UBC Wiki - User contributions [en]

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-27T17:51:13Z

HanahDhanani:

[[File:Mossy trees Vancouver Island.jpg|thumb|351x351px|An example of a forest in Vancouver Island, where Qala:yit is located.]]Qala:yit Community Forest was created September 8th 2018<ref name=":3" />. It is located on the traditional land of the Pacheedaht First Nation. The Pacheedaht are an indigenous group in the very southern tip of British Columbia, Canada. They have been in the area since time immemorial and have a population of approximately 200. The community is very poor and the forest is expected to financially help the community<ref name=":1" />. There have been two documents that have been crucial to the creation of this forest; the Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement created in 2005<ref name=":4" /> and the First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement created in 2013<ref name=":6" />. The tenure and administrative agreements are very fair and respectful of both communities, however it is unclear if these procedures are actually going to be followed, as the forest is so new.

==Description==
Qala:yit Community Forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pacheedahtfirstnation.com/pacheedaht-first-nation-history-and-villages/|title=History and Villages|last=|first=|date=|website=Pacheedaht First Nation Treaty Information|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Qala:yit is a collaboration between the Pacheedaht First Nation, BC Timber and the Government of BC<ref name=":3" />. Qala:yit is the newest community forest in Canada, as of November 2018, and is unique in that it the only community forest to be partnered with BC Timber sales<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulpandpapercanada.com/forestry/pacheedaht-first-nation-and-cowichan-lake-enter-community-forest-agreement-1100001324|title=Pacheedaht First Nation and Cowichan Lake enter community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 10 2018|work=Pulp and Paper Canada|access-date=October 10th}}</ref>. Qala:yit community forest accounts for approximately 8,000 hectares of Crown land.

== The Pacheedaht ==
[[File:Pacheedaht.png|thumb|A map of the traditional Pacheedaht First Nations area. ]]
The Pacheedaht are a First Nations group in south-west Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Before European colonilization, the Pacheedaht population was estimated to be around 1,500<ref name=":1" />. Disease, brutality and residential schools have dropped that number to about 200 today<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=Collins|first=Tim|date=October 4th 2018|work=Sooke News Mirror|access-date=}}</ref>. The Pacheedaht community is a very poor community since their logging industry collapsed in the 1980's<ref name=":2" />. The sawmill closed and there was no more hope or livelihood in the community. Additionally, like many First Nations communities in Canada, there is a significant suicide rate in the community. At one point, the community had the highest suicide had the highest teenage suicide rate in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infohub.com/travel-stories/reality_enriches_those_that_visit_the_pacheedaht_first_nation-58.html|title=Reality Enriches Those That Visit The Pacheedaht First Nation|last=|first=|date=|website=InfoHub|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.However, since the addition of Qala:yit community forest and the newly opened Sea Foam fish processing plant<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://renfrewchamber.com/seafoam-seafood-fish-processing-plant|title=Seafoam Seafood Fish Processing Plant|last=|first=|date=|website=Port Renfrew|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, there is hope and the community is looking forward to a financial and stable society.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement (2005)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs2014_2/546081/downloadasset.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning|last=|first=|date=2005|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==

All of the following is paraphrased from the Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement<ref name=":4" />.The purposes of the meetings that led to this document include; creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and the Pacheedaht planning for a successful socio-economic future for the First Nation group and recognizing the cultural and historical significance of the group. Another very important reason for these meetings was to create a fair and respectful environment for both parties to share their values and goals. This document outlines many aspect of the potential community forest to be born.

Some of these outlines focus on consultations, general operations, financial issues and problem solving. Regarding consultations, the government of British Columbia promises to see problems in the eyes of the Pacheedaht, the Pacheedaht have to abide within their agreed upon border and when the agreement retires, the two parties will meet and discuss negotiations. General operations describes the annual allowable cut, proper and quick communication and a promise to keep both parties up to date. Financial issues and problem solving also involve much consultation and a great effort in both parties.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement (2013)<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/zzzz-to-be-moved/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/agreements/ita_pacheedaht.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement|last=|first=|date=2013|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==
All of the following is paraphrased from the Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement<ref name=":6" />.

There are many purposes that this treaty signifies. There are four purposes of this agreement.
# Illustrate that two parties have reached a final agreement.
# Land transfers that will directly and exclusively benefit the Pacheedaht.
# Develop practices that will allow the Pacheedaht to manage the land appropriately.
# Create legal stability of the agreement.
In order to meet these purposes, the document outlines many propositions, including but not limited to: How the forest will come into effect, how the Pacheedaht will be represented, how the land will be mapped and transferred, economic matters and negotiation and reconciliation matters. There are examples to illustrate all of these propositions.

The treaty does not give an exact date of when the community forest would be put into effect, however there is a schedule of the order of when certain negotiations will take place. For instance, mapping out the land is the first step whereas assessing gravel resources is the last. To be properly represented, the chief of the Pacheedaht will attend every meeting and negotiations and there is a recognition that the Pacheedaht have rights and privileges in this agreement. To create a map, the land is divided into lots and lots 247 Block A and B, and lots 251 and 252 are going to grow into Qala:yit. Additionally, there are perimeters to ensure sustainable cut and management. Taxes are discussed. Additionally, much of this document lay out conflict resolution, recognition of the Pacheedaht and the promise that both parties are fairly represented.

==Tenure arrangements==
The tenure arrangement of Qala:yit is long term<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2018PREM0069-001734|title=Pacheedaht and Cowichan Lake to benefit from unique community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 8th 2018|work=BC Gov News|access-date=}}</ref>, which can be five to thirty years<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://info.bcassessment.ca/services-and-products/APPs/Leases,%20Permits%20Other%20Tenures.pdf|title=Leases, Permits and Other Tenures|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, and area based<ref name=":3" />. This tenure arrangement is similar to the tenure in Little Prairie, BC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northerndevelopment.bc.ca/explore-our-region/success-stories/little-prairie-community-forest-nearing-a-reality/|title=Little Prairie Community Forest In Chetwynd Moves Forward|last=|first=|date=|website=Northern Development BC|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Though Little Prairie has a high focus on using indigenous knowledge to maintain the forest and it is unclear whether these strategies will be used in Qala:yit but the focus of indigenous engagement and advancement is very important in both community forests.

As well, since Qala:yit is a long term initiative, there is much hope that the forest will help the community integrate better community amenities such as social workers, better schools and basic structures a community needs like a water treatment center<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=|first=|date=|website=Sooke News Journal|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.
==Administrative arrangements==
Fifty percent of profits made by BC Timber are given to the Pacheedaht community, however since the agreement is so new it is unclear whether this is actually happening or if the money will be funneled into the right things, such as a water filtration system. As well, it is not clear yet whether a certain percentage of people from the nation are expected to work in the forest.
[[File:Victoria parliament building.jpg|thumb|A picture of the BC Parliamentary Building. This is where governmental decisions are asserted.]]
It is also not completely clear what the power dynamic is, however, from documents such as Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement and the Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning illustrate a very fair and respectful environment for both parties to express concerns. The Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning has many examples of problem solving solutions.
==Affected Stakeholders==

The Pacheedaht would be the primary affected stakeholder because they are culturally and spiritually connected to the land. They have been in this area since time immemorial and have incorporated parts of the land into their life and culture<ref name=":1" />. Additionally, if the project fails, they do not have anywhere else to go and will have to live with the consequences of a failed forest. However, if the project succeeds the revenue will help the community immensely. As of October 2018, they are having an increase in job opportunities, as well, the community has built a water treatment center and improved roads<ref name=":5" />.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
There are two main interested outside stakeholders; the government of British Columbia and BC Timber.

The BC government is very financially involved as they have supported Qala:yit and the Pacheedaht community for a couple years<ref name=":4" />. Though the government is financially invested and may well be emotionally invested, they are not considered affected because if Qala:yit fails, the government and people in it, can move on. This forest is not their entire livelihood, as it is for the Pacheedaht.

BC Timer is also an interested outside stakeholder. BC Timber oversees about 20% of the forest in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/bc-timber-sales|title=BC Timber Sales|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. They also employ over 8,000 people, including some of the Pacheedaht community. BC timber is financially interested, they have thousands of hectares of forest to look after, the potential failure of Qala:yit will not emotionally and spiritually impact them so they are not considered affected.

==Discussion and Recommendations==

Qala:yit is such a new community forest that there is not enough known to determine if the project is a success or not. However, the two preceding documents were made to be as precise as possible and have ample problem solving practices. As well, both documents mark an important step for the government of BC and the Pacheedaht First Nations. The government is showing that they are ready to reconcile and settle their differences. The Pacheedaht need financial support and this is a huge opportunity for them to make ends meet.

There is not much room for recommendations since there is so little known about the actual practice of the forest.

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-26T23:24:32Z

HanahDhanani:

[[File:Mossy trees Vancouver Island.jpg|thumb|351x351px|An example of a forest in Vancouver Island, where Qala:yit is located.]]Qala:yit Community Forest is the newest community forest in Canada since November 2018. It is located on the traditional land of the Pacheedaht First Nation. The Pacheedaht are an indigenous group in the very southern tip of British Columbia, Canada. They have been in the area since time immemorial and have a population of approximately 200. The community is very poor and the forest is expected to financially help the community. There have been two documents that have been crucial to the creation of this forest; the Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement created in 2005 and the First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement created in 2013. The tenure and administrative agreements are very fair and respectful of both communities, however it is unclear if these procedures are actually going to be followed, as the forest is so new.

==Description==
Qala:yit Community Forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pacheedahtfirstnation.com/pacheedaht-first-nation-history-and-villages/|title=History and Villages|last=|first=|date=|website=Pacheedaht First Nation Treaty Information|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Qala:yit is a collaboration between the Pacheedaht First Nation, BC Timber and the Government of BC. Qala:yit is the newest community forest in Canada, as of November 2018, and is unique in that it the only community forest to be partnered with BC Timber sales<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulpandpapercanada.com/forestry/pacheedaht-first-nation-and-cowichan-lake-enter-community-forest-agreement-1100001324|title=Pacheedaht First Nation and Cowichan Lake enter community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 10 2018|work=Pulp and Paper Canada|access-date=October 10th}}</ref>. Qala:yit community forest accounts for approximately 8,000 hectares of Crown land.

== The Pacheedaht ==
[[File:Pacheedaht.png|thumb|A map of the traditional Pacheedaht First Nations area. ]]
The Pacheedaht are a First Nations group in south-west Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Before European colonilization, the Pacheedaht population was estimated to be around 1,500<ref name=":1" />. Disease, brutality and residential schools have dropped that number to about 200 today<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=Collins|first=Tim|date=October 4th 2018|work=Sooke News Mirror|access-date=}}</ref>. The Pacheedaht community is a very poor community since their logging industry collapsed in the 1980's<ref name=":2" />. The sawmill closed and there was no more hope or livelihood in the community. Additionally, like many First Nations communities in Canada, there is a significant suicide rate in the community. At one point, the community had the highest suicide had the highest teenage suicide rate in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infohub.com/travel-stories/reality_enriches_those_that_visit_the_pacheedaht_first_nation-58.html|title=Reality Enriches Those That Visit The Pacheedaht First Nation|last=|first=|date=|website=InfoHub|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.However, since the addition of Qala:yit community forest and the newly opened Sea Foam fish processing plant<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://renfrewchamber.com/seafoam-seafood-fish-processing-plant|title=Seafoam Seafood Fish Processing Plant|last=|first=|date=|website=Port Renfrew|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, there is hope and the community is looking forward to a financial and stable society.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement (2005)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs2014_2/546081/downloadasset.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning|last=|first=|date=2005|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==

The purposes of the meetings that led to this document include; creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and the Pacheedaht planning for a successful socio-economic future for the First Nation group and recognizing the cultural and historical significance of the group. Another very important reason for these meetings was to create a fair and respectful environment for both parties to share their values and goals. This document outlines many aspect of the potential community forest to be born.

Some of these outlines focus on consultations, general operations, financial issues and problem solving. Regarding consultations, the government of British Columbia promises to see problems in the eyes of the Pacheedaht, the Pacheedaht have to abide within their agreed upon border and when the agreement retires, the two parties will meet and discuss negotiations. General operations describes the annual allowable cut, proper and quick communication and a promise to keep both parties up to date. Financial issues and problem solving also involve much consultation and a great effort in both parties.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/zzzz-to-be-moved/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/agreements/ita_pacheedaht.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement|last=|first=|date=2013|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==
There are many purposes that this treaty signifies. There are four purposes of this agreement.
# Illustrate that two parties have reached a final agreement.
# Land transfers that will directly and exclusively benefit the Pacheedaht.
# Develop practices that will allow the Pacheedaht to manage the land appropriately.
# Create legal stability of the agreement.
In order to meet these purposes, the document outlines many propositions, including but not limited to: How the forest will come into effect, how the Pacheedaht will be represented, how the land will be mapped and transferred, economic matters and negotiation and reconciliation matters. There are examples to illustrate all of these propositions.

The treaty does not give an exact date of when the community forest would be put into effect, however there is a schedule of the order of when certain negotiations will take place. For instance, mapping out the land is the first step whereas assessing gravel resources is the last. To be properly represented, the chief of the Pacheedaht will attend every meeting and negotiations and there is a recognition that the Pacheedaht have rights and privileges in this agreement. To create a map, the land is divided into lots and lots 247 Block A and B, and lots 251 and 252 are going to grow into Qala:yit. Additionally, there are perimeters to ensure sustainable cut and management. Taxes are discussed. Additionally, much of this document lay out conflict resolution, recognition of the Pacheedaht and the promise that both parties are fairly represented.

==Tenure arrangements==
The tenure arrangement of Qala:yit is long term<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2018PREM0069-001734|title=Pacheedaht and Cowichan Lake to benefit from unique community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 8th 2018|work=BC Gov News|access-date=}}</ref>, which can be five to thirty years<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://info.bcassessment.ca/services-and-products/APPs/Leases,%20Permits%20Other%20Tenures.pdf|title=Leases, Permits and Other Tenures|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, and area based<ref name=":3" />. This tenure arrangement is similar to the tenure in Little Prairie, BC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northerndevelopment.bc.ca/explore-our-region/success-stories/little-prairie-community-forest-nearing-a-reality/|title=Little Prairie Community Forest In Chetwynd Moves Forward|last=|first=|date=|website=Northern Development BC|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Though Little Prairie has a high focus on using indigenous knowledge to maintain the forest and it is unclear whether these strategies will be used in Qala:yit but the focus of indigenous engagement and advancement is very important in both community forests.

As well, since Qala:yit is a long term initiative, there is much hope that the forest will help the community integrate better community amenities such as social workers, better schools and basic structures a community needs like a water treatment center<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=|first=|date=|website=Sooke News Journal|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.
==Administrative arrangements==
Fifty percent of profits made by BC Timber are given to the Pacheedaht community, however since the agreement is so new it is unclear whether this is actually happening or if the money will be funneled into the right things, such as a water filtration system. As well, it is not clear yet whether a certain percentage of people from the nation are expected to work in the forest.
[[File:Victoria parliament building.jpg|thumb|A picture of the BC Parliamentary Building. This is where governmental decisions are asserted.]]
It is also not completely clear what the power dynamic is, however, from documents such as Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement and the Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning illustrate a very fair and respectful environment for both parties to express concerns. The Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning has many examples of problem solving solutions.
==Affected Stakeholders==

The Pacheedaht would be the primary affected stakeholder because they are culturally and spiritually connected to the land. They have been in this area since time immemorial and have incorporated parts of the land into their life and culture<ref name=":1" />. Additionally, if the project fails, they do not have anywhere else to go and will have to live with the consequences of a failed forest. However, if the project succeeds the revenue will help the community immensely. As of October 2018, they are having an increase in job opportunities, as well, the community has built a water treatment center and improved roads<ref name=":5" />.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
There are two main interested outside stakeholders; the government of British Columbia and BC Timber.

The BC government is very financially involved as they have supported Qala:yit and the Pacheedaht community for a couple years<ref name=":4" />. Though the government is financially invested and may well be emotionally invested, they are not considered affected because if Qala:yit fails, the government and people in it, can move on. This forest is not their entire livelihood, as it is for the Pacheedaht.

BC Timer is also an interested outside stakeholder. BC Timber oversees about 20% of the forest in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/bc-timber-sales|title=BC Timber Sales|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. They also employ over 8,000 people, including some of the Pacheedaht community. BC timber is financially interested, they have thousands of hectares of forest to look after, the potential failure of Qala:yit will not emotionally and spiritually impact them so they are not considered affected.

==Discussion and Recommendations==

Qala:yit is such a new community forest that there is not enough known to determine if the project is a success or not. However, the two preceding documents were made to be as precise as possible and have ample problem solving practices. As well, both documents mark an important step for the government of BC and the Pacheedaht First Nations. The government is showing that they are ready to reconcile and settle their differences. The Pacheedaht need financial support and this is a huge opportunity for them to make ends meet.

There is not much room for recommendations since there is so little known about the actual practice of the forest.

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-26T23:11:56Z

HanahDhanani:

[[File:Mossy trees Vancouver Island.jpg|thumb|351x351px|An example of a forest in Vancouver Island, where Qala:yit is located.]]Qala:yit Community Forest is located on the traditional land of the Pacheedaht First Nation. The Pacheedaht are an indigenous group in the very southern tip of British Columbia, Canada. They have been in the area since time immemorial and have a population of approximately 200. The community is very poor and the forest is expected to really help the community. There have been two documents that have been crucial to the creation of this forest; the Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement created in 2005 and the First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement created in 2013. The tenure and administrative agreements are very fair and respectful of both communities, however it is unclear if these procedures are actually going to be followed, as the forest is so new.

==Description==
Qala:yit Community Forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pacheedahtfirstnation.com/pacheedaht-first-nation-history-and-villages/|title=History and Villages|last=|first=|date=|website=Pacheedaht First Nation Treaty Information|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Qala:yit is a collaboration between the Pacheedaht First Nation, BC Timber and the Government of BC. Qala:yit is the newest community forest in Canada, as of November 2018, and is unique in that it the only community forest to be partnered with BC Timber sales<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulpandpapercanada.com/forestry/pacheedaht-first-nation-and-cowichan-lake-enter-community-forest-agreement-1100001324|title=Pacheedaht First Nation and Cowichan Lake enter community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 10 2018|work=Pulp and Paper Canada|access-date=October 10th}}</ref>. Qala:yit community forest accounts for approximately 8,000 hectares of Crown land.

== The Pacheedaht ==
[[File:Pacheedaht.png|thumb|A map of the traditional Pacheedaht First Nations area. ]]
The Pacheedaht are a First Nations group in south-west Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Before European colonilization, the Pacheedaht population was estimated to be around 1,500<ref name=":1" />. Disease, brutality and residential schools have dropped that number to about 200 today<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=Collins|first=Tim|date=October 4th 2018|work=Sooke News Mirror|access-date=}}</ref>. The Pacheedaht community is a very poor community since their logging industry collapsed in the 1980's<ref name=":2" />. The sawmill closed and there was no more hope or livelihood in the community. Additionally, like many First Nations communities in Canada, there is a significant suicide rate in the community. At one point, the community had the highest suicide had the highest teenage suicide rate in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infohub.com/travel-stories/reality_enriches_those_that_visit_the_pacheedaht_first_nation-58.html|title=Reality Enriches Those That Visit The Pacheedaht First Nation|last=|first=|date=|website=InfoHub|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.However, since the addition of Qala:yit community forest and the newly opened Sea Foam fish processing plant<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://renfrewchamber.com/seafoam-seafood-fish-processing-plant|title=Seafoam Seafood Fish Processing Plant|last=|first=|date=|website=Port Renfrew|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, there is hope and the community is looking forward to a financial and stable society.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement (2005)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs2014_2/546081/downloadasset.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning|last=|first=|date=2005|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==

The purposes of the meetings that led to this document include; creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and the Pacheedaht planning for a successful socio-economic future for the First Nation group and recognizing the cultural and historical significance of the group. Another very important reason for these meetings was to create a fair and respectful environment for both parties to share their values and goals. This document outlines many aspect of the potential community forest to be born.

Some of these outlines focus on consultations, general operations, financial issues and problem solving. Regarding consultations, the government of British Columbia promises to see problems in the eyes of the Pacheedaht, the Pacheedaht have to abide within their agreed upon border and when the agreement retires, the two parties will meet and discuss negotiations. General operations describes the annual allowable cut, proper and quick communication and a promise to keep both parties up to date. Financial issues and problem solving also involve much consultation and a great effort in both parties.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/zzzz-to-be-moved/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/agreements/ita_pacheedaht.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement|last=|first=|date=2013|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==
There are many purposes that this treaty signifies. There are four purposes of this agreement.
# Illustrate that two parties have reached a final agreement.
# Land transfers that will directly and exclusively benefit the Pacheedaht.
# Develop practices that will allow the Pacheedaht to manage the land appropriately.
# Create legal stability of the agreement.
In order to meet these purposes, the document outlines many propositions, including but not limited to: How the forest will come into effect, how the Pacheedaht will be represented, how the land will be mapped and transferred, economic matters and negotiation and reconciliation matters. There are examples to illustrate all of these propositions.

The treaty does not give an exact date of when the community forest would be put into effect, however there is a schedule of the order of when certain negotiations will take place. For instance, mapping out the land is the first step whereas assessing gravel resources is the last. To be properly represented, the chief of the Pacheedaht will attend every meeting and negotiations and there is a recognition that the Pacheedaht have rights and privileges in this agreement. To create a map, the land is divided into lots and lots 247 Block A and B, and lots 251 and 252 are going to grow into Qala:yit. Additionally, there are perimeters to ensure sustainable cut and management. Taxes are discussed. Additionally, much of this document lay out conflict resolution, recognition of the Pacheedaht and the promise that both parties are fairly represented.

==Tenure arrangements==
The tenure arrangement of Qala:yit is long term<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2018PREM0069-001734|title=Pacheedaht and Cowichan Lake to benefit from unique community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 8th 2018|work=BC Gov News|access-date=}}</ref>, which can be five to thirty years<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://info.bcassessment.ca/services-and-products/APPs/Leases,%20Permits%20Other%20Tenures.pdf|title=Leases, Permits and Other Tenures|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, and area based<ref name=":3" />. This tenure arrangement is similar to the tenure in Little Prairie, BC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northerndevelopment.bc.ca/explore-our-region/success-stories/little-prairie-community-forest-nearing-a-reality/|title=Little Prairie Community Forest In Chetwynd Moves Forward|last=|first=|date=|website=Northern Development BC|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Though Little Prairie has a high focus on using indigenous knowledge to maintain the forest and it is unclear whether these strategies will be used in Qala:yit but the focus of indigenous engagement and advancement is very important in both community forests.

As well, since Qala:yit is a long term initiative, there is much hope that the forest will help the community integrate better community amenities such as social workers, better schools and basic structures a community needs like a water treatment center<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=|first=|date=|website=Sooke News Journal|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.
==Administrative arrangements==
Fifty percent of profits made by BC Timber are given to the Pacheedaht community, however since the agreement is so new it is unclear whether this is actually happening or if the money will be funneled into the right things, such as a water filtration system. As well, it is not clear yet whether a certain percentage of people from the nation are expected to work in the forest.
[[File:Victoria parliament building.jpg|thumb|A picture of the BC Parliamentary Building. This is where governmental decisions are asserted.]]
It is also not completely clear what the power dynamic is, however, from documents such as Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement and the Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning illustrate a very fair and respectful environment for both parties to express concerns. The Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning has many examples of problem solving solutions.
==Affected Stakeholders==

The Pacheedaht would be the primary affected stakeholder because they are culturally and spiritually connected to the land. They have been in this area since time immemorial and have incorporated parts of the land into their life and culture<ref name=":1" />. Additionally, if the project fails, they do not have anywhere else to go and will have to live with the consequences of a failed forest. However, if the project succeeds the revenue will help the community immensely. As of October 2018, they are having an increase in job opportunities, as well, the community has built a water treatment center and improved roads<ref name=":5" />.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
There are two main interested outside stakeholders; the government of British Columbia and BC Timber.

The BC government is very financially involved as they have supported Qala:yit and the Pacheedaht community for a couple years<ref name=":4" />. Though the government is financially invested and may well be emotionally invested, they are not considered affected because if Qala:yit fails, the government and people in it, can move on. This forest is not their entire livelihood, as it is for the Pacheedaht.

BC Timer is also an interested outside stakeholder. BC Timber oversees about 20% of the forest in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/bc-timber-sales|title=BC Timber Sales|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. They also employ over 8,000 people, including some of the Pacheedaht community. BC timber is financially interested, they have thousands of hectares of forest to look after, the potential failure of Qala:yit will not emotionally and spiritually impact them so they are not considered affected.

==Discussion and Recommendations==

Qala:yit is such a new community forest that there is not enough known to determine if the project is a success or not. However, the two preceding documents were made to be as precise as possible and have ample problem solving practices. As well, both documents mark an important step for the government of BC and the Pacheedaht First Nations. The government is showing that they are ready to reconcile and settle their differences. The Pacheedaht need financial support and this is a huge opportunity for them to

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-26T22:46:58Z

HanahDhanani:

[[File:Mossy trees Vancouver Island.jpg|thumb|351x351px|An example of a forest in Vancouver Island, where Qala:yit is located.]]Qala:yit Community Forest is located on the traditional land of the Pacheedaht First Nation. The Pacheedaht are an indigenous group in the very southern tip of British Columbia, Canada. They have been in the area since time immemorial and have a population of approximately 200. The community is very poor and the forest is expected to really help the community. There have been two documents that have been crucial to the creation of this forest; the Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement created in 2005 and the First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement created in 2013. The tenure and administrative agreements are very fair and respectful of both communities, however it is unclear if these procedures are actually going to be followed, as the forest is so new.

==Description==
Qala:yit Community Forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pacheedahtfirstnation.com/pacheedaht-first-nation-history-and-villages/|title=History and Villages|last=|first=|date=|website=Pacheedaht First Nation Treaty Information|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Qala:yit is a collaboration between the Pacheedaht First Nation, BC Timber and the Government of BC. Qala:yit is the newest community forest in Canada, as of November 2018, and is unique in that it the only community forest to be partnered with BC Timber sales<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulpandpapercanada.com/forestry/pacheedaht-first-nation-and-cowichan-lake-enter-community-forest-agreement-1100001324|title=Pacheedaht First Nation and Cowichan Lake enter community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 10 2018|work=Pulp and Paper Canada|access-date=October 10th}}</ref>. Qala:yit community forest accounts for approximately 8,000 hectares of Crown land.

== The Pacheedaht ==
[[File:Pacheedaht.png|thumb|A map of the traditional Pacheedaht First Nations area. ]]
The Pacheedaht are a First Nations group in south-west Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Before European colonilization, the Pacheedaht population was estimated to be around 1,500<ref name=":1" />. Disease, brutality and residential schools have dropped that number to about 200 today<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=Collins|first=Tim|date=October 4th 2018|work=Sooke News Mirror|access-date=}}</ref>. The Pacheedaht community is a very poor community since their logging industry collapsed in the 1980's<ref name=":2" />. The sawmill closed and there was no more hope or livelihood in the community. Additionally, like many First Nations communities in Canada, there is a significant suicide rate in the community. At one point, the community had the highest suicide had the highest teenage suicide rate in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infohub.com/travel-stories/reality_enriches_those_that_visit_the_pacheedaht_first_nation-58.html|title=Reality Enriches Those That Visit The Pacheedaht First Nation|last=|first=|date=|website=InfoHub|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.However, since the addition of Qala:yit community forest and the newly opened Sea Foam fish processing plant<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://renfrewchamber.com/seafoam-seafood-fish-processing-plant|title=Seafoam Seafood Fish Processing Plant|last=|first=|date=|website=Port Renfrew|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, there is hope and the community is looking forward to a financial and stable society.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement (2005)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs2014_2/546081/downloadasset.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning|last=|first=|date=2005|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==

The purposes of the meetings that led to this document include; creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and the Pacheedaht planning for a successful socio-economic future for the First Nation group and recognizing the cultural and historical significance of the group. Another very important reason for these meetings was to create a fair and respectful environment for both parties to share their values and goals. This document outlines many aspect of the potential community forest to be born.

Some of these outlines focus on consultations, general operations, financial issues and problem solving. Regarding consultations, the government of British Columbia promises to see problems in the eyes of the Pacheedaht, the Pacheedaht have to abide within their agreed upon border and when the agreement retires, the two parties will meet and discuss negotiations. General operations describes the annual allowable cut, proper and quick communication and a promise to keep both parties up to date. Financial issues and problem solving also involve much consultation and a great effort in both parties.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/zzzz-to-be-moved/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/agreements/ita_pacheedaht.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement|last=|first=|date=2013|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==
There are many purposes that this treaty signifies. There are four purposes of this agreement.
# Illustrate that two parties have reached a final agreement.
# Land transfers that will directly and exclusively benefit the Pacheedaht.
# Develop practices that will allow the Pacheedaht to manage the land appropriately.
# Create legal stability of the agreement.
In order to meet these purposes, the document outlines many propositions, including but not limited to: How the forest will come into effect, how the Pacheedaht will be represented, how the land will be mapped and transferred, economic matters and negotiation and reconciliation matters. There are examples to illustrate all of these propositions.

The treaty does not give an exact date of when the community forest would be put into effect, however there is a schedule of the order of when certain negotiations will take place. For instance, mapping out the land is the first step whereas assessing gravel resources is the last. To be properly represented, the chief of the Pacheedaht will attend every meeting and negotiations and there is a recognition that the Pacheedaht have rights and privileges in this agreement. To create a map, the land is divided into lots and lots 247 Block A and B, and lots 251 and 252 are going to grow into Qala:yit. Additionally, there are perimeters to ensure sustainable cut and management. Taxes are discussed. Additionally, much of this document lay out conflict resolution, recognition of the Pacheedaht and the promise that both parties are fairly represented.

==Tenure arrangements==
The tenure arrangement of Qala:yit is long term<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2018PREM0069-001734|title=Pacheedaht and Cowichan Lake to benefit from unique community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 8th 2018|work=BC Gov News|access-date=}}</ref>, which can be five to thirty years<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://info.bcassessment.ca/services-and-products/APPs/Leases,%20Permits%20Other%20Tenures.pdf|title=Leases, Permits and Other Tenures|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, and area based<ref name=":3" />. This tenure arrangement is similar to the tenure in Little Prairie, BC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northerndevelopment.bc.ca/explore-our-region/success-stories/little-prairie-community-forest-nearing-a-reality/|title=Little Prairie Community Forest In Chetwynd Moves Forward|last=|first=|date=|website=Northern Development BC|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Though Little Prairie has a high focus on using indigenous knowledge to maintain the forest and it is unclear whether these strategies will be used in Qala:yit but the focus of indigenous engagement and advancement is very important in both community forests.

As well, since Qala:yit is a long term initiative, there is much hope that the forest will help the community integrate better community amenities such as social workers, better schools and basic structures a community needs like a water treatment center<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=|first=|date=|website=Sooke News Journal|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.
==Administrative arrangements==
Fifty percent of profits made by BC Timber are given to the Pacheedaht community, however since the agreement is so new it is unclear whether this is actually happening or if the money will be funneled into the right things, such as a water filtration system. As well, it is not clear yet whether a certain percentage of people from the nation are expected to work in the forest.

It is also not completely clear what the power dynamic is, however, from documents such as Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement and the Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning illustrate a very fair and respectful environment for both parties to express concerns. The Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning has many examples of problem solving solutions.
==Affected Stakeholders==

The Pacheedaht would be the primary affected stakeholder because they are culturally and spiritually connected to the land. They have been in this area since time immemorial and have incorporated parts of the land into their life and culture<ref name=":1" />. Additionally, if the project fails, they do not have anywhere else to go and will have to live with the consequences of a failed forest. However, if the project succeeds the revenue will help the community immensely. As of October 2018, they are having an increase in job opportunities, as well, the community has built a water treatment center and improved roads<ref name=":5" />.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
There are two main interested outside stakeholders; the government of British Columbia and BC Timber.

The BC government is very financially involved as they have supported Qala:yit and the Pacheedaht community for a couple years<ref name=":4" />. Though the government is financially invested and may well be emotionally invested, they are not considered affected because if Qala:yit fails, the government and people in it, can move on. This forest is not their entire livelihood, as it is for the Pacheedaht.

BC Timer is also an interested outside stakeholder. BC Timber oversees about 20% of the forest in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/bc-timber-sales|title=BC Timber Sales|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. They also employ over 8,000 people, including some of the Pacheedaht community. BC timber is financially interested, they have thousands of hectares of forest to look after, the potential failure of Qala:yit will not emotionally and spiritually impact them so they are not considered affected.

==Discussion and Recommendations==

Qala:yit is such a new community forest that there is not enough known to determine if the project is a success or not. However, the two preceding documents were made to be as precise as possible and have ample problem solving practices. As well, both documents mark an important step for the government of BC and the Pacheedaht First Nations. The government is showing that they are ready to reconcile and settle their differences. The Pacheedaht need financial support and this is a huge opportunity for them to

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-26T22:45:55Z

HanahDhanani:

[[File:Mossy trees Vancouver Island.jpg|thumb|268x268px|An example of a forest in Vancouver Island, where Qala:yit is located.]]
Qala:yit Community Forest is located on the traditional land of the Pacheedaht First Nation. The Pacheedaht are an indigenous group in the very southern tip of British Columbia, Canada. They have been in the area since time immemorial and have a population of approximately 200. The community is very poor and the forest is expected to really help the community. There have been two documents that have been crucial to the creation of this forest; the Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement created in 2005 and the First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement created in 2013. The tenure and administrative agreements are very fair and respectful of both communities, however it is unclear if these procedures are actually going to be followed, as the forest is so new.

==Description==
Qala:yit Community Forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pacheedahtfirstnation.com/pacheedaht-first-nation-history-and-villages/|title=History and Villages|last=|first=|date=|website=Pacheedaht First Nation Treaty Information|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Qala:yit is a collaboration between the Pacheedaht First Nation, BC Timber and the Government of BC. Qala:yit is the newest community forest in Canada, as of November 2018, and is unique in that it the only community forest to be partnered with BC Timber sales<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulpandpapercanada.com/forestry/pacheedaht-first-nation-and-cowichan-lake-enter-community-forest-agreement-1100001324|title=Pacheedaht First Nation and Cowichan Lake enter community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 10 2018|work=Pulp and Paper Canada|access-date=October 10th}}</ref>. Qala:yit community forest accounts for approximately 8,000 hectares of Crown land.

== The Pacheedaht ==
[[File:Pacheedaht.png|thumb|A map of the traditional Pacheedaht First Nations area. ]]
The Pacheedaht are a First Nations group in south-west Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Before European colonilization, the Pacheedaht population was estimated to be around 1,500<ref name=":1" />. Disease, brutality and residential schools have dropped that number to about 200 today<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=Collins|first=Tim|date=October 4th 2018|work=Sooke News Mirror|access-date=}}</ref>. The Pacheedaht community is a very poor community since their logging industry collapsed in the 1980's<ref name=":2" />. The sawmill closed and there was no more hope or livelihood in the community. Additionally, like many First Nations communities in Canada, there is a significant suicide rate in the community. At one point, the community had the highest suicide had the highest teenage suicide rate in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infohub.com/travel-stories/reality_enriches_those_that_visit_the_pacheedaht_first_nation-58.html|title=Reality Enriches Those That Visit The Pacheedaht First Nation|last=|first=|date=|website=InfoHub|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.However, since the addition of Qala:yit community forest and the newly opened Sea Foam fish processing plant<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://renfrewchamber.com/seafoam-seafood-fish-processing-plant|title=Seafoam Seafood Fish Processing Plant|last=|first=|date=|website=Port Renfrew|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, there is hope and the community is looking forward to a financial and stable society.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement (2005)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs2014_2/546081/downloadasset.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning|last=|first=|date=2005|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==

The purposes of the meetings that led to this document include; creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and the Pacheedaht planning for a successful socio-economic future for the First Nation group and recognizing the cultural and historical significance of the group. Another very important reason for these meetings was to create a fair and respectful environment for both parties to share their values and goals. This document outlines many aspect of the potential community forest to be born.

Some of these outlines focus on consultations, general operations, financial issues and problem solving. Regarding consultations, the government of British Columbia promises to see problems in the eyes of the Pacheedaht, the Pacheedaht have to abide within their agreed upon border and when the agreement retires, the two parties will meet and discuss negotiations. General operations describes the annual allowable cut, proper and quick communication and a promise to keep both parties up to date. Financial issues and problem solving also involve much consultation and a great effort in both parties.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/zzzz-to-be-moved/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/agreements/ita_pacheedaht.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement|last=|first=|date=2013|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==
There are many purposes that this treaty signifies. There are four purposes of this agreement.
# Illustrate that two parties have reached a final agreement.
# Land transfers that will directly and exclusively benefit the Pacheedaht.
# Develop practices that will allow the Pacheedaht to manage the land appropriately.
# Create legal stability of the agreement.
In order to meet these purposes, the document outlines many propositions, including but not limited to: How the forest will come into effect, how the Pacheedaht will be represented, how the land will be mapped and transferred, economic matters and negotiation and reconciliation matters. There are examples to illustrate all of these propositions.

The treaty does not give an exact date of when the community forest would be put into effect, however there is a schedule of the order of when certain negotiations will take place. For instance, mapping out the land is the first step whereas assessing gravel resources is the last. To be properly represented, the chief of the Pacheedaht will attend every meeting and negotiations and there is a recognition that the Pacheedaht have rights and privileges in this agreement. To create a map, the land is divided into lots and lots 247 Block A and B, and lots 251 and 252 are going to grow into Qala:yit. Additionally, there are perimeters to ensure sustainable cut and management. Taxes are discussed. Additionally, much of this document lay out conflict resolution, recognition of the Pacheedaht and the promise that both parties are fairly represented.

==Tenure arrangements==
The tenure arrangement of Qala:yit is long term<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2018PREM0069-001734|title=Pacheedaht and Cowichan Lake to benefit from unique community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 8th 2018|work=BC Gov News|access-date=}}</ref>, which can be five to thirty years<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://info.bcassessment.ca/services-and-products/APPs/Leases,%20Permits%20Other%20Tenures.pdf|title=Leases, Permits and Other Tenures|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, and area based<ref name=":3" />. This tenure arrangement is similar to the tenure in Little Prairie, BC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northerndevelopment.bc.ca/explore-our-region/success-stories/little-prairie-community-forest-nearing-a-reality/|title=Little Prairie Community Forest In Chetwynd Moves Forward|last=|first=|date=|website=Northern Development BC|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Though Little Prairie has a high focus on using indigenous knowledge to maintain the forest and it is unclear whether these strategies will be used in Qala:yit but the focus of indigenous engagement and advancement is very important in both community forests.

As well, since Qala:yit is a long term initiative, there is much hope that the forest will help the community integrate better community amenities such as social workers, better schools and basic structures a community needs like a water treatment center<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=|first=|date=|website=Sooke News Journal|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.
==Administrative arrangements==
Fifty percent of profits made by BC Timber are given to the Pacheedaht community, however since the agreement is so new it is unclear whether this is actually happening or if the money will be funneled into the right things, such as a water filtration system. As well, it is not clear yet whether a certain percentage of people from the nation are expected to work in the forest.

It is also not completely clear what the power dynamic is, however, from documents such as Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement and the Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning illustrate a very fair and respectful environment for both parties to express concerns. The Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning has many examples of problem solving solutions.
==Affected Stakeholders==

The Pacheedaht would be the primary affected stakeholder because they are culturally and spiritually connected to the land. They have been in this area since time immemorial and have incorporated parts of the land into their life and culture<ref name=":1" />. Additionally, if the project fails, they do not have anywhere else to go and will have to live with the consequences of a failed forest. However, if the project succeeds the revenue will help the community immensely. As of October 2018, they are having an increase in job opportunities, as well, the community has built a water treatment center and improved roads<ref name=":5" />.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
There are two main interested outside stakeholders; the government of British Columbia and BC Timber.

The BC government is very financially involved as they have supported Qala:yit and the Pacheedaht community for a couple years<ref name=":4" />. Though the government is financially invested and may well be emotionally invested, they are not considered affected because if Qala:yit fails, the government and people in it, can move on. This forest is not their entire livelihood, as it is for the Pacheedaht.

BC Timer is also an interested outside stakeholder. BC Timber oversees about 20% of the forest in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/bc-timber-sales|title=BC Timber Sales|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. They also employ over 8,000 people, including some of the Pacheedaht community. BC timber is financially interested, they have thousands of hectares of forest to look after, the potential failure of Qala:yit will not emotionally and spiritually impact them so they are not considered affected.

==Discussion and Recommendations==

Qala:yit is such a new community forest that there is not enough known to determine if the project is a success or not. However, the two preceding documents were made to be as precise as possible and have ample problem solving practices. As well, both documents mark an important step for the government of BC and the Pacheedaht First Nations. The government is showing that they are ready to reconcile and settle their differences. The Pacheedaht need financial support and this is a huge opportunity for them to

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-26T22:43:50Z

HanahDhanani:

Qala:yit Community Forest is located on the traditional land of the Pacheedaht First Nation. The Pacheedaht are an indigenous group in the very southern tip of British Columbia, Canada. They have been in the area since time immemorial and have a population of approximately 200. The community is very poor and the forest is expected to really help the community. There have been two documents that have been crucial to the creation of this forest; the Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement created in 2005 and the First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement created in 2013. The tenure and administrative agreements are very fair and respectful of both communities, however it is unclear if these procedures are actually going to be followed, as the forest is so new.

==Description==
Qala:yit Community Forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pacheedahtfirstnation.com/pacheedaht-first-nation-history-and-villages/|title=History and Villages|last=|first=|date=|website=Pacheedaht First Nation Treaty Information|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Qala:yit is a collaboration between the Pacheedaht First Nation, BC Timber and the Government of BC. Qala:yit is the newest community forest in Canada, as of November 2018, and is unique in that it the only community forest to be partnered with BC Timber sales<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulpandpapercanada.com/forestry/pacheedaht-first-nation-and-cowichan-lake-enter-community-forest-agreement-1100001324|title=Pacheedaht First Nation and Cowichan Lake enter community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 10 2018|work=Pulp and Paper Canada|access-date=October 10th}}</ref>. Qala:yit community forest accounts for approximately 8,000 hectares of Crown land.

== The Pacheedaht ==
[[File:Pacheedaht.png|thumb|A map of the traditional Pacheedaht First Nations area. ]]
The Pacheedaht are a First Nations group in south-west Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Before European colonilization, the Pacheedaht population was estimated to be around 1,500<ref name=":1" />. Disease, brutality and residential schools have dropped that number to about 200 today<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=Collins|first=Tim|date=October 4th 2018|work=Sooke News Mirror|access-date=}}</ref>. The Pacheedaht community is a very poor community since their logging industry collapsed in the 1980's<ref name=":2" />. The sawmill closed and there was no more hope or livelihood in the community. Additionally, like many First Nations communities in Canada, there is a significant suicide rate in the community. At one point, the community had the highest suicide had the highest teenage suicide rate in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infohub.com/travel-stories/reality_enriches_those_that_visit_the_pacheedaht_first_nation-58.html|title=Reality Enriches Those That Visit The Pacheedaht First Nation|last=|first=|date=|website=InfoHub|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.However, since the addition of Qala:yit community forest and the newly opened Sea Foam fish processing plant<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://renfrewchamber.com/seafoam-seafood-fish-processing-plant|title=Seafoam Seafood Fish Processing Plant|last=|first=|date=|website=Port Renfrew|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, there is hope and the community is looking forward to a financial and stable society.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement (2005)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs2014_2/546081/downloadasset.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning|last=|first=|date=2005|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==

The purposes of the meetings that led to this document include; creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and the Pacheedaht planning for a successful socio-economic future for the First Nation group and recognizing the cultural and historical significance of the group. Another very important reason for these meetings was to create a fair and respectful environment for both parties to share their values and goals. This document outlines many aspect of the potential community forest to be born.

Some of these outlines focus on consultations, general operations, financial issues and problem solving. Regarding consultations, the government of British Columbia promises to see problems in the eyes of the Pacheedaht, the Pacheedaht have to abide within their agreed upon border and when the agreement retires, the two parties will meet and discuss negotiations. General operations describes the annual allowable cut, proper and quick communication and a promise to keep both parties up to date. Financial issues and problem solving also involve much consultation and a great effort in both parties.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/zzzz-to-be-moved/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/agreements/ita_pacheedaht.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement|last=|first=|date=2013|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==
There are many purposes that this treaty signifies. There are four purposes of this agreement.
# Illustrate that two parties have reached a final agreement.
# Land transfers that will directly and exclusively benefit the Pacheedaht.
# Develop practices that will allow the Pacheedaht to manage the land appropriately.
# Create legal stability of the agreement.
In order to meet these purposes, the document outlines many propositions, including but not limited to: How the forest will come into effect, how the Pacheedaht will be represented, how the land will be mapped and transferred, economic matters and negotiation and reconciliation matters. There are examples to illustrate all of these propositions.

The treaty does not give an exact date of when the community forest would be put into effect, however there is a schedule of the order of when certain negotiations will take place. For instance, mapping out the land is the first step whereas assessing gravel resources is the last. To be properly represented, the chief of the Pacheedaht will attend every meeting and negotiations and there is a recognition that the Pacheedaht have rights and privileges in this agreement. To create a map, the land is divided into lots and lots 247 Block A and B, and lots 251 and 252 are going to grow into Qala:yit. Additionally, there are perimeters to ensure sustainable cut and management. Taxes are discussed. Additionally, much of this document lay out conflict resolution, recognition of the Pacheedaht and the promise that both parties are fairly represented.

==Tenure arrangements==
The tenure arrangement of Qala:yit is long term<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2018PREM0069-001734|title=Pacheedaht and Cowichan Lake to benefit from unique community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 8th 2018|work=BC Gov News|access-date=}}</ref>, which can be five to thirty years<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://info.bcassessment.ca/services-and-products/APPs/Leases,%20Permits%20Other%20Tenures.pdf|title=Leases, Permits and Other Tenures|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, and area based<ref name=":3" />. This tenure arrangement is similar to the tenure in Little Prairie, BC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northerndevelopment.bc.ca/explore-our-region/success-stories/little-prairie-community-forest-nearing-a-reality/|title=Little Prairie Community Forest In Chetwynd Moves Forward|last=|first=|date=|website=Northern Development BC|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Though Little Prairie has a high focus on using indigenous knowledge to maintain the forest and it is unclear whether these strategies will be used in Qala:yit but the focus of indigenous engagement and advancement is very important in both community forests.

As well, since Qala:yit is a long term initiative, there is much hope that the forest will help the community integrate better community amenities such as social workers, better schools and basic structures a community needs like a water treatment center<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=|first=|date=|website=Sooke News Journal|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.
==Administrative arrangements==
Fifty percent of profits made by BC Timber are given to the Pacheedaht community, however since the agreement is so new it is unclear whether this is actually happening or if the money will be funneled into the right things, such as a water filtration system. As well, it is not clear yet whether a certain percentage of people from the nation are expected to work in the forest.

It is also not completely clear what the power dynamic is, however, from documents such as Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement and the Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning illustrate a very fair and respectful environment for both parties to express concerns. The Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning has many examples of problem solving solutions.
==Affected Stakeholders==

The Pacheedaht would be the primary affected stakeholder because they are culturally and spiritually connected to the land. They have been in this area since time immemorial and have incorporated parts of the land into their life and culture<ref name=":1" />. Additionally, if the project fails, they do not have anywhere else to go and will have to live with the consequences of a failed forest. However, if the project succeeds the revenue will help the community immensely. As of October 2018, they are having an increase in job opportunities, as well, the community has built a water treatment center and improved roads<ref name=":5" />.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
There are two main interested outside stakeholders; the government of British Columbia and BC Timber.

The BC government is very financially involved as they have supported Qala:yit and the Pacheedaht community for a couple years<ref name=":4" />. Though the government is financially invested and may well be emotionally invested, they are not considered affected because if Qala:yit fails, the government and people in it, can move on. This forest is not their entire livelihood, as it is for the Pacheedaht.

BC Timer is also an interested outside stakeholder. BC Timber oversees about 20% of the forest in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/bc-timber-sales|title=BC Timber Sales|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. They also employ over 8,000 people, including some of the Pacheedaht community. BC timber is financially interested, they have thousands of hectares of forest to look after, the potential failure of Qala:yit will not emotionally and spiritually impact them so they are not considered affected.

==Discussion and Recommendations==

Qala:yit is such a new community forest that there is not enough known to determine if the project is a success or not. However, the two preceding documents were made to be as precise as possible and have ample problem solving practices. As well, both documents mark an important step for the government of BC and the Pacheedaht First Nations. The government is showing that they are ready to reconcile and settle their differences. The Pacheedaht need financial support and this is a huge opportunity for them to

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-26T22:36:28Z

HanahDhanani: /* Discussion and Reccommendations */

Qala:yit community forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pacheedahtfirstnation.com/pacheedaht-first-nation-history-and-villages/|title=History and Villages|last=|first=|date=|website=Pacheedaht First Nation Treaty Information|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Qala:yit is the newest community forest in Canada, as of November 2018, and is unique in the sense that it is the first and only community fores to be partnered with BC Timber sales<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulpandpapercanada.com/forestry/pacheedaht-first-nation-and-cowichan-lake-enter-community-forest-agreement-1100001324|title=Pacheedaht First Nation and Cowichan Lake enter community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 10 2018|work=Pulp and Paper Canada|access-date=October 10th}}</ref>. Qala:yit is a collaboration between the Pacheedaht First Nation, the Cowichan Lake Community Forest Co-op and the Government of BC<ref name=":0" />. Qala:yit community forest accounts for approximately 8,000 hectares of Crown land.

==Description==
Qala:yit is the first community forest of its kind in Canada in that it half of the revenue of the BC Timber Sales will be given to the Pacheedaht Nation and other surrounding communities to better lives and well being<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2018PREM0069-001734|title=Pacheedaht and Cowichan Lake to benefit from unique community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 8th 2018|work=BC Gov News|access-date=}}</ref>. There have been two main documents leading up to this forest.

== The Pacheedaht ==
[[File:Pacheedaht.png|thumb|A map of the traditional Pacheedaht First Nations area. ]]
The Pacheedaht are a First Nations group in south-west Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Before European colonilization, the Pacheedaht population was estimated to be around 1,500<ref name=":1" />. Disease, brutality and residential schools have dropped that number to about 200 today<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=Collins|first=Tim|date=October 4th 2018|work=Sooke News Mirror|access-date=}}</ref>. The Pacheedaht community is a very poor community since their logging industry collapsed in the 1980's<ref name=":2" />. The sawmill closed and there was no more hope or livelihood in the community. Additionally, like many First Nations communities in Canada, there is a significant suicide rate in the community. At one point, the community had the highest suicide had the highest teenage suicide rate in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infohub.com/travel-stories/reality_enriches_those_that_visit_the_pacheedaht_first_nation-58.html|title=Reality Enriches Those That Visit The Pacheedaht First Nation|last=|first=|date=|website=InfoHub|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.However, since the addition of Qala:yit community forest and the newly opened Sea Foam fish processing plant<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://renfrewchamber.com/seafoam-seafood-fish-processing-plant|title=Seafoam Seafood Fish Processing Plant|last=|first=|date=|website=Port Renfrew|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, there is hope and the community is looking forward to a financial and stable society.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement (2005)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs2014_2/546081/downloadasset.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning|last=|first=|date=2005|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==

The purposes of the meetings that led to this document include; creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and the Pacheedaht planning for a successful socio-economic future for the First Nation group and recognizing the cultural and historical significance of the group. Another very important reason for these meetings was to create a fair and respectful environment for both parties to share their values and goals. This document outlines many aspect of the potential community forest to be born.

Some of these outlines focus on consultations, general operations, financial issues and problem solving. Regarding consultations, the government of British Columbia promises to see problems in the eyes of the Pacheedaht, the Pacheedaht have to abide within their agreed upon border and when the agreement retires, the two parties will meet and discuss negotiations. General operations describes the annual allowable cut, proper and quick communication and a promise to keep both parties up to date. Financial issues and problem solving also involve much consultation and a great effort in both parties.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/zzzz-to-be-moved/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/agreements/ita_pacheedaht.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement|last=|first=|date=2013|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==
There are many purposes that this treaty signifies. There are four purposes of this agreement.
# Illustrate that two parties have reached a final agreement.
# Land transfers that will directly and exclusively benefit the Pacheedaht.
# Develop practices that will allow the Pacheedaht to manage the land appropriately.
# Create legal stability of the agreement.
In order to meet these purposes, the document outlines many propositions, including but not limited to: How the forest will come into effect, how the Pacheedaht will be represented, how the land will be mapped and transferred, economic matters and negotiation and reconciliation matters. There are examples to illustrate all of these propositions.

The treaty does not give an exact date of when the community forest would be put into effect, however there is a schedule of the order of when certain negotiations will take place. For instance, mapping out the land is the first step whereas assessing gravel resources is the last. To be properly represented, the chief of the Pacheedaht will attend every meeting and negotiations and there is a recognition that the Pacheedaht have rights and privileges in this agreement. To create a map, the land is divided into lots and lots 247 Block A and B, and lots 251 and 252 are going to grow into Qala:yit. Additionally, there are perimeters to ensure sustainable cut and management. Taxes are discussed. Additionally, much of this document lay out conflict resolution, recognition of the Pacheedaht and the promise that both parties are fairly represented.

==Tenure arrangements==
The tenure arrangement of Qala:yit is long term<ref name=":3" />, which can be five to thirty years<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://info.bcassessment.ca/services-and-products/APPs/Leases,%20Permits%20Other%20Tenures.pdf|title=Leases, Permits and Other Tenures|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, and area based<ref name=":3" />. This tenure arrangement is similar to the tenure in Little Prairie, BC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northerndevelopment.bc.ca/explore-our-region/success-stories/little-prairie-community-forest-nearing-a-reality/|title=Little Prairie Community Forest In Chetwynd Moves Forward|last=|first=|date=|website=Northern Development BC|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Though Little Prairie has a high focus on using indigenous knowledge to maintain the forest and it is unclear whether these strategies will be used in Qala:yit but the focus of indigenous engagement and advancement is very important in both community forests.

As well, since Qala:yit is a long term initiative, there is much hope that the forest will help the community integrate better community amenities such as social workers, better schools and basic structures a community needs like a water treatment center<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=|first=|date=|website=Sooke News Journal|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.
==Administrative arrangements==
Fifty percent of profits made by BC Timber are given to the Pacheedaht community, however since the agreement is so new it is unclear whether this is actually happening or if the money will be funneled into the right things, such as a water filtration system. As well, it is not clear yet whether a certain percentage of people from the nation are expected to work in the forest.

It is also not completely clear what the power dynamic is, however, from documents such as Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement and the Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning illustrate a very fair and respectful environment for both parties to express concerns. The Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning has many examples of problem solving solutions.
==Affected Stakeholders==

The Pacheedaht would be the primary affected stakeholder because they are culturally and spiritually connected to the land. They have been in this area since time immemorial and have incorporated parts of the land into their life and culture<ref name=":1" />. Additionally, if the project fails, they do not have anywhere else to go and will have to live with the consequences of a failed forest. However, if the project succeeds the revenue will help the community immensely. As of October 2018, they are having an increase in job opportunities, as well, the community has built a water treatment center and improved roads<ref name=":5" />.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
There are two main interested outside stakeholders; the government of British Columbia and BC Timber.

The BC government is very financially involved as they have supported Qala:yit and the Pacheedaht community for a couple years<ref name=":4" />. Though the government is financially invested and may well be emotionally invested, they are not considered affected because if Qala:yit fails, the government and people in it, can move on. This forest is not their entire livelihood, as it is for the Pacheedaht.

BC Timer is also an interested outside stakeholder. BC Timber oversees about 20% of the forest in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/bc-timber-sales|title=BC Timber Sales|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. They also employ over 8,000 people, including some of the Pacheedaht community. BC timber is financially interested, they have thousands of hectares of forest to look after, the potential failure of Qala:yit will not emotionally and spiritually impact them so they are not considered affected.

==Discussion and Recommendations==

Qala:yit is such a new community forest that there is not enough known to determine if the project is a success or not. However, the two preceding documents were made to be as precise as possible and have ample problem solving practices. As well, both documents mark an important step for the government of BC and the Pacheedaht First Nations. The government is showing that they are ready to reconcile and settle their differences. The Pacheedaht need financial support and this is a huge opportunity for them to

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-26T22:32:43Z

HanahDhanani:

Qala:yit community forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pacheedahtfirstnation.com/pacheedaht-first-nation-history-and-villages/|title=History and Villages|last=|first=|date=|website=Pacheedaht First Nation Treaty Information|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Qala:yit is the newest community forest in Canada, as of November 2018, and is unique in the sense that it is the first and only community fores to be partnered with BC Timber sales<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulpandpapercanada.com/forestry/pacheedaht-first-nation-and-cowichan-lake-enter-community-forest-agreement-1100001324|title=Pacheedaht First Nation and Cowichan Lake enter community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 10 2018|work=Pulp and Paper Canada|access-date=October 10th}}</ref>. Qala:yit is a collaboration between the Pacheedaht First Nation, the Cowichan Lake Community Forest Co-op and the Government of BC<ref name=":0" />. Qala:yit community forest accounts for approximately 8,000 hectares of Crown land.

==Description==
Qala:yit is the first community forest of its kind in Canada in that it half of the revenue of the BC Timber Sales will be given to the Pacheedaht Nation and other surrounding communities to better lives and well being<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2018PREM0069-001734|title=Pacheedaht and Cowichan Lake to benefit from unique community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 8th 2018|work=BC Gov News|access-date=}}</ref>. There have been two main documents leading up to this forest.

== The Pacheedaht ==
[[File:Pacheedaht.png|thumb|A map of the traditional Pacheedaht First Nations area. ]]
The Pacheedaht are a First Nations group in south-west Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Before European colonilization, the Pacheedaht population was estimated to be around 1,500<ref name=":1" />. Disease, brutality and residential schools have dropped that number to about 200 today<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=Collins|first=Tim|date=October 4th 2018|work=Sooke News Mirror|access-date=}}</ref>. The Pacheedaht community is a very poor community since their logging industry collapsed in the 1980's<ref name=":2" />. The sawmill closed and there was no more hope or livelihood in the community. Additionally, like many First Nations communities in Canada, there is a significant suicide rate in the community. At one point, the community had the highest suicide had the highest teenage suicide rate in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infohub.com/travel-stories/reality_enriches_those_that_visit_the_pacheedaht_first_nation-58.html|title=Reality Enriches Those That Visit The Pacheedaht First Nation|last=|first=|date=|website=InfoHub|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.However, since the addition of Qala:yit community forest and the newly opened Sea Foam fish processing plant<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://renfrewchamber.com/seafoam-seafood-fish-processing-plant|title=Seafoam Seafood Fish Processing Plant|last=|first=|date=|website=Port Renfrew|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, there is hope and the community is looking forward to a financial and stable society.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement (2005)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs2014_2/546081/downloadasset.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning|last=|first=|date=2005|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==

The purposes of the meetings that led to this document include; creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and the Pacheedaht planning for a successful socio-economic future for the First Nation group and recognizing the cultural and historical significance of the group. Another very important reason for these meetings was to create a fair and respectful environment for both parties to share their values and goals. This document outlines many aspect of the potential community forest to be born.

Some of these outlines focus on consultations, general operations, financial issues and problem solving. Regarding consultations, the government of British Columbia promises to see problems in the eyes of the Pacheedaht, the Pacheedaht have to abide within their agreed upon border and when the agreement retires, the two parties will meet and discuss negotiations. General operations describes the annual allowable cut, proper and quick communication and a promise to keep both parties up to date. Financial issues and problem solving also involve much consultation and a great effort in both parties.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/zzzz-to-be-moved/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/agreements/ita_pacheedaht.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement|last=|first=|date=2013|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==
There are many purposes that this treaty signifies. There are four purposes of this agreement.
# Illustrate that two parties have reached a final agreement.
# Land transfers that will directly and exclusively benefit the Pacheedaht.
# Develop practices that will allow the Pacheedaht to manage the land appropriately.
# Create legal stability of the agreement.
In order to meet these purposes, the document outlines many propositions, including but not limited to: How the forest will come into effect, how the Pacheedaht will be represented, how the land will be mapped and transferred, economic matters and negotiation and reconciliation matters. There are examples to illustrate all of these propositions.

The treaty does not give an exact date of when the community forest would be put into effect, however there is a schedule of the order of when certain negotiations will take place. For instance, mapping out the land is the first step whereas assessing gravel resources is the last. To be properly represented, the chief of the Pacheedaht will attend every meeting and negotiations and there is a recognition that the Pacheedaht have rights and privileges in this agreement. To create a map, the land is divided into lots and lots 247 Block A and B, and lots 251 and 252 are going to grow into Qala:yit. Additionally, there are perimeters to ensure sustainable cut and management. Taxes are discussed. Additionally, much of this document lay out conflict resolution, recognition of the Pacheedaht and the promise that both parties are fairly represented.

==Tenure arrangements==
The tenure arrangement of Qala:yit is long term<ref name=":3" />, which can be five to thirty years<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://info.bcassessment.ca/services-and-products/APPs/Leases,%20Permits%20Other%20Tenures.pdf|title=Leases, Permits and Other Tenures|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, and area based<ref name=":3" />. This tenure arrangement is similar to the tenure in Little Prairie, BC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northerndevelopment.bc.ca/explore-our-region/success-stories/little-prairie-community-forest-nearing-a-reality/|title=Little Prairie Community Forest In Chetwynd Moves Forward|last=|first=|date=|website=Northern Development BC|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Though Little Prairie has a high focus on using indigenous knowledge to maintain the forest and it is unclear whether these strategies will be used in Qala:yit but the focus of indigenous engagement and advancement is very important in both community forests.

As well, since Qala:yit is a long term initiative, there is much hope that the forest will help the community integrate better community amenities such as social workers, better schools and basic structures a community needs like a water treatment center<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=|first=|date=|website=Sooke News Journal|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.
==Administrative arrangements==
Fifty percent of profits made by BC Timber are given to the Pacheedaht community, however since the agreement is so new it is unclear whether this is actually happening or if the money will be funneled into the right things, such as a water filtration system. As well, it is not clear yet whether a certain percentage of people from the nation are expected to work in the forest.

It is also not completely clear what the power dynamic is, however, from documents such as Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement and the Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning illustrate a very fair and respectful environment for both parties to express concerns. The Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning has many examples of problem solving solutions.
==Affected Stakeholders==

The Pacheedaht would be the primary affected stakeholder because they are culturally and spiritually connected to the land. They have been in this area since time immemorial and have incorporated parts of the land into their life and culture<ref name=":1" />. Additionally, if the project fails, they do not have anywhere else to go and will have to live with the consequences of a failed forest. However, if the project succeeds the revenue will help the community immensely. As of October 2018, they are having an increase in job opportunities, as well, the community has built a water treatment center and improved roads<ref name=":5" />.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
There are two main interested outside stakeholders; the government of British Columbia and BC Timber.

The BC government is very financially involved as they have supported Qala:yit and the Pacheedaht community for a couple years<ref name=":4" />. Though the government is financially invested and may well be emotionally invested, they are not considered affected because if Qala:yit fails, the government and people in it, can move on. This forest is not their entire livelihood, as it is for the Pacheedaht.

BC Timer is also an interested outside stakeholder. BC Timber oversees about 20% of the forest in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/bc-timber-sales|title=BC Timber Sales|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. They also employ over 8,000 people, including some of the Pacheedaht community. BC timber is financially interested, they have thousands of hectares of forest to look after, the potential failure of Qala:yit will not emotionally and spiritually impact them so they are not considered affected.

==Discussion and Reccommendations==

Qala:yit is such a new community forest that there is not enough known and practiced to determine if the project is a success or not. However, the two preceding documents were made to be as precise as possible and have ample problem solving practices.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-26T22:16:02Z

HanahDhanani: /* Tenure arrangements */

Qala:yit community forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pacheedahtfirstnation.com/pacheedaht-first-nation-history-and-villages/|title=History and Villages|last=|first=|date=|website=Pacheedaht First Nation Treaty Information|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Qala:yit is the newest community forest in Canada, as of November 2018, and is unique in the sense that it is the first and only community fores to be partnered with BC Timber sales<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulpandpapercanada.com/forestry/pacheedaht-first-nation-and-cowichan-lake-enter-community-forest-agreement-1100001324|title=Pacheedaht First Nation and Cowichan Lake enter community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 10 2018|work=Pulp and Paper Canada|access-date=October 10th}}</ref>. Qala:yit is a collaboration between the Pacheedaht First Nation, the Cowichan Lake Community Forest Co-op and the Government of BC<ref name=":0" />. Qala:yit community forest accounts for approximately 8,000 hectares of Crown land.

==Description==
Qala:yit is the first community forest of its kind in Canada in that it half of the revenue of the BC Timber Sales will be given to the Pacheedaht Nation and other surrounding communities to better lives and well being<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2018PREM0069-001734|title=Pacheedaht and Cowichan Lake to benefit from unique community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 8th 2018|work=BC Gov News|access-date=}}</ref>. There have been two main documents leading up to this forest.

== The Pacheedaht ==
[[File:Pacheedaht.png|thumb|A map of the traditional Pacheedaht First Nations area. ]]
The Pacheedaht are a First Nations group in south-west Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Before European colonilization, the Pacheedaht population was estimated to be around 1,500<ref name=":1" />. Disease, brutality and residential schools have dropped that number to about 200 today<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=Collins|first=Tim|date=October 4th 2018|work=Sooke News Mirror|access-date=}}</ref>. The Pacheedaht community is a very poor community since their logging industry collapsed in the 1980's<ref name=":2" />. The sawmill closed and there was no more hope or livelihood in the community. Additionally, like many First Nations communities in Canada, there is a significant suicide rate in the community. At one point, the community had the highest suicide had the highest teenage suicide rate in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infohub.com/travel-stories/reality_enriches_those_that_visit_the_pacheedaht_first_nation-58.html|title=Reality Enriches Those That Visit The Pacheedaht First Nation|last=|first=|date=|website=InfoHub|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.However, since the addition of Qala:yit community forest and the newly opened Sea Foam fish processing plant<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://renfrewchamber.com/seafoam-seafood-fish-processing-plant|title=Seafoam Seafood Fish Processing Plant|last=|first=|date=|website=Port Renfrew|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, there is hope and the community is looking forward to a financial and stable society.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement (2005)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs2014_2/546081/downloadasset.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning|last=|first=|date=2005|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==

The purposes of the meetings that led to this document include; creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and the Pacheedaht planning for a successful socio-economic future for the First Nation group and recognizing the cultural and historical significance of the group. Another very important reason for these meetings was to create a fair and respectful environment for both parties to share their values and goals. This document outlines many aspect of the potential community forest to be born.

Some of these outlines focus on consultations, general operations, financial issues and problem solving. Regarding consultations, the government of British Columbia promises to see problems in the eyes of the Pacheedaht, the Pacheedaht have to abide within their agreed upon border and when the agreement retires, the two parties will meet and discuss negotiations. General operations describes the annual allowable cut, proper and quick communication and a promise to keep both parties up to date. Financial issues and problem solving also involve much consultation and a great effort in both parties.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/zzzz-to-be-moved/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/agreements/ita_pacheedaht.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement|last=|first=|date=2013|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==
There are many purposes that this treaty signifies. There are four purposes of this agreement.
# Illustrate that two parties have reached a final agreement.
# Land transfers that will directly and exclusively benefit the Pacheedaht.
# Develop practices that will allow the Pacheedaht to manage the land appropriately.
# Create legal stability of the agreement.
In order to meet these purposes, the document outlines many propositions, including but not limited to: How the forest will come into effect, how the Pacheedaht will be represented, how the land will be mapped and transferred, economic matters and negotiation and reconciliation matters. There are examples to illustrate all of these propositions.

The treaty does not give an exact date of when the community forest would be put into effect, however there is a schedule of the order of when certain negotiations will take place. For instance, mapping out the land is the first step whereas assessing gravel resources is the last. To be properly represented, the chief of the Pacheedaht will attend every meeting and negotiations and there is a recognition that the Pacheedaht have rights and privileges in this agreement. To create a map, the land is divided into lots and lots 247 Block A and B, and lots 251 and 252 are going to grow into Qala:yit. Additionally, there are perimeters to ensure sustainable cut and management. Taxes are discussed. Additionally, much of this document lay out conflict resolution, recognition of the Pacheedaht and the promise that both parties are fairly represented.

==Tenure arrangements==
The tenure arrangement of Qala:yit is long term<ref name=":3" />, which can be five to thirty years<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://info.bcassessment.ca/services-and-products/APPs/Leases,%20Permits%20Other%20Tenures.pdf|title=Leases, Permits and Other Tenures|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, and area based<ref name=":3" />. This tenure arrangement is similar to the tenure in Little Prairie, BC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northerndevelopment.bc.ca/explore-our-region/success-stories/little-prairie-community-forest-nearing-a-reality/|title=Little Prairie Community Forest In Chetwynd Moves Forward|last=|first=|date=|website=Northern Development BC|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Though Little Prairie has a high focus on using indigenous knowledge to maintain the forest and it is unclear whether these strategies will be used in Qala:yit but the focus of indigenous engagement and advancement is very important in both community forests.

As well, since Qala:yit is a long term initiative, there is much hope that the forest will help the community integrate better community amenities such as social workers, better schools and basic structures a community needs like a water treatment center<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=|first=|date=|website=Sooke News Journal|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.
==Administrative arrangements==
Though 50% of profits are being to these communities, the land is still Crown Land, owned by the federal government. This means the the government manages the forest, though the communities are heavily involved. It is not clear yet whether a certain percentage of people from the nation are expected to work in the forest. Additionally, it is not completely clear what the power dynamic is, however, from documents such as ''Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement'' and the ''Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning.''

==Affected Stakeholders==

The Pacheedaht would be the primary affected stakeholder because they are culturally and spiritually connected to the land. As well, with the creation of Qala:yit and the revenue it will bring the community, they are also financially affected. As of October 2018, they are having an increase in job opportunities, as well, the community has built a water treatment center and improved roads. ( https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/)

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
There are numerous interested and outside stakeholders. The government of British Columbia and BC timber sales are the two largest. The British Colombian government is very financially involved as they have supported Qala:yit and the Pacheedaht community for a couple years (2003). Though the government is financially invested and may well be emotionally invested, as this is a very poor community, they are not affected because if Qala:yit fails the government can move on. This forest is not their entire livelihood, as it is for the Pacheedaht.

BC timer sales oversees about 20% of the forest in British Columbia (https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/bc-timber-sales). They also employ over 8,000 people, including some of the Pacheedaht community. BC timber is financially interested, they have thousands of hectares of forest to look after, the potential failure of Qala:yit will not emotionally and spiritually impact them.

==Discussion and Reccommendations==

Qala:yit is such a new community forest that there is not enough known and practiced to determine if the project is a success or not. However, the two preceding documents were made to be as precise as possible and have ample problem solving practices.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-26T19:09:20Z

HanahDhanani:

Qala:yit community forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pacheedahtfirstnation.com/pacheedaht-first-nation-history-and-villages/|title=History and Villages|last=|first=|date=|website=Pacheedaht First Nation Treaty Information|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Qala:yit is the newest community forest in Canada, as of November 2018, and is unique in the sense that it is the first and only community fores to be partnered with BC Timber sales<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulpandpapercanada.com/forestry/pacheedaht-first-nation-and-cowichan-lake-enter-community-forest-agreement-1100001324|title=Pacheedaht First Nation and Cowichan Lake enter community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 10 2018|work=Pulp and Paper Canada|access-date=October 10th}}</ref>. Qala:yit is a collaboration between the Pacheedaht First Nation, the Cowichan Lake Community Forest Co-op and the Government of BC<ref name=":0" />. Qala:yit community forest accounts for approximately 8,000 hectares of Crown land.

==Description==
Qala:yit is the first community forest of its kind in Canada in that it half of the revenue of the BC Timber Sales will be given to the Pacheedaht Nation and other surrounding communities to better lives and well being<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2018PREM0069-001734|title=Pacheedaht and Cowichan Lake to benefit from unique community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 8th 2018|work=BC Gov News|access-date=}}</ref>. There have been two main documents leading up to this forest.

== The Pacheedaht ==
[[File:Pacheedaht.png|thumb|A map of the traditional Pacheedaht First Nations area. ]]
The Pacheedaht are a First Nations group in south-west Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Before European colonilization, the Pacheedaht population was estimated to be around 1,500<ref name=":1" />. Disease, brutality and residential schools have dropped that number to about 200 today<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=Collins|first=Tim|date=October 4th 2018|work=Sooke News Mirror|access-date=}}</ref>. The Pacheedaht community is a very poor community since their logging industry collapsed in the 1980's<ref name=":2" />. The sawmill closed and there was no more hope or livelihood in the community. Additionally, like many First Nations communities in Canada, there is a significant suicide rate in the community. At one point, the community had the highest suicide had the highest teenage suicide rate in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infohub.com/travel-stories/reality_enriches_those_that_visit_the_pacheedaht_first_nation-58.html|title=Reality Enriches Those That Visit The Pacheedaht First Nation|last=|first=|date=|website=InfoHub|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.However, since the addition of Qala:yit community forest and the newly opened Sea Foam fish processing plant<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://renfrewchamber.com/seafoam-seafood-fish-processing-plant|title=Seafoam Seafood Fish Processing Plant|last=|first=|date=|website=Port Renfrew|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, there is hope and the community is looking forward to a financial and stable society.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement (2005)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs2014_2/546081/downloadasset.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning|last=|first=|date=2005|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==

The purposes of the meetings that led to this document include; creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and the Pacheedaht planning for a successful socio-economic future for the First Nation group and recognizing the cultural and historical significance of the group. Another very important reason for these meetings was to create a fair and respectful environment for both parties to share their values and goals. This document outlines many aspect of the potential community forest to be born.

Some of these outlines focus on consultations, general operations, financial issues and problem solving. Regarding consultations, the government of British Columbia promises to see problems in the eyes of the Pacheedaht, the Pacheedaht have to abide within their agreed upon border and when the agreement retires, the two parties will meet and discuss negotiations. General operations describes the annual allowable cut, proper and quick communication and a promise to keep both parties up to date. Financial issues and problem solving also involve much consultation and a great effort in both parties.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/zzzz-to-be-moved/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/agreements/ita_pacheedaht.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement|last=|first=|date=2013|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==
There are many purposes that this treaty signifies. There are four purposes of this agreement.
# Illustrate that two parties have reached a final agreement.
# Land transfers that will directly and exclusively benefit the Pacheedaht.
# Develop practices that will allow the Pacheedaht to manage the land appropriately.
# Create legal stability of the agreement.
In order to meet these purposes, the document outlines many propositions, including but not limited to: How the forest will come into effect, how the Pacheedaht will be represented, how the land will be mapped and transferred, economic matters and negotiation and reconciliation matters. There are examples to illustrate all of these propositions.

The treaty does not give an exact date of when the community forest would be put into effect, however there is a schedule of the order of when certain negotiations will take place. For instance, mapping out the land is the first step whereas assessing gravel resources is the last. To be properly represented, the chief of the Pacheedaht will attend every meeting and negotiations and there is a recognition that the Pacheedaht have rights and privileges in this agreement. To create a map, the land is divided into lots and lots 247 Block A and B, and lots 251 and 252 are going to grow into Qala:yit. Additionally, there are perimeters to ensure sustainable cut and management. Taxes are discussed. Additionally, much of this document lay out conflict resolution, recognition of the Pacheedaht and the promise that both parties are fairly represented.

==Tenure arrangements==
The tenure arrangement of Qala:yit is long term<ref name=":3" />, which can be five to thirty years<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://info.bcassessment.ca/services-and-products/APPs/Leases,%20Permits%20Other%20Tenures.pdf|title=Leases, Permits and Other Tenures|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, and area based<ref name=":3" />. This tenure arrangement is similar to the tenure in Little Prairie, BC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northerndevelopment.bc.ca/explore-our-region/success-stories/little-prairie-community-forest-nearing-a-reality/|title=Little Prairie Community Forest In Chetwynd Moves Forward|last=|first=|date=|website=Northern Development BC|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Though Little Prairie has a high focus on using indigenous knowledge to maintain the forest and it is unclear whether these strategies will be used in Qala:yit but the focus of indigenous engagement and advancement is very important in both community forests.

As well, since Qala:yit is a long term initiative, there is much hope that the forest will help the community integrate better community amenities such as social workers, better schools and basic structures a community needs like a water treatment center<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=|first=|date=|website=Sooke News Journal|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.
==Administrative arrangements==
Though 50% of profits are being to these communities, the land is still Crown Land, owned by the federal government. This means the the government manages the forest, though the communities are heavily involved. It is not clear yet whether a certain percentage of people from the nation are expected to work in the forest. Additionally, it is not completely clear what the power dynamic is, however, from documents such as ''Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement'' and the ''Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning.''

==Affected Stakeholders==

The Pacheedaht would be the primary affected stakeholder because they are culturally and spiritually connected to the land. As well, with the creation of Qala:yit and the revenue it will bring the community, they are also financially affected. As of October 2018, they are having an increase in job opportunities, as well, the community has built a water treatment center and improved roads. ( https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/)

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
There are numerous interested and outside stakeholders. The government of British Columbia and BC timber sales are the two largest. The British Colombian government is very financially involved as they have supported Qala:yit and the Pacheedaht community for a couple years (2003). Though the government is financially invested and may well be emotionally invested, as this is a very poor community, they are not affected because if Qala:yit fails the government can move on. This forest is not their entire livelihood, as it is for the Pacheedaht.

BC timer sales oversees about 20% of the forest in British Columbia (https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/bc-timber-sales). They also employ over 8,000 people, including some of the Pacheedaht community. BC timber is financially interested, they have thousands of hectares of forest to look after, the potential failure of Qala:yit will not emotionally and spiritually impact them.

==Discussion==

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-26T18:49:16Z

HanahDhanani:

Qala:yit community forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pacheedahtfirstnation.com/pacheedaht-first-nation-history-and-villages/|title=History and Villages|last=|first=|date=|website=Pacheedaht First Nation Treaty Information|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Qala:yit is the newest community forest in Canada, as of November 2018, and is unique in the sense that it is the first and only community fores to be partnered with BC Timber sales<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulpandpapercanada.com/forestry/pacheedaht-first-nation-and-cowichan-lake-enter-community-forest-agreement-1100001324|title=Pacheedaht First Nation and Cowichan Lake enter community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 10 2018|work=Pulp and Paper Canada|access-date=October 10th}}</ref>. Qala:yit is a collaboration between the Pacheedaht First Nation, the Cowichan Lake Community Forest Co-op and the Government of BC<ref name=":0" />. Qala:yit community forest accounts for approximately 8,000 hectares of Crown land.

==Description==
Qala:yit is the first community forest of its kind in Canada in that it half of the revenue of the BC Timber Sales will be given to the Pacheedaht Nation and other surrounding communities to better lives and well being<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2018PREM0069-001734|title=Pacheedaht and Cowichan Lake to benefit from unique community forest agreement|last=|first=|date=September 8th 2018|work=BC Gov News|access-date=}}</ref>. There have been two main documents leading up to this forest.

== The Pacheedaht ==
The Pacheedaht are a First Nations group in south-west Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Before European colonilization, the Pacheedaht population was estimated to be around 1,500<ref name=":1" />. Disease, brutality and residential schools have dropped that number to about 200 today<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/|title=Pacheedaht look to the future|last=Collins|first=Tim|date=October 4th 2018|work=Sooke News Mirror|access-date=}}</ref>. The Pacheedaht community is a very poor community since their logging industry collapsed in the 1980's<ref name=":2" />. The sawmill closed and there was no more hope or livelihood in the community. Additionally, like many First Nations communities in Canada, there is a significant suicide rate in the community. At one point, the community had the highest suicide had the highest teenage suicide rate in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infohub.com/travel-stories/reality_enriches_those_that_visit_the_pacheedaht_first_nation-58.html|title=Reality Enriches Those That Visit The Pacheedaht First Nation|last=|first=|date=|website=InfoHub|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.However, since the addition of Qala:yit community forest and the newly opened Sea Foam fish processing plant<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://renfrewchamber.com/seafoam-seafood-fish-processing-plant|title=Seafoam Seafood Fish Processing Plant|last=|first=|date=|website=Port Renfrew|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, there is hope and the community is looking forward to a financial and stable society.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement (2005)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs2014_2/546081/downloadasset.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning|last=|first=|date=2005|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==

The purposes of the meetings that led to this document include; creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and the Pacheedaht planning for a successful socio-economic future for the First Nation group and recognizing the cultural and historical significance of the group. Another very important reason for these meetings was to create a fair and respectful environment for both parties to share their values and goals. This document outlines many aspect of the potential community forest to be born.

Some of these outlines focus on consultations, general operations, financial issues and problem solving. Regarding consultations, the government of British Columbia promises to see problems in the eyes of the Pacheedaht, the Pacheedaht have to abide within their agreed upon border and when the agreement retires, the two parties will meet and discuss negotiations. General operations describes the annual allowable cut, proper and quick communication and a promise to keep both parties up to date. Financial issues and problem solving also involve much consultation and a great effort in both parties.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/zzzz-to-be-moved/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/9efbd86da302a0712e6559bdb2c7f9dd/agreements/ita_pacheedaht.pdf|title=Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement|last=|first=|date=2013|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ==
There are many purposes that this treaty signifies. There are four purposes of this agreement.
# Illustrate that two parties have reached a final agreement.
# Land transfers that will directly and exclusively benefit the Pacheedaht.
# Develop practices that will allow the Pacheedaht to manage the land appropriately.
# Create legal stability of the agreement.
In order to meet these purposes, the document outlines many propositions, including but not limited to: How the forest will come into effect, how the Pacheedaht will be represented, how the land will be mapped and transferred, economic matters and negotiation and reconciliation matters. There are examples to illustrate all of these propositions.

The treaty does not give an exact date of when the community forest would be put into effect, however there is a schedule of the order of when certain negotiations will take place. For instance, mapping out the land is the first step whereas assessing gravel resources is the last. To be properly represented, the chief of the Pacheedaht will attend every meeting and negotiations and there is a recognition that the Pacheedaht have rights and privileges in this agreement. To create a map, the land is divided into lots and lots 247 Block A and B, and lots 251 and 252 are going to grow into Qala:yit. Additionally, there are perimeters to ensure sustainable cut and management. Taxes are discussed. Additionally, much of this document lay out conflict resolution, recognition of the Pacheedaht and the promise that both parties are fairly represented.

==Tenure arrangements==
The tenure arrangement of Qala:yit is long term<ref name=":3" />, which can be five to thirty years<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://info.bcassessment.ca/services-and-products/APPs/Leases,%20Permits%20Other%20Tenures.pdf|title=Leases, Permits and Other Tenures|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, and area based<ref name=":3" />. This tenure arrangement is similar to the tenure in Little Prairie, BC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northerndevelopment.bc.ca/explore-our-region/success-stories/little-prairie-community-forest-nearing-a-reality/|title=Little Prairie Community Forest In Chetwynd Moves Forward|last=|first=|date=|website=Northern Development BC|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Though Little Prairie has a high focus on using indigenous knowledge to maintain the forest and it is unclear whether these strategies will be used in Qala:yit but the focus of indigenous engagement and advancement is very important in both community forests.

As well, since Qala:yit is a long term initiative, there is much hope that the forest will help the community integrate better community amenities such as social workers, better schools and basic structures a community needs like a water treatment centre.
==Administrative arrangements==
Though 50% of profits are being to these communities, the land is still Crown Land, owned by the federal government. This means the the government manages the forest, though the communities are heavily involved. It is not clear yet whether a certain percentage of people from the nation are expected to work in the forest. Additionally, it is not completely clear what the power dynamic is, however, from documents such as ''Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement'' and the ''Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning.''

==Affected Stakeholders==

The Pacheedaht would be the primary affected stakeholder because they are culturally and spiritually connected to the land. As well, with the creation of Qala:yit and the revenue it will bring the community, they are also financially affected. As of October 2018, they are having an increase in job opportunities, as well, the community has built a water treatment center and improved roads. ( https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/)

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
There are numerous interested and outside stakeholders. The government of British Columbia and BC timber sales are the two largest. The British Colombian government is very financially involved as they have supported Qala:yit and the Pacheedaht community for a couple years (2003). Though the government is financially invested and may well be emotionally invested, as this is a very poor community, they are not affected because if Qala:yit fails the government can move on. This forest is not their entire livelihood, as it is for the Pacheedaht.

BC timer sales oversees about 20% of the forest in British Columbia (https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/bc-timber-sales). They also employ over 8,000 people, including some of the Pacheedaht community. BC timber is financially interested, they have thousands of hectares of forest to look after, the potential failure of Qala:yit will not emotionally and spiritually impact them.

==Discussion==

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-23T19:46:06Z

HanahDhanani: /* Description */

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-23T19:12:31Z

HanahDhanani: /* Description */

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-23T18:36:12Z

HanahDhanani: /* Affected Stakeholders */

Add your summary here

==Description==
Qala:yit community forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation. Qala:yit is the newest community forest in Canada, and is unique in the sense that it is the first community forest in BC as it is the only one to be partnered with BC Timber sales, which manages about 20% of of BC's annual allowable cut. Qala:yit is a collaboration between the Pacheedaht First Nation, the Cowichan Lake Community Forest Co-op and the Government of BC. Qala:yit community forest accounts for approximately 8,000 hectares of Crown land. Qala:yit is the first community forest of its kind in Canada in that it half of the revenue of the BC Timber Sales will be given to the Pacheedaht Nation and other surrounding communities to better lives and well being. There have been two documents leading up to this forest.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement ==

This document was finished in 2005. The purposes of the meetings that led to this document includes creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and First Nations in the province, planning for a successful socio-economic future for the Pacheedaht and recognizing the cultural and historical significance of the Pacheedaht First Nation. Another very important reason for these meetings was to create a fair and respectful environment for both parties to share their values and goals. As well, the forests on the traditional land of the Pacheedaht, now known as the Cowichan Lake Area, are managed in a sustainable and economic way. This was the birth of the idea of Qala:Yit. Additionally, these meetings led to higher government financial assistance to the Pacheedaht.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement ==
This document was finished in 2013. The purpose of the meetings that led to this document was to create a forest related socio-economic benefit to the Pacheedaht Nation. It outlines how the forest will come into effect, how the Pacheedaht will be represented, how the land will be mapped and transferred, negotiation and reconciliation matters and economic matters. Additionally, this document outlines who has stakes in the forest and which companies will be able to cut the forest. There are also many legal matters identified in this document, such as liability and right-of-way notices.

==Tenure arrangements==
The tenure arrangement of Qala:yit is long term, which can be five to thirty years, and area based. This tenure arrangement is similar to the tenure in Little Prairie, BC. Though Little Prairie has a high focus on using indigenous knowledge to maintain the forest and it is unclear whether these strategies will be used in Qala:yit but the focus of indigenous engagement and advancement is very important in both community forests.
==Administrative arrangements==
Though 50% of profits are being to these communities, the land is still Crown Land, owned by the federal government. This means the the government manages the forest, though the communities are heavily involved. It is not clear yet whether a certain percentage of people from the nation are expected to work in the forest. Additionally, it is not completely clear what the power dynamic is, however, from documents such as ''Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement'' and the ''Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning.''

==Affected Stakeholders==

The Pacheedaht would be the primary affected stakeholder because they are culturally and spiritually connected to the land. As well, with the creation of Qala:yit and the revenue it will bring the community, they are also financially affected. As of October 2018, they are having an increase in job opportunities, as well, the community has built a water treatment center and improved roads. ( https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/)

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
There are numerous interested and outside stakeholders. The government of British Columbia and BC timber sales are the two largest. The British Colombian government is very financially involved as they have supported Qala:yit and the Pacheedaht community for a couple years (2003). Though the government is financially invested and may well be emotionally invested, as this is a very poor community, they are not affected because if Qala:yit fails the government can move on. This forest is not their entire livelihood, as it is for the Pacheedaht.

BC timer sales oversees about 20% of the forest in British Columbia (https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/bc-timber-sales). They also employ over 8,000 people, including some of the Pacheedaht community. BC timber is financially interested, they have thousands of hectares of forest to look after, the potential failure of Qala:yit will not emotionally and spiritually impact them.

==Discussion==

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-23T18:22:20Z

HanahDhanani:

Add your summary here

==Description==
Qala:yit community forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation. Qala:yit is the newest community forest in Canada, and is unique in the sense that it is the first community forest in BC as it is the only one to be partnered with BC Timber sales, which manages about 20% of of BC's annual allowable cut. Qala:yit is a collaboration between the Pacheedaht First Nation, the Cowichan Lake Community Forest Co-op and the Government of BC. Qala:yit community forest accounts for approximately 8,000 hectares of Crown land. Qala:yit is the first community forest of its kind in Canada in that it half of the revenue of the BC Timber Sales will be given to the Pacheedaht Nation and other surrounding communities to better lives and well being. There have been two documents leading up to this forest.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement ==

This document was finished in 2005. The purposes of the meetings that led to this document includes creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and First Nations in the province, planning for a successful socio-economic future for the Pacheedaht and recognizing the cultural and historical significance of the Pacheedaht First Nation. Another very important reason for these meetings was to create a fair and respectful environment for both parties to share their values and goals. As well, the forests on the traditional land of the Pacheedaht, now known as the Cowichan Lake Area, are managed in a sustainable and economic way. This was the birth of the idea of Qala:Yit. Additionally, these meetings led to higher government financial assistance to the Pacheedaht.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement ==
This document was finished in 2013. The purpose of the meetings that led to this document was to create a forest related socio-economic benefit to the Pacheedaht Nation. It outlines how the forest will come into effect, how the Pacheedaht will be represented, how the land will be mapped and transferred, negotiation and reconciliation matters and economic matters. Additionally, this document outlines who has stakes in the forest and which companies will be able to cut the forest. There are also many legal matters identified in this document, such as liability and right-of-way notices.

==Tenure arrangements==
The tenure arrangement of Qala:yit is long term, which can be five to thirty years, and area based. This tenure arrangement is similar to the tenure in Little Prairie, BC. Though Little Prairie has a high focus on using indigenous knowledge to maintain the forest and it is unclear whether these strategies will be used in Qala:yit but the focus of indigenous engagement and advancement is very important in both community forests.
==Administrative arrangements==
Though 50% of profits are being to these communities, the land is still Crown Land, owned by the federal government. This means the the government manages the forest, though the communities are heavily involved. It is not clear yet whether a certain percentage of people from the nation are expected to work in the forest. Additionally, it is not completely clear what the power dynamic is, however, from documents such as ''Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement'' and the ''Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning.''

==Affected Stakeholders==

The Pacheedaht would be the primary affected stakeholder because they are culturally and spiritually connected to the land. As well, with the creation of Qala:yit and the revenue it will bring the community, they are also financially affected. As of October 2018, they are having an increase in job opportunities, as well, the community has built a water treatment center and improved roads. ( https://www.sookenewsmirror.com/news/pacheedaht-look-to-the-future/)

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
There are numerous interested and outside stakeholders. The government of British Columbia and BC timber sales are the two largest. The British Colombian government is very financially involved as they have supported Qala:yit and the Pacheedaht community for a couple years (2003). The

==Discussion==

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-22T00:23:28Z

HanahDhanani:

Add your summary here

==Description==
Qala:yit community forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation. Qala:yit is the newest community forest in Canada, and is unique in the sense that it is the first community forest in BC as it is the only one to be partnered with BC Timber sales, which manages about 20% of of BC's annual allowable cut. Qala:yit is a collaboration between the Pacheedaht First Nation, the Cowichan Lake Community Forest Co-op and the Government of BC. Qala:yit community forest accounts for approximately 8,000 hectares of Crown land. Qala:yit is the first community forest of its kind in Canada in that it half of the revenue of the BC Timber Sales will be given to the Pacheedaht Nation and other surrounding communities to better lives and well being. There have been two documents leading up to this forest.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement ==

This document was finished in 2005. The purposes of the meetings that led to this document includes creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and First Nations in the province, planning for a successful socio-economic future for the Pacheedaht and recognizing the cultural and historical significance of the Pacheedaht First Nation. Another very important reason for these meetings was to create a fair and respectful environment for both parties to share their values and goals. As well, the forests on the traditional land of the Pacheedaht, now known as the Cowichan Lake Area, are managed in a sustainable and economic way. This was the birth of the idea of Qala:Yit. Additionally, these meetings led to higher government financial assistance to the Pacheedaht.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement ==
This document was finished in 2013. The purpose of the meetings that led to this document was to create a forest related socio-economic benefit to the Pacheedaht Nation. It outlines how the forest will come into effect, how the Pacheedaht will be represented, how the land will be mapped and transferred, negotiation and reconciliation matters and economic matters. Additionally, this document outlines who has stakes in the forest and which companies will be able to cut the forest. There are also many legal matters identified in this document, such as liability and right-of-way notices.

==Tenure arrangements==
The tenure arrangement of Qala:yit is long term, which can be five to thirty years, and area based. This tenure arrangement is similar to the tenure in Little Prairie, BC. Though Little Prairie has a high focus on using indigenous knowledge to maintain the forest and it is unclear whether these strategies will be used in Qala:yit but the focus of indigenous engagement and advancement is very important in both community forests.
==Administrative arrangements==
Though 50% of profits are being to these communities, the land is still Crown Land, owned by the federal government. This means the the government manages the forest, though the communities are heavily involved. It is not clear yet whether a certain percentage of people from the nation are expected to work in the forest. Additionally, it is not completely clear what the power dynamic is, however, from documents such as ''Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement'' and the ''Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning.''

==Affected Stakeholders==

The Pacheedaht would be the primary affected stakeholder because they are culturally and spiritually connected to the land. As well, with the creation of Qala:yit and the revenue it will bring the community, they are also financially affected.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-16T18:43:08Z

HanahDhanani: /* Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement */

Add your summary here

==Description==
Qala:yit community forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation. Qala:yit is the newest community forest in Canada, and is unique in the sense that it is the first community forest in BC as it is the only one to be partnered with BC Timber sales, which manages about 20% of of BC's annual allowable cut. Qala:yit is a collaboration between the Pacheedaht First Nation, the Cowichan Lake Community Forest Co-op and the Government of BC. Qala:yit community forest accounts for approximately 8,000 hectares of Crown land. Qala:yit is the first community forest of its kind in Canada in that it half of the revenue of the BC Timber Sales will be given to the Pacheedaht Nation and other surrounding communities to better lives and well being. There have been two documents leading up to this forest.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement ==

This document was finished in 2005. The purposes of the meetings that led to this document includes creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and First Nations in the province, planning for a successful socio-economic future for the Pacheedaht and recognizing the cultural and historical significance of the Pacheedaht First Nation. Another very important reason for these meetings was to create a fair and respectful environment for both parties to share their values and goals. As well, the forests on the traditional land of the Pacheedaht, now known as the Cowichan Lake Area, are managed in a sustainable and economic way. This was the birth of the idea of Qala:Yit. Additionally, these meetings led to higher government financial assistance to the Pacheedaht.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement ==
This document was finished in 2013. The purpose of the meetings that led to this document was to create a forest related socio-economic benefit to the Pacheedaht Nation. It outlines how the forest will come into effect, how the Pacheedaht will be represented, how the land will be mapped and transferred, negotiation and reconciliation matters and economic matters. Additionally, this document outlines who has stakes in the forest and which companies will be able to cut the forest. There are also many legal matters identified in this document, such as liability and right-of-way notices.

==Tenure arrangements==
The tenure arrangement of Qala:yit is long term, which can be five to thirty years, and area based. This tenure arrangement is similar to the tenure in Little Prairie, BC. Though Little Prairie has a high focus on using indigenous knowledge to maintain the forest and it is unclear whether these strategies will be used in Qala:yit but the focus of indigenous engagement and advancement is very important in both community forests.
==Administrative arrangements==
Though 50% of profits are being to these communities, the land is still Crown Land, owned by the federal government. This means the the government manages the forest, though the communities are heavily involved. It is not clear yet whether a certain percentage of people from the nation are expected to work in the forest. Additionally, it is not completely clear what the power dynamic is, however, from documents such as ''Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement and the ). Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning.''

==Affected Stakeholders==

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-16T18:35:37Z

HanahDhanani: /* This document was finished in 2005. The purposes of the meetings that led to this document includes creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and First Nations in the province, planning for a successful socio-e */

Add your summary here

==Description==
Qala:yit community forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation. Qala:yit is the newest community forest in Canada, and is unique in the sense that it is the first community forest in BC as it is the only one to be partnered with BC Timber sales, which manages about 20% of of BC's annual allowable cut. Qala:yit is a collaboration between the Pacheedaht First Nation, the Cowichan Lake Community Forest Co-op and the Government of BC. Qala:yit community forest accounts for approximately 8,000 hectares of Crown land. Qala:yit is the first community forest of its kind in Canada in that it half of the revenue of the BC Timber Sales will be given to the Pacheedaht Nation and other surrounding communities to better lives and well being. There have been two documents leading up to this forest.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement ==

This document was finished in 2005. The purposes of the meetings that led to this document includes creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and First Nations in the province, planning for a successful socio-economic future for the Pacheedaht and recognizing the cultural and historical significance of the Pacheedaht First Nation. Another very important reason for these meetings was to create a fair and respectful environment for both parties to share their values and goals. As well, the forests on the traditional land of the Pacheedaht, now known as the Cowichan Lake Area, are managed in a sustainable and economic way. This was the birth of the idea of Qala:Yit. Additionally, these meetings led to higher government financial assistance to the Pacheedaht.

== ''Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement'' ==

==Tenure arrangements==
The tenure arrangement of Qala:yit is long term, which can be five to thirty years, and area based. This tenure arrangement is similar to the tenure in Little Prairie, BC. Though Little Prairie has a high focus on using indigenous knowledge to maintain the forest and it is unclear whether these strategies will be used in Qala:yit but the focus of indigenous engagement and advancement is very important in both community forests.
==Administrative arrangements==
Though 50% of profits are being to these communities, the land is still Crown Land, owned by the federal government. This means the the government manages the forest, though the communities are heavily involved. It is not clear yet whether a certain percentage of people from the nation are expected to work in the forest. Additionally, it is not completely clear what the power dynamic is, however, from documents such as ''Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement and the ). Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning.''

==Affected Stakeholders==

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-16T18:35:20Z

HanahDhanani: /* Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement */

Add your summary here

==Description==
Qala:yit community forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation. Qala:yit is the newest community forest in Canada, and is unique in the sense that it is the first community forest in BC as it is the only one to be partnered with BC Timber sales, which manages about 20% of of BC's annual allowable cut. Qala:yit is a collaboration between the Pacheedaht First Nation, the Cowichan Lake Community Forest Co-op and the Government of BC. Qala:yit community forest accounts for approximately 8,000 hectares of Crown land. Qala:yit is the first community forest of its kind in Canada in that it half of the revenue of the BC Timber Sales will be given to the Pacheedaht Nation and other surrounding communities to better lives and well being. There have been two documents leading up to this forest.

== Pacheedaht First Nation Forest and Range Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement ==

== This document was finished in 2005. The purposes of the meetings that led to this document includes creating a healthy relationship between the government of British Columbia and First Nations in the province, planning for a successful socio-economic future for the Pacheedaht and recognizing the cultural and historical significance of the Pacheedaht First Nation. Another very important reason for these meetings was to create a fair and respectful environment for both parties to share their values and goals. As well, the forests on the traditional land of the Pacheedaht, now known as the Cowichan Lake Area, are managed in a sustainable and economic way. This was the birth of the idea of Qala:Yit. Additionally, these meetings led to higher government financial assistance to the Pacheedaht. ==

== ''Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement'' ==

==Tenure arrangements==
The tenure arrangement of Qala:yit is long term, which can be five to thirty years, and area based. This tenure arrangement is similar to the tenure in Little Prairie, BC. Though Little Prairie has a high focus on using indigenous knowledge to maintain the forest and it is unclear whether these strategies will be used in Qala:yit but the focus of indigenous engagement and advancement is very important in both community forests.
==Administrative arrangements==
Though 50% of profits are being to these communities, the land is still Crown Land, owned by the federal government. This means the the government manages the forest, though the communities are heavily involved. It is not clear yet whether a certain percentage of people from the nation are expected to work in the forest. Additionally, it is not completely clear what the power dynamic is, however, from documents such as ''Pacheedaht First Nation Incremental Treaty Agreement and the ). Pacheedaht First Nation Land Use Planning.''

==Affected Stakeholders==

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-16T18:28:32Z

HanahDhanani: added header

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-08T19:38:25Z

HanahDhanani: alot

Course:FRST370/Projects/The evolution and impacts of Qala:yit Community Forest, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada

2018-11-07T20:29:06Z

HanahDhanani:

Add your summary here

==Description==
Qala:yit community forest is located in the Lake Cowichan area in southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The eastern part of Lake Cowichan is the traditional land of the Pacheedaht Nation.

==Tenure arrangements==
The

==Administrative arrangements==
Administrative arrangements. Describe the management authority and the reporting system.

==Affected Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are affected stakeholders, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:CONS200/The situation of the Penan and Kenyah Indigenous Peoples vs the construction of the Murum Dam in Northern Sarawak, Malaysia

2018-04-10T00:38:24Z

HanahDhanani:

'''Introduction'''

[[File:Murum Dam view from afar.jpg|100px|x250px|frame|right|Murum Dam View]]

== Nature of the Problem ==
[[File:Penan woman.jpg|100px|x250px|frame|right|A Penan Woman]]
[[File:Long_Kerong_(5101752612).jpg||x140px|350px|frame|right|A typical Penan home in 2009]]

The Murum Dam is located in Sarawak, Malaysia. The dam is 141 meters tall and 473 meters long, covering a large expanse of Malaysian wilderness <ref name="seb">[http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/hydroelectric-projects/about-hydropower "About Hydropower". Sarawak Energy.] Retrieved April 4th 2018.</ref>. The dam was built to satisfy the countries rapid industrialization and is expected to generate 1200 megawatts of power <ref name="seb"/>. The government sourced the manual work out to a Chinese company called Three Gorges Operation, but the project developer was the local Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB) <ref name="international river">[https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/murum-dam "Murum Dam." International Rivers.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>
The Murum Dam is part of a project to build 12 new dams on the Murum river<ref name="seb"/>, which is expected to displace 10,000 indigenous people and flood thousands of hectares of pristine forest <ref name="m">[https://news.mongabay.com/2012/10/indigenous-blockade-expands-against-massive-dam-in-sarawak/ "Indigenous blockade expands against massive dam in Sarawak". Mongabay.] Retrieved April 1st 2018 </ref>
The SEB knew that indigenous people were living on the land but did not consider their livelihoods while planning the Murum Dam as the Malaysian government does not recognize the Penan's claim to the land. So far, approximately 1500 indigenous people, mostly from the Penan tribe, have been displaced <ref name="international river"/>. The village of Long Wat, in the immediate area of flooding were promised the sum of $3240 USD and ten acres of land per family for their relocation. However, these promises weren’t recognized, as no money was given, and families were only given three acres of sandy and rocky land, unsuitable for farming <ref name="national geo">[https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/04/17/the-penan-hunter-gatherers-of-sarawak/ "The Penan Hunter-Gatherers of Sarawak". National Geographic.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> The usable land was bought by third party farmers, harvesting palm oil and wood products <ref name="international river"/>. As well, villages that were not in the immediate vicinity where not given such compensation or adequate notice that their homes were being destroyed and they must relocate. <ref name="outcry"> [https://intercontinentalcry.org/indigenous-penan-continue-protesting-murum-dam-begins-fill-20197/ "Indigenous Penan continue protesting as Murum dam begins to fill". Intercontinental Cry.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>

There are many human right's issues regarding the housing that was supplied to the Penan. The houses have been described as unlivable. The plots of land that were given to the Penan are not suited for farming. Efforts to grow rice and other crops have been mostly failures, as the ground is not suitable for agriculture and is simply too small to sustain 1500 people <ref name="survive">[https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/penan "The Penan". Survival International.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . The Penan also struggle to make any source of income, as their houses are very isolated and few to none have access to education <ref name="borneo">[http://borneoproject.org/updates/in-another-blow-bakun-to-be-gazetted-as-national-park "In Another Blow, Bakun To Be Gazetted As National Park" The Borneo Project] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . This makes it especially difficult to pay hydro and electricity bills that they must pay to live in these government buildings or to leave the government housing because it is unlikely they would find work on the outside. Additionally The Penan are traditionally nomadic people, who depend on migrating to ensure a suitable amount of food <ref name="national geo"/>. Since the area they used to travel around was flooded, so was their tradition and access to food. The relocated Penan groups struggle with food security on the daily.

Some indigenous groups were not given housing placements. When 700sq km of land was flooded, only small pockets of isolated land rose above the water, which is now home to 500 Penan people. Some people who lived in the government houses moved to these islands due to the poor quality of the houses. People are dispersed across the new islands, some building floating houses on the water, while others constructing new homes on the rocky islands <ref name="borneo"/>.

Currently, there are no official government efforts to supply the Penan with adequate housing, financial support, education or any other remedial actions. If there is no action done, the Penan will have to let go of their ancestral land and integrate into Malaysian society or they will simply die off, as there is very little chance for success in their new communities.

== Categories of Actors ==

===The Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB)===
The SEB is the province of Sarawak’s key energy supplier, steel production and the manufacturing of industrial supplies. They have been operating for over 100 years and continue to hold a monopoly over energy suppliers in Serewak <ref name="seb1">[http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/ "Sarawak Energy"] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . The SEB provides power to approximately 500,000 people, many investors and shareholders and a board of officials <ref name="seb2">[https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/people.asp?privcapId=875444 "Company Overview of Sarawak Energy Berhad" Bloomberg] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . Most of these people benefit from the Murum Dam, financially. A dam is easier to produce and a more renewable source of energy than burning coal or fossil fuels. As well, the SEB has begun to sell electricity to Indonesia, due to the success of the Murum Dam and others like it in Sarawak<ref name="seb3">[http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/05/13/malaysia-begins-exporting-electricity-to-indonesia/ "Malaysia begins exporting electricity to Indonesia" Free Malaysia Today] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> .

===China Three Gorges Corporation===
The Three Gorges Corporation is one of the largest hydropower-complex manufacturers in the world. <ref name="three1">[http://www.ctgpc.com/en/_304051/_304525/index.html "Three Gorges Project" China Three Gorges Operation] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> They have done extensive work on the Yangtze river. The Corporation tries to mitigate flood risks and provide clean energy to their customers <ref name="three2">[http://www.ctgpc.com/en/_304051/_304537/_304954/index.html "Benefits" China Three Gorges Operation] Retrieved by April 4th 2018. </ref>. They are supervising construction of the Murum Dam, and being funded by the SEB <ref name="three3">[http://pcss.com.my/project-control-and-planning-for-murum-hydro-electric-power-for-three-gorges/ "Project Control and Planning for Murum Hydro Electric Power for Three Gorges" PCSS] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>.

===The Penan People===
The Penan have lived in Sarawak’s rainforest for time immemorial. The Penan are traditionally nomadic people, migrating in the hunt for wild boar and vegetation cycles. Their staple food is sago, which grows on the inside of the Sago Palm. The Sago is largely inaccessible to them now, as they are mostly farmed on private farms. <ref name="national geo"/> .
The Penan are an egalitarian society, which strongly emphasize on sharing and caring for those in the community. They have a strong bond with the environment as it is critical to their culture and identity. Over thousands of years, their knowledge about the rain forests of Sarawak rival those of researchers.
Due to the construction of the Murum Dam and other efforts to pollute the rainforest, the Penan are the losers in the race for cheap wood and sustainable resources. Their land has been flooded and their forests have been destroyed, causing much of the animals and plants they relied on for thousands of years to be endangered or extinct. <ref name="survive"/>

== Evidence for the Problem ==

The intense degradation of both the environment in Sarawak and the livelihoods of local communities are undeniable. Rapid changes, such as in the health of waters and the forests, prove how significant impacts caused by the dam’s construction truly are.

===Social Issues===
The displacement of over 30 000 indigenous people from more than 235 settlements due to the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) suggest a strong stance from the government. <ref name="first">[https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/1933146898?pq-origsite=summon&accountid=14656 "Economic Development via Dam Building: The Role of the State Government in the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy and the Impact on Environment and Local Communities". Southeast Asian Studies.] Retrieved April 8th 2018.</ref>. The Indigenous Peoples being pushed out off their traditional lands, cut off from their traditional lifestyles and instead forced to resettled into facilities that are completely foreign to them, serves as the basis for many social arguments against the Murum dam. The lack of prior consultation demonstrates the major relevance of this issue. The Malaysian government violated the United Nations Declaration on Indigenous Peoples’ principle, by not obtaining consent from the Indigenous communities before commencing development that would effect their well-being on their territory <ref name="first"/>. According to the Regional Corridor Development Authority, which is fully baked by the Sarawak state government, the improved overall economy due to SCORE will increase quality of life for all. <ref name="third">[http://www.recoda.com.my/what-is-score/ "What is SCORE?". RECODA.] Retrieved April 8th 2018.</ref>. However, the violation of international standards and the displaced Indigenous communities question their reliability. <ref name="fifth">[https://www.internationalrivers.org/blogs/298/malaysia’s-murum-dam-sets-poor-precedents-for-best-practice "Malaysia's Murum Dam Sets Poor Precedents for Best Practice". International Rivers.] Retrieved April 8th 2018.</ref>

===Environmental issues===
[[File:Slipway for the Murum Dam.jpg|60px|x150px|frame|right|Murum Dam]]
United Nations identifies the dam as a major environmental hazard. For example, it will result in loss of biodiversity, deterioration of water quality, disruption of river flow patterns, and chemical changes in water <ref name="second">[https://tradingeconomics.com/malaysia/corruption-rank "Malaysia Corruption Rank". Trading Economics.] Retrieved April 8th 2018.</ref>. Moreover, the dramatic chemical changes in water samples and physical environmental degradation show a different side of the story. CLASlite satellite technology has depicted the large-scale land use change overtime due to the Murum dam construction. It is estimated that approximately 80% of the land in Sabah and Sarawak has been either deforested or degraded by clear-cutting and logging activities. But since the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is withheld to the public, accurate environmental impacts that the dam will create are unknown. However, it is interesting to note that Murum Dam is being modeled as an example of sustainable hydropower, with the developing company, Sarawak Energy Berhad, being awarded a “Sustainability Partner” status 5. This is yet another example of strong bias by the government.

===Biases===
Corruption in the Government-
The Malaysian government has invested greatly, since 2008, for industrial diversification through (SCORE)1. Their primary focus is supposed to “stimulate investment-led growth in traditionally rural areas” <ref name="third"/>. But to do so, they have partnered with large-scale commercial logging and energy corporations to take advantage of the land’s natural resources. The intimate ties between these parties and their profit driven interests raises another transparency issue. Moreover the ESIA for the Murum dam was not released to the public. This means that the Penan and Kenyah people were never given the full story regarding what would become of their land <ref name="fifth"/>. The lack of disclosure of this vital information allows the government to release biased information about the Murum dam to its citizens without confident retaliation. For reference, Malaysia is sitting at the 62nd lead corrupt in the Transparency International index, as of 2017, but has been dropping into lower ranks consistently over the years <ref name="second"/>. The Malaysian political economy is known for being corrupt, serving the interests of corporate and political interests first, and its people second.

Reliability of Sources-
Due to the polarizing arguments both sides have regarding the construction of the Murum dam, the reliability of the sources must be evaluated. For example, local and international NGOs and media outlets fighting to bring awareness, to the social and environmental issues that the dam’s construction is causing, tend to intensify the argument against. Conversely, Malaysian government backed bodies, such as RECODA, paint Murum dam as solely a nation wide improvement, but fail to also consider the negative impacts that are inevitably present. Both sides’ narrow focus cause biased arguments to some degree, but the lack of available concrete evidence of the problem available further questions the sources and their reliability.

== Options for Remedial Actions ==

===Legal Rights===

There are a multitude of human and indigenous rights documents, as well as environmental ones, that could potentially prove as useful tools in seeking proper land and culture justice. Some of these include the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples <ref name="undrip">[http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>, involving multiple of articles such as 8, 10, 18, 26, 28, and 32. More specifically articles 10 and 28 discuss proper relocation methods with consent of the originally residing individuals and proper compensation for said relocation. Article 26 may also provide rights information about prior and current ownership the native lands of indigenous peoples and their protection.

The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises <ref name="oecd">[https://www.oecd.org/corporate/mne/1922428.pdf] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>, which apply to the hydropower development of this project, provides notable environmental requirements in part I.V. In 2015 there was already an official complaint concerning these guidelines to prevent Norwegian companies from participating in the construction of these dams, by FIVAS, the Norwegian Association for International Water Studies <ref name="fivas">[http://fivas.org/tag/english/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> in association with organization Save Sarawak Rivers <ref name="save">[http://saveriversnet.blogspot.ca/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>. The Legal Perspectives on Native Customary Land Rights in Sarawak <ref name="sarawaklandrights">[http://www.suhakam.org.my/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Legal-Perspectives.pdf] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> provides an abundant amount of information concerning not only the customary native rights, but international human and indigenous rights as well as constitutional protection in part VI, IX and X.
There is also the Durban Action Plan which was reviewed and developed at the Vth IUCN World Parks Congress <ref name="iucn">[https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/durbanactionen.pdf] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> including information about indigenous rights and the benefits of proper conservation land management and protection, as well as the convention C169 of the International Labour Organization that explains indigenous rights to a people’s original resources and territory <ref name="c169">[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C169] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>.

These documents promote the rights of indigenous peoples efforts and are extremely applicable for the legality and rights issues behind the dam construction on the Penan and Kenyah peoples land. Much of the base requirements include simple and fair communication between the opposing sides, i.e. the construction of the dam vs. the Penan and Kenyah indigenous peoples, with recognition of basic human and indigenous rights. Even though the SEB, Sarawak Energy Board <ref name="seb">[http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> is providing education to the peoples <ref name="bornepost">[http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/11/30/seb-committed-to-supporting-education-of-penans-in-belaga/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>, and the Sarawak government provided some housing to the relocated populations (which in itself may be debated via article 10 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples), both are in poor conditions and not up to healthy or livable standards. Without proper compensation, rights are being violated via article 28.2 of the previously mentioned document <ref name="undrip">[http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>. The intention behind the modern education of these peoples by SEB is also questionable, as the goal is to get them "up to date" <ref name="bornepost">[http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/11/30/seb-committed-to-supporting-education-of-penans-in-belaga/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> so as to be apart of the modern workforce, yet there's no effort to support their local religions, cultures, or histories.

Currently it appears the best way to take action is to approach the legalities and rights that have been violated during the planning, consultation, and construction of not only the Murum dam, but as well as the 11 others within the construction plan throughout Sarawak. Gaining support of other companies like FIVAS <ref name="fivas">[http://fivas.org/tag/english/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> and from people around the world is also beneficial, and multiple sites have been created to help provide some of said support and spread information about what's happening to the Penan and Kenyah peoples. A few of these organizations are Survival International <ref name="survive">[https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/penan "The Penan". Survival International.] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>, Cultural Survival <ref name="cultural">[https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/native-customary-rights-sarawak] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>, and IWGIA <ref name="iwgia">[https://www.iwgia.org/en/malaysia] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>.

===Alternative Solutions?===

Here we invite contributions from students and scholars to expand on ideas for possible remedial actions involving the Penan and Kenyah peoples with the situation of the Murum Dam.

== Recommendations ==

== Conclusion ==
The state of the peoples of the Penan province is at risk. As voices continue to remain unheard, there is much insecurity surrounding the fate of this natural area. In many ways, the accountability falls upon the energy companies both locally and overseas. The Murum dam is a development of poor consideration to those it affects the most. The displacement of these people has resulted in deplorable living conditions and loss of economic stability. Although this operation may be beneficial to the Malaysian economy, the immense loss of resources and livelihoods of Sarawak first nations makes this action unadvisable. With further technological advances minimizing intrusivity of the operation and further consult ad approval from of first peoples, the Murum dam may be a less invasive project. Given the current limitations due to lack of resources and infrastructure, the construction of the Murum dam is unable to be executed in an ethical manner.

== References ==
<references/>

Course:CONS200/The situation of the Penan and Kenyah Indigenous Peoples vs the construction of the Murum Dam in Northern Sarawak, Malaysia

2018-04-10T00:36:02Z

HanahDhanani:

'''Introduction'''

[[File:Murum Dam view from afar.jpg|100px|x250px|frame|right|Murum Dam View]]

== Nature of the Problem ==
[[File:Penan woman.jpg|100px|x250px|frame|right|A Penan Woman]]
[[File:Long_Kerong_(5101752612).jpg||x140px|350px|frame|right|A typical Penan home in 2009]]

The Murum Dam is located in Sarawak, Malaysia. The dam is 141 meters tall and 473 meters long, covering a large expanse of Malaysian wilderness <ref name="seb">[http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/hydroelectric-projects/about-hydropower "About Hydropower". Sarawak Energy.] Retrieved April 4th 2018.</ref>. The dam was built to satisfy the countries rapid industrialization and is expected to generate 1200 megawatts of power <ref name="seb"/>. The government sourced the manual work out to a Chinese company called Three Gorges Operation, but the project developer was the local Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB) <ref name="international river">[https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/murum-dam "Murum Dam." International Rivers.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>
The Murum Dam is part of a project to build 12 new dams on the Murum river<ref name="seb"/>, which is expected to displace 10,000 indigenous people and flood thousands of hectares of pristine forest <ref name="m">[https://news.mongabay.com/2012/10/indigenous-blockade-expands-against-massive-dam-in-sarawak/ "Indigenous blockade expands against massive dam in Sarawak". Mongabay.] Retrieved April 1st 2018 </ref>
The SEB knew that indigenous people were living on the land but did not consider their livelihoods while planning the Murum Dam as the Malaysian government does not recognize the Penan's claim to the land. So far, approximately 1500 indigenous people, mostly from the Penan tribe, have been displaced <ref name="international river"/>. The village of Long Wat, in the immediate area of flooding were promised the sum of $3240 USD and ten acres of land per family for their relocation. However, these promises weren’t recognized, as no money was given, and families were only given three acres of sandy and rocky land, unsuitable for farming <ref name="national geo">[https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/04/17/the-penan-hunter-gatherers-of-sarawak/ "The Penan Hunter-Gatherers of Sarawak". National Geographic.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> The usable land was bought by third party farmers, harvesting palm oil and wood products <ref name="international river"/>. As well, villages that were not in the immediate vicinity where not given such compensation or adequate notice that their homes were being destroyed and they must relocate. <ref name="outcry"> [https://intercontinentalcry.org/indigenous-penan-continue-protesting-murum-dam-begins-fill-20197/ "Indigenous Penan continue protesting as Murum dam begins to fill". Intercontinental Cry.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>

There are many human right's issues regarding the housing that was supplied to the Penan. The houses have been described as unlivable. The plots of land that were given to the Penan are not suited for farming. Efforts to grow rice and other crops have been mostly failures, as the ground is not suitable for agriculture and is simply too small to sustain 1500 people <ref name="survive">[https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/penan "The Penan". Survival International.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . The Penan also struggle to make any source of income, as their houses are very isolated and few to none have access to education <ref name="borneo">[http://borneoproject.org/updates/in-another-blow-bakun-to-be-gazetted-as-national-park "In Another Blow, Bakun To Be Gazetted As National Park" The Borneo Project] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . This makes it especially difficult to pay hydro and electricity bills that they must pay to live in these government buildings or to leave the government housing because it is unlikely they would find work on the outside. Additionally The Penan are traditionally nomadic people, who depend on migrating to ensure a suitable amount of food <ref name="national geo"/>. Since the area they used to travel around was flooded, so was their tradition and access to food. The relocated Penan groups struggle with food security on the daily.

Some indigenous groups were not given housing placements. When 700sq km of land was flooded, only small pockets of isolated land rose above the water, which is now home to 500 Penan people. Some people who lived in the government houses moved to these islands due to the poor quality of the houses. People are dispersed across the new islands, some building floating houses on the water, while others constructing new homes on the rocky islands <ref name="borneo"/>.

Currently, there are no official government efforts to supply the Penan with adequate housing, financial support, education or any other remedial actions. If there is no action done, the Penan will have to let go of their ancestral land and integrate into Malaysian society or they will simply die off, as there is very little chance for success in their new communities.

== Categories of Actors ==

"The Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB)"
The SEB is the province of Sarawak’s key energy supplier, steel production and the manufacturing of industrial supplies. They have been operating for over 100 years and continue to hold a monopoly over energy suppliers in Serewak <ref name="seb1">[http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/ "Sarawak Energy"] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . The SEB provides power to approximately 500,000 people, many investors and shareholders and a board of officials <ref name="seb2">[https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/people.asp?privcapId=875444 "Company Overview of Sarawak Energy Berhad" Bloomberg] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . Most of these people benefit from the Murum Dam, financially. A dam is easier to produce and a more renewable source of energy than burning coal or fossil fuels. As well, the SEB has begun to sell electricity to Indonesia, due to the success of the Murum Dam and others like it in Sarawak<ref name="seb3">[http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/05/13/malaysia-begins-exporting-electricity-to-indonesia/ "Malaysia begins exporting electricity to Indonesia" Free Malaysia Today] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> .

"The Penan People"
The Penan have lived in Sarawak’s rainforest for time immemorial. The Penan are traditionally nomadic people, migrating in the hunt for wild boar and vegetation cycles. Their staple food is sago, which grows on the inside of the Sago Palm. The Sago is largely inaccessible to them now, as they are mostly farmed on private farms. <ref name="national geo"/> .
The Penan are an egalitarian society, which strongly emphasize on sharing and caring for those in the community. They have a strong bond with the environment as it is critical to their culture and identity. Over thousands of years, their knowledge about the rain forests of Sarawak rival those of researchers.
Due to the construction of the Murum Dam and other efforts to pollute the rainforest, the Penan are the losers in the race for cheap wood and sustainable resources. Their land has been flooded and their forests have been destroyed, causing much of the animals and plants they relied on for thousands of years to be endangered or extinct. <ref name="survive"/>

https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/penan

"China Three Gorges Corporation"
The Three Gorges Corporation is one of the largest hydropower-complex manufacturers in the world. <ref name="three1">[http://www.ctgpc.com/en/_304051/_304525/index.html "Three Gorges Project" China Three Gorges Operation] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> They have done extensive work on the Yangtze river. The Corporation tries to mitigate flood risks and provide clean energy to their customers <ref name="three2">[http://www.ctgpc.com/en/_304051/_304537/_304954/index.html "Benefits" China Three Gorges Operation] Retrieved by April 4th 2018. </ref>. They are supervising construction of the Murum Dam, and being funded by the SEB <ref name="three3">[http://pcss.com.my/project-control-and-planning-for-murum-hydro-electric-power-for-three-gorges/ "Project Control and Planning for Murum Hydro Electric Power for Three Gorges" PCSS] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>.

== Evidence for the Problem ==

The intense degradation of both the environment in Sarawak and the livelihoods of local communities are undeniable. Rapid changes, such as in the health of waters and the forests, prove how significant impacts caused by the dam’s construction truly are.

===Social Issues===
The displacement of over 30 000 indigenous people from more than 235 settlements due to the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) suggest a strong stance from the government. <ref name="first">[https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/1933146898?pq-origsite=summon&accountid=14656 "Economic Development via Dam Building: The Role of the State Government in the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy and the Impact on Environment and Local Communities". Southeast Asian Studies.] Retrieved April 8th 2018.</ref>. The Indigenous Peoples being pushed out off their traditional lands, cut off from their traditional lifestyles and instead forced to resettled into facilities that are completely foreign to them, serves as the basis for many social arguments against the Murum dam. The lack of prior consultation demonstrates the major relevance of this issue. The Malaysian government violated the United Nations Declaration on Indigenous Peoples’ principle, by not obtaining consent from the Indigenous communities before commencing development that would effect their well-being on their territory <ref name="first"/>. According to the Regional Corridor Development Authority, which is fully baked by the Sarawak state government, the improved overall economy due to SCORE will increase quality of life for all. <ref name="third">[http://www.recoda.com.my/what-is-score/ "What is SCORE?". RECODA.] Retrieved April 8th 2018.</ref>. However, the violation of international standards and the displaced Indigenous communities question their reliability. <ref name="fifth">[https://www.internationalrivers.org/blogs/298/malaysia’s-murum-dam-sets-poor-precedents-for-best-practice "Malaysia's Murum Dam Sets Poor Precedents for Best Practice". International Rivers.] Retrieved April 8th 2018.</ref>

===Environmental issues===
[[File:Slipway for the Murum Dam.jpg|60px|x150px|frame|right|Murum Dam]]
United Nations identifies the dam as a major environmental hazard. For example, it will result in loss of biodiversity, deterioration of water quality, disruption of river flow patterns, and chemical changes in water <ref name="second">[https://tradingeconomics.com/malaysia/corruption-rank "Malaysia Corruption Rank". Trading Economics.] Retrieved April 8th 2018.</ref>. Moreover, the dramatic chemical changes in water samples and physical environmental degradation show a different side of the story. CLASlite satellite technology has depicted the large-scale land use change overtime due to the Murum dam construction. It is estimated that approximately 80% of the land in Sabah and Sarawak has been either deforested or degraded by clear-cutting and logging activities. But since the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is withheld to the public, accurate environmental impacts that the dam will create are unknown. However, it is interesting to note that Murum Dam is being modeled as an example of sustainable hydropower, with the developing company, Sarawak Energy Berhad, being awarded a “Sustainability Partner” status 5. This is yet another example of strong bias by the government.

===Biases===
Corruption in the Government-
The Malaysian government has invested greatly, since 2008, for industrial diversification through (SCORE)1. Their primary focus is supposed to “stimulate investment-led growth in traditionally rural areas” <ref name="third"/>. But to do so, they have partnered with large-scale commercial logging and energy corporations to take advantage of the land’s natural resources. The intimate ties between these parties and their profit driven interests raises another transparency issue. Moreover the ESIA for the Murum dam was not released to the public. This means that the Penan and Kenyah people were never given the full story regarding what would become of their land <ref name="fifth"/>. The lack of disclosure of this vital information allows the government to release biased information about the Murum dam to its citizens without confident retaliation. For reference, Malaysia is sitting at the 62nd lead corrupt in the Transparency International index, as of 2017, but has been dropping into lower ranks consistently over the years <ref name="second"/>. The Malaysian political economy is known for being corrupt, serving the interests of corporate and political interests first, and its people second.

Reliability of Sources-
Due to the polarizing arguments both sides have regarding the construction of the Murum dam, the reliability of the sources must be evaluated. For example, local and international NGOs and media outlets fighting to bring awareness, to the social and environmental issues that the dam’s construction is causing, tend to intensify the argument against. Conversely, Malaysian government backed bodies, such as RECODA, paint Murum dam as solely a nation wide improvement, but fail to also consider the negative impacts that are inevitably present. Both sides’ narrow focus cause biased arguments to some degree, but the lack of available concrete evidence of the problem available further questions the sources and their reliability.

== Options for Remedial Actions ==

===Legal Rights===

There are a multitude of human and indigenous rights documents, as well as environmental ones, that could potentially prove as useful tools in seeking proper land and culture justice. Some of these include the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples <ref name="undrip">[http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>, involving multiple of articles such as 8, 10, 18, 26, 28, and 32. More specifically articles 10 and 28 discuss proper relocation methods with consent of the originally residing individuals and proper compensation for said relocation. Article 26 may also provide rights information about prior and current ownership the native lands of indigenous peoples and their protection.

The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises <ref name="oecd">[https://www.oecd.org/corporate/mne/1922428.pdf] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>, which apply to the hydropower development of this project, provides notable environmental requirements in part I.V. In 2015 there was already an official complaint concerning these guidelines to prevent Norwegian companies from participating in the construction of these dams, by FIVAS, the Norwegian Association for International Water Studies <ref name="fivas">[http://fivas.org/tag/english/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> in association with organization Save Sarawak Rivers <ref name="save">[http://saveriversnet.blogspot.ca/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>. The Legal Perspectives on Native Customary Land Rights in Sarawak <ref name="sarawaklandrights">[http://www.suhakam.org.my/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Legal-Perspectives.pdf] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> provides an abundant amount of information concerning not only the customary native rights, but international human and indigenous rights as well as constitutional protection in part VI, IX and X.
There is also the Durban Action Plan which was reviewed and developed at the Vth IUCN World Parks Congress <ref name="iucn">[https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/durbanactionen.pdf] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> including information about indigenous rights and the benefits of proper conservation land management and protection, as well as the convention C169 of the International Labour Organization that explains indigenous rights to a people’s original resources and territory <ref name="c169">[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C169] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>.

These documents promote the rights of indigenous peoples efforts and are extremely applicable for the legality and rights issues behind the dam construction on the Penan and Kenyah peoples land. Much of the base requirements include simple and fair communication between the opposing sides, i.e. the construction of the dam vs. the Penan and Kenyah indigenous peoples, with recognition of basic human and indigenous rights. Even though the SEB, Sarawak Energy Board <ref name="seb">[http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> is providing education to the peoples <ref name="bornepost">[http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/11/30/seb-committed-to-supporting-education-of-penans-in-belaga/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>, and the Sarawak government provided some housing to the relocated populations (which in itself may be debated via article 10 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples), both are in poor conditions and not up to healthy or livable standards. Without proper compensation, rights are being violated via article 28.2 of the previously mentioned document <ref name="undrip">[http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>. The intention behind the modern education of these peoples by SEB is also questionable, as the goal is to get them "up to date" <ref name="bornepost">[http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/11/30/seb-committed-to-supporting-education-of-penans-in-belaga/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> so as to be apart of the modern workforce, yet there's no effort to support their local religions, cultures, or histories.

Currently it appears the best way to take action is to approach the legalities and rights that have been violated during the planning, consultation, and construction of not only the Murum dam, but as well as the 11 others within the construction plan throughout Sarawak. Gaining support of other companies like FIVAS <ref name="fivas">[http://fivas.org/tag/english/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> and from people around the world is also beneficial, and multiple sites have been created to help provide some of said support and spread information about what's happening to the Penan and Kenyah peoples. A few of these organizations are Survival International <ref name="survive">[https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/penan "The Penan". Survival International.] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>, Cultural Survival <ref name="cultural">[https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/native-customary-rights-sarawak] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>, and IWGIA <ref name="iwgia">[https://www.iwgia.org/en/malaysia] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>.

===Alternative Solutions?===

Here we invite contributions from students and scholars to expand on ideas for possible remedial actions involving the Penan and Kenyah peoples with the situation of the Murum Dam.

== Recommendations ==

== Conclusion ==
The state of the peoples of the Penan province is at risk. As voices continue to remain unheard, there is much insecurity surrounding the fate of this natural area. In many ways, the accountability falls upon the energy companies both locally and overseas. The Murum dam is a development of poor consideration to those it affects the most. The displacement of these people has resulted in deplorable living conditions and loss of economic stability. Although this operation may be beneficial to the Malaysian economy, the immense loss of resources and livelihoods of Sarawak first nations makes this action unadvisable. With further technological advances minimizing intrusivity of the operation and further consult ad approval from of first peoples, the Murum dam may be a less invasive project. Given the current limitations due to lack of resources and infrastructure, the construction of the Murum dam is unable to be executed in an ethical manner.

== References ==
<references/>

Course:CONS200/The situation of the Penan and Kenyah Indigenous Peoples vs the construction of the Murum Dam in Northern Sarawak, Malaysia

2018-04-10T00:20:58Z

HanahDhanani:

'''Introduction'''

File:Murum Dam view from afar.jpg
</gallery>
== Nature of the Problem ==
[[File:Penan woman.jpg|150px|x150px|frame|right|A Penan Woman]]
[[File:Long_Kerong_(5101752612).jpg||x200px|100px|frame|right|A typical Penan home in 2009]]

The Murum Dam is located in Sarawak, Malaysia. The dam is 141 meters tall and 473 meters long, covering a large expanse of Malaysian wilderness <ref name="seb">[http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/hydroelectric-projects/about-hydropower "About Hydropower". Sarawak Energy.] Retrieved April 4th 2018.</ref>. The dam was built to satisfy the countries rapid industrialization and is expected to generate 1200 megawatts of power <ref name="seb"/>. The government sourced the manual work out to a Chinese company called Three Gorges Operation, but the project developer was the local Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB) <ref name="international river">[https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/murum-dam "Murum Dam." International Rivers.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>
The Murum Dam is part of a project to build 12 new dams on the Murum river<ref name="seb"/>, which is expected to displace 10,000 indigenous people and flood thousands of hectares of pristine forest <ref name="m">[https://news.mongabay.com/2012/10/indigenous-blockade-expands-against-massive-dam-in-sarawak/ "Indigenous blockade expands against massive dam in Sarawak". Mongabay.] Retrieved April 1st 2018 </ref>
The SEB knew that indigenous people were living on the land but did not consider their livelihoods while planning the Murum Dam as the Malaysian government does not recognize the Penan's claim to the land. So far, approximately 1500 indigenous people, mostly from the Penan tribe, have been displaced <ref name="international river"/>. The village of Long Wat, in the immediate area of flooding were promised the sum of $3240 USD and ten acres of land per family for their relocation. However, these promises weren’t recognized, as no money was given, and families were only given three acres of sandy and rocky land, unsuitable for farming <ref name="national geo">[https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/04/17/the-penan-hunter-gatherers-of-sarawak/ "The Penan Hunter-Gatherers of Sarawak". National Geographic.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> The usable land was bought by third party farmers, harvesting palm oil and wood products <ref name="international river"/>. As well, villages that were not in the immediate vicinity where not given such compensation or adequate notice that their homes were being destroyed and they must relocate. <ref name="outcry"> [https://intercontinentalcry.org/indigenous-penan-continue-protesting-murum-dam-begins-fill-20197/ "Indigenous Penan continue protesting as Murum dam begins to fill". Intercontinental Cry.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>

There are many human right's issues regarding the housing that was supplied to the Penan. The houses have been described as unlivable. The plots of land that were given to the Penan are not suited for farming. Efforts to grow rice and other crops have been mostly failures, as the ground is not suitable for agriculture and is simply too small to sustain 1500 people <ref name="survive">[https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/penan "The Penan". Survival International.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . The Penan also struggle to make any source of income, as their houses are very isolated and few to none have access to education <ref name="borneo">[http://borneoproject.org/updates/in-another-blow-bakun-to-be-gazetted-as-national-park "In Another Blow, Bakun To Be Gazetted As National Park" The Borneo Project] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . This makes it especially difficult to pay hydro and electricity bills that they must pay to live in these government buildings or to leave the government housing because it is unlikely they would find work on the outside. Additionally The Penan are traditionally nomadic people, who depend on migrating to ensure a suitable amount of food <ref name="national geo"/>. Since the area they used to travel around was flooded, so was their tradition and access to food. The relocated Penan groups struggle with food security on the daily.

Some indigenous groups were not given housing placements. When 700sq km of land was flooded, only small pockets of isolated land rose above the water, which is now home to 500 Penan people. Some people who lived in the government houses moved to these islands due to the poor quality of the houses. People are dispersed across the new islands, some building floating houses on the water, while others constructing new homes on the rocky islands <ref name="borneo"/>.

Currently, there are no official government efforts to supply the Penan with adequate housing, financial support, education or any other remedial actions. If there is no action done, the Penan will have to let go of their ancestral land and integrate into Malaysian society or they will simply die off, as there is very little chance for success in their new communities.

== Categories of Actors ==
'''Energy companies'''

The information from local and professional sources suggests that there was little consideration by the energy companies in preserving the livelihoods of the people and environment of Sarawak. A strong recommendation would be to halt operations until needs of aboriginal peoples are addressed and it can be carried out safely and ethically.

'''Three Gorges corporation'''

Similarly to Sinohydro, three gorges is a Chinese company that is known for erecting large-scale dams. Had they worked more closely with local foremen and work hands to encourage cultural sensitivity and less harm to Sarawak forests, many problems they face today may have been avoided. Maintaining an open line of communication for the remainder of the project and considering more opinions would help Three Gorges going forward.

'''Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB)'''

SEB, the local facilitator of the Murum dam, are responsible for much of the on-site mitigation of impact. Unfortunately, many of the events during construction have not taken many voices into account, particularly the forced removal and relocation of people from their respective land. A way of lessening this effect would be to find a less invasive manner of these operations through further research and technology.

'''Sinohydro'''

Sinohydro, a Chinese company works remotely therefore does not understand the ramifications, to its full extent, of development in this area. If given a clearer understanding, the needs of actual residents would be given more consideration. It is important to note that Iban is the dominant linguistic group of Sarawak, a dialect which is unfamiliar to Sinohydro and its representatives.

'''Aboriginal people'''

Many aboriginal communities face challenges in their struggle to be acknowledged. A vast majority of issues stem from miscommunication and lack of public outlets. The distinct lack of exposure these communities receive directly contribute to societal injustices like the one examined. The action of reaching out to media companies and garnering more exposure through programs and outreach may increase levels of public support for these displaced peoples.

== The Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB) ==
The SEB is the province of Sarawak’s key energy supplier, steel production and the manufacturing of industrial supplies. They have been operating for over 100 years and continue to hold a monopoly over energy suppliers in Serewak <ref name="seb1">[http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/ "Sarawak Energy"] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . The SEB provides power to approximately 500,000 people, many investors and shareholders and a board of officials <ref name="seb2">[https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/people.asp?privcapId=875444 "Company Overview of Sarawak Energy Berhad" Bloomberg] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . Most of these people benefit from the Murum Dam, financially. A dam is easier to produce and a more renewable source of energy than burning coal or fossil fuels. As well, the SEB has begun to sell electricity to Indonesia, due to the success of the Murum Dam and others like it in Sarawak<ref name="seb3">[http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/05/13/malaysia-begins-exporting-electricity-to-indonesia/ "Malaysia begins exporting electricity to Indonesia" Free Malaysia Today] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> .

== The Penan People ==
The Penan have lived in Sarawak’s rainforest for time immemorial. The Penan are traditionally nomadic people, migrating in the hunt for wild boar and vegetation cycles. Their staple food is sago, which grows on the inside of the Sago Palm.
The Penan are an egalitarian society, which strongly emphasize on sharing and caring for those in the community. They have a strong bond with the environment as it is critical to their culture and identity. Over thousands of years, their knowledge about the rainforests of Sarawak rival those of researchers.
Due to the construction of the Murum Dam and other efforts to pollute the rainforest, the Penan are the losers in the race for cheap wood and sustainable resources. Their land has been flooded and their forests have been destroyed, causing much of the animals and plants they relied on for thousands of years to be endangered or extinct.

https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/04/17/the-penan-hunter-gatherers-of-sarawak/

https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/penan

== China Three Gorges Corporation ==
The Three Gorges Corporation is one of the largest hydropower-complex in the world. (http://www.ctgpc.com/en/_304051/_304525/index.html) They have done extensive work on the Yangtze river. The Corporation tries to mitigate flood risks and provide clean energy to their customers. (http://www.ctgpc.com/en/_304051/_304537/_304954/index.html) They are supervising construction of the Murum Dam, and being funded by the SEB. http://pcss.com.my/project-control-and-planning-for-murum-hydro-electric-power-for-three-gorges/

== Evidence for the Problem ==

The intense degradation of both the environment in Sarawak and the livelihoods of local communities are undeniable. Rapid changes, such as in the health of waters and the forests, prove how significant impacts caused by the dam’s construction truly are.

===Social Issues===
The displacement of over 30 000 indigenous people from more than 235 settlements due to the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) suggest a strong stance from the government. <ref name="first">[https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/1933146898?pq-origsite=summon&accountid=14656 "Economic Development via Dam Building: The Role of the State Government in the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy and the Impact on Environment and Local Communities". Southeast Asian Studies.] Retrieved April 8th 2018.</ref>. The Indigenous Peoples being pushed out off their traditional lands, cut off from their traditional lifestyles and instead forced to resettled into facilities that are completely foreign to them, serves as the basis for many social arguments against the Murum dam. The lack of prior consultation demonstrates the major relevance of this issue. The Malaysian government violated the United Nations Declaration on Indigenous Peoples’ principle, by not obtaining consent from the Indigenous communities before commencing development that would effect their well-being on their territory <ref name="first"/>. According to the Regional Corridor Development Authority, which is fully baked by the Sarawak state government, the improved overall economy due to SCORE will increase quality of life for all. <ref name="third">[http://www.recoda.com.my/what-is-score/ "What is SCORE?". RECODA.] Retrieved April 8th 2018.</ref>. However, the violation of international standards and the displaced Indigenous communities question their reliability. <ref name="fifth">[https://www.internationalrivers.org/blogs/298/malaysia’s-murum-dam-sets-poor-precedents-for-best-practice "Malaysia's Murum Dam Sets Poor Precedents for Best Practice". International Rivers.] Retrieved April 8th 2018.</ref>

===Environmental issues===
United Nations identifies the dam as a major environmental hazard. For example, it will result in loss of biodiversity, deterioration of water quality, disruption of river flow patterns, and chemical changes in water <ref name="second">[https://tradingeconomics.com/malaysia/corruption-rank "Malaysia Corruption Rank". Trading Economics.] Retrieved April 8th 2018.</ref>. Moreover, the dramatic chemical changes in water samples and physical environmental degradation show a different side of the story. CLASlite satellite technology has depicted the large-scale land use change overtime due to the Murum dam construction. It is estimated that approximately 80% of the land in Sabah and Sarawak has been either deforested or degraded by clear-cutting and logging activities. But since the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is withheld to the public, accurate environmental impacts that the dam will create are unknown. However, it is interesting to note that Murum Dam is being modeled as an example of sustainable hydropower, with the developing company, Sarawak Energy Berhad, being awarded a “Sustainability Partner” status 5. This is yet another example of strong bias by the government.

===Biases===
Corruption in the Government-
The Malaysian government has invested greatly, since 2008, for industrial diversification through (SCORE)1. Their primary focus is supposed to “stimulate investment-led growth in traditionally rural areas” <ref name="third"/>. But to do so, they have partnered with large-scale commercial logging and energy corporations to take advantage of the land’s natural resources. The intimate ties between these parties and their profit driven interests raises another transparency issue. Moreover the ESIA for the Murum dam was not released to the public. This means that the Penan and Kenyah people were never given the full story regarding what would become of their land <ref name="fifth"/>. The lack of disclosure of this vital information allows the government to release biased information about the Murum dam to its citizens without confident retaliation. For reference, Malaysia is sitting at the 62nd lead corrupt in the Transparency International index, as of 2017, but has been dropping into lower ranks consistently over the years <ref name="second"/>. The Malaysian political economy is known for being corrupt, serving the interests of corporate and political interests first, and its people second.

Reliability of Sources-
Due to the polarizing arguments both sides have regarding the construction of the Murum dam, the reliability of the sources must be evaluated. For example, local and international NGOs and media outlets fighting to bring awareness, to the social and environmental issues that the dam’s construction is causing, tend to intensify the argument against. Conversely, Malaysian government backed bodies, such as RECODA, paint Murum dam as solely a nation wide improvement, but fail to also consider the negative impacts that are inevitably present. Both sides’ narrow focus cause biased arguments to some degree, but the lack of available concrete evidence of the problem available further questions the sources and their reliability.

== Options for Remedial Actions ==

===Legal Rights===

There are a multitude of human and indigenous rights documents, as well as environmental ones, that could potentially prove as useful tools in seeking proper land and culture justice. Some of these include the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples <ref name="undrip">[http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>, involving multiple of articles such as 8, 10, 18, 26, 28, and 32. More specifically articles 10 and 28 discuss proper relocation methods with consent of the originally residing individuals and proper compensation for said relocation. Article 26 may also provide rights information about prior and current ownership the native lands of indigenous peoples and their protection.

The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises <ref name="oecd">[https://www.oecd.org/corporate/mne/1922428.pdf] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>, which apply to the hydropower development of this project, provides notable environmental requirements in part I.V. In 2015 there was already an official complaint concerning these guidelines to prevent Norwegian companies from participating in the construction of these dams, by FIVAS, the Norwegian Association for International Water Studies <ref name="fivas">[http://fivas.org/tag/english/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> in association with organization Save Sarawak Rivers <ref name="save">[http://saveriversnet.blogspot.ca/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>. The Legal Perspectives on Native Customary Land Rights in Sarawak <ref name="sarawaklandrights">[http://www.suhakam.org.my/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Legal-Perspectives.pdf] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> provides an abundant amount of information concerning not only the customary native rights, but international human and indigenous rights as well as constitutional protection in part VI, IX and X.
There is also the Durban Action Plan which was reviewed and developed at the Vth IUCN World Parks Congress <ref name="iucn">[https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/durbanactionen.pdf] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> including information about indigenous rights and the benefits of proper conservation land management and protection, as well as the convention C169 of the International Labour Organization that explains indigenous rights to a people’s original resources and territory <ref name="c169">[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C169] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>.

These documents promote the rights of indigenous peoples efforts and are extremely applicable for the legality and rights issues behind the dam construction on the Penan and Kenyah peoples land. Much of the base requirements include simple and fair communication between the opposing sides, i.e. the construction of the dam vs. the Penan and Kenyah indigenous peoples, with recognition of basic human and indigenous rights. Even though the SEB, Sarawak Energy Board <ref name="seb">[http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> is providing education to the peoples <ref name="bornepost">[http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/11/30/seb-committed-to-supporting-education-of-penans-in-belaga/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>, and the Sarawak government provided some housing to the relocated populations (which in itself may be debated via article 10 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples), both are in poor conditions and not up to healthy or livable standards. Without proper compensation, rights are being violated via article 28.2 of the previously mentioned document <ref name="undrip">[http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>. The intention behind the modern education of these peoples by SEB is also questionable, as the goal is to get them "up to date" <ref name="bornepost">[http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/11/30/seb-committed-to-supporting-education-of-penans-in-belaga/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> so as to be apart of the modern workforce, yet there's no effort to support their local religions, cultures, or histories.

Currently it appears the best way to take action is to approach the legalities and rights that have been violated during the planning, consultation, and construction of not only the Murum dam, but as well as the 11 others within the construction plan throughout Sarawak. Gaining support of other companies like FIVAS <ref name="fivas">[http://fivas.org/tag/english/] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref> and from people around the world is also beneficial, and multiple sites have been created to help provide some of said support and spread information about what's happening to the Penan and Kenyah peoples. A few of these organizations are Survival International <ref name="survive">[https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/penan "The Penan". Survival International.] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>, Cultural Survival <ref name="cultural">[https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/native-customary-rights-sarawak] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>, and IWGIA <ref name="iwgia">[https://www.iwgia.org/en/malaysia] Retrieved April 7th 2018. </ref>.

===Alternative Solutions?===

Here we invite contributions from students and scholars to expand on ideas for possible remedial actions involving the Penan and Kenyah peoples with the situation of the Murum Dam.

== Recommendations ==

== Conclusion ==
The state of the peoples of the Penan province is at risk. As voices continue to remain unheard, there is much insecurity surrounding the fate of this natural area. In many ways, the accountability falls upon the energy companies both locally and overseas. The Murum dam is a development of poor consideration to those it affects the most. The displacement of these people has resulted in deplorable living conditions and loss of economic stability. Although this operation may be beneficial to the Malaysian economy, the immense loss of resources and livelihoods of Sarawak first nations makes this action unadvisable. With further technological advances minimizing intrusivity of the operation and further consult ad approval from of first peoples, the Murum dam may be a less invasive project. Given the current limitations due to lack of resources and infrastructure, the construction of the Murum dam is unable to be executed in an ethical manner.

== References ==
<references/>

Course:CONS200/The situation of the Penan and Kenyah Indigenous Peoples vs the construction of the Murum Dam in Northern Sarawak, Malaysia

2018-04-06T00:53:48Z

HanahDhanani:

'''Introduction'''

File:Murum Dam view from afar.jpg
</gallery>
== Nature of the Problem ==
[[File:Penan woman.jpg|20px|x50px|frame|right|A Penan Woman]]
[[File:Long_Kerong_(5101752612).jpg||x20px|50px|frame|right|A typical Penan home in 2009]]

The Murum Dam is located in Sarawak, Malaysia. The dam is 141 meters tall and 473 meters long, covering a large expanse of Malaysian wilderness <ref name="seb">[http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/hydroelectric-projects/about-hydropower "About Hydropower". Sarawak Energy.] Retrieved April 4th 2018.</ref>. The dam was built to satisfy the countries rapid industrialization and is expected to generate 1200 megawatts of power <ref name="seb"/>. The government sourced the manual work out to a Chinese company called Three Gorges Operation, but the project developer was the local Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB) <ref name="international river">[https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/murum-dam "Murum Dam." International Rivers.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>
The Murum Dam is part of a project to build 12 new dams on the Murum river<ref name="seb"/>, which is expected to displace 10,000 indigenous people and flood thousands of hectares of pristine forest <ref name="m">[https://news.mongabay.com/2012/10/indigenous-blockade-expands-against-massive-dam-in-sarawak/ "Indigenous blockade expands against massive dam in Sarawak". Mongabay.] Retrieved April 1st 2018 </ref>
The SEB knew that indigenous people were living on the land but did not consider their livelihoods while planning the Murum Dam as the Malaysian government does not recognize the Penan's claim to the land. So far, approximately 1500 indigenous people, mostly from the Penan tribe, have been displaced <ref name="international river"/>. The village of Long Wat, in the immediate area of flooding were promised the sum of $3240 USD and ten acres of land per family for their relocation. However, these promises weren’t recognized, as no money was given, and families were only given three acres of sandy and rocky land, unsuitable for farming <ref name="national geo">[https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/04/17/the-penan-hunter-gatherers-of-sarawak/ "The Penan Hunter-Gatherers of Sarawak". National Geographic.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> The usable land was bought by third party farmers, harvesting palm oil and wood products <ref name="international river"/>. As well, villages that were not in the immediate vicinity where not given such compensation or adequate notice that their homes were being destroyed and they must relocate. <ref name="outcry"> [https://intercontinentalcry.org/indigenous-penan-continue-protesting-murum-dam-begins-fill-20197/ "Indigenous Penan continue protesting as Murum dam begins to fill". Intercontinental Cry.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>

There are many human right's issues regarding the housing that was supplied to the Penan. The houses have been described as unlivable. The plots of land that were given to the Penan are not suited for farming. Efforts to grow rice and other crops have been mostly failures, as the ground is not suitable for agriculture and is simply too small to sustain 1500 people <ref name="survive">[https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/penan "The Penan". Survival International.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . The Penan also struggle to make any source of income, as their houses are very isolated and few to none have access to education <ref name="borneo">[http://borneoproject.org/updates/in-another-blow-bakun-to-be-gazetted-as-national-park "In Another Blow, Bakun To Be Gazetted As National Park" The Borneo Project] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . This makes it especially difficult to pay hydro and electricity bills that they must pay to live in these government buildings or to leave the government housing because it is unlikely they would find work on the outside. Additionally The Penan are traditionally nomadic people, who depend on migrating to ensure a suitable amount of food <ref name="national geo"/>. Since the area they used to travel around was flooded, so was their tradition and access to food. The relocated Penan groups struggle with food security on the daily.

Some indigenous groups were not given housing placements. When 700sq km of land was flooded, only small pockets of isolated land rose above the water, which is now home to 500 Penan people. Some people who lived in the government houses moved to these islands due to the poor quality of the houses. People are dispersed across the new islands, some building floating houses on the water, while others constructing new homes on the rocky islands <ref name="borneo"/>.

Currently, there are no official government efforts to supply the Penan with adequate housing, financial support, education or any other remedial actions. If there is no action done, the Penan will have to let go of their ancestral land and integrate into Malaysian society or they will simply die off, as there is very little chance for success in their new communities.

== Categories of Actors ==

== Evidence for the Problem ==

== Options for Remedial Actions ==

== Recommendations ==

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references/>

Course:CONS200/The situation of the Penan and Kenyah Indigenous Peoples vs the construction of the Murum Dam in Northern Sarawak, Malaysia

2018-04-06T00:53:14Z

HanahDhanani:

'''Introduction'''

File:Murum Dam view from afar.jpg
</gallery>
== Nature of the Problem ==
[[File:Penan woman.jpg|20px|x50px|frame|right|A Penan Woman]]
[[File:Long_Kerong_(5101752612).jpg|50px|frame|right|A typical Penan home in 2009]]

The Murum Dam is located in Sarawak, Malaysia. The dam is 141 meters tall and 473 meters long, covering a large expanse of Malaysian wilderness <ref name="seb">[http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/hydroelectric-projects/about-hydropower "About Hydropower". Sarawak Energy.] Retrieved April 4th 2018.</ref>. The dam was built to satisfy the countries rapid industrialization and is expected to generate 1200 megawatts of power <ref name="seb"/>. The government sourced the manual work out to a Chinese company called Three Gorges Operation, but the project developer was the local Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB) <ref name="international river">[https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/murum-dam "Murum Dam." International Rivers.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>
The Murum Dam is part of a project to build 12 new dams on the Murum river<ref name="seb"/>, which is expected to displace 10,000 indigenous people and flood thousands of hectares of pristine forest <ref name="m">[https://news.mongabay.com/2012/10/indigenous-blockade-expands-against-massive-dam-in-sarawak/ "Indigenous blockade expands against massive dam in Sarawak". Mongabay.] Retrieved April 1st 2018 </ref>
The SEB knew that indigenous people were living on the land but did not consider their livelihoods while planning the Murum Dam as the Malaysian government does not recognize the Penan's claim to the land. So far, approximately 1500 indigenous people, mostly from the Penan tribe, have been displaced <ref name="international river"/>. The village of Long Wat, in the immediate area of flooding were promised the sum of $3240 USD and ten acres of land per family for their relocation. However, these promises weren’t recognized, as no money was given, and families were only given three acres of sandy and rocky land, unsuitable for farming <ref name="national geo">[https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/04/17/the-penan-hunter-gatherers-of-sarawak/ "The Penan Hunter-Gatherers of Sarawak". National Geographic.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> The usable land was bought by third party farmers, harvesting palm oil and wood products <ref name="international river"/>. As well, villages that were not in the immediate vicinity where not given such compensation or adequate notice that their homes were being destroyed and they must relocate. <ref name="outcry"> [https://intercontinentalcry.org/indigenous-penan-continue-protesting-murum-dam-begins-fill-20197/ "Indigenous Penan continue protesting as Murum dam begins to fill". Intercontinental Cry.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>

There are many human right's issues regarding the housing that was supplied to the Penan. The houses have been described as unlivable. The plots of land that were given to the Penan are not suited for farming. Efforts to grow rice and other crops have been mostly failures, as the ground is not suitable for agriculture and is simply too small to sustain 1500 people <ref name="survive">[https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/penan "The Penan". Survival International.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . The Penan also struggle to make any source of income, as their houses are very isolated and few to none have access to education <ref name="borneo">[http://borneoproject.org/updates/in-another-blow-bakun-to-be-gazetted-as-national-park "In Another Blow, Bakun To Be Gazetted As National Park" The Borneo Project] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . This makes it especially difficult to pay hydro and electricity bills that they must pay to live in these government buildings or to leave the government housing because it is unlikely they would find work on the outside. Additionally The Penan are traditionally nomadic people, who depend on migrating to ensure a suitable amount of food <ref name="national geo"/>. Since the area they used to travel around was flooded, so was their tradition and access to food. The relocated Penan groups struggle with food security on the daily.

Some indigenous groups were not given housing placements. When 700sq km of land was flooded, only small pockets of isolated land rose above the water, which is now home to 500 Penan people. Some people who lived in the government houses moved to these islands due to the poor quality of the houses. People are dispersed across the new islands, some building floating houses on the water, while others constructing new homes on the rocky islands <ref name="borneo"/>.

Currently, there are no official government efforts to supply the Penan with adequate housing, financial support, education or any other remedial actions. If there is no action done, the Penan will have to let go of their ancestral land and integrate into Malaysian society or they will simply die off, as there is very little chance for success in their new communities.

== Categories of Actors ==

== Evidence for the Problem ==

== Options for Remedial Actions ==

== Recommendations ==

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references/>

Course:CONS200/The situation of the Penan and Kenyah Indigenous Peoples vs the construction of the Murum Dam in Northern Sarawak, Malaysia

2018-04-06T00:50:58Z

HanahDhanani:

'''Introduction'''

File:Murum Dam view from afar.jpg
</gallery>
== Nature of the Problem ==
[[File:Penan woman.jpg|50px|frame|right|A Penan Woman]]
[[File:Long Kerong.jpg|50px|right|A typical Penan home in 2009]]

The Murum Dam is located in Sarawak, Malaysia. The dam is 141 meters tall and 473 meters long, covering a large expanse of Malaysian wilderness <ref name="seb">[http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/hydroelectric-projects/about-hydropower "About Hydropower". Sarawak Energy.] Retrieved April 4th 2018.</ref>. The dam was built to satisfy the countries rapid industrialization and is expected to generate 1200 megawatts of power <ref name="seb"/>. The government sourced the manual work out to a Chinese company called Three Gorges Operation, but the project developer was the local Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB) <ref name="international river">[https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/murum-dam "Murum Dam." International Rivers.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>
The Murum Dam is part of a project to build 12 new dams on the Murum river<ref name="seb"/>, which is expected to displace 10,000 indigenous people and flood thousands of hectares of pristine forest <ref name="m">[https://news.mongabay.com/2012/10/indigenous-blockade-expands-against-massive-dam-in-sarawak/ "Indigenous blockade expands against massive dam in Sarawak". Mongabay.] Retrieved April 1st 2018 </ref>
The SEB knew that indigenous people were living on the land but did not consider their livelihoods while planning the Murum Dam as the Malaysian government does not recognize the Penan's claim to the land. So far, approximately 1500 indigenous people, mostly from the Penan tribe, have been displaced <ref name="international river"/>. The village of Long Wat, in the immediate area of flooding were promised the sum of $3240 USD and ten acres of land per family for their relocation. However, these promises weren’t recognized, as no money was given, and families were only given three acres of sandy and rocky land, unsuitable for farming <ref name="national geo">[https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/04/17/the-penan-hunter-gatherers-of-sarawak/ "The Penan Hunter-Gatherers of Sarawak". National Geographic.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> The usable land was bought by third party farmers, harvesting palm oil and wood products <ref name="international river"/>. As well, villages that were not in the immediate vicinity where not given such compensation or adequate notice that their homes were being destroyed and they must relocate. <ref name="outcry"> [https://intercontinentalcry.org/indigenous-penan-continue-protesting-murum-dam-begins-fill-20197/ "Indigenous Penan continue protesting as Murum dam begins to fill". Intercontinental Cry.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>

There are many human right's issues regarding the housing that was supplied to the Penan. The houses have been described as unlivable. The plots of land that were given to the Penan are not suited for farming. Efforts to grow rice and other crops have been mostly failures, as the ground is not suitable for agriculture and is simply too small to sustain 1500 people <ref name="survive">[https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/penan "The Penan". Survival International.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . The Penan also struggle to make any source of income, as their houses are very isolated and few to none have access to education <ref name="borneo">[http://borneoproject.org/updates/in-another-blow-bakun-to-be-gazetted-as-national-park "In Another Blow, Bakun To Be Gazetted As National Park" The Borneo Project] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . This makes it especially difficult to pay hydro and electricity bills that they must pay to live in these government buildings or to leave the government housing because it is unlikely they would find work on the outside. Additionally The Penan are traditionally nomadic people, who depend on migrating to ensure a suitable amount of food <ref name="national geo"/>. Since the area they used to travel around was flooded, so was their tradition and access to food. The relocated Penan groups struggle with food security on the daily.

Some indigenous groups were not given housing placements. When 700sq km of land was flooded, only small pockets of isolated land rose above the water, which is now home to 500 Penan people. Some people who lived in the government houses moved to these islands due to the poor quality of the houses. People are dispersed across the new islands, some building floating houses on the water, while others constructing new homes on the rocky islands <ref name="borneo"/>.

Currently, there are no official government efforts to supply the Penan with adequate housing, financial support, education or any other remedial actions. If there is no action done, the Penan will have to let go of their ancestral land and integrate into Malaysian society or they will simply die off, as there is very little chance for success in their new communities.

== Categories of Actors ==

== Evidence for the Problem ==

== Options for Remedial Actions ==

== Recommendations ==

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references/>

Course:CONS200/The situation of the Penan and Kenyah Indigenous Peoples vs the construction of the Murum Dam in Northern Sarawak, Malaysia

2018-04-06T00:49:13Z

HanahDhanani:

'''Introduction'''

File:Murum Dam view from afar.jpg
</gallery>
== Nature of the Problem ==
[[File:Penan woman.jpg|50px|frame|right|A Penan Woman]]

The Murum Dam is located in Sarawak, Malaysia. The dam is 141 meters tall and 473 meters long, covering a large expanse of Malaysian wilderness <ref name="seb">[http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/hydroelectric-projects/about-hydropower "About Hydropower". Sarawak Energy.] Retrieved April 4th 2018.</ref>. The dam was built to satisfy the countries rapid industrialization and is expected to generate 1200 megawatts of power <ref name="seb"/>. The government sourced the manual work out to a Chinese company called Three Gorges Operation, but the project developer was the local Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB) <ref name="international river">[https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/murum-dam "Murum Dam." International Rivers.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>
The Murum Dam is part of a project to build 12 new dams on the Murum river<ref name="seb"/>, which is expected to displace 10,000 indigenous people and flood thousands of hectares of pristine forest <ref name="m">[https://news.mongabay.com/2012/10/indigenous-blockade-expands-against-massive-dam-in-sarawak/ "Indigenous blockade expands against massive dam in Sarawak". Mongabay.] Retrieved April 1st 2018 </ref>
The SEB knew that indigenous people were living on the land but did not consider their livelihoods while planning the Murum Dam as the Malaysian government does not recognize the Penan's claim to the land. So far, approximately 1500 indigenous people, mostly from the Penan tribe, have been displaced <ref name="international river"/>. The village of Long Wat, in the immediate area of flooding were promised the sum of $3240 USD and ten acres of land per family for their relocation. However, these promises weren’t recognized, as no money was given, and families were only given three acres of sandy and rocky land, unsuitable for farming <ref name="national geo">[https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/04/17/the-penan-hunter-gatherers-of-sarawak/ "The Penan Hunter-Gatherers of Sarawak". National Geographic.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> The usable land was bought by third party farmers, harvesting palm oil and wood products <ref name="international river"/>. As well, villages that were not in the immediate vicinity where not given such compensation or adequate notice that their homes were being destroyed and they must relocate. <ref name="outcry"> [https://intercontinentalcry.org/indigenous-penan-continue-protesting-murum-dam-begins-fill-20197/ "Indigenous Penan continue protesting as Murum dam begins to fill". Intercontinental Cry.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>

There are many human right's issues regarding the housing that was supplied to the Penan. The houses have been described as unlivable. The plots of land that were given to the Penan are not suited for farming. Efforts to grow rice and other crops have been mostly failures, as the ground is not suitable for agriculture and is simply too small to sustain 1500 people <ref name="survive">[https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/penan "The Penan". Survival International.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . The Penan also struggle to make any source of income, as their houses are very isolated and few to none have access to education <ref name="borneo">[http://borneoproject.org/updates/in-another-blow-bakun-to-be-gazetted-as-national-park "In Another Blow, Bakun To Be Gazetted As National Park" The Borneo Project] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . This makes it especially difficult to pay hydro and electricity bills that they must pay to live in these government buildings or to leave the government housing because it is unlikely they would find work on the outside. Additionally The Penan are traditionally nomadic people, who depend on migrating to ensure a suitable amount of food <ref name="national geo"/>. Since the area they used to travel around was flooded, so was their tradition and access to food. The relocated Penan groups struggle with food security on the daily.

Some indigenous groups were not given housing placements. When 700sq km of land was flooded, only small pockets of isolated land rose above the water, which is now home to 500 Penan people. Some people who lived in the government houses moved to these islands due to the poor quality of the houses. People are dispersed across the new islands, some building floating houses on the water, while others constructing new homes on the rocky islands <ref name="borneo"/>.

Currently, there are no official government efforts to supply the Penan with adequate housing, financial support, education or any other remedial actions. If there is no action done, the Penan will have to let go of their ancestral land and integrate into Malaysian society or they will simply die off, as there is very little chance for success in their new communities.

== Categories of Actors ==

== Evidence for the Problem ==

== Options for Remedial Actions ==

== Recommendations ==

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references/>

Course:CONS200/The situation of the Penan and Kenyah Indigenous Peoples vs the construction of the Murum Dam in Northern Sarawak, Malaysia

2018-04-06T00:38:48Z

HanahDhanani:

'''Introduction'''

<gallery>
File:Murum Dam view from afar.jpg
</gallery>
== Nature of the Problem ==

The Murum Dam is located in Sarawak, Malaysia. The dam is 141 meters tall and 473 meters long, covering a large expanse of Malaysian wilderness <ref name="seb">[http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/hydroelectric-projects/about-hydropower "About Hydropower". Sarawak Energy.] Retrieved April 4th 2018.</ref>. The dam was built to satisfy the countries rapid industrialization and is expected to generate 1200 megawatts of power <ref name="seb"/>. The government sourced the manual work out to a Chinese company called Three Gorges Operation, but the project developer was the local Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB) <ref name="international river">[https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/murum-dam "Murum Dam." International Rivers.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>
The Murum Dam is part of a project to build 12 new dams on the Murum river<ref name="seb"/>, which is expected to displace 10,000 indigenous people and flood thousands of hectares of pristine forest <ref name="m">[https://news.mongabay.com/2012/10/indigenous-blockade-expands-against-massive-dam-in-sarawak/ "Indigenous blockade expands against massive dam in Sarawak". Mongabay.] Retrieved April 1st 2018 </ref>
The SEB knew that indigenous people were living on the land but did not consider their livelihoods while planning the Murum Dam as the Malaysian government does not recognize the Penan's claim to the land. So far, approximately 1500 indigenous people, mostly from the Penan tribe, have been displaced <ref name="international river"/>. The village of Long Wat, in the immediate area of flooding were promised the sum of $3240 USD and ten acres of land per family for their relocation. However, these promises weren’t recognized, as no money was given, and families were only given three acres of sandy and rocky land, unsuitable for farming <ref name="national geo">[https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/04/17/the-penan-hunter-gatherers-of-sarawak/ "The Penan Hunter-Gatherers of Sarawak". National Geographic.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> The usable land was bought by third party farmers, harvesting palm oil and wood products <ref name="international river"/>. As well, villages that were not in the immediate vicinity where not given such compensation or adequate notice that their homes were being destroyed and they must relocate. <ref name="outcry"> [https://intercontinentalcry.org/indigenous-penan-continue-protesting-murum-dam-begins-fill-20197/ "Indigenous Penan continue protesting as Murum dam begins to fill". Intercontinental Cry.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>

There are many human right's issues regarding the housing that was supplied to the Penan. The houses have been described as unlivable. The plots of land that were given to the Penan are not suited for farming. Efforts to grow rice and other crops have been mostly failures, as the ground is not suitable for agriculture and is simply too small to sustain 1500 people <ref name="survive">[https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/penan "The Penan". Survival International.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . The Penan also struggle to make any source of income, as their houses are very isolated and few to none have access to education <ref name="borneo">[http://borneoproject.org/updates/in-another-blow-bakun-to-be-gazetted-as-national-park "In Another Blow, Bakun To Be Gazetted As National Park" The Borneo Project] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> . This makes it especially difficult to pay hydro and electricity bills that they must pay to live in these government buildings or to leave the government housing because it is unlikely they would find work on the outside. Additionally The Penan are traditionally nomadic people, who depend on migrating to ensure a suitable amount of food <ref name="national geo"/>. Since the area they used to travel around was flooded, so was their tradition and access to food. The relocated Penan groups struggle with food security on the daily.

Some indigenous groups were not given housing placements. When 700sq km of land was flooded, only small pockets of isolated land rose above the water, which is now home to 500 Penan people. Some people who lived in the government houses moved to these islands due to the poor quality of the houses. People are dispersed across the new islands, some building floating houses on the water, while others constructing new homes on the rocky islands <ref name="borneo"/>.

Currently, there are no official government efforts to supply the Penan with adequate housing, financial support, education or any other remedial actions. If there is no action done, the Penan will have to let go of their ancestral land and integrate into Malaysian society or they will simply die off, as there is very little chance for success in their new communities.

== Categories of Actors ==

== Evidence for the Problem ==

== Options for Remedial Actions ==

== Recommendations ==

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references/>

Course:CONS200/The situation of the Penan and Kenyah Indigenous Peoples vs the construction of the Murum Dam in Northern Sarawak, Malaysia

2018-04-06T00:30:18Z

HanahDhanani:

'''Introduction'''

<gallery>
File:Murum Dam view from afar.jpg
</gallery>
== Nature of the Problem ==

The Murum Dam is located in Sarawak, Malaysia. The dam is 141 meters tall and 473 meters long, covering a large expanse of Malaysian wilderness <ref name="seb">[http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/hydroelectric-projects/about-hydropower About Hydropower. Sarawak Energy.] Retrieved April 4th 2018.</ref>. The dam was built to satisfy the countries rapid industrialization and is expected to generate 1200 megawatts of power <ref name="seb"/>. The government sourced the manual work out to a Chinese company called Three Gorges Operation, but the project developer was the local Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB) <ref name="international river">[https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/murum-dam Murum Dam. International Rivers.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>
The Murum Dam is part of a project to build 12 new dams on the Murum river<ref name="seb"/>, which is expected to displace 10,000 indigenous people and flood thousands of hectares of pristine forest <ref name="m">[https://news.mongabay.com/2012/10/indigenous-blockade-expands-against-massive-dam-in-sarawak/ "Indigenous blockade expands against massive dam in Sarawak". Mongabay.] Retrieved April 1st 2018 </ref>
The SEB knew that indigenous people were living on the land but did not consider their livelihoods while planning the Murum Dam as the Malaysian government does not recognize the Penan's claim to the land. So far, approximately 1500 indigenous people, mostly from the Penan tribe, have been displaced <ref name="international river">. The village of Long Wat, in the immediate area of flooding were promised the sum of $3240 USD and ten acres of land per family for their relocation. However, these promises weren’t recognized, as no money was given, and families were only given three acres of sandy and rocky land, unsuitable for farming <ref name="national geo">[https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/04/17/the-penan-hunter-gatherers-of-sarawak/ "The Penan Hunter-Gatherers of Sarawak". National Geographic.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref> The usable land was bought by third party farmers, harvesting palm oil and wood products <ref name="international river"/>. As well, villages that were not in the immediate vicinity where not given such compensation or adequate notice that their homes were being destroyed and they must relocate <ref name="outcry"> [https://intercontinentalcry.org/indigenous-penan-continue-protesting-murum-dam-begins-fill-20197/ "Indigenous Penan continue protesting as Murum dam begins to fill". Intercontinental Cry.] Retrieved April 4th 2018. </ref>

There are many human right's issues regarding the housing that was supplied to the Penan. The houses have been described as unlivable. The plots of land that were given to the Penan are not suited for farming. Efforts to grow rice and other crops have been mostly failures, as the ground is not suitable for agriculture and is simply too small to sustain 1500 people (https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/penan). The Penan also struggle to make any source of income, as their houses are very isolated and few to none have access to education (http://borneoproject.org/updates/in-another-blow-bakun-to-be-gazetted-as-national-park). This makes it especially difficult to pay hydro and electricity bills that they must pay to live in these government buildings or to leave the government housing because it is unlikely they would find work on the outside. A Penan man told reporters that “We’re not like the people in the towns, who have money and can buy things. If we lose all the things the forest gives us, we will die” (Source). Additionally The Penan are traditionally nomadic people, who depend on migrating to ensure a suitable amount of food (https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/04/17/the-penan-hunter-gatherers-of-sarawak/). Since the area they used to travel around was flooded, so was their tradition and access to food. The relocated Penan groups struggle with food security on the daily.

Some indigenous groups were not given housing placements. When 700sq km of land was flooded, only small pockets of isolated land rose above the water, which is now home to 500 Penan people. Some people who lived in the government houses moved to these islands due to the poor quality of the houses. People are dispersed across the new islands, some building floating houses on the water, while others constructing new homes on the rocky islands. http://borneoproject.org/updates/in-another-blow-bakun-to-be-gazetted-as-national-park

Currently, there are no official government efforts to supply the Penan with adequate housing, financial support, education or any other remedial actions. If there is no action done, the Penan will have to let go of their ancestral land and integrate into Malaysian society or they will simply die off, as there is very little chance for success in their new communities.

https://intercontinentalcry.org/proposed-bakun-nature-park-threatens-marooned-indigenous-peoples-in-sarawak-19986/
http://borneoproject.org/updates/in-another-blow-bakun-to-be-gazetted-as-national-park

== Categories of Actors ==

== Evidence for the Problem ==

== Options for Remedial Actions ==

== Recommendations ==

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references/>

Course:CONS200/The situation of the Penan and Kenyah Indigenous Peoples vs the construction of the Murum Dam in Northern Sarawak, Malaysia

2018-04-06T00:17:07Z

HanahDhanani:

'''Introduction'''

<gallery>
File:Murum Dam view from afar.jpg
</gallery>
== Nature of the Problem ==

The Murum Dam is located in Sarawak, Malaysia. The dam is 141 meters tall and 473 meters long, covering a large expanse of Malaysian wilderness <ref>[http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/hydroelectric-projects/about-hydropower About Hydropower. Sarawak Energy.] Retrieved April 4th 2018.</ref>. The dam was built to satisfy the countries rapid industrialization and is expected to generate 1200 megawatts of power (seb). The government sourced the manual work out to a Chinese company called Three Gorges Operation, but the project developer was the local Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB).
The Murum Dam is part of a project to build 12 new dams on the Murum river, which is expected to displace 10,000 indigenous people and flood thousands of hectares of pristine forest. (http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/hydroelectric-projects/about-hydropower) , (https://news.mongabay.com/2012/10/indigenous-blockade-expands-against-massive-dam-in-sarawak/)
The SEB knew that indigenous people were living on the land but did not consider their livelihoods while planning the Murum Dam as the Malaysian government does not recognize the Penan's claim to the land. So far, approximately 1500 indigenous people, mostly from the Penan tribe, have been displaced (https://www.internationalrivers.org/blogs/258/sarawak-energy-floods-villages-after-penan-renew-blockade-of-murum-dam). The village of Long Wat, in the immediate area of flooding were promised the sum of $3240 USD and ten acres of land per family for their relocation. However, these promises weren’t recognized, as no money was given, and families were only given three acres of sandy and rocky land, unsuitable for farming (https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/04/17/the-penan-hunter-gatherers-of-sarawak/). The usable land was bought by third party farmers, harvesting palm oil and wood products. (https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/bakun-dam). As well, villages that were not in the immediate vicinity where not given such compensation or adequate notice that their homes were being destroyed and they must relocate. (https://intercontinentalcry.org/indigenous-penan-continue-protesting-murum-dam-begins-fill-20197/)

There are many human right's issues regarding the housing that was supplied to the Penan. The houses have been described as unlivable. The plots of land that were given to the Penan are not suited for farming. Efforts to grow rice and other crops have been mostly failures, as the ground is not suitable for agriculture and is simply too small to sustain 1500 people (https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/penan). The Penan also struggle to make any source of income, as their houses are very isolated and few to none have access to education (http://borneoproject.org/updates/in-another-blow-bakun-to-be-gazetted-as-national-park). This makes it especially difficult to pay hydro and electricity bills that they must pay to live in these government buildings or to leave the government housing because it is unlikely they would find work on the outside. A Penan man told reporters that “We’re not like the people in the towns, who have money and can buy things. If we lose all the things the forest gives us, we will die” (Source). Additionally The Penan are traditionally nomadic people, who depend on migrating to ensure a suitable amount of food (https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/04/17/the-penan-hunter-gatherers-of-sarawak/). Since the area they used to travel around was flooded, so was their tradition and access to food. The relocated Penan groups struggle with food security on the daily.

Some indigenous groups were not given housing placements. When 700sq km of land was flooded, only small pockets of isolated land rose above the water, which is now home to 500 Penan people. Some people who lived in the government houses moved to these islands due to the poor quality of the houses. People are dispersed across the new islands, some building floating houses on the water, while others constructing new homes on the rocky islands. http://borneoproject.org/updates/in-another-blow-bakun-to-be-gazetted-as-national-park

Currently, there are no official government efforts to supply the Penan with adequate housing, financial support, education or any other remedial actions. If there is no action done, the Penan will have to let go of their ancestral land and integrate into Malaysian society or they will simply die off, as there is very little chance for success in their new communities.

https://intercontinentalcry.org/proposed-bakun-nature-park-threatens-marooned-indigenous-peoples-in-sarawak-19986/
http://borneoproject.org/updates/in-another-blow-bakun-to-be-gazetted-as-national-park

== Categories of Actors ==

== Evidence for the Problem ==

== Options for Remedial Actions ==

== Recommendations ==

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references/>

Course:CONS200/The situation of the Penan and Kenyah Indigenous Peoples vs the construction of the Murum Dam in Northern Sarawak, Malaysia

2018-04-06T00:05:12Z

HanahDhanani:

'''Introduction'''

<gallery>
File:Murum Dam view from afar.jpg
</gallery>
== Nature of the Problem ==

The Malaysian government does not recognize the Penan’s right to their land.

The Murum Dam is located in Sarawak, Malaysia. The dam is 141 meters tall and 473 meters long, covering a large expanse of Malaysian wilderness (seb website). The dam was built to satisfy the countries rapid industrialization and is expected to generate 1200 megawatts of power (seb). The government sourced the manual work out to a Chinese company called Three Gorges Operation, but the project developer was the local Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB).
The Murum Dam is part of a project to build 12 new dams on the Murum river, which is expected to displace 10,000 indigenous people and flood thousands of hectares of pristine forest. (http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/hydroelectric-projects/about-hydropower) , (https://news.mongabay.com/2012/10/indigenous-blockade-expands-against-massive-dam-in-sarawak/)
The SEB knew that indigenous people were living on the land but did not consider their livelihoods while planning the Murum Dam. So far, approximately 1500 indigenous people, mostly from the Penan tribe, have been displaced (https://www.internationalrivers.org/blogs/258/sarawak-energy-floods-villages-after-penan-renew-blockade-of-murum-dam). The village of Long Wat, in the immediate area of flooding were promised the sum of $3240 USD and ten acres of land per family for their relocation. However, these promises weren’t recognized, as no money was given, and families were only given three acres of sandy and rocky land, unsuitable for farming (https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/04/17/the-penan-hunter-gatherers-of-sarawak/). The usable land was bought by third party farmers, harvesting palm oil and wood products. (https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/bakun-dam). As well, villages that were not in the immediate vicinity where not given such compensation or adequate notice that their homes were being destroyed and they must relocate. (https://intercontinentalcry.org/indigenous-penan-continue-protesting-murum-dam-begins-fill-20197/)

There are many human right's issues regarding the housing that was supplied to the Penan. The houses have been described as unlivable. The plots of land that were given to the Penan are not suited for farming. Efforts to grow rice and other crops have been mostly failures, as the ground is not suitable for agriculture and is simply too small to sustain 1500 people (https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/penan). The Penan also struggle to make any source of income, as their houses are very isolated and few to none have access to education (http://borneoproject.org/updates/in-another-blow-bakun-to-be-gazetted-as-national-park). This makes it especially difficult to pay hydro and electricity bills that they must pay to live in these government buildings or to leave the government housing because it is unlikely they would find work on the outside. A Penan man told reporters that “We’re not like the people in the towns, who have money and can buy things. If we lose all the things the forest gives us, we will die” (Source). Additionally The Penan are traditionally nomadic people, who depend on migrating to ensure a suitable amount of food (https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/04/17/the-penan-hunter-gatherers-of-sarawak/). Since the area they used to travel around was flooded, so was their tradition and access to food. The relocated Penan groups struggle with food security on the daily.

Some indigenous groups were not given housing placements. When 700sq km of land was flooded, only small pockets of isolated land rose above the water, which is now home to 500 Penan people. Some people who lived in the government houses moved to these islands due to the poor quality of the houses. People are dispersed across the new islands, some building floating houses on the water, while others constructing new homes on the rocky islands. http://borneoproject.org/updates/in-another-blow-bakun-to-be-gazetted-as-national-park

Currently, there are no official government efforts to supply the Penan with adequate housing, financial support, education or any other remedial actions. If there is no action done, the Penan will have to let go of their ancestral land and integrate into Malaysian society or they will simply die off, as there is very little chance for success in their new communities.

https://intercontinentalcry.org/proposed-bakun-nature-park-threatens-marooned-indigenous-peoples-in-sarawak-19986/
http://borneoproject.org/updates/in-another-blow-bakun-to-be-gazetted-as-national-park

== Categories of Actors ==

== Evidence for the Problem ==

== Options for Remedial Actions ==

== Recommendations ==

== Conclusion ==

== References ==

Course:APBI200/Lab Assignments

2018-03-23T16:36:22Z

HanahDhanani:

{{Infobox APBI200}}
At this page you can find information to help you with APBI 200 labs & lab assignments.
 
==General Tips for APBI200 Labs==
*Always bring lab manual to the lab
*Read info about the upcoming lab '''before''' coming to the lab.
*All lab assignments are to be submitted as hard copies (in drop in boxes outside of the MCML102 lab).
* Lab assignments are due by 5pm a week after your lab (e.g., if you have a lab on Tuesday, your assignments is due following Tuesday by 5 pm)
* You will need to bring your lab coats
 
'''APBI200 lab sections and lab instructors:'''
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Day !! Time !! Lab Instructor
|-
| Monday || 1 - 3 pm || Maja Krzic
|-
| Monday || 3 - 5 pm || Kiran Preet
|-
| Tuesday ||8 - 10 am || Akshit Puri
|-
| Tuesday || 10 am - noon || Lewis Fausak
|-
| Tuesday || 1 - 3 pm || Dixi Modi
|-
| Tuesday || 3 - 5 pm || Dustin Bright
|-
| Wednesday || 9 - 11 am || Sandra Brown
|-
| Wednesday || 1 - 3 pm || Pariya Torkman
|-
| Wednesday || 3 - 5 pm || Sidd Paul
|-
|}
 

<big>'''Conversion help and hints'''</big>
 
Attached document is intended to provide help with conversions and it will be useful throughout the course.
 
[http://lfs-sw.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2014/01/APBI-200-Conversion-Help.pdf Unit conversion help]

==Lab 1 Assignment==

Lab 1 is a field trip. Meet at MacMillan room 102A at the time for your lab and we will go as a lab group to the field sites.
 
No lab assignment to hand in this week.

==Lab 2 Assignment==
[http://wiki.ubc.ca/images/6/61/Lab_2_Jan10_2018_v3.pdf Lab 2 Assignment]

'''Reminder for the lab assignment''':
 
All lab assignments are to be submitted as hard copies (in drop in boxes outside of the MCML102 lab).
 
Lab assignments are due by 5pm a week after your lab (e.g., if you have a lab on Tuesday, your assignments is due the following Tuesday by 5 pm)
 
 
Pls attach the following to your lab #2 assignment:
 
•Your hydrometer data sheet with sample calculations written out for at least one line in the data collection table (ie one time of measurement).

•The particle-size distribution curve. Don’t forget to include a title and axes labels. Indicate the % sand, silt and clay and the soil textural class.

•The table regarding the soil texture of two “mystery” samples (determined by hand-texturing). Include a brief justification of your answer.

•Calculation for sample used for demonstration of bulk density determination by core method.

 
Semi log paper (needed to draw the particle-size distribution curve) can be found in the attached pdf file. Alternatively, you can plot the data in Excel (but pls remember to use semi-log scale).
[http://lfs-sw.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2014/01/Semi_log_ver2.pdf Semi-log graph paper]
 

==Lab 3 Assignment==
[http://wiki.ubc.ca/images/2/29/Lab_3_2018.pdf Lab 3 Assignment]
 
Pls read the manual. Introduction for each lab includes all the information needed to answer lab assignment questions.
 
 
Required attachments for lab assignment:
 
•Your data collection sheet with calculations written out for both samples parameters (lines a through k), and for the first 2 tension values.
Be sure to include units when you enter your data and to keep track of units when making your calculations.

•The water retention curves for '''medium''' and '''fine sand''' samples indicating air entry value (AEV) and air intrusion value (AIV). Use your data that you collected in the lab and also data provided in the appendix A (on p.91) of the lab manual.

 

==Lab 4 Assignment==
[http://lfs-sw.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/01/Lab_4_Parent-material_Jan2418.pdf Lab 4 Assignment]

Useful collection of videos showing different types of parent material in their typical landscape settings can be found at http://landscape.soilweb.ca/
 
Another useful website where you can observe various parent materials is UBC Soil Monolith collection http://monoliths.soilweb.ca/

==Lab 5 Assignment==
[http://wiki.ubc.ca/images/5/55/Lab_5_2018.pdf Lab 5 assignment]
 
Please note that some tips re. unit conversion can be found in the attached [file http://lfs-sw.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2017/02/Lab_4-unit-conversion-tips.pdf]
 
The data set for '''soil organic matter''' calculation is available at [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1k4N6RF6_b_sRZ5UpxGcksbbmmaad2W1bZv7a4AeCsX4/edit?usp=sharing SOM google spreadsheet]
 

The data for '''soil water content''' calculation is available at [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/19kj8AfKGNciu05tuow5rs6-BJ3EYnvNvpaWENjHQtQ4/edit?usp=sharing Soil-water google spreadsheet]

==Lab 6 Assignment==
[http://lfs-sw.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/01/Lab-Assignment_6_Jan2518.pdf Lab 6 Assignment]
 

* Pls note that it is important to view videos posted at the "Forest Floor" website (http://forestfloor.soilweb.ca/), which provides all necessary information for our lab 6.
* Here is file with slides for this lab http://lfs-sw.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2015/03/FF_LAB6_Mar1615.pdf

* In addition to your lab, you can earn bonus points: play a self-guided quest at the UBC Farm (more details will be provided in your lab sections)
* Add your '''Quest team name & (full) names of all your team members''' here (pls use unique names for your teams, do NOT use already existing team name). Pls follow this example - TEAM: SuperSoil, MEMBERS: Maja Krzic, Sandra Brown, and Lesley Dampier
 
Team: '''The Facultative Anaerobes''', Members: Corine Singfield, Grace Augustinowicz
 
Team: '''Gingko,''' Members: Xinyue Chen, Yachen Yuan
 
Team: '''Dark & Dank,''' Members: Alex Kramer, Patricia Hanuszak, Morgan Dowling, Kennedy Schaefer, Audrey Valerio, Sonia Stewart
 
Team: '''Diglett,''' Members: Cassidy Chow, Dinjot Matharu, Vincent Ho
 
Team:'''Soilgirls,''' Members: Siyu Mao, Nicole Xu, Yeong Wei Yan, Chen Chen
 
Team: '''Mol,''' Members: Claire Huang, Katharine Yu, Cynthia Liu, Katie Eadon Clarke
 
Team: '''dmpel,''' Members: Sky Jarvis, Anthony Pica, Rayne Rovtar, McKenzie Will , Dylan Peluso
 
Team: '''Tina F and Soha A,''' Members: Tina Friesen, Soha Ahmadi
 
Team: '''Lichen that soil''' Members: Katherine Buchanan, Kelli Stenson
 
Team: '''APBI Acrobats''' Members: Megan McElhinny, Natasha Harland, Anthony Siu, Dionne Wong
 
Team: '''Aggregals''' Members: Alexis Kim, Bella Devereaux, Paulina Cikatricis, Gwen Marty
 
Team: '''ND''' Members: Neil Saxvik, Devyn Thorson
 
Team: "'''4SOSTree"''' Members: Hanah Dhanani, Ayla Markowski, Zohreh Rezaiemanesh, Nicole Lau, Sara Reimanis, Katelyn Colwell

 
 
'''''By the way, this self-guided quest that you are playing was featured in the UBC News as an example of innovation in teaching .... see https://www.ubc.ca/stories/2016-fall/soil.html (Maja)'''''

==Lab 7 Assignment==
[http://lfs-sw.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/01/lab_7_Assignment_Jan2518_edited.pdf Lab 7 Assignment]
 
To learn key characteristics of 10 soil orders in the Canadian soil classification system, it might be helpful to view video clips posted at the website entitled
Canadian Soil Orders (http://soilweb.landfood.ubc.ca/classification/ )

==Lab 8 Assignment==
[Lab 8 Assignment]
 
Lab 8 is cancelled .......... and there will be no lab #8 assignment

Course:APBI200/Lab Assignments

2018-03-23T16:35:35Z

HanahDhanani:

{{Infobox APBI200}}
At this page you can find information to help you with APBI 200 labs & lab assignments.
 
==General Tips for APBI200 Labs==
*Always bring lab manual to the lab
*Read info about the upcoming lab '''before''' coming to the lab.
*All lab assignments are to be submitted as hard copies (in drop in boxes outside of the MCML102 lab).
* Lab assignments are due by 5pm a week after your lab (e.g., if you have a lab on Tuesday, your assignments is due following Tuesday by 5 pm)
* You will need to bring your lab coats
 
'''APBI200 lab sections and lab instructors:'''
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Day !! Time !! Lab Instructor
|-
| Monday || 1 - 3 pm || Maja Krzic
|-
| Monday || 3 - 5 pm || Kiran Preet
|-
| Tuesday ||8 - 10 am || Akshit Puri
|-
| Tuesday || 10 am - noon || Lewis Fausak
|-
| Tuesday || 1 - 3 pm || Dixi Modi
|-
| Tuesday || 3 - 5 pm || Dustin Bright
|-
| Wednesday || 9 - 11 am || Sandra Brown
|-
| Wednesday || 1 - 3 pm || Pariya Torkman
|-
| Wednesday || 3 - 5 pm || Sidd Paul
|-
|}
 

<big>'''Conversion help and hints'''</big>
 
Attached document is intended to provide help with conversions and it will be useful throughout the course.
 
[http://lfs-sw.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2014/01/APBI-200-Conversion-Help.pdf Unit conversion help]

==Lab 1 Assignment==

Lab 1 is a field trip. Meet at MacMillan room 102A at the time for your lab and we will go as a lab group to the field sites.
 
No lab assignment to hand in this week.

==Lab 2 Assignment==
[http://wiki.ubc.ca/images/6/61/Lab_2_Jan10_2018_v3.pdf Lab 2 Assignment]

'''Reminder for the lab assignment''':
 
All lab assignments are to be submitted as hard copies (in drop in boxes outside of the MCML102 lab).
 
Lab assignments are due by 5pm a week after your lab (e.g., if you have a lab on Tuesday, your assignments is due the following Tuesday by 5 pm)
 
 
Pls attach the following to your lab #2 assignment:
 
•Your hydrometer data sheet with sample calculations written out for at least one line in the data collection table (ie one time of measurement).

•The particle-size distribution curve. Don’t forget to include a title and axes labels. Indicate the % sand, silt and clay and the soil textural class.

•The table regarding the soil texture of two “mystery” samples (determined by hand-texturing). Include a brief justification of your answer.

•Calculation for sample used for demonstration of bulk density determination by core method.

 
Semi log paper (needed to draw the particle-size distribution curve) can be found in the attached pdf file. Alternatively, you can plot the data in Excel (but pls remember to use semi-log scale).
[http://lfs-sw.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2014/01/Semi_log_ver2.pdf Semi-log graph paper]
 

==Lab 3 Assignment==
[http://wiki.ubc.ca/images/2/29/Lab_3_2018.pdf Lab 3 Assignment]
 
Pls read the manual. Introduction for each lab includes all the information needed to answer lab assignment questions.
 
 
Required attachments for lab assignment:
 
•Your data collection sheet with calculations written out for both samples parameters (lines a through k), and for the first 2 tension values.
Be sure to include units when you enter your data and to keep track of units when making your calculations.

•The water retention curves for '''medium''' and '''fine sand''' samples indicating air entry value (AEV) and air intrusion value (AIV). Use your data that you collected in the lab and also data provided in the appendix A (on p.91) of the lab manual.

 

==Lab 4 Assignment==
[http://lfs-sw.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/01/Lab_4_Parent-material_Jan2418.pdf Lab 4 Assignment]

Useful collection of videos showing different types of parent material in their typical landscape settings can be found at http://landscape.soilweb.ca/
 
Another useful website where you can observe various parent materials is UBC Soil Monolith collection http://monoliths.soilweb.ca/

==Lab 5 Assignment==
[http://wiki.ubc.ca/images/5/55/Lab_5_2018.pdf Lab 5 assignment]
 
Please note that some tips re. unit conversion can be found in the attached [file http://lfs-sw.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2017/02/Lab_4-unit-conversion-tips.pdf]
 
The data set for '''soil organic matter''' calculation is available at [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1k4N6RF6_b_sRZ5UpxGcksbbmmaad2W1bZv7a4AeCsX4/edit?usp=sharing SOM google spreadsheet]
 

The data for '''soil water content''' calculation is available at [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/19kj8AfKGNciu05tuow5rs6-BJ3EYnvNvpaWENjHQtQ4/edit?usp=sharing Soil-water google spreadsheet]

==Lab 6 Assignment==
[http://lfs-sw.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/01/Lab-Assignment_6_Jan2518.pdf Lab 6 Assignment]
 

* Pls note that it is important to view videos posted at the "Forest Floor" website (http://forestfloor.soilweb.ca/), which provides all necessary information for our lab 6.
* Here is file with slides for this lab http://lfs-sw.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2015/03/FF_LAB6_Mar1615.pdf

* In addition to your lab, you can earn bonus points: play a self-guided quest at the UBC Farm (more details will be provided in your lab sections)
* Add your '''Quest team name & (full) names of all your team members''' here (pls use unique names for your teams, do NOT use already existing team name). Pls follow this example - TEAM: SuperSoil, MEMBERS: Maja Krzic, Sandra Brown, and Lesley Dampier
 
Team: '''The Facultative Anaerobes''', Members: Corine Singfield, Grace Augustinowicz
 
Team: '''Gingko,''' Members: Xinyue Chen, Yachen Yuan
 
Team: '''Dark & Dank,''' Members: Alex Kramer, Patricia Hanuszak, Morgan Dowling, Kennedy Schaefer, Audrey Valerio, Sonia Stewart
 
Team: '''Diglett,''' Members: Cassidy Chow, Dinjot Matharu, Vincent Ho
 
Team:'''Soilgirls,''' Members: Siyu Mao, Nicole Xu, Yeong Wei Yan, Chen Chen
 
Team: '''Mol,''' Members: Claire Huang, Katharine Yu, Cynthia Liu, Katie Eadon Clarke
 
Team: '''dmpel,''' Members: Sky Jarvis, Anthony Pica, Rayne Rovtar, McKenzie Will , Dylan Peluso
 
Team: '''Tina F and Soha A,''' Members: Tina Friesen, Soha Ahmadi
 
Team: '''Lichen that soil''' Members: Katherine Buchanan, Kelli Stenson
 
Team: '''APBI Acrobats''' Members: Megan McElhinny, Natasha Harland, Anthony Siu, Dionne Wong
 
Team: '''Aggregals''' Members: Alexis Kim, Bella Devereaux, Paulina Cikatricis, Gwen Marty
 
Team: '''ND''' Members: Neil Saxvik, Devyn Thorson
 
Team: "4SOSTree" Members: Hanah Dhanani, Ayla Markowski, Zohreh Rezaiemanesh, Nicole Lau, Sara Reimanis, Katelyn Colwell

 
 
'''''By the way, this self-guided quest that you are playing was featured in the UBC News as an example of innovation in teaching .... see https://www.ubc.ca/stories/2016-fall/soil.html (Maja)'''''

==Lab 7 Assignment==
[http://lfs-sw.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/01/lab_7_Assignment_Jan2518_edited.pdf Lab 7 Assignment]
 
To learn key characteristics of 10 soil orders in the Canadian soil classification system, it might be helpful to view video clips posted at the website entitled
Canadian Soil Orders (http://soilweb.landfood.ubc.ca/classification/ )

==Lab 8 Assignment==
[Lab 8 Assignment]
 
Lab 8 is cancelled .......... and there will be no lab #8 assignment