*Miley Leong http://blogs.ubc.ca/mileyl/
*Melissa Malo http://blogs.ubc.ca/melissamalo/
*Shawna Narayan http://blogs.ubc.ca/shawnanarayan/
*Lauren Migrino http://blogs.ubc.ca/laurenmigrino/
*Nimrit Toor http://blogs.ubc.ca/nimrittoor/
*Ashley Artuso http://blogs.ubc.ca/ashleyartuso/
*Shali Tayebi https://blogs.ubc.ca/shalitayebi/
* Shali Tayebi (new) http://blogs.ubc.ca/shalitayebi/2018/03/06/culture-jam-assignment-2/
*Dayler Chua https://blogs.ubc.ca/daylerchua/
*Nathan Chan https://blogs.ubc.ca/nathanchan/
*Genevieve Moum http://blogs.ubc.ca/genevievemoum/
*Jen Rogers http://blogs.ubc.ca/jenrogersgrsj300/
*Virginia Ly http://blogs.ubc.ca/virginialy/
*Claire Wanhella http://blogs.ubc.ca/clairewanhella/
*Akira Rattan http://blogs.ubc.ca/akirarattan/
*Bernice Liu http://blogs.ubc.ca/berniceliu/
*Eric Yue http://blogs.ubc.ca/ericyue2018/
*Esther Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/estherleecja
*Siena Bogatin http://blogs.ubc.ca/sienabogatin
*Nurhian Dulay http://blogs.ubc.ca/nurhiand/
*Joeveen Dhari http://blogs.ubc.ca/joeveendhari
*Ava Daeipour http://blogs.ubc.ca/avadaeipour/
*Clement Orbasido http://blogs.ubc.ca/corbasido/
*Megan Leong http://blogs.ubc.ca/meganleong/
*Sabrina Dhalla http://blogs.ubc.ca/sabrinadhalla/
*Jimena Salinas http://blogs.ubc.ca/jimenasalinas/
*Sarah Quinones http://blogs.ubc.ca/sarahquinones/
*Hannah Moug http://blogs.ubc.ca/hannahmoug2/
*Jackie Tong http://blogs.ubc.ca/jackietong/
*Aayza Asim http://blogs.ubc.ca/aayzaasim/
*Taehan Kim http://blogs.ubc.ca/taehankim
*Aaron Ng http://blogs.ubc.ca/aaronngg/
*Kevin Dong http://blogs.ubc.ca/kevindong/2018/02/16/7/
*Sonia Khan http://blogs.ubc.ca/soniakhan
*Elizabeth Garvie http://blogs.ubc.ca/elizabethgarvie
*Abigail Aguilar http://blogs.ubc.ca/abigailaguilar/2018/02/16/culture-jam-assignment/
*Vikram Sandhu http://blogs.ubc.ca/vikramsandhu/
*Evan Chen https://blogs.ubc.ca/evanchen/2018/02/12/culture-jam-assignment/
*Justine Bearss http://blogs.ubc.ca/justinebearssgrsj/
*Lenard Tabakman http://blogs.ubc.ca/lenardtabakman/
*Sandy (Chushan) Lin http://blogs.ubc.ca/sandylingrsj300/2018/02/16/sky-vodka-ad/
*Jung Hoon Chrysen Park http://blogs.ubc.ca/chrysenpark/
*Katrina Zelko http://blogs.ubc.ca/kzelko
* [Jessica] Aylward] http://blogs.ubc.ca/jessicaaylward/2018/02/16/cultural-jam-assignment/
*Jessica Jannicia Winata http://blogs.ubc.ca/jessicawinata/2018/02/16/cultural-jam-assignment/
* Tao Tao (Allison) Lin http://blogs.ubc.ca/alisonlin/2018/02/16/grsj300-beach-body-jam/
*Meijing Zhu http://blogs.ubc.ca/meijingzhu/2018/02/16/grsj300-culture-jam-ad/
*Hyerin Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/hyerinlee/2018/02/16/culture-jam-assignment/
*Kate Stephen-Tammuz https://blogs.ubc.ca/katestephentammuz/
*Balraj Panesar http://blogs.ubc.ca/balrajpanesar
*Sasha Xu http://blogs.ubc.ca/sashaxu
*Alireza Ameri http://blogs.ubc.ca/ameri/
*Jocelyn Ng https://blogs.ubc.ca/jocelynng
*Vinu Samarasekera http://blogs.ubc.ca/vinusamarasekera/2018/02/24/cultural-jam-assignment/
*Christine Yap http://blogs.ubc.ca/cyap2018/
*Rowan Harris http://blogs.ubc.ca/rowanharris300grsj/
* Meredith Bogle (Lucy) https://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300lucybogle/

=== 2017WA-GRSJ300-99A (Instructor: Dr. Chris Shelley)===
*Nellie Gossen http://blogs.ubc.ca/nelliegossen/culturejamming/
*Angie Gregson https://blogs.ubc.ca/angiegregson/
*Celina Chow http://blogs.ubc.ca/celinachow/
*Sauna Singh http://blogs.ubc.ca/saunasingh/
*Pam Choi http://blogs.ubc.ca/pychoigrsj/
*Alana Guidry http://blogs.ubc.ca/alanaguidry/
*Lama Al-Awawdeh http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300la/
*La'Vere Corbin-Ong http://blogs.ubc.ca/laverecorbinong
*Jessica Fletcher http://blogs.ubc.ca/jessicamariefletcher/
*Raman Kainth http://blogs.ubc.ca/culturejamming/
*Lindsay Peloquin http://blogs.ubc.ca/lindsaypeloquin/
*Leanne Rachid https://blogs.ubc.ca/leannerachid/?p=6
*Amy Wang http://blogs.ubc.ca/amywang82
*Ricki Reay http://blogs.ubc.ca/rreaygrsj300/
*Bryn Shaffer http://blogs.ubc.ca/brynshaffer/
*Clare Hawthorne http://blogs.ubc.ca/clarehawthorne/
*Neysa Fernanda http://blogs.ubc.ca/fernandaneysa
* Mariah Franzmann http://blogs.ubc.ca/mariahfranzmann/
* Cassidy Clements http://blogs.ubc.ca/cassidyclements/
* Michelle Kwan http://blogs.ubc.ca/michellekwan
* Jeffrey Leung http://blogs.ubc.ca/jeffreyleung1/
* Louisa Ledesma http://blogs.ubc.ca/louisaledesma/
* Melissa Springenatic http://blogs.ubc.ca/melissaspringenatic
* Tina Saniee http://blogs.ubc.ca/tinasaniee2
* Connie Ho http://blogs.ubc.ca/connieho15
* Emily-Rose Bonthoux http://blogs.ubc.ca/emilyrosebonthoux/
* Ashley Juana http://blogs.ubc.ca/ashleyfjuana/
* Manjinder Sihota http://blogs.ubc.ca/manjinderks/
* Laile Hu http://blogs.ubc.ca/cocohu/
* Summer Xia http://blogs.ubc.ca/summerxia
*Jhena Waring http://blogs.ubc.ca/jhenawaring
*Rena Taggar http://blogs.ubc.ca/renataggar/
*Ciara Malone http://blogs.ubc.ca/ciaralaurenmalone/
*Lila Chan http://blogs.ubc.ca/lilachan1/
*Krysta Seifert http://blogs.ubc.ca/krystaseifert/
* Orchid Kamron https://blogs.ubc.ca/orchidkamron
* Gabriel Pamintuan http://blogs.ubc.ca/gabrielpamintuan/
* Jessie Tai http://blogs.ubc.ca/jessietai/
* Veronika Ruskova http://blogs.ubc.ca/veronikaruskova/
* Gary Liu http://blogs.ubc.ca/minhaoliu
* Ivans Zhang http://blogs.ubc.ca/ivanszhang123
* Lin Zhou http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300linzhou
* Stephanie Pawluk http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300stephaniepawluk/
*Lucy Haché http://blogs.ubc.ca/lucyhacheblog/
*Natasha Hemer http://blogs.ubc.ca/natashahemer/
* Emma Hicks http://blogs.ubc.ca/emmahicks/2017/10/19/culture-jam-assignment/
* Benae Tutelman http://blogs.ubc.ca/btutelman
*Emi Hirano http://blogs.ubc.ca/ehirano/
* Leah (Chae-Eun) Kim http://blogs.ubc.ca/leahkim9/
* Eden Chan http://blogs.ubc.ca/edenchan/
* Karen Cheng http://blogs.ubc.ca/karencheng/
* Polina Bachlakova http://blogs.ubc.ca/polinabachlakova/2017/10/17/how-the-danish-tax-system-profits-off-of-stigmatizing-sex-work/
* RuiXuan Zhang http://blogs.ubc.ca/ruixuanzhang
* Jarrod Baddeliyanage http://blogs.ubc.ca/jarrodbaddeliyanage/
*Maggie Cummings http://blogs.ubc.ca/maggiecummings
*Harnish Sidhu http://blogs.ubc.ca/nishasidhu/
*Rachel Meadow http://blogs.ubc.ca/rachelmeadow/
*Suzi Ross https://blogs.ubc.ca/suziross/
*Elliott Cordingley https://blogs.ubc.ca/ewcd/
*Lauren Tonello http://blogs.ubc.ca/ltonello/
*Pinya Lu http://blogs.ubc.ca/pinyalu/
*Anastassiya Smirnova https://blogs.ubc.ca/anastassiyasmirnova/
*Raymond Becker http://blogs.ubc.ca/becker/
*Jasmeen Dhaliwal http://blogs.ubc.ca/jasmeendhaliwal/
*Emily Michelin http://blogs.ubc.ca/emilymichelin/2017/10/20/culture-jam-assignment/
*Coco Hu http://blogs.ubc.ca/cocohu/2017/10/20/8/
*Allison Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/allisonlee/2017/10/20/grsj-300-culture-jamming-assignment/
*Kris McCrea https://blogs.ubc.ca/krismccrea/
*Chantelle Verde http://blogs.ubc.ca/chantelleverde/2017/10/21/grsj-300/
*Sarah Gutri http://blogs.ubc.ca/sarahgutri/
*Liam Watson https://blogs.ubc.ca/liamwatson/2017/10/23/4/
*Sasha Ponomareva https://blogs.ubc.ca/sashaponomareva/
*Jocelyn Ng https://blogs.ubc.ca/jocelynng
[Danny] [Wu] http://blogs.ubc.ca/dannywu/
=== 2017SA-GRSJ300-98A (Instructor: Dr. Ray Hsu)===

GROUP 1
* Kate (Kathryn) McLaughlin https://blogs.ubc.ca/kathrynmcl/
* Qi Mao http://blogs.ubc.ca/qimao
* Ashley Hayes http://blogs.ubc.ca/ashleyhayes
* Sarah Siska http://blogs.ubc.ca/sarahsiska/
* Angelina Sung http://blogs.ubc.ca/angelinasung/2017/06/27/angelinasung/
* Lara Jung http://blogs.ubc.ca/larajung/
* Erica Wong http://blogs.ubc.ca/ericawong/
* Frances Langtry http://blogs.ubc.ca/franceslangtry/
* Rebecca Kenward https://blogs.ubc.ca/rebeccakenward/
* Amie Kim http://blogs.ubc.ca/amiekim/

GROUP 2
* Apollina Kyle https://blogs.ubc.ca/pollykyle/
* Keely Yu http://blogs.ubc.ca/keelyyu/
* Nicole Jackson http://blogs.ubc.ca/nicolejsblog/
* Suanne Lau http://blogs.ubc.ca/suanne/
* Geneva Gordon http://blogs.ubc.ca/genevagordon/
* Carlene Loughlin http://blogs.ubc.ca/carlenegrsj/
* Lauryn Collins http://blogs.ubc.ca/lcollinsgrsj/2017/06/30/fashion-ing-the-notion-of-women-in-their-place/
* Rebecca Li http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300rebeccaliculturejam/
* Isha Jain http://blogs.ubc.ca/ishajaingrsj/

GROUP 3
*Hayley Jim http://blogs.ubc.ca/hayleyjim/
*Cecile Ouillet http://blogs.ubc.ca/cecile/
*Vivian Guo http://blogs.ubc.ca/vivguo/
*Gabrielle Vecchio https://blogs.ubc.ca/gabriellevecchiogrsj300/
*Delaram "Del" Hajipour http://blogs.ubc.ca/delhajipour/
*Katelyn Roberts http://blogs.ubc.ca/katelynjoan/
*Tiffany Tang http://blogs.ubc.ca/tiffanytang/
*Peter Craigen http://blogs.ubc.ca/peterjc/

GROUP 4
* Emily Nawar https://blogs.ubc.ca/emilynawar/
* Jeff Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/jefflee
* Sarah Neubauer http://blogs.ubc.ca/sarahneubauer/
* Lina Khairallah https://blogs.ubc.ca/linakhairallah/
* Keiko Pan http://blogs.ubc.ca/keikopan/
* Rachel Burns http://blogs.ubc.ca/rachelburns
* Erin Wallace http://blogs.ubc.ca/erinwallace/2017/06/30/grsj-300-culture-jam-clorox-and-rosie-the-riveter/
* Marina Tischenko https://blogs.ubc.ca/marinatnko/
* Gurveen Dhaliwal http://blogs.ubc.ca/gurveendhaliwal/

GROUP 5
* Brett Shearing http://blogs.ubc.ca/brettshearing/
* Nunu King http://blogs.ubc.ca/nunuking/
* Kelsey Driessen http://blogs.ubc.ca/kelseydriessen/
* Carmen Chow https://blogs.ubc.ca/carmenchow/
* AnQi Suo http://blogs.ubc.ca/anqisuo/
* Iris Law http://blogs.ubc.ca/irislaw/
*Christie Ong http://blogs.ubc.ca/christieong/
*Don Fazl https://blogs.ubc.ca/donfazlgrsj300/
*Nitzan Ziv https://blogs.ubc.ca/nitzanziv1/wp-admin/post.php?post=1&action=edit
*Shahla Abdolkarim Ali http://blogs.ubc.ca/shahlaali85/

GROUP 6
*Christine Ganase http://blogs.ubc.ca/cjganase/
*Lizzy Ojo http://blogs.ubc.ca/culturejambylizzyojo/
*Claire Livingstone http://blogs.ubc.ca/clairelivingstone
*Andrew Ting http://blogs.ubc.ca/andrewting/
*Aleea Dahinden http://blogs.ubc.ca/dahinden/2017/06/30/jammed-ad-grsj-300/
*Amy Alexandrian http://blogs.ubc.ca/amyalexandrian/
*Ann Dinh https://blogs.ubc.ca/adinny/
* Zainab Ahmed https://blogs.ubc.ca/zainabahmed
* Ali Hussein https://blogs.ubc.ca/aliihussein

GROUP 7
*Yi Xiong https://blogs.ubc.ca/yixiong/?p=8&preview=true
* Chanel Trac http://blogs.ubc.ca/chaneltrac/
* Bryleigh Leblanc-Wong http://blogs.ubc.ca/bryleighw/
* Ben Etkin-Goulet http://blogs.ubc.ca/etkingouletben/
* Miranda Choo http://blogs.ubc.ca/mirandagrsj300/
* Jessica Liang http://blogs.ubc.ca/jessicaliang/
* Jennifer McDermid: https://blogs.ubc.ca/jennmcdermid/
* Joan Canave https://blogs.ubc.ca/joancanave/
*Jiven Bal http://blogs.ubc.ca/jivenbal

=== 2016WC-GRSJ300-99C (Instructor: Dr. Manjeet Birk)===

GROUP 1
*Brooke Manchester http://blogs.ubc.ca/brookemanchester
* Salice Kale http://blogs.ubc.ca/salicek/
*Larissa Goh http://blogs.ubc.ca/larissag/
*Ivy Debinski http://blogs.ubc.ca/ivydebinski/
*Nathalie Egenaes http://blogs.ubc.ca/negenaesgrsj300/
* Tatyana Romeus-Kebe http://blogs.ubc.ca/tatyanaromeuskebe/
*Sara Fahlander http://blogs.ubc.ca/sarafahlander/
*Agatha Widjaja https://blogs.ubc.ca/agathawidjaja/
*Cormac O'Dwyer http://blogs.ubc.ca/cormacodwyer/
*Julie Li http://blogs.ubc.ca/julieli/
*Lee Nagy http://blogs.ubc.ca/leenagy/
*Grace Riddell http://blogs.ubc.ca/graceriddell/

GROUP 2
* Charmaine Magday https://blogs.ubc.ca/magdayc
* Kim Nguyen https://blogs.ubc.ca/kimnguyen
* Hayley Lyons http://blogs.ubc.ca/hayleylyons/
* Nicole Lam http://blogs.ubc.ca/nicolelam/
* Melissa Chinaloy http://blogs.ubc.ca/melchinaloy
* Danielle Dickson http://blogs.ubc.ca/dicda/
* Kumar Rithvik Kasireddy http://blogs.ubc.ca/kumarrithvikkasireddy/
* Alaina Chun http://blogs.ubc.ca/alainachungrsj300/
* Julia Hofmann http://blogs.ubc.ca/juliaehofmann/grsj300/
* Cevina Ghuman http://blogs.ubc.ca/cevinaghuman/

GROUP 3
* Jacqueline Yan http://blogs.ubc.ca/jyan/
* Katina Nguyen http://blogs.ubc.ca/katinanguyen/
* Chloe Hronopoulos http://blogs.ubc.ca/chloehronopouloss/
* Maddie Lafleur http://blogs.ubc.ca/maddielafleur/
*Justine Doiron http://blogs.ubc.ca/jdoiron/
* Stephanie Miflores http://blogs.ubc.ca/stephaniemiflores/
* Evan Kwong http://blogs.ubc.ca/eakwong/grsj-300/
* Rawan Mokabel http://blogs.ubc.ca/rawanm/2017/02/21/culture-jam-assignment/
* Miranda Gibson http://blogs.ubc.ca/mirandagibson/culture-jam-assignment/
GROUP 4
* Jordyn Shaw https://blogs.ubc.ca/jordynshaw/
*Jeannette Zheng https://blogs.ubc.ca/jeannettezheng/
* Abdulellah Altayar http://blogs.ubc.ca/abdulellahaltayar/
* Amanpreet Sidhu http://blogs.ubc.ca/amansidhu/
* Annie Choi http://blogs.ubc.ca/anniechoigrsj300
* Parmvir Brar http://blogs.ubc.ca/parmvirbrar/
* Ethan Schnell http://blogs.ubc.ca/ethanschnell/2017/02/16/
* David Rallis http://blogs.ubc.ca/davidrallis/
*Kini Tao http://blogs.ubc.ca/kinitao/
*Marissa Upshaw http://blogs.ubc.ca/mupshaw/

GROUP 5
*Aanchal Puri http://blogs.ubc.ca/aanchalpuri/
*Jomar Santos https://blogs.ubc.ca/jomarsantos
*Leah Walden http://blogs.ubc.ca/leahwalden
*Morgan Lyon http://blogs.ubc.ca/morganlyon/
* Lal Koyuncu http://blogs.ubc.ca/lalkoyuncu
* Sara Lisk http://blogs.ubc.ca/saralisk/
* Angela Bradshaw http://blogs.ubc.ca/angelabradshaw/
*Amanda Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/amandatclee
*Terrisa Inthapanya http://blogs.ubc.ca/terrisainthapanya/

GROUP 6
*Adeline Hao https://blogs.ubc.ca/adelinehao
*Adrian Dizon http://blogs.ubc.ca/adriandizongrsj300/
*Gurjot Singh http://blogs.ubc.ca/gurjotsingh
*Stacey Forrester http://blogs.ubc.ca/staceyforrester/
*Khaleed Mawji https://blogs.ubc.ca/khaleedmawji/
*Delainey Lockett http://blogs.ubc.ca/delaineylockett/
*Jessica Liu http://blogs.ubc.ca/jessicaliu300/
*Chantel Jackson http://blogs.ubc.ca/chanteljackson/
*James Macklem http://blogs.ubc.ca/jamiemacklem/2017/02/17/culture-jam/
*Bharvita Nakum http://blogs.ubc.ca/bharvitanakum/
*Justine Bearss

GROUP 7
*Jocelyn Gould http://blogs.ubc.ca/jocelyngouldgrsj300/
*Kieran Bath http://blogs.ubc.ca/kieranbathgrsj
*Matthew Ward http://blogs.ubc.ca/matthewjward/
*Michelle Blaine http://blogs.ubc.ca/michelleblaine/
*Erik Matson http://blogs.ubc.ca/erikmatson/
*Brooke Lynch http://blogs.ubc.ca/brookelynch/
*Elizabeth Huston-Herterich http://blogs.ubc.ca/elizabethhustonherterich/
*Samantha Martin-Ferris https://blogs.ubc.ca/fnis410samantha/
*Tammy Chou http://blogs.ubc.ca/tammychou/
*Ella Klein http://blogs.ubc.ca/ellaklein/
*Kashtin De Souza http://blogs.ubc.ca/coronabeer/corona-extra/
*Jeongeun (Ellen) Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/imellen/
*[Megan][Bethune] : http://blogs.ubc.ca/meganbethune/2017/03/29/hello-world//blogurl<br />
*Jennifer McDermid: https://blogs.ubc.ca/jennmcdermid/
*Jiven Bal: http://blogs.ubc.ca/jivenbal/2017/06/30/original-ad/

=== 2016WA-GRSJ300-99A (Instructor: Dr. Chris Shelley)===
*Sidra Baig http://blogs.ubc.ca/sidrab/
*Natasha Mutombe http://blogs.ubc.ca/natashafadzayi/
*Colin May http://blogs.ubc.ca/trumpdump/2016/10/21/culture-jam-assignment-politics-on-the-home-front/
*Gary Teng http://blogs.ubc.ca/gtengyy/
*Manni Xiao http://blogs.ubc.ca/mannixiao/
* Kaitlyn Guzman http://blogs.ubc.ca/kaitlynguzman/
* Ksenia Stepkina https://blogs.ubc.ca/kseniastepkina/
* Ali Hodroje http://blogs.ubc.ca/ahodr/
*Erica Yang http://blogs.ubc.ca/ericayang/
* Naomy Kang http://blogs.ubc.ca/naomykang/
*Jin Roh http://blogs.ubc.ca/jinroh/
* Veronika Zaytseva http://blogs.ubc.ca/veronikazayts/
* Clarissa Lau http://blogs.ubc.ca/clarissalau/
* Christina Hebert http://blogs.ubc.ca/christinahebert/
* Tania Jagpal http://blogs.ubc.ca/taniajagpal/
* Paige Knights http://blogs.ubc.ca/paigeknights
* Chloë Parkin http://blogs.ubc.ca/chloehcparkin/
* Sheila Low http://blogs.ubc.ca/sheilalow/
* Samantha Smirfitt https://blogs.ubc.ca/samantha300
* Natalie Boag http://blogs.ubc.ca/natalieboag/
* Erin Thomas http://blogs.ubc.ca/erinthomas/
*Mackenzie Stevens http://blogs.ubc.ca/mackenziestevens/
* Madeleine Luke http://blogs.ubc.ca/madeleineluke2/
* Maria Rakina http://blogs.ubc.ca/mariarakina/
* Abirami Muthukumar http://blogs.ubc.ca/amuthukumar/
* Natalie Amoore http://blogs.ubc.ca/natalieamoore/
* Tiffany Koo http://blogs.ubc.ca/tiffanykoo/
* Kelly Taverner http://blogs.ubc.ca/kellytav/
* Pui Yu Emily Wong http://blogs.ubc.ca/emilywongg/
* Sisi Guo http://blogs.ubc.ca/sisiguo/
* Will Molloy http://blogs.ubc.ca/willmolloy/
* Kate Bezugley http://blogs.ubc.ca/katebezugley/
* Brogan Whatley http://blogs.ubc.ca/broganwhatley/
* Sarah May http://blogs.ubc.ca/sarahmay/
* Adan Barclay https://blogs.ubc.ca/adanbarclay/
* Quinn Dhaliwal http://blogs.ubc.ca/quinndhaliwal/
* Ava Mokhtari Fard http://blogs.ubc.ca/ava123
* Christine Ma http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300christinema/
* Winston Limanto http://blogs.ubc.ca/winstonlimanto/
* Shay Prasad http://blogs.ubc.ca/shayprasad
* Arisha Shory http://blogs.ubc.ca/arishashory/
*Patrick Munyurangabo http://blogs.ubc.ca/patrickmu/
* Madeline Martin http://blogs.ubc.ca/madelinemartin/
* Ili Yang http://blogs.ubc.ca/iliyang/
* Maui Calleja http://blogs.ubc.ca/mcalleja/
* Najla Sekariyanti http://blogs.ubc.ca/najlasekar/
* Sherry Cheng http://blogs.ubc.ca/sherrycheng/
* Olivia Kam http://blogs.ubc.ca/oliviakam/
* Eliana Horvath http://blogs.ubc.ca/elianahorvath/
* Maelle Grenier http://blogs.ubc.ca/maellegrenier/
* Breanna Bernard http://blogs.ubc.ca/breannabernard/
* Chi-Han Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/hanklee/
* Heather Farrell http://blogs.ubc.ca/heatherfarrell/'
* Tiffany Tsang http://blogs.ubc.ca/tsang007/
* Olivia Lo http://blogs.ubc.ca/olivialo/
* Yeree (Kelly) Oh http://blogs.ubc.ca/kellyoh90
* Miranda Maxwell http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300culturaljammingmmaxwell/1-2/
*Ciara Dushnisky http://blogs.ubc.ca/ciaradushnisky/
*Monique Beaulieu http://blogs.ubc.ca/moniquebeaulieu/
*Zhi Hao Wan http://blogs.ubc.ca/zhihaowan/
*Emily Zaporozan http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300emilyzap/
*Amanda Burns http://blogs.ubc.ca/amandaburns/
* Yunxia Lin http://blogs.ubc.ca/yunxia/
* Cindy Wang http://blogs.ubc.ca/cndyy/
* Hannah Wagner [https://blogs.ubc.ca/hannahw/ GRSJ 300 Blog]
* Colin May http://blogs.ubc.ca/trumpdump
*Imaan Punja http://blogs.ubc.ca/imaanpunja/2016/10/21/victorias-secret-double-standard/
* Sebastian Silley http://blogs.ubc.ca/silleysebastian/
*Yumi Chang http://blogs.ubc.ca/yumichang/

=== 2016SA-GRSJ300-98A (Instructor: Dr. Ray Hsu)===
*Ishita Ashraf http://blogs.ubc.ca/ashrafishita
*Michelle Leung http://blogs.ubc.ca/michellewmleung/
*Eyvette Runner http://blogs.ubc.ca/eyvetterunner/2016/06/24/gsnj300-culture-jam-2016/
*Zi Qi Xu (May) http://blogs.ubc.ca/ziqixu/
*Karen Xingyu Gu http://blogs.ubc.ca/karengu/
*Varuntorn Kiatyudhachart http://blogs.ubc.ca/varuntornk/
*Stephanie Armstrong http://blogs.ubc.ca/stephaniearmstrong/
*Ryan Crosschild https://blogs.ubc.ca/ryanpcrosschild/
*Taya Henry http://blogs.ubc.ca/tayahenryubc/ <br />
*Courtney Kelly http://blogs.ubc.ca/courtneykelly/2016/06/23/peta/
*Karilynne Davies https://blogs.ubc.ca/karilynnedavies/
*Madisen Butterfield http://blogs.ubc.ca/madisenbutterfield/
*Lyzina Mondiwa //http://blogs.ubc.ca/lyzinamondiwa/<br/>
*Angela Chia https://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300angelachia/
*Deprice Martens http://blogs.ubc.ca/depricemartens/
*Tokey Xiao http://blogs.ubc.ca/tuoxiao/
*Heather James http://blogs.ubc.ca/heatherjames/
*Joey Manaligod http://blogs.ubc.ca/joeymanaligod/
*Kendra Parkinson http://blogs.ubc.ca/kendraparkinson/
*Heather Baker http://blogs.ubc.ca/heatherbaker/
*Lauren Cheng http://blogs.ubc.ca/laurencheng/
*Katja Volz http://blogs.ubc.ca/katjavolz/
*Mackenzie Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/mackenzielee/
*Lian Xue http://blogs.ubc.ca/xuelian/
*Lauren Slattery http://blogs.ubc.ca/laurenslatterygrsj/
*May Lum http://blogs.ubc.ca/maylum/
*Shoukia van Beek http://blogs.ubc.ca/shoukia/
*Julie (Seoyeon) Jung http://blogs.ubc.ca/juliejung/
*Jalini Paramsothi http://blogs.ubc.ca/Jaliniparamsothi/
*Monica Cygan http://blogs.ubc.ca/monicacygan/
*Alice Jin (Sheng Hui) http://blogs.ubc.ca/shenghuijin/
*Lucas Kling http://blogs.ubc.ca/lucaskling
*Tania Talebzadeh http://blogs.ubc.ca/taniataleb/
*Holly Shodin http://blogs.ubc.ca/hshodin/
*Priya Painuly http://blogs.ubc.ca/priyapainuly/
*Eileen Ruan http://blogs.ubc.ca/eileenruan/
*Yi Zhou http://blogs.ubc.ca/yizhou/
*Xinyu Wang http://blogs.ubc.ca/xinyuwang322/
*Erin Cederberg http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300erinced/
*Alyssa Ready http://blogs.ubc.ca/readyalyssa/2016/06/22/culture-jam-assignment/
*Chantelle Fromager http://blogs.ubc.ca/chantellefromager/
*Celena Tan http://blogs.ubc.ca/maciltan/
*Bailey Fan http://blogs.ubc.ca/baileycfan/
*Alexis Zimmer http://blogs.ubc.ca/alexiszimmer/
*Ming Shi http://blogs.ubc.ca/mingshi/
*Mengyao Jia http://blogs.ubc.ca/mengyaojia
*Christine Shin http://blogs.ubc.ca/christneshin/
*Zackary Uganec http://blogs.ubc.ca/zuganec/
*Andrew Antes http://blogs.ubc.ca/andrewantes/2016/06/24/culture-jam-project-aunt-jemima-ad/
*Gillian Guest http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300gguest/
*Sahib Dhaliwal http://blogs.ubc.ca/sahibdhaliwal/
*Colleen Fish https://blogs.ubc.ca/colleenfish/
*Nicole Yu http://blogs.ubc.ca/nicoyu/
*Syed Daniyal Shah http://blogs.ubc.ca/daniyalshah/
*Andy Holmes http://blogs.ubc.ca/andyholmes/
*Stephanie Smith http://blogs.ubc.ca/smithculturejam300/
*Chloe Johnstone http://blogs.ubc.ca/chloejohnstone/
*Kelsey Walker http://blogs.ubc.ca/kelseywalker/
*Farbod Feizi http://blogs.ubc.ca/farbodfeizi/
*Madeline Martin http://http://blogs.ubc.ca/madelinemartin/
*Gabrielle Vecchio https://blogs.ubc.ca/gabriellevecchiogrsj300/

=== 2015WC-GRSJ300-99C (Instructor: Dr. Ray Hsu) ===

* Angela Fu http://blogs.ubc.ca/angelaf/
* Hailie He https://blogs.ubc.ca/hailiehe
* Sydney Harrison http://blogs.ubc.ca/sydneyharrison
* Carol Fan http://blogs.ubc.ca/carolfan
* Quinnie Sin http://blogs.ubc.ca/quinniesin
* Rainbow Ran http://blogs.ubc.ca/rainbowran/
* Ava Chan http://blogs.ubc.ca/avachan
* Jarvis Wong http://blogs.ubc.ca/jarviswong
* Cindy Fan https://blogs.ubc.ca/cindyfan
* Minkyo Kim http://blogs.ubc.ca/minkyokim
* Marcelle Tsoi http://blogs.ubc.ca/marcelletsoi
* Jiangui Ma http://blogs.ubc.ca/nickma
* Lawson Parker http://blogs.ubc.ca/lawsonpgrsj300/
* Summer Roddick http://blogs.ubc.ca/summerroddick
* Ivona Ognjanova: http://blogs.ubc.ca/ivonaognjanova/
* Chelsea Ellacott http://blogs.ubc.ca/chelseaellacott
* Jina Jeong http://blogs.ubc.ca/jinajeong/
* Anson Wong http://blogs.ubc.ca/ansonwong/
* Leilani Rodrigues http://blogs.ubc.ca/leilanirodrigues/
* Nabil Boschman http://blogs.ubc.ca/nabilgrsj/
* Vicky Gu http://blogs.ubc.ca/vickygu/
* Christy Grenon http://blogs.ubc.ca/christygrenon
* Quinne Mason http://blogs.ubc.ca/quinnemason
* Hannah Vaartnou http://blogs.ubc.ca/hannahev/
* Kelsey Clarke http://blogs.ubc.ca/kelseyclarke/
* Caira Jillian Sy http://blogs.ubc.ca/cairasy/
* Chloe Chong http://blogs.ubc.ca/chloechong/
* Angela Ho http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300angelaho/
* Jenee Penn http://blogs.ubc.ca/jeneepenn/
* Songling Yu http://blogs.ubc.ca/songlingyu/
* Caitlyn Simmons http://blogs.ubc.ca/caitlynsimmons/
* Melissa Wu http://blogs.ubc.ca/melissasywu/
* Jordan Williams-Yuen http://blogs.ubc.ca/jwilliamsyuen/
* Megan Miller http://blogs.ubc.ca/meganmiller/
* Robert Choate http://blogs.ubc.ca/robertchoate/
* Levana Huang http://blogs.ubc.ca/levanahuang/
* Charlotte Coilan http://blogs.ubc.ca/charlottecgrsj/
* Lilian Tseng https://blogs.ubc.ca/liliantsengblog/
* Liam Murphy-Burke http://blogs.ubc.ca/lmurphyburke/
* Karsten Leitner http://blogs.ubc.ca/karstenleitner/
* Kirisana Sivakumaran http://blogs.ubc.ca/kirisanasivakumaran/
* Katherine Smith http://blogs.ubc.ca/katherinesmith/
* Braden Fong http://blogs.ubc.ca/bradenfong430/
* John Kevin Chan http://blogs.ubc.ca/johnkevindelacruzchan/
* Jenoa Rabinovitch http://blogs.ubc.ca/jenoarabinovitch/
* Sum Lo http://blogs.ubc.ca/sumlo/
* Ben Tettamanti http://blogs.ubc.ca/bentettamanti/
* Chui Man Leung http://blogs.ubc.ca/chuimanleung/
* Samantha Peng http://blogs.ubc.ca/samanthapeng/
* ManLing Ngan http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300manlingngan
* Nick Ma http://blogs.ubc.ca/nickma/
* Jacqueline Dorsch http://blogs.ubc.ca/jacquelinedorsch/
* Eugene Park http://blogs.ubc.ca/eugenepark/
* Xinyu (Maggie) Li http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300xinyuli/2016/04/08/video-mashup-assignment/
* Sandy Marji http://blogs.ubc.ca/sandymarji/
* Brandon Pearl http://blogs.ubc.ca/brandonpearlgrsj300/
* Szascha Lim http://blogs.ubc.ca/szaschalimgrsj300/
* Melissa Siy http://blogs.ubc.ca/melissasiygrsj/
* Sofia Kim http://blogs.ubc.ca/hungrynotlean/
* Alex Bain http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300abain/
* Aidan Gregory http://blogs.ubc.ca/aidangregory/2016/04/08/the-progress-of-feminism-mashup/
*Samantha Solomon http://http://blogs.ubc.ca/samanthasolomon/
*Crystal Yee http://blogs.ubc.ca/crystalyee/
*Coraline Félix http://blogs.ubc.ca/coralinefelix/
*Torey White http://blogs.ubc.ca/toreywhite/
*Yasaman Fazel http://blogs.ubc.ca/yfazelm/culture-jam-assignment/
*Jennifer McDermid: https://blogs.ubc.ca/jennmcdermid/
*Jiven Bal http://blogs.ubc.ca/jivenbal
*Zohra Moshtaq http://blogs.ubc.ca/zohramoshtaq/

GRSJ300StudentBlogs

2018-06-26T04:28:15Z

JayveeOng:

Post your UBC Blog URLS here! Please follow the following format: [Danielle] Ray] http://blogs.ubc.ca/blogurl<br />
Note: use '''http://''', do not use https://
=== 2018SA-GRSJ300-98A (Instructor: Dr. Manjeet Birk)===
*Rayna Ellis http://blogs.ubc.ca/raynaellis
*Jun Hyung Park http://blogs.ubc.ca/junhyungpark/
*Briana Matienzo http://blogs.ubc.ca/brimtnz
*Yei Young Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/glorialee
*Esther Chan https://blogs.ubc.ca/estherchan
*Hanna Jarrett http://blogs.ubc.ca/hannajarrett/
*Jia Hwang http://blogs.ubc.ca/jiahwang/
*Mike Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/mikelee/
*Arielle Sadaka http://blogs.ubc.ca/ariellesadaka
*Jenny Zhang http://blogs.ubc.ca/jennyzhang/
*Chelsea Bean http://blogs.ubc.ca/chelseabean
*Veronica Cho http://blogs.ubc.ca/thinkingender
*Sophia Harvey http://blogs.ubc.ca/sophiaharvey/
*Emma Tuson http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300emmatusonculturejam/
*Miranda Lambert http://blogs.ubc.ca/mirandaelambert/
*Chelsea Gladstone https://blogs.ubc.ca/chelseagladstone/
Jayvee Ong http://blogs.ubc.ca/jayveeong
=== 2017WC-GRSJ300-99C (Instructor: Dr. Manjeet Birk)===
*Wemi Ade http://blogs.ubc.ca/wemiade/
*Erin Waterman https://blogs.ubc.ca/erinwaterman/
*Danielle Ray http://blogs.ubc.ca/danielleray/
*Yingjun Ruan http://blogs.ubc.ca/yingjunruan/2018/02/16/gender-stereotyping/
*Philip Chan http://blogs.ubc.ca/philipchan/
*Hanna Peterson http://blogs.ubc.ca/hannapetersonculturejam/
*Laura Chenciner http://blogs.ubc.ca/lchenciner/
*Sujeong Yang http://blogs.ubc.ca/emilyyangsj/
*Noah Heyl http://blogs.ubc.ca/falkirks/
*Megan Cordoba http://blogs.ubc.ca/megancordoba/
*Harleen Kandola http://blogs.ubc.ca/harleenkandola/
*Jeanie Lam http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300jeanie/
*Vanessa Yamamoto http://blogs.ubc.ca/vanessayamamoto/
*Baylee Landymore http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300baylee/
*Miley Leong http://blogs.ubc.ca/mileyl/
*Melissa Malo http://blogs.ubc.ca/melissamalo/
*Shawna Narayan http://blogs.ubc.ca/shawnanarayan/
*Lauren Migrino http://blogs.ubc.ca/laurenmigrino/
*Nimrit Toor http://blogs.ubc.ca/nimrittoor/
*Ashley Artuso http://blogs.ubc.ca/ashleyartuso/
*Shali Tayebi https://blogs.ubc.ca/shalitayebi/
* Shali Tayebi (new) http://blogs.ubc.ca/shalitayebi/2018/03/06/culture-jam-assignment-2/
*Dayler Chua https://blogs.ubc.ca/daylerchua/
*Nathan Chan https://blogs.ubc.ca/nathanchan/
*Genevieve Moum http://blogs.ubc.ca/genevievemoum/
*Jen Rogers http://blogs.ubc.ca/jenrogersgrsj300/
*Virginia Ly http://blogs.ubc.ca/virginialy/
*Claire Wanhella http://blogs.ubc.ca/clairewanhella/
*Akira Rattan http://blogs.ubc.ca/akirarattan/
*Bernice Liu http://blogs.ubc.ca/berniceliu/
*Eric Yue http://blogs.ubc.ca/ericyue2018/
*Esther Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/estherleecja
*Siena Bogatin http://blogs.ubc.ca/sienabogatin
*Nurhian Dulay http://blogs.ubc.ca/nurhiand/
*Joeveen Dhari http://blogs.ubc.ca/joeveendhari
*Ava Daeipour http://blogs.ubc.ca/avadaeipour/
*Clement Orbasido http://blogs.ubc.ca/corbasido/
*Megan Leong http://blogs.ubc.ca/meganleong/
*Sabrina Dhalla http://blogs.ubc.ca/sabrinadhalla/
*Jimena Salinas http://blogs.ubc.ca/jimenasalinas/
*Sarah Quinones http://blogs.ubc.ca/sarahquinones/
*Hannah Moug http://blogs.ubc.ca/hannahmoug2/
*Jackie Tong http://blogs.ubc.ca/jackietong/
*Aayza Asim http://blogs.ubc.ca/aayzaasim/
*Taehan Kim http://blogs.ubc.ca/taehankim
*Aaron Ng http://blogs.ubc.ca/aaronngg/
*Kevin Dong http://blogs.ubc.ca/kevindong/2018/02/16/7/
*Sonia Khan http://blogs.ubc.ca/soniakhan
*Elizabeth Garvie http://blogs.ubc.ca/elizabethgarvie
*Abigail Aguilar http://blogs.ubc.ca/abigailaguilar/2018/02/16/culture-jam-assignment/
*Vikram Sandhu http://blogs.ubc.ca/vikramsandhu/
*Evan Chen https://blogs.ubc.ca/evanchen/2018/02/12/culture-jam-assignment/
*Justine Bearss http://blogs.ubc.ca/justinebearssgrsj/
*Lenard Tabakman http://blogs.ubc.ca/lenardtabakman/
*Sandy (Chushan) Lin http://blogs.ubc.ca/sandylingrsj300/2018/02/16/sky-vodka-ad/
*Jung Hoon Chrysen Park http://blogs.ubc.ca/chrysenpark/
*Katrina Zelko http://blogs.ubc.ca/kzelko
* [Jessica] Aylward] http://blogs.ubc.ca/jessicaaylward/2018/02/16/cultural-jam-assignment/
*Jessica Jannicia Winata http://blogs.ubc.ca/jessicawinata/2018/02/16/cultural-jam-assignment/
* Tao Tao (Allison) Lin http://blogs.ubc.ca/alisonlin/2018/02/16/grsj300-beach-body-jam/
*Meijing Zhu http://blogs.ubc.ca/meijingzhu/2018/02/16/grsj300-culture-jam-ad/
*Hyerin Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/hyerinlee/2018/02/16/culture-jam-assignment/
*Kate Stephen-Tammuz https://blogs.ubc.ca/katestephentammuz/
*Balraj Panesar http://blogs.ubc.ca/balrajpanesar
*Sasha Xu http://blogs.ubc.ca/sashaxu
*Alireza Ameri http://blogs.ubc.ca/ameri/
*Jocelyn Ng https://blogs.ubc.ca/jocelynng
*Vinu Samarasekera http://blogs.ubc.ca/vinusamarasekera/2018/02/24/cultural-jam-assignment/
*Christine Yap http://blogs.ubc.ca/cyap2018/
*Rowan Harris http://blogs.ubc.ca/rowanharris300grsj/
* Meredith Bogle (Lucy) https://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300lucybogle/

=== 2017WA-GRSJ300-99A (Instructor: Dr. Chris Shelley)===
*Nellie Gossen http://blogs.ubc.ca/nelliegossen/culturejamming/
*Angie Gregson https://blogs.ubc.ca/angiegregson/
*Celina Chow http://blogs.ubc.ca/celinachow/
*Sauna Singh http://blogs.ubc.ca/saunasingh/
*Pam Choi http://blogs.ubc.ca/pychoigrsj/
*Alana Guidry http://blogs.ubc.ca/alanaguidry/
*Lama Al-Awawdeh http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300la/
*La'Vere Corbin-Ong http://blogs.ubc.ca/laverecorbinong
*Jessica Fletcher http://blogs.ubc.ca/jessicamariefletcher/
*Raman Kainth http://blogs.ubc.ca/culturejamming/
*Lindsay Peloquin http://blogs.ubc.ca/lindsaypeloquin/
*Leanne Rachid https://blogs.ubc.ca/leannerachid/?p=6
*Amy Wang http://blogs.ubc.ca/amywang82
*Ricki Reay http://blogs.ubc.ca/rreaygrsj300/
*Bryn Shaffer http://blogs.ubc.ca/brynshaffer/
*Clare Hawthorne http://blogs.ubc.ca/clarehawthorne/
*Neysa Fernanda http://blogs.ubc.ca/fernandaneysa
* Mariah Franzmann http://blogs.ubc.ca/mariahfranzmann/
* Cassidy Clements http://blogs.ubc.ca/cassidyclements/
* Michelle Kwan http://blogs.ubc.ca/michellekwan
* Jeffrey Leung http://blogs.ubc.ca/jeffreyleung1/
* Louisa Ledesma http://blogs.ubc.ca/louisaledesma/
* Melissa Springenatic http://blogs.ubc.ca/melissaspringenatic
* Tina Saniee http://blogs.ubc.ca/tinasaniee2
* Connie Ho http://blogs.ubc.ca/connieho15
* Emily-Rose Bonthoux http://blogs.ubc.ca/emilyrosebonthoux/
* Ashley Juana http://blogs.ubc.ca/ashleyfjuana/
* Manjinder Sihota http://blogs.ubc.ca/manjinderks/
* Laile Hu http://blogs.ubc.ca/cocohu/
* Summer Xia http://blogs.ubc.ca/summerxia
*Jhena Waring http://blogs.ubc.ca/jhenawaring
*Rena Taggar http://blogs.ubc.ca/renataggar/
*Ciara Malone http://blogs.ubc.ca/ciaralaurenmalone/
*Lila Chan http://blogs.ubc.ca/lilachan1/
*Krysta Seifert http://blogs.ubc.ca/krystaseifert/
* Orchid Kamron https://blogs.ubc.ca/orchidkamron
* Gabriel Pamintuan http://blogs.ubc.ca/gabrielpamintuan/
* Jessie Tai http://blogs.ubc.ca/jessietai/
* Veronika Ruskova http://blogs.ubc.ca/veronikaruskova/
* Gary Liu http://blogs.ubc.ca/minhaoliu
* Ivans Zhang http://blogs.ubc.ca/ivanszhang123
* Lin Zhou http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300linzhou
* Stephanie Pawluk http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300stephaniepawluk/
*Lucy Haché http://blogs.ubc.ca/lucyhacheblog/
*Natasha Hemer http://blogs.ubc.ca/natashahemer/
* Emma Hicks http://blogs.ubc.ca/emmahicks/2017/10/19/culture-jam-assignment/
* Benae Tutelman http://blogs.ubc.ca/btutelman
*Emi Hirano http://blogs.ubc.ca/ehirano/
* Leah (Chae-Eun) Kim http://blogs.ubc.ca/leahkim9/
* Eden Chan http://blogs.ubc.ca/edenchan/
* Karen Cheng http://blogs.ubc.ca/karencheng/
* Polina Bachlakova http://blogs.ubc.ca/polinabachlakova/2017/10/17/how-the-danish-tax-system-profits-off-of-stigmatizing-sex-work/
* RuiXuan Zhang http://blogs.ubc.ca/ruixuanzhang
* Jarrod Baddeliyanage http://blogs.ubc.ca/jarrodbaddeliyanage/
*Maggie Cummings http://blogs.ubc.ca/maggiecummings
*Harnish Sidhu http://blogs.ubc.ca/nishasidhu/
*Rachel Meadow http://blogs.ubc.ca/rachelmeadow/
*Suzi Ross https://blogs.ubc.ca/suziross/
*Elliott Cordingley https://blogs.ubc.ca/ewcd/
*Lauren Tonello http://blogs.ubc.ca/ltonello/
*Pinya Lu http://blogs.ubc.ca/pinyalu/
*Anastassiya Smirnova https://blogs.ubc.ca/anastassiyasmirnova/
*Raymond Becker http://blogs.ubc.ca/becker/
*Jasmeen Dhaliwal http://blogs.ubc.ca/jasmeendhaliwal/
*Emily Michelin http://blogs.ubc.ca/emilymichelin/2017/10/20/culture-jam-assignment/
*Coco Hu http://blogs.ubc.ca/cocohu/2017/10/20/8/
*Allison Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/allisonlee/2017/10/20/grsj-300-culture-jamming-assignment/
*Kris McCrea https://blogs.ubc.ca/krismccrea/
*Chantelle Verde http://blogs.ubc.ca/chantelleverde/2017/10/21/grsj-300/
*Sarah Gutri http://blogs.ubc.ca/sarahgutri/
*Liam Watson https://blogs.ubc.ca/liamwatson/2017/10/23/4/
*Sasha Ponomareva https://blogs.ubc.ca/sashaponomareva/
*Jocelyn Ng https://blogs.ubc.ca/jocelynng
[Danny] [Wu] http://blogs.ubc.ca/dannywu/
=== 2017SA-GRSJ300-98A (Instructor: Dr. Ray Hsu)===

GROUP 1
* Kate (Kathryn) McLaughlin https://blogs.ubc.ca/kathrynmcl/
* Qi Mao http://blogs.ubc.ca/qimao
* Ashley Hayes http://blogs.ubc.ca/ashleyhayes
* Sarah Siska http://blogs.ubc.ca/sarahsiska/
* Angelina Sung http://blogs.ubc.ca/angelinasung/2017/06/27/angelinasung/
* Lara Jung http://blogs.ubc.ca/larajung/
* Erica Wong http://blogs.ubc.ca/ericawong/
* Frances Langtry http://blogs.ubc.ca/franceslangtry/
* Rebecca Kenward https://blogs.ubc.ca/rebeccakenward/
* Amie Kim http://blogs.ubc.ca/amiekim/

GROUP 2
* Apollina Kyle https://blogs.ubc.ca/pollykyle/
* Keely Yu http://blogs.ubc.ca/keelyyu/
* Nicole Jackson http://blogs.ubc.ca/nicolejsblog/
* Suanne Lau http://blogs.ubc.ca/suanne/
* Geneva Gordon http://blogs.ubc.ca/genevagordon/
* Carlene Loughlin http://blogs.ubc.ca/carlenegrsj/
* Lauryn Collins http://blogs.ubc.ca/lcollinsgrsj/2017/06/30/fashion-ing-the-notion-of-women-in-their-place/
* Rebecca Li http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300rebeccaliculturejam/
* Isha Jain http://blogs.ubc.ca/ishajaingrsj/

GROUP 3
*Hayley Jim http://blogs.ubc.ca/hayleyjim/
*Cecile Ouillet http://blogs.ubc.ca/cecile/
*Vivian Guo http://blogs.ubc.ca/vivguo/
*Gabrielle Vecchio https://blogs.ubc.ca/gabriellevecchiogrsj300/
*Delaram "Del" Hajipour http://blogs.ubc.ca/delhajipour/
*Katelyn Roberts http://blogs.ubc.ca/katelynjoan/
*Tiffany Tang http://blogs.ubc.ca/tiffanytang/
*Peter Craigen http://blogs.ubc.ca/peterjc/

GROUP 4
* Emily Nawar https://blogs.ubc.ca/emilynawar/
* Jeff Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/jefflee
* Sarah Neubauer http://blogs.ubc.ca/sarahneubauer/
* Lina Khairallah https://blogs.ubc.ca/linakhairallah/
* Keiko Pan http://blogs.ubc.ca/keikopan/
* Rachel Burns http://blogs.ubc.ca/rachelburns
* Erin Wallace http://blogs.ubc.ca/erinwallace/2017/06/30/grsj-300-culture-jam-clorox-and-rosie-the-riveter/
* Marina Tischenko https://blogs.ubc.ca/marinatnko/
* Gurveen Dhaliwal http://blogs.ubc.ca/gurveendhaliwal/

GROUP 5
* Brett Shearing http://blogs.ubc.ca/brettshearing/
* Nunu King http://blogs.ubc.ca/nunuking/
* Kelsey Driessen http://blogs.ubc.ca/kelseydriessen/
* Carmen Chow https://blogs.ubc.ca/carmenchow/
* AnQi Suo http://blogs.ubc.ca/anqisuo/
* Iris Law http://blogs.ubc.ca/irislaw/
*Christie Ong http://blogs.ubc.ca/christieong/
*Don Fazl https://blogs.ubc.ca/donfazlgrsj300/
*Nitzan Ziv https://blogs.ubc.ca/nitzanziv1/wp-admin/post.php?post=1&action=edit
*Shahla Abdolkarim Ali http://blogs.ubc.ca/shahlaali85/

GROUP 6
*Christine Ganase http://blogs.ubc.ca/cjganase/
*Lizzy Ojo http://blogs.ubc.ca/culturejambylizzyojo/
*Claire Livingstone http://blogs.ubc.ca/clairelivingstone
*Andrew Ting http://blogs.ubc.ca/andrewting/
*Aleea Dahinden http://blogs.ubc.ca/dahinden/2017/06/30/jammed-ad-grsj-300/
*Amy Alexandrian http://blogs.ubc.ca/amyalexandrian/
*Ann Dinh https://blogs.ubc.ca/adinny/
* Zainab Ahmed https://blogs.ubc.ca/zainabahmed
* Ali Hussein https://blogs.ubc.ca/aliihussein

GROUP 7
*Yi Xiong https://blogs.ubc.ca/yixiong/?p=8&preview=true
* Chanel Trac http://blogs.ubc.ca/chaneltrac/
* Bryleigh Leblanc-Wong http://blogs.ubc.ca/bryleighw/
* Ben Etkin-Goulet http://blogs.ubc.ca/etkingouletben/
* Miranda Choo http://blogs.ubc.ca/mirandagrsj300/
* Jessica Liang http://blogs.ubc.ca/jessicaliang/
* Jennifer McDermid: https://blogs.ubc.ca/jennmcdermid/
* Joan Canave https://blogs.ubc.ca/joancanave/
*Jiven Bal http://blogs.ubc.ca/jivenbal

=== 2016WC-GRSJ300-99C (Instructor: Dr. Manjeet Birk)===

GROUP 1
*Brooke Manchester http://blogs.ubc.ca/brookemanchester
* Salice Kale http://blogs.ubc.ca/salicek/
*Larissa Goh http://blogs.ubc.ca/larissag/
*Ivy Debinski http://blogs.ubc.ca/ivydebinski/
*Nathalie Egenaes http://blogs.ubc.ca/negenaesgrsj300/
* Tatyana Romeus-Kebe http://blogs.ubc.ca/tatyanaromeuskebe/
*Sara Fahlander http://blogs.ubc.ca/sarafahlander/
*Agatha Widjaja https://blogs.ubc.ca/agathawidjaja/
*Cormac O'Dwyer http://blogs.ubc.ca/cormacodwyer/
*Julie Li http://blogs.ubc.ca/julieli/
*Lee Nagy http://blogs.ubc.ca/leenagy/
*Grace Riddell http://blogs.ubc.ca/graceriddell/

GROUP 2
* Charmaine Magday https://blogs.ubc.ca/magdayc
* Kim Nguyen https://blogs.ubc.ca/kimnguyen
* Hayley Lyons http://blogs.ubc.ca/hayleylyons/
* Nicole Lam http://blogs.ubc.ca/nicolelam/
* Melissa Chinaloy http://blogs.ubc.ca/melchinaloy
* Danielle Dickson http://blogs.ubc.ca/dicda/
* Kumar Rithvik Kasireddy http://blogs.ubc.ca/kumarrithvikkasireddy/
* Alaina Chun http://blogs.ubc.ca/alainachungrsj300/
* Julia Hofmann http://blogs.ubc.ca/juliaehofmann/grsj300/
* Cevina Ghuman http://blogs.ubc.ca/cevinaghuman/

GROUP 3
* Jacqueline Yan http://blogs.ubc.ca/jyan/
* Katina Nguyen http://blogs.ubc.ca/katinanguyen/
* Chloe Hronopoulos http://blogs.ubc.ca/chloehronopouloss/
* Maddie Lafleur http://blogs.ubc.ca/maddielafleur/
*Justine Doiron http://blogs.ubc.ca/jdoiron/
* Stephanie Miflores http://blogs.ubc.ca/stephaniemiflores/
* Evan Kwong http://blogs.ubc.ca/eakwong/grsj-300/
* Rawan Mokabel http://blogs.ubc.ca/rawanm/2017/02/21/culture-jam-assignment/
* Miranda Gibson http://blogs.ubc.ca/mirandagibson/culture-jam-assignment/
GROUP 4
* Jordyn Shaw https://blogs.ubc.ca/jordynshaw/
*Jeannette Zheng https://blogs.ubc.ca/jeannettezheng/
* Abdulellah Altayar http://blogs.ubc.ca/abdulellahaltayar/
* Amanpreet Sidhu http://blogs.ubc.ca/amansidhu/
* Annie Choi http://blogs.ubc.ca/anniechoigrsj300
* Parmvir Brar http://blogs.ubc.ca/parmvirbrar/
* Ethan Schnell http://blogs.ubc.ca/ethanschnell/2017/02/16/
* David Rallis http://blogs.ubc.ca/davidrallis/
*Kini Tao http://blogs.ubc.ca/kinitao/
*Marissa Upshaw http://blogs.ubc.ca/mupshaw/

GROUP 5
*Aanchal Puri http://blogs.ubc.ca/aanchalpuri/
*Jomar Santos https://blogs.ubc.ca/jomarsantos
*Leah Walden http://blogs.ubc.ca/leahwalden
*Morgan Lyon http://blogs.ubc.ca/morganlyon/
* Lal Koyuncu http://blogs.ubc.ca/lalkoyuncu
* Sara Lisk http://blogs.ubc.ca/saralisk/
* Angela Bradshaw http://blogs.ubc.ca/angelabradshaw/
*Amanda Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/amandatclee
*Terrisa Inthapanya http://blogs.ubc.ca/terrisainthapanya/

GROUP 6
*Adeline Hao https://blogs.ubc.ca/adelinehao
*Adrian Dizon http://blogs.ubc.ca/adriandizongrsj300/
*Gurjot Singh http://blogs.ubc.ca/gurjotsingh
*Stacey Forrester http://blogs.ubc.ca/staceyforrester/
*Khaleed Mawji https://blogs.ubc.ca/khaleedmawji/
*Delainey Lockett http://blogs.ubc.ca/delaineylockett/
*Jessica Liu http://blogs.ubc.ca/jessicaliu300/
*Chantel Jackson http://blogs.ubc.ca/chanteljackson/
*James Macklem http://blogs.ubc.ca/jamiemacklem/2017/02/17/culture-jam/
*Bharvita Nakum http://blogs.ubc.ca/bharvitanakum/
*Justine Bearss

GROUP 7
*Jocelyn Gould http://blogs.ubc.ca/jocelyngouldgrsj300/
*Kieran Bath http://blogs.ubc.ca/kieranbathgrsj
*Matthew Ward http://blogs.ubc.ca/matthewjward/
*Michelle Blaine http://blogs.ubc.ca/michelleblaine/
*Erik Matson http://blogs.ubc.ca/erikmatson/
*Brooke Lynch http://blogs.ubc.ca/brookelynch/
*Elizabeth Huston-Herterich http://blogs.ubc.ca/elizabethhustonherterich/
*Samantha Martin-Ferris https://blogs.ubc.ca/fnis410samantha/
*Tammy Chou http://blogs.ubc.ca/tammychou/
*Ella Klein http://blogs.ubc.ca/ellaklein/
*Kashtin De Souza http://blogs.ubc.ca/coronabeer/corona-extra/
*Jeongeun (Ellen) Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/imellen/
*[Megan][Bethune] : http://blogs.ubc.ca/meganbethune/2017/03/29/hello-world//blogurl<br />
*Jennifer McDermid: https://blogs.ubc.ca/jennmcdermid/
*Jiven Bal: http://blogs.ubc.ca/jivenbal/2017/06/30/original-ad/

=== 2016WA-GRSJ300-99A (Instructor: Dr. Chris Shelley)===
*Sidra Baig http://blogs.ubc.ca/sidrab/
*Natasha Mutombe http://blogs.ubc.ca/natashafadzayi/
*Colin May http://blogs.ubc.ca/trumpdump/2016/10/21/culture-jam-assignment-politics-on-the-home-front/
*Gary Teng http://blogs.ubc.ca/gtengyy/
*Manni Xiao http://blogs.ubc.ca/mannixiao/
* Kaitlyn Guzman http://blogs.ubc.ca/kaitlynguzman/
* Ksenia Stepkina https://blogs.ubc.ca/kseniastepkina/
* Ali Hodroje http://blogs.ubc.ca/ahodr/
*Erica Yang http://blogs.ubc.ca/ericayang/
* Naomy Kang http://blogs.ubc.ca/naomykang/
*Jin Roh http://blogs.ubc.ca/jinroh/
* Veronika Zaytseva http://blogs.ubc.ca/veronikazayts/
* Clarissa Lau http://blogs.ubc.ca/clarissalau/
* Christina Hebert http://blogs.ubc.ca/christinahebert/
* Tania Jagpal http://blogs.ubc.ca/taniajagpal/
* Paige Knights http://blogs.ubc.ca/paigeknights
* Chloë Parkin http://blogs.ubc.ca/chloehcparkin/
* Sheila Low http://blogs.ubc.ca/sheilalow/
* Samantha Smirfitt https://blogs.ubc.ca/samantha300
* Natalie Boag http://blogs.ubc.ca/natalieboag/
* Erin Thomas http://blogs.ubc.ca/erinthomas/
*Mackenzie Stevens http://blogs.ubc.ca/mackenziestevens/
* Madeleine Luke http://blogs.ubc.ca/madeleineluke2/
* Maria Rakina http://blogs.ubc.ca/mariarakina/
* Abirami Muthukumar http://blogs.ubc.ca/amuthukumar/
* Natalie Amoore http://blogs.ubc.ca/natalieamoore/
* Tiffany Koo http://blogs.ubc.ca/tiffanykoo/
* Kelly Taverner http://blogs.ubc.ca/kellytav/
* Pui Yu Emily Wong http://blogs.ubc.ca/emilywongg/
* Sisi Guo http://blogs.ubc.ca/sisiguo/
* Will Molloy http://blogs.ubc.ca/willmolloy/
* Kate Bezugley http://blogs.ubc.ca/katebezugley/
* Brogan Whatley http://blogs.ubc.ca/broganwhatley/
* Sarah May http://blogs.ubc.ca/sarahmay/
* Adan Barclay https://blogs.ubc.ca/adanbarclay/
* Quinn Dhaliwal http://blogs.ubc.ca/quinndhaliwal/
* Ava Mokhtari Fard http://blogs.ubc.ca/ava123
* Christine Ma http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300christinema/
* Winston Limanto http://blogs.ubc.ca/winstonlimanto/
* Shay Prasad http://blogs.ubc.ca/shayprasad
* Arisha Shory http://blogs.ubc.ca/arishashory/
*Patrick Munyurangabo http://blogs.ubc.ca/patrickmu/
* Madeline Martin http://blogs.ubc.ca/madelinemartin/
* Ili Yang http://blogs.ubc.ca/iliyang/
* Maui Calleja http://blogs.ubc.ca/mcalleja/
* Najla Sekariyanti http://blogs.ubc.ca/najlasekar/
* Sherry Cheng http://blogs.ubc.ca/sherrycheng/
* Olivia Kam http://blogs.ubc.ca/oliviakam/
* Eliana Horvath http://blogs.ubc.ca/elianahorvath/
* Maelle Grenier http://blogs.ubc.ca/maellegrenier/
* Breanna Bernard http://blogs.ubc.ca/breannabernard/
* Chi-Han Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/hanklee/
* Heather Farrell http://blogs.ubc.ca/heatherfarrell/'
* Tiffany Tsang http://blogs.ubc.ca/tsang007/
* Olivia Lo http://blogs.ubc.ca/olivialo/
* Yeree (Kelly) Oh http://blogs.ubc.ca/kellyoh90
* Miranda Maxwell http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300culturaljammingmmaxwell/1-2/
*Ciara Dushnisky http://blogs.ubc.ca/ciaradushnisky/
*Monique Beaulieu http://blogs.ubc.ca/moniquebeaulieu/
*Zhi Hao Wan http://blogs.ubc.ca/zhihaowan/
*Emily Zaporozan http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300emilyzap/
*Amanda Burns http://blogs.ubc.ca/amandaburns/
* Yunxia Lin http://blogs.ubc.ca/yunxia/
* Cindy Wang http://blogs.ubc.ca/cndyy/
* Hannah Wagner [https://blogs.ubc.ca/hannahw/ GRSJ 300 Blog]
* Colin May http://blogs.ubc.ca/trumpdump
*Imaan Punja http://blogs.ubc.ca/imaanpunja/2016/10/21/victorias-secret-double-standard/
* Sebastian Silley http://blogs.ubc.ca/silleysebastian/
*Yumi Chang http://blogs.ubc.ca/yumichang/

=== 2016SA-GRSJ300-98A (Instructor: Dr. Ray Hsu)===
*Ishita Ashraf http://blogs.ubc.ca/ashrafishita
*Michelle Leung http://blogs.ubc.ca/michellewmleung/
*Eyvette Runner http://blogs.ubc.ca/eyvetterunner/2016/06/24/gsnj300-culture-jam-2016/
*Zi Qi Xu (May) http://blogs.ubc.ca/ziqixu/
*Karen Xingyu Gu http://blogs.ubc.ca/karengu/
*Varuntorn Kiatyudhachart http://blogs.ubc.ca/varuntornk/
*Stephanie Armstrong http://blogs.ubc.ca/stephaniearmstrong/
*Ryan Crosschild https://blogs.ubc.ca/ryanpcrosschild/
*Taya Henry http://blogs.ubc.ca/tayahenryubc/ <br />
*Courtney Kelly http://blogs.ubc.ca/courtneykelly/2016/06/23/peta/
*Karilynne Davies https://blogs.ubc.ca/karilynnedavies/
*Madisen Butterfield http://blogs.ubc.ca/madisenbutterfield/
*Lyzina Mondiwa //http://blogs.ubc.ca/lyzinamondiwa/<br/>
*Angela Chia https://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300angelachia/
*Deprice Martens http://blogs.ubc.ca/depricemartens/
*Tokey Xiao http://blogs.ubc.ca/tuoxiao/
*Heather James http://blogs.ubc.ca/heatherjames/
*Joey Manaligod http://blogs.ubc.ca/joeymanaligod/
*Kendra Parkinson http://blogs.ubc.ca/kendraparkinson/
*Heather Baker http://blogs.ubc.ca/heatherbaker/
*Lauren Cheng http://blogs.ubc.ca/laurencheng/
*Katja Volz http://blogs.ubc.ca/katjavolz/
*Mackenzie Lee http://blogs.ubc.ca/mackenzielee/
*Lian Xue http://blogs.ubc.ca/xuelian/
*Lauren Slattery http://blogs.ubc.ca/laurenslatterygrsj/
*May Lum http://blogs.ubc.ca/maylum/
*Shoukia van Beek http://blogs.ubc.ca/shoukia/
*Julie (Seoyeon) Jung http://blogs.ubc.ca/juliejung/
*Jalini Paramsothi http://blogs.ubc.ca/Jaliniparamsothi/
*Monica Cygan http://blogs.ubc.ca/monicacygan/
*Alice Jin (Sheng Hui) http://blogs.ubc.ca/shenghuijin/
*Lucas Kling http://blogs.ubc.ca/lucaskling
*Tania Talebzadeh http://blogs.ubc.ca/taniataleb/
*Holly Shodin http://blogs.ubc.ca/hshodin/
*Priya Painuly http://blogs.ubc.ca/priyapainuly/
*Eileen Ruan http://blogs.ubc.ca/eileenruan/
*Yi Zhou http://blogs.ubc.ca/yizhou/
*Xinyu Wang http://blogs.ubc.ca/xinyuwang322/
*Erin Cederberg http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300erinced/
*Alyssa Ready http://blogs.ubc.ca/readyalyssa/2016/06/22/culture-jam-assignment/
*Chantelle Fromager http://blogs.ubc.ca/chantellefromager/
*Celena Tan http://blogs.ubc.ca/maciltan/
*Bailey Fan http://blogs.ubc.ca/baileycfan/
*Alexis Zimmer http://blogs.ubc.ca/alexiszimmer/
*Ming Shi http://blogs.ubc.ca/mingshi/
*Mengyao Jia http://blogs.ubc.ca/mengyaojia
*Christine Shin http://blogs.ubc.ca/christneshin/
*Zackary Uganec http://blogs.ubc.ca/zuganec/
*Andrew Antes http://blogs.ubc.ca/andrewantes/2016/06/24/culture-jam-project-aunt-jemima-ad/
*Gillian Guest http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300gguest/
*Sahib Dhaliwal http://blogs.ubc.ca/sahibdhaliwal/
*Colleen Fish https://blogs.ubc.ca/colleenfish/
*Nicole Yu http://blogs.ubc.ca/nicoyu/
*Syed Daniyal Shah http://blogs.ubc.ca/daniyalshah/
*Andy Holmes http://blogs.ubc.ca/andyholmes/
*Stephanie Smith http://blogs.ubc.ca/smithculturejam300/
*Chloe Johnstone http://blogs.ubc.ca/chloejohnstone/
*Kelsey Walker http://blogs.ubc.ca/kelseywalker/
*Farbod Feizi http://blogs.ubc.ca/farbodfeizi/
*Madeline Martin http://http://blogs.ubc.ca/madelinemartin/
*Gabrielle Vecchio https://blogs.ubc.ca/gabriellevecchiogrsj300/

=== 2015WC-GRSJ300-99C (Instructor: Dr. Ray Hsu) ===

* Angela Fu http://blogs.ubc.ca/angelaf/
* Hailie He https://blogs.ubc.ca/hailiehe
* Sydney Harrison http://blogs.ubc.ca/sydneyharrison
* Carol Fan http://blogs.ubc.ca/carolfan
* Quinnie Sin http://blogs.ubc.ca/quinniesin
* Rainbow Ran http://blogs.ubc.ca/rainbowran/
* Ava Chan http://blogs.ubc.ca/avachan
* Jarvis Wong http://blogs.ubc.ca/jarviswong
* Cindy Fan https://blogs.ubc.ca/cindyfan
* Minkyo Kim http://blogs.ubc.ca/minkyokim
* Marcelle Tsoi http://blogs.ubc.ca/marcelletsoi
* Jiangui Ma http://blogs.ubc.ca/nickma
* Lawson Parker http://blogs.ubc.ca/lawsonpgrsj300/
* Summer Roddick http://blogs.ubc.ca/summerroddick
* Ivona Ognjanova: http://blogs.ubc.ca/ivonaognjanova/
* Chelsea Ellacott http://blogs.ubc.ca/chelseaellacott
* Jina Jeong http://blogs.ubc.ca/jinajeong/
* Anson Wong http://blogs.ubc.ca/ansonwong/
* Leilani Rodrigues http://blogs.ubc.ca/leilanirodrigues/
* Nabil Boschman http://blogs.ubc.ca/nabilgrsj/
* Vicky Gu http://blogs.ubc.ca/vickygu/
* Christy Grenon http://blogs.ubc.ca/christygrenon
* Quinne Mason http://blogs.ubc.ca/quinnemason
* Hannah Vaartnou http://blogs.ubc.ca/hannahev/
* Kelsey Clarke http://blogs.ubc.ca/kelseyclarke/
* Caira Jillian Sy http://blogs.ubc.ca/cairasy/
* Chloe Chong http://blogs.ubc.ca/chloechong/
* Angela Ho http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300angelaho/
* Jenee Penn http://blogs.ubc.ca/jeneepenn/
* Songling Yu http://blogs.ubc.ca/songlingyu/
* Caitlyn Simmons http://blogs.ubc.ca/caitlynsimmons/
* Melissa Wu http://blogs.ubc.ca/melissasywu/
* Jordan Williams-Yuen http://blogs.ubc.ca/jwilliamsyuen/
* Megan Miller http://blogs.ubc.ca/meganmiller/
* Robert Choate http://blogs.ubc.ca/robertchoate/
* Levana Huang http://blogs.ubc.ca/levanahuang/
* Charlotte Coilan http://blogs.ubc.ca/charlottecgrsj/
* Lilian Tseng https://blogs.ubc.ca/liliantsengblog/
* Liam Murphy-Burke http://blogs.ubc.ca/lmurphyburke/
* Karsten Leitner http://blogs.ubc.ca/karstenleitner/
* Kirisana Sivakumaran http://blogs.ubc.ca/kirisanasivakumaran/
* Katherine Smith http://blogs.ubc.ca/katherinesmith/
* Braden Fong http://blogs.ubc.ca/bradenfong430/
* John Kevin Chan http://blogs.ubc.ca/johnkevindelacruzchan/
* Jenoa Rabinovitch http://blogs.ubc.ca/jenoarabinovitch/
* Sum Lo http://blogs.ubc.ca/sumlo/
* Ben Tettamanti http://blogs.ubc.ca/bentettamanti/
* Chui Man Leung http://blogs.ubc.ca/chuimanleung/
* Samantha Peng http://blogs.ubc.ca/samanthapeng/
* ManLing Ngan http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300manlingngan
* Nick Ma http://blogs.ubc.ca/nickma/
* Jacqueline Dorsch http://blogs.ubc.ca/jacquelinedorsch/
* Eugene Park http://blogs.ubc.ca/eugenepark/
* Xinyu (Maggie) Li http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300xinyuli/2016/04/08/video-mashup-assignment/
* Sandy Marji http://blogs.ubc.ca/sandymarji/
* Brandon Pearl http://blogs.ubc.ca/brandonpearlgrsj300/
* Szascha Lim http://blogs.ubc.ca/szaschalimgrsj300/
* Melissa Siy http://blogs.ubc.ca/melissasiygrsj/
* Sofia Kim http://blogs.ubc.ca/hungrynotlean/
* Alex Bain http://blogs.ubc.ca/grsj300abain/
* Aidan Gregory http://blogs.ubc.ca/aidangregory/2016/04/08/the-progress-of-feminism-mashup/
*Samantha Solomon http://http://blogs.ubc.ca/samanthasolomon/
*Crystal Yee http://blogs.ubc.ca/crystalyee/
*Coraline Félix http://blogs.ubc.ca/coralinefelix/
*Torey White http://blogs.ubc.ca/toreywhite/
*Yasaman Fazel http://blogs.ubc.ca/yfazelm/culture-jam-assignment/
*Jennifer McDermid: https://blogs.ubc.ca/jennmcdermid/
*Jiven Bal http://blogs.ubc.ca/jivenbal
*Zohra Moshtaq http://blogs.ubc.ca/zohramoshtaq/