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Course:CONS200/2019/Ecological Benefits and Costs of China's Green Great Wall

2019-04-04T07:05:59Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Background */

'''Introduction'''[[File:Map_of_Green_Great_Wall_in_China.jpg|thumb|421x421px|Location of Green Great Wall in China]]
Green Great Wall, or Three-North Shelter Forest Program, or Three-North Shelterbelt Program, is a sequence of artificial shelter forests in northwestern, northeastern, and northeastern regions of China<ref name=":2">Meng, F. (2014). The Significance and Role of the Green Great Wall Construction. New Countryside: ''Heilongjiang''(8), 305-305. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8409.2014.08.305 </ref>. It starts ranging from Binxian County in Heilongjiang Province in the east to Wusongbeili Mountain in Xinjiang in the west, and from the northern border in the north to Hai River, Yongding River, Wei River and Tao River, Burhan Budai Mountain<ref name=":2" />. The construction of the Green Great Wall covers 551 counties (flags, cities, and districts) in 13 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) with a total area of 4.069 million hectares, accounting for 42.4% of the country's land area<ref name=":2" />. Among these aras, there are 12 Gobi, deserts and sand lands with an area of 133,000 km, as well as 0.367 million hectares Loess Plateau that has severe soil erosion, sparse vegetation and lots of gullies<ref name=":2" />.

The project began in 1979 and its planning period is 70 years<ref name=":1">Three-North Shelterbelt Program. (2019). In ''Baidupedia''. The Great Wall Project. Retrieved on February 11, 2019, from https://baike.baidu.com/item/“三北”防护林工/11046362?fromtitle=%E4%B8%89%E5%8C%97%E9%98%B2%E6%8A%A4%E6%9E%97&fromid=1845823#reference-%5B4%5D-695089-wrap </ref>. By 2050, the planned afforestation area will be 535 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate in these three regions will increase from 5.05% in 1979 to 15.95% in 2050<ref name=":1" />. Until 2018, the afforestation area has been completed to 30.149 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate of the project area has increased to 13.59%<ref name=":1" />. At present, China’s Green Great Wall has gained great ecological achievement but has generated a great number of financial costs. Meanwhile, various problems have emerged and impeded the project to proceed, in terms of ecology, finance, policy, and society. Those existing problems will be discussed, and recommendations that correspond with different aspects will be suggested.
[[File:Three_North_Shelter_Forest_Program_in_northern_China.png|thumb|455x455px|Green Great Wall in northern China in detail]]

== Background ==
[[File:Green_Great_Wall.jpg|thumb|440x440px|Green Great Wall in Pinglu Qipan Mountains]]
China is one of the biggest countries in the world, covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers, with diverse climate types and varied terrains. With ever-accelerated development, the formation of ecological problems was facilitated to some extent, especially where ecological conditions are fragile. The Green Great Wall is one of the ecological engineerings trying to ease this situation. <ref>China.(2019, April 3) In Wikipedia. Retrieved April 4, 2019, from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China</nowiki></ref> In order to solve the problems of wind-sand disasters and water-soil erosion from the root, the construction of the three-shelter forest became stringent. Wind-sand erosion problem is acute in this area, and sandstorms are frequent. In the past 20 years from the early 1960s to the late 1970s, 6.69 million hectares of land were desertification, and more than 13 million hectares of farmland were affected by sandstorms. It has a significantly harmful impact on local ecology situation, resident daily life, and the development of local economy.<ref>Duan, H., Yan, C., Tsunekawa, A., Song, X., Li, S., & Xie, J. (2011). Assessing vegetation dynamics in the Three-North Shelter Forest region of China using AVHRR NDVI data. ''Environmental Earth Sciences'', ''64''(4), 1011-1020.</ref>

== Stakeholders ==
With the progress of the Great Green Wall, the wicked situation is relieved to some extent. The inherent benefits provided by the program is that many residents do not have to keep moving from place to place. The anxiety of the dust burying the building is no longer exists for the local.

What is more, the biomass power plant gradually becomes one of the economy income pathways. The branches of Salix psammophila can be the essential electricity generating material. Salix psammophila is a vital vegetation to prevent wind and fix sand. This kind of plant has a unique physiology feature. Only when the lateral branches are cut, the main stem can grow taller and thicker. In this case, the local people collect the ‘unnecessary’branches and hand to the specific material company. The company uniformly deliver the materials to the power station. The local area gradually formed an industry chain integrated with planning, management, protection, storage and processing. With the constant planting of the Salix psammophila which provides the benefits of preventing strong wind and fixing sand, the grass could also be planted in the area. In this case, more sheep could be fed in the land. A virtuous circle is happening from residents to the private sector to state-owned enterprises.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2013-05-02/002427000403.shtml|title=Media survey three north shelterbelt: planting willow let farmers and herdsmen see benefits|last=CCTV|first=SINA|date=2013|work=|access-date=}}</ref>

For a government perspective, the investment in this project is a significant expense. From 1978 to 2007, the total investment in the construction of the three north shelterbelts was 6,026,529,300 yuan, of which the working capital of the masses was 4,704,430,000 yuan, the state investment was 8,329,77 yuan, and the individual investment was 4,865,080 yuan. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Xu|first=Long|date=2006|title=Research on the investment management reform of "three north" shelterbelt project|url=|journal=Forestry economics|volume=6|pages=45-49|via=}}</ref>Since the launch of the fourth phase of the "three north shelterbelt" project, the state's special investment to support the construction of the project has been mainly from national debt and the central budget.Among them, Treasury funds account for the vast majority.However, with the adjustment of the national financial management reform, the total amount of national debt issuance has been reduced year by year.<ref name=":6" />

== Ecological Benefits ==
The Three-North Shelterbelt has significant protection and regulation for the climate, soil and agriculture of the entire three-north region.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Effects
!Statistics
|-
!'''Regional Climate Regulation'''
|
* Wind preventing
* Temperature regulation
* Air moisture regulation
|
* According to the measurements of the three-north region, the effective distance of the forest belt to reduce the wind speed has been about 20-25 times higher than the height of the forest belt, and the wind speed has been reduced by 27-40%<ref name=":0">Huang, L., Zhu, P., Xiao, T., Cao, Y., & Gong, G. (2018). Wind and Sand Fixation Effect of the Green Great Wall System Construction Project in the Past 35 Years. ''Geography Science'', 38(4), 600-609. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=353eec52dc01bd2ae65e6c1e5d2c8873&site=xueshu_se </ref>.
* Green Great Wall has had a warming effect in spring and autumn with an average temperature increase of about 0.5-2°C, a cooling effect in summer with an average temperature decrease of about 6-10 °C, and the temperature rise in winter is 1-3 °C<ref>Wang, P., Yan, J., Jiang, C., Liu, X., & Liao, G. (2014). The Analysis of Climate Change in the Green Great Wall Project Area. ''Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation'', 34(1), 273-278. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=52953c6799d26b093bf194c166d67c5c&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref>.
* The evaporation of the three-north region is reduced by approximately 14% on average, which facilitates the development of local dry farming<ref name=":4">Dai, L., Wang, X., & Wang J. (2000). Indicators to Assess the Ecological Effect of the Three-North Shelterbelt System. ''World Forestry Research'', 13(2), 47-51. Retrieved from http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=sjlyyj200002013</ref>.
|-
!'''Soil Improvement'''
|
* Soil moisture regulation
* Soil physical properties improvement
* Soil fixation
|
* The soil evaporation has been reduced by 15-20% than the forest network, and the water surface evaporation is reduced by 20-40%<ref name=":4" />. Plant transpiration varies by species, generally reduced by 20-30%<ref name=":4" />.
* The three-north shelterbelt has the function of perfecting the water-soluble constituents of the soil. The proportion of Ca2+ in the soil of shelterbelt has been increased, while that of Na+ has been decreased, which enhances permeability and arability of soil<ref name=":4" />. Trees growing in the shelterbelt have the ability to absorb salt, such as poplars, willows, sorghum, etc.
* Taking the Loess Plateau as an example, when the vegetation coverage is 20-40%, it has a significant effect on reducing soil erosion<ref name=":0" />.
|-
!'''Increasing Agriculture Productivity'''
|
* Crop production improvement
|
* The ecological environment of farmland has been enhanced by the effect above, promoting crop growth and yield. Corn and rice yields rates have increased by 14% and 15% respectively<ref name=":4" />. The emergence of corn seedlings has been 2~3 days in advance, and the maturity period is 4~5 days early<ref name=":4" />.
|}

== The Evidence for the Problem ==

=== Ecological problems ===

==== Violating the health living principles ====
To reach the long-term goals, the Green Great Wall Project followed a principle called "easy before difficult, from near to far"<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Mao|first=Rixin|last2=Chen|first2=Gang|last3=Zhang|first3=Shaoqiang|date=2017|title=三北防护林工程建设中若干问题及应对建议|trans-title=Some Problems and Countermeasures in the Construction of Three-North Shelter Forest Project|url=|journal=Protection Forest Science and Technology|volume=|issue=|pages=58-61|doi=10.13601/j.issn.1005-5215.2017.10.020|via=CNKI}}</ref>. In other words, the process of afforestation first started from the areas with easy living condition, then moved to the areas with tough living condition. However, with the step-by-step promotion of afforestation, the relatively easy parts of the project have already completed. The rest are mostly left because of their poor natural conditions, inconvenient transportation, and bare of humanity<ref name=":3" />. The poor site conditions vastly decrease the growth rate, survival rate, and preservation rate of afforestation.

Much worse, people who involved in the project only pay attention to seeking quick success and instant benefits of the project, ignoring to put the right tree at the right place. In some cases, shrubs are more suitable in some arid and water-scarce desert areas rather than trees like the poplar and spruce. Large amount of water absorbed by long roots of trees as well as the added water evaporation by large leaves will aggravate the shortage of water resources in the region<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sun|first=Guili|last2=Li|first2=Xiaona|last3=Wang|first3=Dong|date=2007|title=“三北”防护林建设中若干问题的生态思考|trans-title=The Ecological Thinking of the Three - North Forest Shelterbelt Program|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2007&filename=XJSZ200703070&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkVG1CcDNkZVhQKzkxOHpDTWVFeUVCSFpKOD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!&v=MDA2OTRxVHJXTTFGckNVUkxPZlpPZHJGaURsVjd6TlBTZllkTEc0SHRiTXJJOUNaSVI4ZVgxTHV4WVM3RGgxVDM=|journal=Journal of Xinjiang Normal University (Natural Sciences Edition)|volume=26|pages=217-219|issn=1008-9659|via=CNKI}}</ref>. Hence, planting too much arbors in arid and water-deficient desert areas will not achieve good results diametrically. Under this circumstance, the ecological functions have been sharply diminished.

==== Low level of biodiversity ====
Biodiversity plays a significant role in ecosystems which directly influences the ecological processes. High level of biodiversity can increase the ecological functioning while low level of biodiversity decreases the efficiency of ecological communities to capture biologically essential resources, produce biomass, decompose and recycle biologically essential nutrients<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=Biodiversity Loss and Its Impact on Humanity|url=|journal=|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>.

Low level of biodiversity has acted as a long-term ecological problem in the Green Great Wall since it has been put into implemented. In the early stage of the project, a large number of pure artificial forests with high survival rate or fast-growing tree species were planted. Those pieces of forests only contain one specific species such as poplar and willow, which can bring enormous economic benefits from forestry production, and improve forestry management efficiency in short period. However, this kind of forest pattern results in simple forest structure with less mixed tree species and more same-age forest stands, which indicates the low level of biological diversity. Meanwhile, the lower level of biodiversity is accompanied by the weaker resilience of the forests. Those artificial forests are extremely easy to be infected by diseases and pests, and it can cause extensive damage once infected<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Fengqi|last2=Zhu|first2=Jiaojun|date=2002|title=防护林阶段定向经营研究|trans-title=Phase-directional Management of Protective Plantations|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2002&filename=YYSB200210033&v=MTg0MzFOcjQ5R1o0UjhlWDFMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSTE9mWk9kckZpRGdWcjNKUERUWWJMRzRIdFA=|journal=Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=13|pages=1352-1355|doi=10.13287/j.1001-9332.2002.0310|via=CNKI}}</ref>. For example, more than 130,000 pure poplars in Yongdeng County, Gansu Province has been destroyed by longicore since the end of the 20th century<ref name=":3" />.

==== Stand degradation ====
Limited by the development of economy and technology at the early stage, the quality of the artificial forest stands is generally low, followed by large scale of stand aging. Started from the 1970s, the action of afforestation has led to the existence of a great amount of mature forests, taking a relatively large proportion of overall tree number<ref name=":3" />. When forests reach the overripening stage, the functions of the project decline due to the slow-down growth speed and reduced biomass of the forests<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bu|first=Jun|date=2016|title=辽宁省退化防护林现状及成因分析|trans-title=Present Situation and Cause of Formation of Degraded Shelterbelt in Liaoning Province|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFDLAST2016&filename=FHLK201606040&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkVG1CcDNkZVhQN0Y4Q3lVMldDcmdHOTZjRT0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!&v=MDU5NDk5Zk1xWTlCWklSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnJDVVJMT2ZaT2RyRmlEaFZMck1JeVhIWmJHNEg=|journal=Protection Forest Science and Technology|volume=|pages=101-102|doi=10.13601/j.issn.1005-5215.2016.06.040|via=}}</ref>. Therefore, the stand aging accelerates the speed of stand degradation.

In addition, some places blindly pursue the quantity of afforestation while neglect the stand quality, regardless of the natural mechanisms and the priority of ecological benefits. As a consequence, the situation of stand degradation tends to be more severe, affecting the overall effectiveness of the project to move forward smoothly.

=== Socioeconomic problems ===

==== Lack of public participation ====
The Green Great Wall Project started at 1970s when Chinese Economic Reform occurred<ref>Zhu, J., Zhou, X., & Hu, J. (2004). Thinking and prospect of "three north" shelterbelt system project. ''Journal of natural resources'', 19(1), 79-85.</ref> . The Economic Reform stimulated public’s enthusiasm to do what government told them to do<ref>Wu, Q. (2009). The changing track of patriotic expression of young students in the 30 years of reform and opening up. ''Chinese youth studies,'' 1.</ref> . Moreover, people did not have many choices to earn money while agriculture is the main industry. The project was attractive because participant could get relatively considerable profits and subsides. Therefore, local communities were willing to join in the project and plant trees, and the first stage of great wall project was successfully done. However, after the soaring of economy in 1990s, people were no longer unsatisfied with the profits of growing trees when they have more choices<ref name=":5">Zhang, J. (1996). Achievements and problems in the construction of "three north" shelterbelt system. Retrieved from http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-LYJJ199602001</ref> . With the deepening of reform, farmers' interest in afforestation, especially shelterbelt, begun to decline. The connection between shelterbelt and farmers' profit stream was not as close as in the early stage, which was inconsistent with the goal of farmers' rapid income growth<ref name=":5" />. Some of the preferential policies originally formulated were no longer attractive to the masses, and farmers have gained greater choice and corresponding preferential policies from the reform.

==== Lack of funding ====
The conflict between the government’s expectation and people’s interests has become increasingly clear since 1990s<ref name=":5" />. The project is a large-scale public welfare undertaking which gives priority to protection and concern on environment. And public have main purpose on making money. As a developing country, government had financial problems. Funding was inadequate from the beginning of the project. Individual could only get fifty-one Yuan as pension after they afforestation one hectare<ref name=":5" /> . Farmers preferred to give priority to the projects with large benefits and quick results. Also, because most of forests in project were shelterbelt which could not bring much economic benefits, people are not willing to get involved in the project. Instead, they relatively preferred to grow economic forests.

==== Inappropriate management system ====
The role of the management system should not be underestimated. However, with the deepening of the reform, the government system that used to play the overall function has been changed. Some local forestry departments were merged, and some local organizations were cut off the financial support. Those organizations were forced to make live with other stuffs which might be illegal and negative to the project. For instance, those local organizations would authorize an already forested area as project area to get pension. While they would not build up shelterbelt. Therefore, the foundation of the management system became unstable, and its function was weakened.

== Recommendations ==
Based on the problems above, here are some recommendations to alleviate the problems.
# '''Improving biodiversity'''
#* Increase the richness and evenness of new-planted tree species.
#* Improve the ratio of mixed stand by allocating various species.
#** First, the stand structure should be planted combining with different layers from trees, shrubs, to grass.
#** Secondly, it should include both conifers and broad-leaf species as well as general-growing tree species with fast-growing tree species.
# '''Improving stand structure stability'''
#* The newly planted forest should focus on selecting native tree species with good stability. Also, introducing suitable exotic plants with equivalent or similar niche can be one solution as an important supplement to native tree species.
#* If the natural vegetation is preserved in good condition, the afforest area can be sealed by fencing, signage, artificial management and artificial promotion. In that case, the quality of new-planted forest can be improved and the stability of ecosystem can be enhanced by using nature's self-healing ability<ref name=":3" />.
# '''Applying multiple conservation mechanisms'''
#* Build up Ecosystem payment system - People would have opportunity lost when they decide to be involved in Three-North Shelter Forest Program. To ensure people will not avoid project because of their lost, governments should establish ES payment to compensate those people who pay for ecological benefits.
#* Community-based forest conservation - China's Green Great Wall is a vast construction project that involves different groups of stakeholders. To address the existing problems, stakeholders should positively connect with each other and collaborate for efficient multidirectional communication. Meanwhile, it is significant to clarify the authority of land ownership, use rights, and other bonds of rights by legislation for the local community because they are the most affected stakeholder group.
# '''Adapting to local conditions'''
#* One-fit-all model will lead Three-North Shelterbelt Program to failure and it is also one of the main causes of current problems. Therefore, different governance modes and regional governance methods should be selected according to the resource advantages and governance status quo of different regions.
# '''Revising policy for modern conditions'''
#* Since China's reform, the process of policy design has been constantly promoted along with changes in the situation. When the promotion effect of a policy decreases due to changes in the objective environment. New policies should be issued accordingly, either to strengthen the effect of the original policy or to produce new effects.
# '''Enhancing economic efficiency'''
#* It is an effective approach to stimulate the constructors' enthusiasm and initiative through enhance the economic attraction of the project itself. While governments focus on improving the ecological environment, they should also promote the economic benefits from project, such as setting up green industry and developing sand tourism, to help project out of the wood.

== Conclusion ==
Green Great Wall is an enormous project in the three-north region of China to prevent wind and fix soil. In the process of this project, lots of stakeholders participating in. Also, there are some ecological benefits generated, including regional climate regulation, soil improvement, and increasing agriculture productivity. However, some problems have emerged, in terms of ecology, society, and economy. For the ecological problems, broken health living principles, low biodiversity, degraded stand are the main problems. Besides, the lack of public participation, funding, and appropriate management system can be seen in the socioeconomic aspect. Although some problems are intractable, the ecological benefits from the Green Great Wall cannot be overlooked. Finally, it can be expected that these recommendations will be useful to alleviate the problems.

== References ==

<references />

{{Projectbox CONS200|names=Lauren Chen; Hongkai Qiu; Lingsen Kong; Yixuan Yu|share=yes}}

[[Category:Conservation]]

Course:CONS200/2019/Ecological Benefits and Costs of China's Green Great Wall

2019-04-04T06:48:08Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Background */

'''Introduction'''[[File:Map_of_Green_Great_Wall_in_China.jpg|thumb|421x421px|Location of Green Great Wall in China]]
Green Great Wall, or Three-North Shelter Forest Program, or Three-North Shelterbelt Program, is a sequence of artificial shelter forests in northwestern, northeastern, and northeastern regions of China<ref name=":2">Meng, F. (2014). The Significance and Role of the Green Great Wall Construction. New Countryside: ''Heilongjiang''(8), 305-305. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8409.2014.08.305 </ref>. It starts ranging from Binxian County in Heilongjiang Province in the east to Wusongbeili Mountain in Xinjiang in the west, and from the northern border in the north to Hai River, Yongding River, Wei River and Tao River, Burhan Budai Mountain<ref name=":2" />. The construction of the Green Great Wall covers 551 counties (flags, cities, and districts) in 13 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) with a total area of 4.069 million hectares, accounting for 42.4% of the country's land area<ref name=":2" />. Among these aras, there are 12 Gobi, deserts and sand lands with an area of 133,000 km, as well as 0.367 million hectares Loess Plateau that has severe soil erosion, sparse vegetation and lots of gullies<ref name=":2" />.

The project began in 1979 and its planning period is 70 years<ref name=":1">Three-North Shelterbelt Program. (2019). In ''Baidupedia''. The Great Wall Project. Retrieved on February 11, 2019, from https://baike.baidu.com/item/“三北”防护林工/11046362?fromtitle=%E4%B8%89%E5%8C%97%E9%98%B2%E6%8A%A4%E6%9E%97&fromid=1845823#reference-%5B4%5D-695089-wrap </ref>. By 2050, the planned afforestation area will be 535 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate in these three regions will increase from 5.05% in 1979 to 15.95% in 2050<ref name=":1" />. Until 2018, the afforestation area has been completed to 30.149 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate of the project area has increased to 13.59%<ref name=":1" />. At present, China’s Green Great Wall has gained great ecological achievement but has generated a great number of financial costs. Meanwhile, various problems have emerged and impeded the project to proceed, in terms of ecology, finance, policy, and society. Those existing problems will be discussed, and recommendations that correspond with different aspects will be suggested.
[[File:Three_North_Shelter_Forest_Program_in_northern_China.png|thumb|455x455px|Green Great Wall in northern China in detail]]

== Background ==
[[File:Green_Great_Wall.jpg|thumb|440x440px|Green Great Wall in Pinglu Qipan Mountains]]
China is one of the biggest countries in the world, covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers, with diverse climate types and varied terrains. With the ever-accelerated development, the formation of ecological problems was facilitated to some extent, especially where ecological conditions are fragile. The Green Great Wall is one of the ecological engineerings trying to ease this situation. <ref>China.(2019, April 3) In Wikipedia. Retrieved April 4, 2019, from <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China</nowiki></ref> In order to solve the problems of wind-sand disasters and water-soil erosion from the root, the construction of the three-shelter forest became stringent. Wind-sand erosion problem is serious in this area, and sandstorms are frequent. In the past 20 years from the early 1960s to the late 1970s, 6.69 million hectares of land were desertification, and more than 13 million hectares of farmland were affected by sandstorms. It has a significantly bad impact on local ecology situation, local resident daily life, and the development of local economy.<ref>Duan, H., Yan, C., Tsunekawa, A., Song, X., Li, S., & Xie, J. (2011). Assessing vegetation dynamics in the Three-North Shelter Forest region of China using AVHRR NDVI data. ''Environmental Earth Sciences'', ''64''(4), 1011-1020.</ref>

== Stakeholders ==
With the progress of the Great Green Wall, the wicked situation is relieved to some extent. The intuitive benefits provided by the the program is that many local residents don’t have to keep moving from place to place. The anxiety of the dust burying the building is no longer exists for the local.

What’s more, the biomass power plant gradually becomes one of the economy income pathways. The branches of Salix psammophila can be the essential electricity generating material. Salix psammophila is an important vegetation to prevent wind and fix sand. This kind of plant has a special physiology feature. Only when the lateral branches are cut, the main stem can grow taller and thicker. In this case, the local people collect the ‘unnecessary’branches and hand to the specific material company. The company uniformly deliver the materials to the power station. The local area gradually formed an industry chain integrated with planning, management, protection, storage and processing. With the constant planting of the Salix psammophila which provides the benefits of preventing strong wind and fixing sand, the grass could also be planted in the area. In this case, more sheep could be feeded in the land. A virtuous circle is happening from local residents to the private sector to state-owned enterprises.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2013-05-02/002427000403.shtml|title=Media survey three north shelterbelt: planting willow let farmers and herdsmen see benefits|last=CCTV|first=SINA|date=2013|work=|access-date=}}</ref>

For a government perspective, the investment in this project is a big expense. From 1978 to 2007, the total investment in the construction of the three north shelterbelts was 6,026,529,300 yuan, of which the working capital of the masses was 4,704,430,000 yuan, the state investment was 8,329,77 yuan, and the individual investment was 4,865,080 yuan. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Xu|first=Long|date=2006|title=Research on the investment management reform of "three north" shelterbelt project|url=|journal=Forestry economics|volume=6|pages=45-49|via=}}</ref>Since the launch of the fourth phase of the "three north shelterbelt" project, the state's special investment to support the construction of the project has been mainly from national debt and the central budget.Among them, Treasury funds account for the vast majority.However, with the adjustment of the national financial management reform, the total amount of national debt issuance has been reduced year by year.<ref name=":6" />

== Ecological Benefits ==
The Three-North Shelterbelt has significant protection and regulation for the climate, soil and agriculture of the entire three-north region.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Effects
!Statistics
|-
!'''Regional Climate Regulation'''
|
* Wind preventing
* Temperature regulation
* Air moisture regulation
|
* According to the measurements of the three-north region, the effective distance of the forest belt to reduce the wind speed has been about 20-25 times higher than the height of the forest belt, and the wind speed has been reduced by 27-40%<ref name=":0">Huang, L., Zhu, P., Xiao, T., Cao, Y., & Gong, G. (2018). Wind and Sand Fixation Effect of the Green Great Wall System Construction Project in the Past 35 Years. ''Geography Science'', 38(4), 600-609. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=353eec52dc01bd2ae65e6c1e5d2c8873&site=xueshu_se </ref>.
* Green Great Wall has had a warming effect in spring and autumn with an average temperature increase of about 0.5-2°C, a cooling effect in summer with an average temperature decrease of about 6-10 °C, and the temperature rise in winter is 1-3 °C<ref>Wang, P., Yan, J., Jiang, C., Liu, X., & Liao, G. (2014). The Analysis of Climate Change in the Green Great Wall Project Area. ''Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation'', 34(1), 273-278. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=52953c6799d26b093bf194c166d67c5c&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref>.
* The evaporation of the three-north region is reduced by approximately 14% on average, which facilitates the development of local dry farming<ref name=":4">Dai, L., Wang, X., & Wang J. (2000). Indicators to Assess the Ecological Effect of the Three-North Shelterbelt System. ''World Forestry Research'', 13(2), 47-51. Retrieved from http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=sjlyyj200002013</ref>.
|-
!'''Soil Improvement'''
|
* Soil moisture regulation
* Soil physical properties improvement
* Soil fixation
|
* The soil evaporation has been reduced by 15-20% than the forest network, and the water surface evaporation is reduced by 20-40%<ref name=":4" />. Plant transpiration varies by species, generally reduced by 20-30%<ref name=":4" />.
* The three-north shelterbelt has the function of perfecting the water-soluble constituents of the soil. The proportion of Ca2+ in the soil of shelterbelt has been increased, while that of Na+ has been decreased, which enhances permeability and arability of soil<ref name=":4" />. Trees growing in the shelterbelt have the ability to absorb salt, such as poplars, willows, sorghum, etc.
* Taking the Loess Plateau as an example, when the vegetation coverage is 20-40%, it has a significant effect on reducing soil erosion<ref name=":0" />.
|-
!'''Increasing Agriculture Productivity'''
|
* Crop production improvement
|
* The ecological environment of farmland has been enhanced by the effect above, promoting crop growth and yield. Corn and rice yields rates have increased by 14% and 15% respectively<ref name=":4" />. The emergence of corn seedlings has been 2~3 days in advance, and the maturity period is 4~5 days early<ref name=":4" />.
|}

== The Evidence for the Problem ==

=== Ecological problems ===

==== Violating the health living principles ====
To reach the long-term goals, the Green Great Wall Project followed a principle called "easy before difficult, from near to far"<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Mao|first=Rixin|last2=Chen|first2=Gang|last3=Zhang|first3=Shaoqiang|date=2017|title=三北防护林工程建设中若干问题及应对建议|trans-title=Some Problems and Countermeasures in the Construction of Three-North Shelter Forest Project|url=|journal=Protection Forest Science and Technology|volume=|issue=|pages=58-61|doi=10.13601/j.issn.1005-5215.2017.10.020|via=CNKI}}</ref>. In other words, the process of afforestation first started from the areas with easy living condition, then moved to the areas with tough living condition. However, with the step-by-step promotion of afforestation, the relatively easy parts of the project have already completed. The rest are mostly left because of their poor natural conditions, inconvenient transportation, and bare of humanity<ref name=":3" />. The poor site conditions vastly decrease the growth rate, survival rate, and preservation rate of afforestation.

Much worse, people who involved in the project only pay attention to seeking quick success and instant benefits of the project, ignoring to put the right tree at the right place. In some cases, shrubs are more suitable in some arid and water-scarce desert areas rather than trees like the poplar and spruce. Large amount of water absorbed by long roots of trees as well as the added water evaporation by large leaves will aggravate the shortage of water resources in the region<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sun|first=Guili|last2=Li|first2=Xiaona|last3=Wang|first3=Dong|date=2007|title=“三北”防护林建设中若干问题的生态思考|trans-title=The Ecological Thinking of the Three - North Forest Shelterbelt Program|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2007&filename=XJSZ200703070&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkVG1CcDNkZVhQKzkxOHpDTWVFeUVCSFpKOD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!&v=MDA2OTRxVHJXTTFGckNVUkxPZlpPZHJGaURsVjd6TlBTZllkTEc0SHRiTXJJOUNaSVI4ZVgxTHV4WVM3RGgxVDM=|journal=Journal of Xinjiang Normal University (Natural Sciences Edition)|volume=26|pages=217-219|issn=1008-9659|via=CNKI}}</ref>. Hence, planting too much arbors in arid and water-deficient desert areas will not achieve good results diametrically. Under this circumstance, the ecological functions have been sharply diminished.

==== Low level of biodiversity ====
Biodiversity plays a significant role in ecosystems which directly influences the ecological processes. High level of biodiversity can increase the ecological functioning while low level of biodiversity decreases the efficiency of ecological communities to capture biologically essential resources, produce biomass, decompose and recycle biologically essential nutrients<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=Biodiversity Loss and Its Impact on Humanity|url=|journal=|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>.

Low level of biodiversity has acted as a long-term ecological problem in the Green Great Wall since it has been put into implemented. In the early stage of the project, a large number of pure artificial forests with high survival rate or fast-growing tree species were planted. Those pieces of forests only contain one specific species such as poplar and willow, which can bring enormous economic benefits from forestry production, and improve forestry management efficiency in short period. However, this kind of forest pattern results in simple forest structure with less mixed tree species and more same-age forest stands, which indicates the low level of biological diversity. Meanwhile, the lower level of biodiversity is accompanied by the weaker resilience of the forests. Those artificial forests are extremely easy to be infected by diseases and pests, and it can cause extensive damage once infected<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Fengqi|last2=Zhu|first2=Jiaojun|date=2002|title=防护林阶段定向经营研究|trans-title=Phase-directional Management of Protective Plantations|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2002&filename=YYSB200210033&v=MTg0MzFOcjQ5R1o0UjhlWDFMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSTE9mWk9kckZpRGdWcjNKUERUWWJMRzRIdFA=|journal=Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=13|pages=1352-1355|doi=10.13287/j.1001-9332.2002.0310|via=CNKI}}</ref>. For example, more than 130,000 pure poplars in Yongdeng County, Gansu Province has been destroyed by longicore since the end of the 20th century<ref name=":3" />.

==== Stand degradation ====
Limited by the development of economy and technology at the early stage, the quality of the artificial forest stands is generally low, followed by large scale of stand aging. Started from the 1970s, the action of afforestation has led to the existence of a great amount of mature forests, taking a relatively large proportion of overall tree number<ref name=":3" />. When forests reach the overripening stage, the functions of the project decline due to the slow-down growth speed and reduced biomass of the forests<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bu|first=Jun|date=2016|title=辽宁省退化防护林现状及成因分析|trans-title=Present Situation and Cause of Formation of Degraded Shelterbelt in Liaoning Province|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFDLAST2016&filename=FHLK201606040&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkVG1CcDNkZVhQN0Y4Q3lVMldDcmdHOTZjRT0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!&v=MDU5NDk5Zk1xWTlCWklSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnJDVVJMT2ZaT2RyRmlEaFZMck1JeVhIWmJHNEg=|journal=Protection Forest Science and Technology|volume=|pages=101-102|doi=10.13601/j.issn.1005-5215.2016.06.040|via=}}</ref>. Therefore, the stand aging accelerates the speed of stand degradation.

In addition, some places blindly pursue the quantity of afforestation while neglect the stand quality, regardless of the natural mechanisms and the priority of ecological benefits. As a consequence, the situation of stand degradation tends to be more severe, affecting the overall effectiveness of the project to move forward smoothly.

=== Socioeconomic problems ===

==== Lack of public participation ====
The Green Great Wall Project started at 1970s when Chinese Economic Reform occurred<ref>Zhu, J., Zhou, X., & Hu, J. (2004). Thinking and prospect of "three north" shelterbelt system project. ''Journal of natural resources'', 19(1), 79-85.</ref> . The Economic Reform stimulated public’s enthusiasm to do what government told them to do<ref>Wu, Q. (2009). The changing track of patriotic expression of young students in the 30 years of reform and opening up. ''Chinese youth studies,'' 1.</ref> . Moreover, people did not have many choices to earn money while agriculture is the main industry. The project was attractive because participant could get relatively considerable profits and subsides. Therefore, local communities were willing to join in the project and plant trees, and the first stage of great wall project was successfully done. However, after the soaring of economy in 1990s, people were no longer unsatisfied with the profits of growing trees when they have more choices<ref name=":5">Zhang, J. (1996). Achievements and problems in the construction of "three north" shelterbelt system. Retrieved from http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-LYJJ199602001</ref> . With the deepening of reform, farmers' interest in afforestation, especially shelterbelt, begun to decline. The connection between shelterbelt and farmers' profit stream was not as close as in the early stage, which was inconsistent with the goal of farmers' rapid income growth<ref name=":5" />. Some of the preferential policies originally formulated were no longer attractive to the masses, and farmers have gained greater choice and corresponding preferential policies from the reform.

==== Lack of funding ====
The conflict between the government’s expectation and people’s interests has become increasingly clear since 1990s<ref name=":5" />. The project is a large-scale public welfare undertaking which gives priority to protection and concern on environment. And public have main purpose on making money. As a developing country, government had financial problems. Funding was inadequate from the beginning of the project. Individual could only get fifty-one Yuan as pension after they afforestation one hectare<ref name=":5" /> . Farmers preferred to give priority to the projects with large benefits and quick results. Also, because most of forests in project were shelterbelt which could not bring much economic benefits, people are not willing to get involved in the project. Instead, they relatively preferred to grow economic forests.

==== Inappropriate management system ====
The role of the management system should not be underestimated. However, with the deepening of the reform, the government system that used to play the overall function has been changed. Some local forestry departments were merged, and some local organizations were cut off the financial support. Those organizations were forced to make live with other stuffs which might be illegal and negative to the project. For instance, those local organizations would authorize an already forested area as project area to get pension. While they would not build up shelterbelt. Therefore, the foundation of the management system became unstable, and its function was weakened.

== Recommendations ==
Based on the problems above, here are some recommendations to alleviate the problems.
# '''Improving biodiversity'''
#* Increase the richness and evenness of new-planted tree species.
#* Improve the ratio of mixed stand by allocating various species.
#** First, the stand structure should be planted combining with different layers from trees, shrubs, to grass.
#** Secondly, it should include both conifers and broad-leaf species as well as general-growing tree species with fast-growing tree species.
# '''Improving stand structure stability'''
#* The newly planted forest should focus on selecting native tree species with good stability. Also, introducing suitable exotic plants with equivalent or similar niche can be one solution as an important supplement to native tree species.
#* If the natural vegetation is preserved in good condition, the afforest area can be sealed by fencing, signage, artificial management and artificial promotion. In that case, the quality of new-planted forest can be improved and the stability of ecosystem can be enhanced by using nature's self-healing ability<ref name=":3" />.
# '''Applying multiple conservation mechanisms'''
#* Build up Ecosystem payment system - People would have opportunity lost when they decide to be involved in Three-North Shelter Forest Program. To ensure people will not avoid project because of their lost, governments should establish ES payment to compensate those people who pay for ecological benefits.
#* Community-based forest conservation - China's Green Great Wall is a vast construction project that involves different groups of stakeholders. To address the existing problems, stakeholders should positively connect with each other and collaborate for efficient multidirectional communication. Meanwhile, it is significant to clarify the authority of land ownership, use rights, and other bonds of rights by legislation for the local community because they are the most affected stakeholder group.
# '''Adapting to local conditions'''
#* One-fit-all model will lead Three-North Shelterbelt Program to failure and it is also one of the main causes of current problems. Therefore, different governance modes and regional governance methods should be selected according to the resource advantages and governance status quo of different regions.
# '''Revising policy for modern conditions'''
#* Since China's reform, the process of policy design has been constantly promoted along with changes in the situation. When the promotion effect of a policy decreases due to changes in the objective environment. New policies should be issued accordingly, either to strengthen the effect of the original policy or to produce new effects.
# '''Enhancing economic efficiency'''
#* It is an effective approach to stimulate the constructors' enthusiasm and initiative through enhance the economic attraction of the project itself. While governments focus on improving the ecological environment, they should also promote the economic benefits from project, such as setting up green industry and developing sand tourism, to help project out of the wood.

== Conclusion ==
Green Great Wall is an enormous project in the three-north region of China to prevent wind and fix soil. In the process of this project, lots of stakeholders participating in. Also, there are some ecological benefits generated, including regional climate regulation, soil improvement, and increasing agriculture productivity. However, some problems have emerged, in terms of ecology, society, and economy. For the ecological problems, broken health living principles, low biodiversity, degraded stand are the main problems. Besides, the lack of public participation, funding, and appropriate management system can be seen in the socioeconomic aspect. Although some problems are intractable, the ecological benefits from the Green Great Wall cannot be overlooked. Finally, it can be expected that these recommendations will be useful to alleviate the problems.

== References ==

<references />

{{Projectbox CONS200|names=Lauren Chen; Hongkai Qiu; Lingsen Kong; Yixuan Yu|share=yes}}

[[Category:Conservation]]

Course:CONS200/2019/Ecological Benefits and Costs of China's Green Great Wall

2019-03-14T06:49:17Z

HONGKAIQIU:

[[File:Green_Great_Wall.jpg|thumb|440x440px|Green Great Wall in Pinglu Qipan Mountains]]
Green Great Wall, or Three-North Shelter Forest Program, or Three-North Shelterbelt Program, is a sequence of artificial shelter forests in northwestern, northeastern, and northeastern regions of China<ref name=":2">Meng, F. (2014). The Significance and Role of the Green Great Wall Construction. New Countryside: ''Heilongjiang''(8), 305-305. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8409.2014.08.305 </ref>. It starts ranging from Binxian County in Heilongjiang Province in the east to Wusongbeili Mountain in Xinjiang in the west, and from the northern border in the north to Hai River, Yongding River, Wei River and Tao River, Burhan Budai Mountain<ref name=":2" />. The construction of the Green Great Wall covers 551 counties (flags, cities, and districts) in 13 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) with a total area of 4.069 million hectares, accounting for 42.4% of the country's land area<ref name=":2" />. Among these aras, there are 12 Gobi, deserts and sand lands with an area of 133,000 km, as well as 0.367 million hectares Loess Plateau that has severe soil erosion, sparse vegetation and lots of gullies<ref name=":2" />.

The project began in 1979 and its planning period is 70 years<ref name=":1">Three-North Shelterbelt Program. (2019). In ''Baidupedia''. The Great Wall Project. Retrieved on February 11, 2019, from https://baike.baidu.com/item/“三北”防护林工/11046362?fromtitle=%E4%B8%89%E5%8C%97%E9%98%B2%E6%8A%A4%E6%9E%97&fromid=1845823#reference-%5B4%5D-695089-wrap </ref>. By 2050, the planned afforestation area will be 535 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate in these three regions will increase from 5.05% in 1979 to 15.95% in 2050<ref name=":1" />. Until 2018, the afforestation area has been completed to 30.149 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate of the project area has increased to 13.59%<ref name=":1" />. At present, China’s Green Great Wall has gained great ecological achievement but has generated a great number of financial costs. Meanwhile, various problems have emerged and impeded the project to proceed, in terms of ecology, finance, policy, and society. Those existing problems will be discussed, and recommendations that correspond with different aspects will be suggested.

== Background ==
China is one of the biggest countries in the world, covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers, with diverse climate types and varied terrains. With the ever-accelerated development, the formation of ecological problems was facilitated to some extent, especially where ecological conditions are fragile. The Green Great Wall is one of the ecological engineerings trying to ease this situation. In order to solve the problems of wind-sand disasters and water-soil erosion from the root, the construction of the three-shelter forest became stringent. Wind-sand erosion problem is serious in this area, and sandstorms are frequent. In the past 20 years from the early 1960s to the late 1970s, 6.69 million hectares of land were desertification, and more than 13 million hectares of farmland were affected by sandstorms. It has a significantly bad impact on local ecology situation, local resident daily life, and the development of local economy.

== Stakeholders ==
With the progress of the Great Green Wall, the wicked situation is relieved to some extent. The intuitive benefits provided by the the program is that many local residents don’t have to keep moving from place to place. The anxiety of the dust burying the building is no longer exists for the local.

What’s more, the biomass power plant gradually becomes one of the economy income pathways. The branches of Salix psammophila can be the essential electricity generating material. Salix psammophila is an important vegetation to prevent wind and fix sand. This kind of plant has a special physiology feature. Only when the lateral branches are cut, the main stem can grow taller and thicker. In this case, the local people collect the ‘unnecessary’branches and hand to the specific material company. The company uniformly deliver the materials to the power station. The local area gradually formed an industry chain integrated with planning, management, protection, storage and processing. With the constant planting of the Salix psammophila which provides the benefits of preventing strong wind and fixing sand, the grass could also be planted in the area. In this case, more sheep could be feeded in the land. A virtuous circle is happening from local residents to the private sector to state-owned enterprises.

(<nowiki>http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2013-05-02/002427000403.shtml</nowiki>)

生物质电厂

== Ecological Benefits ==
The Three-North Shelterbelt has significant protection and regulation for the climate, soil and agriculture of the entire three-north region.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Effects
!Statistics
|-
!'''Regional Climate Regulation'''
|
* Wind preventing
* Temperature regulation
* Air moisture regulation
|
* According to the measurements of the three-north region, the effective distance of the forest belt to reduce the wind speed has been about 20-25 times higher than the height of the forest belt, and the wind speed has been reduced by 27-40%<ref name=":0">Huang, L., Zhu, P., Xiao, T., Cao, Y., & Gong, G. (2018). Wind and Sand Fixation Effect of the Green Great Wall System Construction Project in the Past 35 Years. ''Geography Science'', 38(4), 600-609. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=353eec52dc01bd2ae65e6c1e5d2c8873&site=xueshu_se </ref>.
* Green Great Wall has had a warming effect in spring and autumn with an average temperature increase of about 0.5-2°C, a cooling effect in summer with an average temperature decrease of about 6-10 °C, and the temperature rise in winter is 1-3 °C<ref>Wang, P., Yan, J., Jiang, C., Liu, X., & Liao, G. (2014). The Analysis of Climate Change in the Green Great Wall Project Area. ''Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation'', 34(1), 273-278. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=52953c6799d26b093bf194c166d67c5c&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref>.
* The evaporation of the three-north region is reduced by approximately 14% on average, which facilitates the development of local dry farming<ref name=":4">Dai, L., Wang, X., & Wang J. (2000). Indicators to Assess the Ecological Effect of the Three-North Shelterbelt System. ''World Forestry Research'', 13(2), 47-51. Retrieved from http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=sjlyyj200002013</ref>.
|-
!'''Soil Improvement'''
|
* Soil moisture regulation
* Soil physical properties improvement
* Soil fixation
|
* The soil evaporation has been reduced by 15-20% than the forest network, and the water surface evaporation is reduced by 20-40%<ref name=":4" />. Plant transpiration varies by species, generally reduced by 20-30%<ref name=":4" />.
* The three-north shelterbelt has the function of perfecting the water-soluble constituents of the soil. The proportion of Ca2+ in the soil of shelterbelt has been increased, while that of Na+ has been decreased, which enhances permeability and arability of soil<ref name=":4" />. Trees growing in the shelterbelt have the ability to absorb salt, such as poplars, willows, sorghum, etc.<ref name=":4" />
* Taking the Loess Plateau as an example, when the vegetation coverage is 20-40%, it has a significant effect on reducing soil erosion<ref name=":0" />.
|-
!'''Increasing Agriculture Productivity'''
|
* Crop production improvement
|
* The ecological environment of farmland has been enhanced by the effect above, promoting crop growth and yield. Corn and rice yields rates have increased by 14% and 15% respectively<ref name=":4" />. The emergence of corn seedlings has been 2~3 days in advance, and the maturity period is 4~5 days early<ref name=":4" />.
|}

== The Evidence for the Problem ==
Sources, their relevance and reliability, balance of argument (for and against), bias declared or inferred;

=== Ecological problems ===

==== Violate the health living principles ====
To reach the long-term goals, the Green Great Wall Project followed a principle called "easy before difficult, from near to far"<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Mao|first=Rixin|last2=Chen|first2=Gang|last3=Zhang|first3=Shaoqiang|date=2017|title=三北防护林工程建设中若干问题及应对建议|trans-title=Some Problems and Countermeasures in the Construction of Three-North Shelter Forest Project|url=|journal=Protection Forest Science and Technology|volume=|issue=|pages=58-61|doi=10.13601/j.issn.1005-5215.2017.10.020|via=CNKI}}</ref>. In other words, the process of afforestation first started from the areas with easy living condition, then moved to the areas with tough living condition. However, with the step-by-step promotion of afforestation, the relatively easy parts of the project have already completed. The rest are mostly left because of their poor natural conditions, inconvenient transportation, and bare of humanity<ref name=":3" />. The poor site conditions vastly decrease the growth rate, survival rate, and preservation rate of afforestation.

Much worse, people who involved in the project only pay attention to seeking quick success and instant benefits of the project, ignoring to put the right tree at the right place. In some cases, shrubs are more suitable in some arid and water-scarce desert areas rather than trees like the poplar and spruce. Large amount of water absorbed by long roots of trees as well as the added water evaporation by large leaves will aggravate the shortage of water resources in the region<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sun|first=Guili|last2=Li|first2=Xiaona|last3=Wang|first3=Dong|date=2007|title=“三北”防护林建设中若干问题的生态思考|trans-title=The Ecological Thinking of the Three - North Forest Shelterbelt Program|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2007&filename=XJSZ200703070&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkVG1CcDNkZVhQKzkxOHpDTWVFeUVCSFpKOD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!&v=MDA2OTRxVHJXTTFGckNVUkxPZlpPZHJGaURsVjd6TlBTZllkTEc0SHRiTXJJOUNaSVI4ZVgxTHV4WVM3RGgxVDM=|journal=Journal of Xinjiang Normal University (Natural Sciences Edition)|volume=26|pages=217-219|issn=1008-9659|via=CNKI}}</ref>. Hence, planting too much arbors in arid and water-deficient desert areas will not achieve good results diametrically. Under this circumstance, the ecological functions have been sharply diminished.

==== Low level of biodiversity ====
Biodiversity plays a significant role in ecosystems which directly influences the ecological processes. High level of biodiversity can increase the ecological functioning while low level of biodiversity decreases the efficiency of ecological communities to capture biologically essential resources, produce biomass, decompose and recycle biologically essential nutrients<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=Biodiversity Loss and Its Impact on Humanity|url=|journal=|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>.

Low level of biodiversity has acted as a long-term ecological problem in the Green Great Wall since it has been put into implemented. In the early stage of the project, a large number of pure artificial forests with high survival rate or fast-growing tree species were planted. Those pieces of forests only contain one specific species such as poplar and willow, which can bring enormous economic benefits from forestry production, and improve forestry management efficiency in short period. However, this kind of forest pattern results in simple forest structure with less mixed tree species and more same-age forest stands, which indicates the low level of biological diversity. Meanwhile, the lower level of biodiversity is accompanied by the weaker resilience of the forests. Those artificial forests are extremely easy to be infected by diseases and pests, and it can cause extensive damage once infected<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Fengqi|last2=Zhu|first2=Jiaojun|date=2002|title=防护林阶段定向经营研究|trans-title=Phase-directional Management of Protective Plantations|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2002&filename=YYSB200210033&v=MTg0MzFOcjQ5R1o0UjhlWDFMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSTE9mWk9kckZpRGdWcjNKUERUWWJMRzRIdFA=|journal=Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=13|pages=1352-1355|doi=10.13287/j.1001-9332.2002.0310|via=CNKI}}</ref>. For example, more than 130,000 pure poplars in Yongdeng County, Gansu Province has been destroyed by longicore since the end of the 20th century<ref name=":3" />.

==== Stand degradation ====
Limited by the development of economy and technology at the early stage, the quality of the artificial forest stands is generally low, followed by large scale of stand aging. Started from the 1970s, the action of afforestation has led to the existence of a great amount of mature forests, taking a relatively large proportion of overall tree number<ref name=":3" />. When forests reach the overripening stage, the functions of the project decline due to the slow-down growth speed and reduced biomass of the forests<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bu|first=Jun|date=2016|title=辽宁省退化防护林现状及成因分析|trans-title=Present Situation and Cause of Formation of Degraded Shelterbelt in Liaoning Province|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFDLAST2016&filename=FHLK201606040&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkVG1CcDNkZVhQN0Y4Q3lVMldDcmdHOTZjRT0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!&v=MDU5NDk5Zk1xWTlCWklSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnJDVVJMT2ZaT2RyRmlEaFZMck1JeVhIWmJHNEg=|journal=Protection Forest Science and Technology|volume=|pages=101-102|doi=10.13601/j.issn.1005-5215.2016.06.040|via=}}</ref>. Therefore, the stand aging accelerates the speed of stand degradation.

In addition, some places blindly pursue the quantity of afforestation while neglect the stand quality, regardless of the natural mechanisms and the priority of ecological benefits. As a consequence, the situation of stand degradation tends to be more severe, affecting the overall effectiveness of the project to move forward smoothly.

=== Social and financial problems ===

==== Lack of public participation ====
The Green Great Wall Project started at 1970s when Chinese Economic Reform occurred<ref>Zhu, J., Zhou, X., & Hu, J. (2004). Thinking and prospect of "three north" shelterbelt system project. ''Journal of natural resources'', 19(1), 79-85.</ref> . The Economic Reform stimulated public’s enthusiasm to do what government told them to do<ref>Wu, Q. (2009). The changing track of patriotic expression of young students in the 30 years of reform and opening up. ''Chinese youth studies,'' 1.</ref> . Moreover, people did not have many choices to earn money while agriculture is the main industry. The project was attractive because participant could get relatively considerable profits and subsides. Therefore, local communities were willing to join in the project and plant trees, and the first stage of great wall project was successfully done. However, after the soaring of economy in 1990s, people were no longer unsatisfied with the profits of growing trees when they have more choices<ref name=":5">Zhang, J. (1996). Achievements and problems in the construction of "three north" shelterbelt system. Retrieved from http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-LYJJ199602001</ref> . With the deepening of reform, farmers' interest in afforestation, especially shelterbelt, begun to decline. The connection between shelterbelt and farmers' profit stream was not as close as in the early stage, which was inconsistent with the goal of farmers' rapid income growth<ref name=":5" />. Some of the preferential policies originally formulated were no longer attractive to the masses, and farmers have gained greater choice and corresponding preferential policies from the reform.

==== Lack of funds ====
The conflict between the government’s expectation and people’s interests has become increasingly clear since 1990s<ref name=":5" />. The project is a large-scale public welfare undertaking which gives priority to protection and concern on environment. And public have main purpose on making money. As a developing country, government had financial problems. Funding was inadequate from the beginning of the project. Individual could only get fifty-one Yuan as pension after they afforestation one hectare<ref name=":5" /> . Farmers preferred to give priority to the projects with large benefits and quick results. Also, because most of forests in project were shelterbelt which could not bring much economic benefits, people are not willing to get involved in the project. Instead, they relatively preferred to grow economic forests.

==== Inappropriate management system ====
The role of the management system should not be underestimated. However, with the deepening of the reform, the government system that used to play the overall function has been changed. Some local forestry departments were merged, and some local organizations were cut off the financial support. Those organizations were forced to make live with other stuffs which might be illegal and negative to the project. For instance, those local organizations would authorize an already forested area as project area to get pension. While they would not build up shelterbelt. Therefore, the foundation of the management system became unstable, and its function was weakened.

== Options for remedial action(s) ==
* Since China's reform, the process of policy design has been constantly promoted along with changes in the situation. When the promotion effect of a policy decreases due to changes in the objective environment. New policies should be issued accordingly, either to strengthen the effect of the original policy or to produce new effects

== Recommondation ==

== Conclusion ==
You should conclude your Wiki paper by summarizing the topic, or some aspect of the topic, as if possible, state a policy recommendation.

== References ==
Please use the Wikipedia reference style (see Wikipedia:Inline citation). Provide a citation for every sentence, statement, thought, or bit of data not your own, giving the author, year, AND page (when using direct quotes).
For dictionary references for English-language terms, I strongly recommend you use the Oxford English Dictionary. You can reference foreign-language sources but please also provide translations into English.

<references />

{{Projectbox CONS200|names=Lauren Chen; Hongkai Qiu; Lingsen Kong; Yixuan Yu|share=yes}}

[[Category:Conservation]]

Course:CONS200/2019/Ecological Benefits and Costs of China's Green Great Wall

2019-03-14T06:10:52Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Categories of Actors */

[[File:Green_Great_Wall.jpg|thumb|440x440px|Green Great Wall in Pinglu Qipan Mountains]]
Green Great Wall, or Three-North Shelter Forest Program, or Three-North Shelterbelt Program, is a sequence of artificial shelter forests in northwestern, northeastern, and northeastern regions of China<ref name=":2">Meng, F. (2014). The Significance and Role of the Green Great Wall Construction. New Countryside: ''Heilongjiang''(8), 305-305. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8409.2014.08.305 </ref>. It starts ranging from Binxian County in Heilongjiang Province in the east to Wusongbeili Mountain in Xinjiang in the west, and from the northern border in the north to Hai River, Yongding River, Wei River and Tao River, Burhan Budai Mountain<ref name=":2" />. The construction of the Green Great Wall covers 551 counties (flags, cities, and districts) in 13 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) with a total area of 4.069 million hectares, accounting for 42.4% of the country's land area<ref name=":2" />. Among these aras, there are 12 Gobi, deserts and sand lands with an area of 133,000 km, as well as 0.367 million hectares Loess Plateau that has severe soil erosion, sparse vegetation and lots of gullies<ref name=":2" />.

The project began in 1979 and its planning period is 70 years<ref name=":1">Three-North Shelterbelt Program. (2019). In ''Baidupedia''. The Great Wall Project. Retrieved on February 11, 2019, from https://baike.baidu.com/item/“三北”防护林工/11046362?fromtitle=%E4%B8%89%E5%8C%97%E9%98%B2%E6%8A%A4%E6%9E%97&fromid=1845823#reference-%5B4%5D-695089-wrap </ref>. By 2050, the planned afforestation area will be 535 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate in these three regions will increase from 5.05% in 1979 to 15.95% in 2050<ref name=":1" />. Until 2018, the afforestation area has been completed to 30.149 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate of the project area has increased to 13.59%<ref name=":1" />. At present, China’s Green Great Wall has gained great ecological achievement but has generated a great number of financial costs. Meanwhile, various problems have emerged and impeded the project to proceed, in terms of ecology, finance, policy, and society. Those existing problems will be discussed, and recommendations that correspond with different aspects will be suggested.

== Background ==
China is one of the biggest countries in the world, covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers, with diverse climate types and varied terrains. With the ever-accelerated development, the formation of ecological problems was facilitated to some extent, especially where ecological conditions are fragile. The Green Great Wall is one of the ecological engineerings trying to ease this situation. In order to solve the problems of wind-sand disasters and water-soil erosion from the root, the construction of the three-shelter forest became stringent. Wind-sand erosion problem is serious in this area, and sandstorms are frequent. In the past 20 years from the early 1960s to the late 1970s, 6.69 million hectares of land were desertification, and more than 13 million hectares of farmland were affected by sandstorms. It has a significantly bad impact on local ecology situation, local resident daily life, and the development of local economy.

== Ecological Benefits ==
The Three-North Shelterbelt has significant protection and regulation for the climate, soil and agriculture of the entire three-north region.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Effects
!Statistics
|-
!'''Regional Climate Regulation'''
|
* Wind preventing
* Temperature regulation
* Air moisture regulation
|
* According to the measurements of the three-north region, the effective distance of the forest belt to reduce the wind speed has been about 20-25 times higher than the height of the forest belt, and the wind speed has been reduced by 27-40%<ref name=":0">Huang, L., Zhu, P., Xiao, T., Cao, Y., & Gong, G. (2018). Wind and Sand Fixation Effect of the Green Great Wall System Construction Project in the Past 35 Years. ''Geography Science'', 38(4), 600-609. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=353eec52dc01bd2ae65e6c1e5d2c8873&site=xueshu_se </ref>.
* Green Great Wall has heaved a warming effect in spring and autumn with an average temperature increase of about 0.5-2°C, a cooling effect in summer with an average temperature decrease of about 6-10 °C, and the temperature rise in winter is 1-3 °C<ref>Wang, P., Yan, J., Jiang, C., Liu, X., & Liao, G. (2014). The Analysis of Climate Change in the Green Great Wall Project Area. ''Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation'', 34(1), 273-278. Retrieved from http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=52953c6799d26b093bf194c166d67c5c&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1</ref>.
* The evaporation of the three-north region is reduced by approximately 14% on average, which facilitates the development of local dry farming<ref name=":4">Dai, L., Wang, X., & Wang J. (2000). Indicators to Assess the Ecological Effect of the Three-North Shelterbelt System. ''World Forestry Research'', 13(2), 47-51. Retrieved from http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=sjlyyj200002013</ref>.
|-
!'''Soil Improvement'''
|
* Soil moisture regulation
* Soil physical properties improvement
* Soil fixation
|
* The soil evaporation has been reduced by 15-20% than the forest network, and the water surface evaporation is reduced by 20-40%<ref name=":4" />. Plant transpiration varies by species, generally reduced by 20-30%<ref name=":4" />.
* The three-north shelterbelt has the function of perfecting the water-soluble constituents of the soil. The proportion of Ca2+ in the soil of shelterbelt has been increased, while that of Na+ has been decreased, which enhances permeability and arability of soil<ref name=":4" />. Trees growing in the shelterbelt have the ability to absorb salt, such as poplars, willows, sorghum, etc.<ref name=":4" />
* Taking the Loess Plateau as an example, when the vegetation coverage is 20-40%, it has a significant effect on reducing soil erosion<ref name=":0" />.
|-
!'''Increasing Agriculture Productivity'''
|
* Ecological environment improvement
* Crop production improvement
|Corn and rice yields rates have increased by 14% and 15% respectively<ref name=":4" />. The emergence of corn seedlings has been 2~3 days in advance, and the maturity period is 4~5 days early<ref name=":4" />.
|}

== The Evidence for the Problem ==
Sources, their relevance and reliability, balance of argument (for and against), bias declared or inferred;

=== Ecological problems ===

==== Violate the health living principles ====
To reach the long-term goals, the Green Great Wall Project followed a principle called "easy before difficult, from near to far"<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Mao|first=Rixin|last2=Chen|first2=Gang|last3=Zhang|first3=Shaoqiang|date=2017|title=三北防护林工程建设中若干问题及应对建议|trans-title=Some Problems and Countermeasures in the Construction of Three-North Shelter Forest Project|url=|journal=Protection Forest Science and Technology|volume=|issue=|pages=58-61|doi=10.13601/j.issn.1005-5215.2017.10.020|via=CNKI}}</ref>. In other words, the process of afforestation first started from the areas with easy living condition, then moved to the areas with tough living condition. However, with the step-by-step promotion of afforestation, the relatively easy parts of the project have already completed. The rest are mostly left because of their poor natural conditions, inconvenient transportation, and bare of humanity<ref name=":3" />. The poor site conditions vastly decrease the growth rate, survival rate, and preservation rate of afforestation.

Much worse, people who involved in the project only pay attention to seeking quick success and instant benefits of the project, ignoring to put the right tree at the right place. In some cases, shrubs are more suitable in some arid and water-scarce desert areas rather than trees like the poplar and spruce. Large amount of water absorbed by long roots of trees as well as the added water evaporation by large leaves will aggravate the shortage of water resources in the region<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sun|first=Guili|last2=Li|first2=Xiaona|last3=Wang|first3=Dong|date=2007|title=“三北”防护林建设中若干问题的生态思考|trans-title=The Ecological Thinking of the Three - North Forest Shelterbelt Program|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2007&filename=XJSZ200703070&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkVG1CcDNkZVhQKzkxOHpDTWVFeUVCSFpKOD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!&v=MDA2OTRxVHJXTTFGckNVUkxPZlpPZHJGaURsVjd6TlBTZllkTEc0SHRiTXJJOUNaSVI4ZVgxTHV4WVM3RGgxVDM=|journal=Journal of Xinjiang Normal University (Natural Sciences Edition)|volume=26|pages=217-219|issn=1008-9659|via=CNKI}}</ref>. Hence, planting too much arbors in arid and water-deficient desert areas will not achieve good results diametrically. Under this circumstance, the ecological functions have been sharply diminished.

==== Low level of biodiversity ====
Biodiversity plays a significant role in ecosystems which directly influences the ecological processes. High level of biodiversity can increase the ecological functioning while low level of biodiversity decreases the efficiency of ecological communities to capture biologically essential resources, produce biomass, decompose and recycle biologically essential nutrients<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=Biodiversity Loss and Its Impact on Humanity|url=|journal=|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>.

Low level of biodiversity has acted as a long-term ecological problem in the Green Great Wall since it has been put into implemented. In the early stage of the project, a large number of pure artificial forests with high survival rate or fast-growing tree species were planted. Those pieces of forests only contain one specific species such as poplar and willow, which can bring enormous economic benefits from forestry production, and improve forestry management efficiency in short period. However, this kind of forest pattern results in simple forest structure with less mixed tree species and more same-age forest stands, which indicates the low level of biological diversity. Meanwhile, the lower level of biodiversity is accompanied by the weaker resilience of the forests. Those artificial forests are extremely easy to be infected by diseases and pests, and it can cause extensive damage once infected<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Fengqi|last2=Zhu|first2=Jiaojun|date=2002|title=防护林阶段定向经营研究|trans-title=Phase-directional Management of Protective Plantations|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2002&filename=YYSB200210033&v=MTg0MzFOcjQ5R1o0UjhlWDFMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSTE9mWk9kckZpRGdWcjNKUERUWWJMRzRIdFA=|journal=Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=13|pages=1352-1355|doi=10.13287/j.1001-9332.2002.0310|via=CNKI}}</ref>. For example, more than 130,000 pure poplars in Yongdeng County, Gansu Province has been destroyed by longicore since the end of the 20th century<ref name=":3" />.

==== Stand degradation ====
Limited by the development of economy and technology at the early stage, the quality of the artificial forest stands is generally low, followed by large scale of stand aging. Started from the 1970s, the action of afforestation has led to the existence of a great amount of mature forests, taking a relatively large proportion of overall tree number<ref name=":3" />. When forests reach the overripening stage, the functions of the project decline due to the slow-down growth speed and reduced biomass of the forests<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bu|first=Jun|date=2016|title=辽宁省退化防护林现状及成因分析|trans-title=Present Situation and Cause of Formation of Degraded Shelterbelt in Liaoning Province|url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFDLAST2016&filename=FHLK201606040&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkVG1CcDNkZVhQN0Y4Q3lVMldDcmdHOTZjRT0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!&v=MDU5NDk5Zk1xWTlCWklSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnJDVVJMT2ZaT2RyRmlEaFZMck1JeVhIWmJHNEg=|journal=Protection Forest Science and Technology|volume=|pages=101-102|doi=10.13601/j.issn.1005-5215.2016.06.040|via=}}</ref>. Therefore, the stand aging accelerates the speed of stand degradation.

In addition, some places blindly pursue the quantity of afforestation while neglect the stand quality, regardless of the natural mechanisms and the priority of ecological benefits. As a consequence, the situation of stand degradation tends to be more severe, affecting the overall effectiveness of the project to move forward smoothly.

=== Social and financial problems ===

==== Lack of public participation ====
The Green Great Wall Project started at 1970s when Chinese Economic Reform occurred<ref>Zhu, J., Zhou, X., & Hu, J. (2004). Thinking and prospect of "three north" shelterbelt system project. ''Journal of natural resources'', 19(1), 79-85.</ref> . The Economic Reform stimulated public’s enthusiasm to do what government told them to do<ref>Wu, Q. (2009). The changing track of patriotic expression of young students in the 30 years of reform and opening up. ''Chinese youth studies,'' 1.</ref> . Moreover, people did not have many choices to earn money while agriculture is the main industry. The project was attractive because participant could get relatively considerable profits and subsides. Therefore, local communities were willing to join in the project and plant trees, and the first stage of great wall project was successfully done. However, after the soaring of economy in 1990s, people were no longer unsatisfied with the profits of growing trees when they have more choices<ref name=":5">Zhang, J. (1996). Achievements and problems in the construction of "three north" shelterbelt system. Retrieved from http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-LYJJ199602001</ref> . With the deepening of reform, farmers' interest in afforestation, especially shelterbelt, begun to decline. The connection between shelterbelt and farmers' profit stream was not as close as in the early stage, which was inconsistent with the goal of farmers' rapid income growth<ref name=":5" />. Some of the preferential policies originally formulated were no longer attractive to the masses, and farmers have gained greater choice and corresponding preferential policies from the reform.

==== Lack of funds ====
The conflict between the government’s expectation and people’s interests has become increasingly clear since 1990s<ref name=":5" />. The project is a large-scale public welfare undertaking which gives priority to protection and concern on environment. And public have main purpose on making money. As a developing country, government had financial problems. Funding was inadequate from the beginning of the project. Individual could only get fifty-one Yuan as pension after they afforestation one hectare<ref name=":5" /> . Farmers preferred to give priority to the projects with large benefits and quick results. Also, because most of forests in project were shelterbelt which could not bring much economic benefits, people are not willing to get involved in the project. Instead, they relatively preferred to grow economic forests.

==== Inappropriate management system ====
The role of the management system should not be underestimated. However, with the deepening of the reform, the government system that used to play the overall function has been changed. Some local forestry departments were merged, and some local organizations were cut off the financial support. Those organizations were forced to make live with other stuffs which might be illegal and negative to the project. For instance, those local organizations would authorize an already forested area as project area to get pension. While they would not build up shelterbelt. Therefore, the foundation of the management system became unstable, and its function was weakened.

== Options for remedial action(s) ==
* Since China's reform, the process of policy design has been constantly promoted along with changes in the situation. When the promotion effect of a policy decreases due to changes in the objective environment. New policies should be issued accordingly, either to strengthen the effect of the original policy or to produce new effects

== Recommendations ==

== Conclusion ==
You should conclude your Wiki paper by summarizing the topic, or some aspect of the topic, as if possible, state a policy recommendation.

== References ==
Please use the Wikipedia reference style (see Wikipedia:Inline citation). Provide a citation for every sentence, statement, thought, or bit of data not your own, giving the author, year, AND page (when using direct quotes).
For dictionary references for English-language terms, I strongly recommend you use the Oxford English Dictionary. You can reference foreign-language sources but please also provide translations into English.

<references />

{{Projectbox CONS200|names=Lauren Chen; Hongkai Qiu; Lingsen Kong; Yixuan Yu|share=yes}}

[[Category:Conservation]]

Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-12-04T05:47:35Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* References */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
[[File:Karte huangshan korrigiert.jpg|thumb|Huangshan in China]]
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.(Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,2015)

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2016). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. (Shen, L, 2006) )According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Chinese forest right reform was closely related to land right reform. China's rural land system reform can be divided into three periods. The first period was from the early days of the communist party to the founding of the country (1 921 ~ 1 953 years). At that time, the land system was "owned by the individual farmers, and the family owned the main economic camp".The second period was from the beginning of the movement for the cooperation of agriculture to the eleventh congress of the communist party of China (1953 ~ 1978). At that time, the land system was "owned by the collective of labour groups, which unified the economic management".After 1978, the rural land system was "owned by labour groups and collectives, and the family contracted the economic camp".Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process （Jianfei.X, 2015). Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.(Linsheng, L,(2016)

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).
[[File:Huangshan 11.jpg|left|thumb|Huangshan Tourism]]
[[File:Dense fog over Huangshan (Unsplash).jpg|left|thumb]]
Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. (Sohu.com, (2001)Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. (Beijing International MBA, 2018).)In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. (Lin, L,(1997)The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. (Jiawei.Z, 2015). The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. (Jiangnan Forest Exchange, 2018）

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges.At the same time, they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank. Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"(Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office, 2008)

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==
Beijing International MBA. (2018). ''Review of China's collective forest rights reform and its performance evaluation.'' Retrieved from http://www.sohu.com/a/226633606_330810

Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office,(2008),The reform of collective forest right system is required'', Briefing on Reform of forest tenure system in Huangshan City,8,''1-2,Retrieved from https://wenku.baidu.com/view/0a2f1d4a2b160b4e767fcf7d
Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,(2015), ''General Situation of Forestry Reform and Development in Huangshan City,'' Retrieved from http://lyj.huangshan.gov.cn/Content/show/JA020/15573/1/186460.html

Jianfei.X. (2015). Review and prospect of the research on the change of rural land system in China. ''Journal of Guangzhou University,14(7),''54-60. doi:1671-394X(2015)07-0054-07

Jiangnan Forest Exchange. (2018], May 15). 2018 forest right mortgage loan policy. Retrieved from https://www.tuliu.com/read-80579.html

Jiawei.Z. (2015). Present situation analysis and countermeasures of forest right mortgage loan in huangshan district, huangshan city, anhui province. ''Beijing Agriculture. 9.'' 103-104. http://www.doc88.com/p-1641581981404.html

Lin, L.,(1997),Economic effects of tourism regions: Case Study of Huangshan City, Anhui Province. ''Journal of Nanjing University,2,''53-59. Retrieved from https://www.ixueshu.com/download/f21f2d9037603f12318947a18e7f9386.html

Linsheng, L(2016) ,The Establishment and Practice of the Innovation Mechanism of Forest Property Transfer in Huangshan District,

''Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,18'',doi: [null 1007-7731(2016)18-0093-02]

Ministry of Agriculture of China, Rural Land Contracting Management Right Transfer Management Measures, C1,4,5(2005) .Retrieved from http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142327671.html

Shen, L., (2006)] ,Forest Reform, Spring Breeze, Fushan Township: A Glimpse of Collective Forest Tenure System Reform in Huangshan District, ''Jianghuai,6,''6-6, Retrieved from http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JHUA200806005.htm

Sohu Huangshan, (2018), ''Qimen, Huangshan build the Chinese medicine production, study and research base.'' Retrieved from https://huangshan.focus.cn/zixun/9120bd769cfb0bfb.html

Sohu.com. (2001).] Who should be in charge of Huangshan scenic spot? Retrieved from http://news.sohu.com/30/97/news145319730.shtml

Standing Committee of Anhui Provincial People's Congress, Anhui Forest Property Management Regulations,C1(2013). Retrieved from http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142433749.html

Hongkai Qiu 2018

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Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-28T00:29:56Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* References */

Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-28T00:20:57Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Tenure arrangements */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
[[File:Karte huangshan korrigiert.jpg|thumb|Huangshan in China]]
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.(Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,2015)

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2016). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. (Shen, L, 2006) )According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Chinese forest right reform was closely related to land right reform. China's rural land system reform can be divided into three periods. The first period was from the early days of the communist party to the founding of the country (1 921 ~ 1 953 years). At that time, the land system was "owned by the individual farmers, and the family owned the main economic camp".The second period was from the beginning of the movement for the cooperation of agriculture to the eleventh congress of the communist party of China (1953 ~ 1978). At that time, the land system was "owned by the collective of labour groups, which unified the economic management".After 1978, the rural land system was "owned by labour groups and collectives, and the family contracted the economic camp".Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.(Linsheng, L,(2016)

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).
[[File:Huangshan 11.jpg|left|thumb|Huangshan Tourism]]
[[File:Dense fog over Huangshan (Unsplash).jpg|left|thumb]]
Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. (Sohu.com, (2001)Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. (Beijing International MBA, 2018).)In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. (Lin, L,(1997)The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. (Jiawei.Z, 2015). The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. (Jiangnan Forest Exchange, 2018）

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges.At the same time, they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank. Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"(Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office, 2008)

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==
Beijing International MBA. (2018). ''Review of China's collective forest rights reform and its performance evaluation.'' Retrieved from http://www.sohu.com/a/226633606_330810

Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office,(2008),The reform of collective forest right system is required'', Briefing on Reform of forest tenure system in Huangshan City,8,''1-2,Retrieved from https://wenku.baidu.com/view/0a2f1d4a2b160b4e767fcf7d
Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,(2015), ''General Situation of Forestry Reform and Development in Huangshan City,'' Retrieved from http://lyj.huangshan.gov.cn/Content/show/JA020/15573/1/186460.html

Jiangnan Forest Exchange. (2018], May 15). 2018 forest right mortgage loan policy. Retrieved from https://www.tuliu.com/read-80579.html

Jiawei.Z. (2015). Present situation analysis and countermeasures of forest right mortgage loan in huangshan district, huangshan city, anhui province. ''Beijing Agriculture. 9.'' 103-104. http://www.doc88.com/p-1641581981404.html

Lin, L.,(1997),Economic effects of tourism regions: Case Study of Huangshan City, Anhui Province. ''Journal of Nanjing University,2,''53-59. Retrieved from https://www.ixueshu.com/download/f21f2d9037603f12318947a18e7f9386.html

Linsheng, L(2016) ,The Establishment and Practice of the Innovation Mechanism of Forest Property Transfer in Huangshan District,

''Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,18'',doi: [null 1007-7731(2016)18-0093-02]

Ministry of Agriculture of China, Rural Land Contracting Management Right Transfer Management Measures, C1,4,5(2005) .Retrieved from http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142327671.html

Shen, L., (2006)] ,Forest Reform, Spring Breeze, Fushan Township: A Glimpse of Collective Forest Tenure System Reform in Huangshan District, ''Jianghuai,6,''6-6, Retrieved from http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JHUA200806005.htm

Sohu Huangshan, (2018), ''Qimen, Huangshan build the Chinese medicine production, study and research base.'' Retrieved from https://huangshan.focus.cn/zixun/9120bd769cfb0bfb.html

Sohu.com. (2001).] Who should be in charge of Huangshan scenic spot? Retrieved from http://news.sohu.com/30/97/news145319730.shtml

Standing Committee of Anhui Provincial People's Congress, Anhui Forest Property Management Regulations,C1(2013). Retrieved from http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142433749.html

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Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-27T23:49:03Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Interested Outside Stakeholders */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
[[File:Karte huangshan korrigiert.jpg|thumb|Huangshan in China]]
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.(Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,2015)

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2016). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. (Shen, L, 2006) )According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.(Linsheng, L,(2016)

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).
[[File:Huangshan 11.jpg|left|thumb|Huangshan Tourism]]
[[File:Dense fog over Huangshan (Unsplash).jpg|left|thumb]]
Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. (Sohu.com, (2001)Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. (Beijing International MBA, 2018).)In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. (Lin, L,(1997)The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. (Jiawei.Z, 2015). The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. (Jiangnan Forest Exchange, 2018）

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges.At the same time, they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank. Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"(Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office, 2008)

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==
Beijing International MBA. (2018). ''Review of China's collective forest rights reform and its performance evaluation.'' Retrieved from http://www.sohu.com/a/226633606_330810

Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office,(2008),The reform of collective forest right system is required'', Briefing on Reform of forest tenure system in Huangshan City,8,''1-2,Retrieved from https://wenku.baidu.com/view/0a2f1d4a2b160b4e767fcf7d
Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,(2015), ''General Situation of Forestry Reform and Development in Huangshan City,'' Retrieved from http://lyj.huangshan.gov.cn/Content/show/JA020/15573/1/186460.html

Jiangnan Forest Exchange. (2018], May 15). 2018 forest right mortgage loan policy. Retrieved from https://www.tuliu.com/read-80579.html

Jiawei.Z. (2015). Present situation analysis and countermeasures of forest right mortgage loan in huangshan district, huangshan city, anhui province. ''Beijing Agriculture. 9.'' 103-104. http://www.doc88.com/p-1641581981404.html

Lin, L.,(1997),Economic effects of tourism regions: Case Study of Huangshan City, Anhui Province. ''Journal of Nanjing University,2,''53-59. Retrieved from https://www.ixueshu.com/download/f21f2d9037603f12318947a18e7f9386.html

Linsheng, L(2016) ,The Establishment and Practice of the Innovation Mechanism of Forest Property Transfer in Huangshan District,

''Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,18'',doi: [null 1007-7731(2016)18-0093-02]

Ministry of Agriculture of China, Rural Land Contracting Management Right Transfer Management Measures, C1,4,5(2005) .Retrieved from http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142327671.html

Shen, L., (2006)] ,Forest Reform, Spring Breeze, Fushan Township: A Glimpse of Collective Forest Tenure System Reform in Huangshan District, ''Jianghuai,6,''6-6, Retrieved from http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JHUA200806005.htm

Sohu Huangshan, (2018), ''Qimen, Huangshan build the Chinese medicine production, study and research base.'' Retrieved from https://huangshan.focus.cn/zixun/9120bd769cfb0bfb.html

Sohu.com. (2001).] Who should be in charge of Huangshan scenic spot? Retrieved from http://news.sohu.com/30/97/news145319730.shtml

Standing Committee of Anhui Provincial People's Congress, Anhui Forest Property Management Regulations,C1(2013). Retrieved from http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142433749.html

{{Projectbox FRST370
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Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-27T19:07:25Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* References */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
[[File:Karte huangshan korrigiert.jpg|thumb|Huangshan in China]]
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.(Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,2015)

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2016). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. (Shen, L, 2006) )According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.(Linsheng, L,(2016)

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).
[[File:Huangshan 11.jpg|left|thumb|Huangshan Tourism]]
[[File:Dense fog over Huangshan (Unsplash).jpg|left|thumb]]
Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. (Sohu.com, (2001)Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. (Beijing International MBA, 2018).)In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. (Lin, L,(1997)The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. (Jiawei.Z, 2015). The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. (Jiangnan Forest Exchange, 2018）

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges.At the same time, they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank. Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"(Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office, 2008)

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==
Beijing International MBA. (2018). ''Review of China's collective forest rights reform and its performance evaluation.'' Retrieved from http://www.sohu.com/a/226633606_330810

Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office,(2008),The reform of collective forest right system is required'', Briefing on Reform of forest tenure system in Huangshan City,8,''1-2,Retrieved from https://wenku.baidu.com/view/0a2f1d4a2b160b4e767fcf7d
Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,(2015), ''General Situation of Forestry Reform and Development in Huangshan City,'' Retrieved from http://lyj.huangshan.gov.cn/Content/show/JA020/15573/1/186460.html

Jiangnan Forest Exchange. (2018], May 15). 2018 forest right mortgage loan policy. Retrieved from https://www.tuliu.com/read-80579.html

Jiawei.Z. (2015). Present situation analysis and countermeasures of forest right mortgage loan in huangshan district, huangshan city, anhui province. ''Beijing Agriculture. 9.'' 103-104. http://www.doc88.com/p-1641581981404.html

Lin, L.,(1997),Economic effects of tourism regions: Case Study of Huangshan City, Anhui Province. ''Journal of Nanjing University,2,''53-59. Retrieved from https://www.ixueshu.com/download/f21f2d9037603f12318947a18e7f9386.html

Linsheng, L(2016) ,The Establishment and Practice of the Innovation Mechanism of Forest Property Transfer in Huangshan District,

''Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,18'',doi: [null 1007-7731(2016)18-0093-02]

Ministry of Agriculture of China, Rural Land Contracting Management Right Transfer Management Measures, C1,4,5(2005) .Retrieved from http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142327671.html

Shen, L., (2006)] ,Forest Reform, Spring Breeze, Fushan Township: A Glimpse of Collective Forest Tenure System Reform in Huangshan District, ''Jianghuai,6,''6-6, Retrieved from http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JHUA200806005.htm

Sohu Huangshan, (2018), ''Qimen, Huangshan build the Chinese medicine production, study and research base.'' Retrieved from https://huangshan.focus.cn/zixun/9120bd769cfb0bfb.html

Sohu.com. (2001).] Who should be in charge of Huangshan scenic spot? Retrieved from http://news.sohu.com/30/97/news145319730.shtml

Standing Committee of Anhui Provincial People's Congress, Anhui Forest Property Management Regulations,C1(2013). Retrieved from http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142433749.html

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Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-27T19:02:47Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Affected Stakeholders */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
[[File:Karte huangshan korrigiert.jpg|thumb|Huangshan in China]]
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.(Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,2015)

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2016). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. (Shen, L, 2006) )According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.(Linsheng, L,(2016)

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).
[[File:Huangshan 11.jpg|left|thumb|Huangshan Tourism]]
[[File:Dense fog over Huangshan (Unsplash).jpg|left|thumb]]
Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. (Sohu.com, (2001)Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. (Beijing International MBA, 2018).)In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. (Lin, L,(1997)The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. (Jiawei.Z, 2015). The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. (Jiangnan Forest Exchange, 2018）

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges.At the same time, they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank. Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"(Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office, 2008)

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==
Beijing International MBA. (2018). ''Review of China's collective forest rights reform and its performance evaluation.'' Retrieved from http://www.sohu.com/a/226633606_330810

Dedering,U. (2010). ''China edcp relief location map'' [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg

Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office,(2008),The reform of collective forest right system is required'', Briefing on Reform of forest tenure system in Huangshan City,8,''1-2,Retrieved from https://wenku.baidu.com/view/0a2f1d4a2b160b4e767fcf7d
Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,(2015), ''General Situation of Forestry Reform and Development in Huangshan City,'' Retrieved from http://lyj.huangshan.gov.cn/Content/show/JA020/15573/1/186460.html

Jiangnan Forest Exchange. (2018], May 15). 2018 forest right mortgage loan policy. Retrieved from https://www.tuliu.com/read-80579.html

Jiawei.Z. (2015). Present situation analysis and countermeasures of forest right mortgage loan in huangshan district, huangshan city, anhui province. ''Beijing Agriculture. 9.'' 103-104. http://www.doc88.com/p-1641581981404.html

Kanguole.(2016). ''China Northern Plain relief location map'' [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png

Lin, L.,(1997),Economic effects of tourism regions: Case Study of Huangshan City, Anhui Province. ''Journal of Nanjing University,2,''53-59. Retrieved from https://www.ixueshu.com/download/f21f2d9037603f12318947a18e7f9386.html

Linsheng, L(2016) ,The Establishment and Practice of the Innovation Mechanism of Forest Property Transfer in Huangshan District,

''Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,18'',doi: [null 1007-7731(2016)18-0093-02]

Ministry of Agriculture of China, Rural Land Contracting Management Right Transfer Management Measures, C1,4,5(2005) .Retrieved from http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142327671.html

Shen, L., (2006)] ,Forest Reform, Spring Breeze, Fushan Township: A Glimpse of Collective Forest Tenure System Reform in Huangshan District, ''Jianghuai,6,''6-6, Retrieved from http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JHUA200806005.htm

Sohu Huangshan, (2018), ''Qimen, Huangshan build the Chinese medicine production, study and research base.'' Retrieved from https://huangshan.focus.cn/zixun/9120bd769cfb0bfb.html

Sohu.com. (2001).] Who should be in charge of Huangshan scenic spot? Retrieved from http://news.sohu.com/30/97/news145319730.shtml

Standing Committee of Anhui Provincial People's Congress, Anhui Forest Property Management Regulations,C1(2013). Retrieved from http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142433749.html

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Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-27T18:59:24Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Description */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
[[File:Karte huangshan korrigiert.jpg|thumb|Huangshan in China]]
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.(Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,2015)

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2016). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. (Shen, L, 2006) )According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.(Linsheng, L,(2016)

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).

Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. (Sohu.com, (2001)Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. (Beijing International MBA, 2018).)In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. (Lin, L,(1997)The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. (Jiawei.Z, 2015). The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. (Jiangnan Forest Exchange, 2018）

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges.At the same time, they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank. Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"(Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office, 2008)

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==
Beijing International MBA. (2018). ''Review of China's collective forest rights reform and its performance evaluation.'' Retrieved from http://www.sohu.com/a/226633606_330810

Dedering,U. (2010). ''China edcp relief location map'' [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg

Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office,(2008),The reform of collective forest right system is required'', Briefing on Reform of forest tenure system in Huangshan City,8,''1-2,Retrieved from https://wenku.baidu.com/view/0a2f1d4a2b160b4e767fcf7d
Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,(2015), ''General Situation of Forestry Reform and Development in Huangshan City,'' Retrieved from http://lyj.huangshan.gov.cn/Content/show/JA020/15573/1/186460.html

Jiangnan Forest Exchange. (2018], May 15). 2018 forest right mortgage loan policy. Retrieved from https://www.tuliu.com/read-80579.html

Jiawei.Z. (2015). Present situation analysis and countermeasures of forest right mortgage loan in huangshan district, huangshan city, anhui province. ''Beijing Agriculture. 9.'' 103-104. http://www.doc88.com/p-1641581981404.html

Kanguole.(2016). ''China Northern Plain relief location map'' [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png

Lin, L.,(1997),Economic effects of tourism regions: Case Study of Huangshan City, Anhui Province. ''Journal of Nanjing University,2,''53-59. Retrieved from https://www.ixueshu.com/download/f21f2d9037603f12318947a18e7f9386.html

Linsheng, L(2016) ,The Establishment and Practice of the Innovation Mechanism of Forest Property Transfer in Huangshan District,

''Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,18'',doi: [null 1007-7731(2016)18-0093-02]

Ministry of Agriculture of China, Rural Land Contracting Management Right Transfer Management Measures, C1,4,5(2005) .Retrieved from http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142327671.html

Shen, L., (2006)] ,Forest Reform, Spring Breeze, Fushan Township: A Glimpse of Collective Forest Tenure System Reform in Huangshan District, ''Jianghuai,6,''6-6, Retrieved from http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JHUA200806005.htm

Sohu Huangshan, (2018), ''Qimen, Huangshan build the Chinese medicine production, study and research base.'' Retrieved from https://huangshan.focus.cn/zixun/9120bd769cfb0bfb.html

Sohu.com. (2001).] Who should be in charge of Huangshan scenic spot? Retrieved from http://news.sohu.com/30/97/news145319730.shtml

Standing Committee of Anhui Provincial People's Congress, Anhui Forest Property Management Regulations,C1(2013). Retrieved from http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142433749.html

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Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-27T09:24:34Z

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The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.(Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,2015)

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2016). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. (Shen, L, 2006) )According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.(Linsheng, L,(2016)

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).

Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. (Sohu.com, (2001)Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. (Beijing International MBA, 2018).)In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. (Lin, L,(1997)The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. (Jiawei.Z, 2015). The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. (Jiangnan Forest Exchange, 2018）

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges.At the same time, they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank. Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"(Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office, 2008)

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==
Beijing International MBA. (2018). ''Review of China's collective forest rights reform and its performance evaluation.'' Retrieved from http://www.sohu.com/a/226633606_330810

Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office,(2008),The reform of collective forest right system is required'', Briefing on Reform of forest tenure system in Huangshan City,8,''1-2,Retrieved from https://wenku.baidu.com/view/0a2f1d4a2b160b4e767fcf7d
Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,(2015), ''General Situation of Forestry Reform and Development in Huangshan City,'' Retrieved from http://lyj.huangshan.gov.cn/Content/show/JA020/15573/1/186460.html

Jiangnan Forest Exchange. (2018], May 15). 2018 forest right mortgage loan policy. Retrieved from https://www.tuliu.com/read-80579.html

Jiawei.Z. (2015). Present situation analysis and countermeasures of forest right mortgage loan in huangshan district, huangshan city, anhui province. ''Beijing Agriculture. 9.'' 103-104. http://www.doc88.com/p-1641581981404.html

Lin, L.,(1997),Economic effects of tourism regions: Case Study of Huangshan City, Anhui Province. ''Journal of Nanjing University,2,''53-59. Retrieved from https://www.ixueshu.com/download/f21f2d9037603f12318947a18e7f9386.html

Linsheng, L(2016) ,The Establishment and Practice of the Innovation Mechanism of Forest Property Transfer in Huangshan District,

''Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,18'',doi: [null 1007-7731(2016)18-0093-02]

Ministry of Agriculture of China, Rural Land Contracting Management Right Transfer Management Measures, C1,4,5(2005) .Retrieved from http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142327671.html

Shen, L., (2006)] ,Forest Reform, Spring Breeze, Fushan Township: A Glimpse of Collective Forest Tenure System Reform in Huangshan District, ''Jianghuai,6,''6-6, Retrieved from http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JHUA200806005.htm

Sohu Huangshan, (2018), ''Qimen, Huangshan build the Chinese medicine production, study and research base.'' Retrieved from https://huangshan.focus.cn/zixun/9120bd769cfb0bfb.html

Sohu.com. (2001).] Who should be in charge of Huangshan scenic spot? Retrieved from http://news.sohu.com/30/97/news145319730.shtml

Standing Committee of Anhui Provincial People's Congress, Anhui Forest Property Management Regulations,C1(2013). Retrieved from http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142433749.html

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Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-27T09:22:41Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* References */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.(Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,2015)

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2016). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. (Shen, L, 2006) )According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.(Linsheng, L,(2016)

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).

Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. (Sohu.com, (2001)Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. (Beijing International MBA, 2018).)In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. (Lin, L,(1997)The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. (Jiawei.Z, 2015). The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. (Jiangnan Forest Exchange, 2018）

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges.At the same time, they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank. Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"(Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office, 2008)

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==

Beijing International MBA. (2018). ''Review of China's collective forest rights reform and its performance evaluation.'' Retrieved from http://www.sohu.com/a/226633606_330810

Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office,(2008),The reform of collective forest right system is required'', Briefing on Reform of forest tenure system in Huangshan City,8,''1-2,Retrieved from https://wenku.baidu.com/view/0a2f1d4a2b160b4e767fcf7d
Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,(2015), ''General Situation of Forestry Reform and Development in Huangshan City,'' Retrieved from http://lyj.huangshan.gov.cn/Content/show/JA020/15573/1/186460.html
[null Jiangnan Forest Exchange. (2018], May 15). 2018 forest right mortgage loan policy. Retrieved from [https://www.tuliu.com/read-80579.html <nowiki>https://www.tuliu.com/read-80579.html]</nowiki>]

Jiawei.Z. (2015). Present situation analysis and countermeasures of forest right mortgage loan in huangshan district, huangshan city, anhui province. ''Beijing Agriculture. 9.'' 103-104. http://www.doc88.com/p-1641581981404.html

Lin, L.,(1997),Economic effects of tourism regions: Case Study of Huangshan City, Anhui Province. ''Journal of Nanjing University,2,''53-59. Retrieved from https://www.ixueshu.com/download/f21f2d9037603f12318947a18e7f9386.html
Linsheng, L(2016) ,The Establishment and Practice of the Innovation Mechanism of Forest Property Transfer in Huangshan District,

''Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,18'',doi: [null 1007-7731(2016)18-0093-02]
Ministry of Agriculture of China, Rural Land Contracting Management Right Transfer Management Measures, C1,4,5(2005) .Retrieved from http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142327671.html
Shen, L., (2006)] ,Forest Reform, Spring Breeze, Fushan Township: A Glimpse of Collective Forest Tenure System Reform in Huangshan District, ''Jianghuai,6,''6-6, Retrieved from http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JHUA200806005.htm

Sohu Huangshan, (2018), ''Qimen, Huangshan build the Chinese medicine production, study and research base,''] Retrieved from https://huangshan.focus.cn/zixun/9120bd769cfb0bfb.html
Sohu.com. (2001).] Who should be in charge of Huangshan scenic spot? [[Retrieved from http://news.sohu.com/30/97/news145319730.shtml|Retrieved from <nowiki>http://news.sohu.com/30/97/news145319730.shtml</nowiki>]]

Standing Committee of Anhui Provincial People's Congress, Anhui Forest Property Management Regulations,C1(2013). Retrieved from http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142433749.html

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Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-27T09:20:27Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Recommendations */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.(Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,2015)

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2016). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. (Shen, L, 2006) )According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.(Linsheng, L,(2016)

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).

Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. (Sohu.com, (2001)Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. (Beijing International MBA, 2018).)In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. (Lin, L,(1997)The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. (Jiawei.Z, 2015). The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. (Jiangnan Forest Exchange, 2018）

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges.At the same time, they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank. Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"(Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office, 2008)

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==

Beijing International MBA. (2018). ''Review of China's collective forest rights reform and its performance evaluation.'' Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.sohu.com/a/226633606_330810</nowiki>

Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office,(2008),The reform of collective forest right system is required'', Briefing on Reform of forest tenure system in Huangshan City,8,''1-2,Retrieved from <nowiki>https://wenku.baidu.com/view/0a2f1d4a2b160b4e767fcf7d</nowiki>
Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,(2015), ''General Situation of Forestry Reform and Development in Huangshan City,'' Retrieved from <nowiki>http://lyj.huangshan.gov.cn/Content/show/JA020/15573/1/186460.html</nowiki>
[null Jiangnan Forest Exchange. (2018], May 15). 2018 forest right mortgage loan policy. Retrieved from [null https://www.tuliu.com/read-80579.html]

Jiawei.Z. (2015). Present situation analysis and countermeasures of forest right mortgage loan in huangshan district, huangshan city, anhui province. ''Beijing Agriculture. 9.'' 103-104. <nowiki>http://www.doc88.com/p-1641581981404.html</nowiki>

Lin, L.,(1997),Economic effects of tourism regions: Case Study of Huangshan City, Anhui Province. ''Journal of Nanjing University,2,''53-59. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.ixueshu.com/download/f21f2d9037603f12318947a18e7f9386.html</nowiki> 完成
Linsheng, L(2016) ,The Establishment and Practice of the Innovation Mechanism of Forest Property Transfer in Huangshan District,

''Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,18'',doi: [null 1007-7731(2016)18-0093-02]
Ministry of Agriculture of China, Rural Land Contracting Management Right Transfer Management Measures, C1,4,5(2005) .Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142327671.html</nowiki>
[null Shen, L., (2006)] ,Forest Reform, Spring Breeze, Fushan Township: A Glimpse of Collective Forest Tenure System Reform in Huangshan District, ''Jianghuai,6,''6-6, Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JHUA200806005.htm</nowiki>

[null Sohu Huangshan, (2018), ''Qimen, Huangshan build the Chinese medicine production, study and research base,''] Retrieved from <nowiki>https://huangshan.focus.cn/zixun/9120bd769cfb0bfb.html</nowiki> 完成
[null Sohu.com. (2001).] Who should be in charge of Huangshan scenic spot? Retrieved from <nowiki>http://news.sohu.com/30/97/news145319730.shtml</nowiki>

Standing Committee of Anhui Provincial People's Congress, Anhui Forest Property Management Regulations,C1(2013). Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jnlqjy.cn/zcfg/xzfg/2018/03/17142433749.html</nowiki>

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Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-27T09:18:40Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Administrative arrangements */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.(Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,2015)

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2016). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. (Shen, L, 2006) )According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.(Linsheng, L,(2016)

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).

Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. (Sohu.com, (2001)Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. (Beijing International MBA, 2018).)In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. (Lin, L,(1997)The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. (Jiawei.Z, 2015). The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. (Jiangnan Forest Exchange, 2018）

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges.At the same time, they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank. Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"(Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office, 2008)

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.(Wu,C,(2017)

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==
<references/>

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Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-27T09:13:08Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Affected Stakeholders */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.(Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,2015)

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2008). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).

Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. (Sohu.com, (2001)Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. (Beijing International MBA, 2018).)In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. (Lin, L,(1997)The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. (Jiawei.Z, 2015). The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. (Jiangnan Forest Exchange, 2018）

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges.At the same time, they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank. Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"(Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office, 2008)

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-27T09:12:17Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Description */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.(Huangshan Ministry of Forestry,2015)

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2008). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).

Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. (Sohu.com, (2001)Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. (Beijing International MBA, 2018).)In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. (Jiawei.Z, 2015). The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. (Jiangnan Forest Exchange, 2018）

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges.At the same time, they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank. Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"(Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office, 2008)

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-27T09:11:21Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Recommendations */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2008). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).

Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. (Sohu.com, (2001)Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. (Beijing International MBA, 2018).)In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. (Jiawei.Z, 2015). The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. (Jiangnan Forest Exchange, 2018）

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges.At the same time, they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank. Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"(Huangshan City Collective Forest Tenure Reform Office, 2008)

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-27T09:10:17Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Affected Stakeholders */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2008). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).

Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. (Sohu.com, (2001)Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. (Beijing International MBA, 2018).)In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. (Jiawei.Z, 2015). The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. (Jiangnan Forest Exchange, 2018）

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges.At the same time, they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank. Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-27T09:08:59Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Affected Stakeholders */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2008). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).

Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. (Sohu.com, (2001)Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. (Jiawei.Z, 2015). The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. (Jiangnan Forest Exchange, 2018）

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges.At the same time, they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank. Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-27T09:03:43Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Affected Stakeholders */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2008). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).

Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. (Jiawei.Z, 2015). The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. (Jiangnan Forest Exchange, 2018）

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges.At the same time, they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank. Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-27T08:44:22Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Assessment */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2008). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).

Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized.

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges.At the same time, they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank. Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
}}

Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-27T08:42:21Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Tenure arrangements */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2008). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.

==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively(would be introduced in Discussion ).

Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on non-timber forest product farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to make money, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 Mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized.

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

In terms of vacation village, due to local feeble economic foundation, Huangshan's vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

Huangshan people, Huangshan government and financial institutions cooperate with each other. Farmers who own forest rights may engage in economic activities such as transfer, exchange and sale in forest rights exchanges .At the same time they can also mortgage their forest rights in the bank.Forestland changed from a piece of land before forest right reform, and became a kind of economic symbol. Local farmers can benefit from eco-tourism which is supported by local government. This also reduces the deforestation by farmers, which protects the local forest ecological resources and thus has a positive impact on the tourism industry.

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas.

In terms of forest right mortgage loan, due to long duration of afforestation project, great natural influence to forests, great investment in early stage, and unfit insurance system, it is suggested to extend the term of forestry loan, reduce the fluctuation of loan interest rate, and increase the discount interest of forestry loan by governments at all levels.

As for non-timber forest product farming, developing undergrowth economy is a systematic project, which needs to provide an organizational guarantee at all levels. In addition to strengthening organizational leadership, governments at all levels should accelerate the cultivation of economic cooperatives under forests, professional associations and other social service organizations to improve the degree of organization of forest farmers. Huangshan should vigorously promote the industrialization development mode of "leading enterprises + professional cooperatives + bases + farmers"

Huangshan should actively develop forestry cooperative economic organizations, guide and support the establishment of specialized forestry cooperative organizations of farmers, family cooperative forestry farms, joint-stock cooperative forestry farms and other organizations.

Some more non-government organizations also necessary to establish.

==References==
<references/>

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Course:FRST370/Projects/Huangshan Mountain community forest: a community developed by tourism and understory products

2018-11-27T07:41:23Z

HONGKAIQIU: /* Description */

The case study is about Huangshan, which is in Huangshan City, Anhui province, China. Some geographical, social and cultural information is introduced. It uses a lot of documents to illustrate tenure transmission and purchasing. An introduction of the evolution of tenure due to the historic and political changes in China is also included. What's more, the development of the local economy through non-timber production and tourism industry are also narrated. Stakeholders from local and outside Huangshan are other key points of the case study. Some typical examples of co-management between local government, financing institutions and local residents are mentioned in the case study. This article will also discuss the problems of the collective forest rights reform system.

==Description==
Huangshan, in the southernmost part of Anhui province, is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate is vertically changing, and local topography plays a leading role in the climate. High humidity and much precipitation form a special mountain monsoon climate where there is no chilly winter or hot summer. Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most common in Huangshan. Meanwhile, the soil type is a mix of laterite and loess, which is very suitable for farming, such as delicacies and tea. The ecological system of Huangshan is stable and balanced. The flora community is complete and vertically distributed. The forest coverage rate of the scenic spot is 84.7%, and the vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%. Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to live and breed. These various natural factors contribute to today's Huangshan with abundant non-timber forest products and developed tourism.

A glimpse of Huangshan forestry present situation is quite necessary, which can help to have a profound understanding of its development. Huangshan city is a key forest region of anhui province. The city's woodland area of 12.49 million Mu, accounting for 86% of the total area of the city. In 2015, it was awarded the title of "national forest city" by the state forestry administration.

Institutionally, Reform of forestry bodies was basically completed. Data show that the task of "clarifying property rights and contracting to households" has been basically completed in all sample counties. First, the reform has been intensified year by year. The proportion of forestland managed by individual households increased from 79.71% in 2009 to 85.48% in 2011, while the proportion of forestland managed by collective households decreased from 9.34% in 2009 to 8.82% in 2011. The proportion of forestland area that farmers participate in forest reform increased from 91.39% and 93.06%. in 2009 meanwhile the proportion of forestland area that they have the right to demarcate increased from 97.72% to 98.83% in 2011. The proportion of issuing the forest right certificate for contracted forest land reached 88.96%. Second, farmers' rights and interests have been further protected. Farmers' autonomy in managing forestland and their right to dispose of trees are fully protected. The right of forestland operators to profit is guaranteed. According to the sampling village questionnaire, the annual income from diverse industries of forestry has increased from 19.2 million Yuan to 27.1 million Yuan, whose annual growth is approximately 10%. According to statistics, the area of forest rights transfer has reached 107,000 Mu. Also the reform of forest rights has also led to a significant increase in farmers' income. For example, the price of Moso Bamboo has increased from 24 Yuan to 29 Yuan per Dan. Meanwhile, the price of timber increased from 520 Yuan/m3 to 750 Yuan/m3 (Shen, L, 2008). It is true that the income of famers increased a lot after the forestry right reform, it is also true that the price of timber rose. Actually, the reason for increasing income largely is not because of the rising price of the timber and bamboo. According to Wangcan’s study, With the development of bamboo processing industry in recent years, the market demand for bamboo has increased sharply, which also makes the price of the master appear the trend of continuous increase, prompting farmers to continuously increase various inputs into the bamboo forest. According to the survey, the average bamboo sales income of farmers in different years is not significantly different. In other words, the reform of the collective forest right system has no significant impact on farmers' bamboo sales revenue. In terms of timber selling, it is almost the same situation. In fact, the latest round of forest right reform, through the collective forest right system reform, farmers can not only obtain new production conditions but also improve their enthusiasm for production.

==Tenure arrangements==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

Have a general overview of Chinese forest and land reform, Collective forest right reform is a part of the rural land reform process. Historically, China's collective forest rights reform can be divided into two phases. The first round of reform is from 1981 to 1986 -- "three determinations of forestry" reform. "Three determinations of forestry" is the forestry development policy that stabilizes hill authority forest, delimit to stay hill and decide forestry production responsibility system. In 1981, the state formulated the policy of "three determinations of forestry". In 1985, the state opened up the timber market and people can sell timber, before this, the whole country's timber is unified in purchasing and marketing. The second round of reform started in 2000. The distinctive feature of this period is that many rights and interests of peasants were protected in the form of policies and laws. Apart from the features of regularization and legalization, this reform has some other features. Provincial laws and regulations are recognized by the state. In addition, "Village-level decision-making" has brought about diversified reform results. Decisions at the village level are made by the villagers themselves which made the policy fit the local situation better. What’s more, farmers' rights have been enhanced, and they have acquired richer management rights on forest rights and the right to inherit, transfer and mortgage forest rights. It is necessary to recognize that rural communities are by no means utopias. In China, the basic conflicts of rural society are all highly related to the rural land system. Establishing the land system and forest land system based on family management is the necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese rural areas. Nowadays,forest ownership in China can be divided into state ownership, collective ownership and individual ownership of trees.
==Administrative arrangements==
In Anhui province, some more detailed laws and regulations are been formulated for communities. People's Governments at or above the county level shall register and put on record the use of forests, trees and lands owned by the state according to law, and issue certificates of forest ownership after verification. In the case of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands, or the use of collectively-owned forests, trees and woodlands in accordance with law. Individuals or groups that own woodlands are entitled to transfer, exchange, gift and inheritance. The contractor can transfer part or all of the right to the contracted management of rural land by subcontracting, leasing or buying shares according to law. While the contractual relationship between the contractor and the employer shall remain unchanged, and the rights and obligations of both parties shall remain unchanged. The right to the contracted management of land acquired by means of transfer or exchange may be transferred according to law by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring and other means in accordance with the provisions of laws and state policies after it has registered and obtained the certificate of the right to the contracted management of land according to law.

==Affected Stakeholders==
All those laws and reform contributed to the development of Huangshan, the most affected people are local residents. The undergrowth economy develops rapidly. Forest tourism, forest medicine, forest bacteria, forest tea, forest grain, forest oil, forest vegetables, forest fruits, forest birds, forest grazing and other business models have emerged. Nowadays, the district has 14,000 people engaged in the undergrowth economy, operating area of 8,000 hm2. At present, China's forestry is in the third stage of, rapid development, historical period (from 2004 to now). During this period, the pace of forestry scale enlarging was significantly accelerated, the reform of forestry property rights system was further implemented, the non-public ownership of forestry flourished, and the industrialization of forest resources grew with it. Through the development of non-timber forest economy, the industrialization and large-scale process of forestry have been vigorously promoted. Many farmers' forestry professional cooperatives have been organized successively. Forestry professional cooperative becomes the driving force of non-timber forest product economic development. Oil tea is especially famous for Huangshan forest products. Take Tafang township oil tea cooperative as an example. In this professional cooperative, the organization provides members with market information and purchasing production materials. Not only that but also the organization introduces new varieties, new technologies, organizations and comfortable counselling and training. The Professional Cooperative carries out standardized production and brand management. For cooperative members, they have the freedom to join and out and the right to transfer shares to people who are in the Professional Cooperative or outsiders. Members need to pay stock capital but can get the year-end surplus distribution of the cooperative. The member meetings are held regularly to formulate development plans, rules, and regulations. In this kind of professional cooperatives, farmers can exploit their resources better through systematic producing. Meanwhile, they can join in different non-timber forest production professional cooperatives with similar features. In this way, it can not only increase farmers' output, but also have brand effect.

Another important economic pillar in Huangshan is its developed tourism. Due to the special terrain condition, there are many unique peaks and grotesque stones, which can provide a wonderful preponderance for its basic tourism. But nowadays, diverse forms of tourism appear and contribute to the development of Huangshan. Huangshan scenic spot is located in the territory of Huangshan district. The most direct and effective way to protect Huangshan is to rely on the people around the scenic spot. The role they can play is crucial to the eternal cause of protecting Huangshan. In 1983, the Anhui provincial government decided to reform the management system of Huangshan by expanding the jurisdiction of Huangshan scenic spot administration bureau. Before 1984, Huangshan’s economy of economic development focused on understory crop farming and timber selling. After 1984, a detailed analysis of the local advantage of tourism resources was made and the strategy of developing tourism, manufacture and agriculture at the same time base on the unique position. In 1985, the number of tourists soared to 1.6 million, and 266 million yuan was introduced into the area. With the rapid development of tourism on the mountain, people in the villages and towns under the mountain also have the opportunity to get rich, which has greatly aroused their enthusiasm to protect and develop the Huangshan. The surrounding villages and towns that relied on the sale of wood in the past, made a living in tourism after that, knowing that the protection of trees, development of tourism can also make money. Therefore, starting from the overall situation of protecting the tourism development of Huangshan mountain, they allocated 126,000 mu of collective mountain field to scenic spot (accounting for 54.5% of the total area of Huangshan scenic spot) for unified management, so as to expand the protection zone of Huangshan mountain. This properly solved the mountain forest dispute with Huangshan scenic spot which had been left for decades. In addition, the villages and towns also set up a voluntary fire brigade, a fire alarm, immediately out. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. In recent years, there has been no fire accident or deforestation in Huangshan scenic area. It is true that the new strategy provides with economic benefit, however, there is still an obvious gap between Huangshan current situation and its economic development strategy. Sightseeing tour is the dominant tourism form, which leads to the short dwell time and insufficient consumption ability. Dwell time of domestic tourists is 1.4 days on average and that of foreign tourists is 1.57 days between 1991 and 1993. Tourists' consumption is mainly based on accommodation and diet, while shopping consumption is limited. In previous years, fiscal revenue is still mainly from the forest timber and tea production. The jobs created by tourism are still not enough. The reasons are various, but tourists' expenditure is limited, the city's small economic scale and weak economic foundation are the main reasons. Nowadays, Huangshan is trying to develop eco-tourism. Many farmers turn to investigate in the holiday village. They provide accommodation and organic food they grow which attract a lot of tourists from all over the world due to the perfect natural conditions and the famous Huizhou culture. They also combine the farm life and leisure. There are several forms of vocational village. The first kind is living in barn, doing farm work and tasting farm food, which is also the most popular and typical one, such as Huang Village. The second kind is celebrating local festivals and `experiencing local customs. The third kind is purchasing local farming products and handmade articles. Due to the urbanization and isolation in city life, this kind of new tourism form is getting more and more popular.

==Interested Outside Stakeholders==
Social actors (stakeholders, user groups) who are interested stakeholders, outside the community, their main relevant objectives, and their relative power

But due to its feeble economic foundation, Huangshan’s vacation village scale is not big. Vacation villages mostly run by local farmers. There are problems such as a single business model and insufficient investment in hardware facilities. In 2015, the Huangshan Government Tourism Association and Saving Banks lent 50 million Yuan to various resorts to accelerate the development of rural tourism, which will drive farmer to increase income and promote the sale of agricultural products.

Due to the forestland can be transfered and exchanged, forest land is not only a a piece of land but also a form of commodity and currency. Therefore, forest land can also become a form of capital for mortgages. At the end of 2006, Huangshan Forestry Bureau and District Rural Credit Cooperative (later renamed as Rural Cooperative Bank) began to explore the mortgage loan for forest rights. Since 2009, the major Banks and mortgage companies in Huangshan district have successively developed the business of forest right mortgage. By the end of 2014, 300 mortgages for forest rights had been handled, with more than 400 million loans for forest rights mortgages. The forest ownership and use right of timber forest, economic forest and firewood forest and the use right corresponding forest land can all be used as collateral. The mortgage loan for forest rights mainly meets the financial needs of farmers and other entities in forestry production and management, cultivation and development of forest resources, economic development under forest and forest product processing. The innovation of forest right mortgage business lies in that it breaks the single pattern that bank loan mortgage is dominated by real estate for a long time.The introduction of the woodland use right and the ownership of trees as a new type of collateral makes the forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized.

==Discussion==
A discussion of the aims and intentions of the community forestry project and your assessment of relative successes or failures. You should also include a discussion of critical issues or conflicts in this community and how they are being managed

In Huangshan, the local government and provincial government did help local people a lot. It is a successful example of Chinese forest right reform. Now, local farmers make some money through selling non-timber forest products, tourism, and investment.

==Assessment==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

==Recommendations==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

==References==
<references/>

{{Projectbox FRST370
|names=
|share=
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