UBC Wiki - User contributions [en]

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-04-06T23:29:20Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|UnderstandingSopranoVoice]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Opera Sopranos</big></big></big>
[[File:Riki guy hoffmann lisbon.JPG|thumbnail|Picture taken of Israeli Soprano Riki Guy as Giulietta during dress rehearsal of Les Contes d’Hoffmann at Lisbon Opera House, April 2008.]]
It is common for listeners to have trouble understanding what an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] is singing. Recent studies uses [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound sound] to explain the decrease in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowel] distinction at higher [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency frequencies] that sopranos sing in.<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref><ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907</ref><ref>Hanna, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2016). Frequencies, bandwidths and magnitudes of vocal tract and surrounding tissue resonances, measured through the lips during phonation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139(5), 2924-2936. doi:10.1121/1.4948754</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref><ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Kob, M. Henrich, N. Howard, D., Herzel, H., Tokuda, I. and Wolfe, J. (2011) "Analysing and understanding the singing voice: recent progress and open questions" Current Bioinformatics. 6, 362-374.</ref>
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==Soprano Voice==
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano Soprano]

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], and adjusting the position of the mouth can affect the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano piano] keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==
:''Main Articles:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal Resonation] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency Fundamental Frequency]

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help humans produce various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Sound frequencies], ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0.<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref> While sopranos can sing at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency frequencies] higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre].<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>

===The Singer's Formant===
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant Formant]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract.<ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref> The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation#The_oral_cavity vocal cavity] absorbs and dampens the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound#Sound_wave_properties_and_characteristics sound waves] which broadens the range of resonant frequencies.<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref> Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2).<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

[[File:Resonance Tuning.gif|thumb|Figure 4. Resonance tuning ranges across all vocal ranges. Yellow box indicates R1:f0 tuning within soprano range. Red box indicates the limit of R1 tuning at 1kHz. Green box indicates R2:f0 tuning range which some singers might switch to once their singing frequency exceeds R1's limits.]]

In soprano singing, the fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is often higher than the first formant, ''F''1, for vowels in speech.<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref>. In order to maintain the singer's formant, vocalists adjust the first resonant frequency, ''R''1, to match the fundamental frequency by changing the position and spacing of the lips, oral cavity, and tongue. This process is referred to as ''R''1:''f''0 tuning.<ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref><ref>Kob, M. Henrich, N. Howard, D., Herzel, H., Tokuda, I. and Wolfe, J. (2011) "Analysing and understanding the singing voice: recent progress and open questions" Current Bioinformatics. 6, 362-374.</ref> Figure 4 displays the ''R''1:''f''0 tuning range for soprano singers. The higher the frequency the vocalist sings, the wider they need to open their mouth to adjust ''R''1. <ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref> However, it is physically impossible to raise ''R''1 to 1 kHz because the mouth cannot open any wider (indicated by red box) and some singers may switch to ''R''2:''f''0 tuning by increasing their vertical lip spacing. Some singers can combine both ''R''1:''f''0 lip adjustments with ''R''2:''f''0 tuning. <ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref><ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907</ref><ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref> The continued opening of the oral cavity to adjust ''R''1 disrupts the singer's vowel placement; studies have shown that above the 1 kHz range, there is a significant drop in the intelligibility of vowels, especially open rounded [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel "æ"] (i.e. Bl'''a'''ck), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel "e"] (i.e. Pl'''ay'''), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel "ʌ"] (i.e. C'''u'''t), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel#Mid_central_unrounded_vowel "ə"] (i.e. M'''e'''t), and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel "ɑ"] (i.e. H'''o'''t) sounds. <ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref><ref>Hanna, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2016). Frequencies, bandwidths and magnitudes of vocal tract and surrounding tissue resonances, measured through the lips during phonation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139(5), 2924-2936. doi:10.1121/1.4948754</ref>

==Sopranos in Opera==

In opera, singers must make use of the singer's formant to be heard by the audience. However, at higher frequencies (especially 1 kHz and above), the soprano singer's ''R''1:''f''0 or ''R''2:''f''0 tuning gets in the way of pronouncing distinct vowels due to the placement of her jaw, lips, and tongue. As a result, it can be hard for audience members to understand what the opera heroine is singing. However, a study has shown that certain consonant-vowel word structures can help sopranos reduce the muddling of some words at higher frequencies. <ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref> During performances today, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along.

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Operatic_sopranos Operatic Sopranos]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing Singing]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance Acoustic Resonance]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-04-06T23:14:31Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|UnderstandingSopranoVoice]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Opera Sopranos</big></big></big>
[[File:Riki guy hoffmann lisbon.JPG|thumbnail|Picture taken of Israeli Soprano Riki Guy as Giulietta during dress rehearsal of Les Contes d’Hoffmann at Lisbon Opera House, April 2008.]]
It is common for listeners to have trouble understanding what an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] is singing. Recent studies uses [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound sound] to explain the decrease in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowel] distinction at higher [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency frequencies] that sopranos sing in.<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref><ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907</ref><ref>Hanna, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2016). Frequencies, bandwidths and magnitudes of vocal tract and surrounding tissue resonances, measured through the lips during phonation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139(5), 2924-2936. doi:10.1121/1.4948754</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref><ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Kob, M. Henrich, N. Howard, D., Herzel, H., Tokuda, I. and Wolfe, J. (2011) "Analysing and understanding the singing voice: recent progress and open questions" Current Bioinformatics. 6, 362-374.</ref>
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano Soprano]

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], and adjusting the position of the mouth can affect the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano piano] keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==
:''Main Articles:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal Resonation] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency Fundamental Frequency]

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help humans produce various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Sound frequencies], ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0.<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref> While sopranos can sing at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency frequencies] higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre].<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>

===The Singer's Formant===
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant Formant]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract.<ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref> The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation#The_oral_cavity vocal cavity] absorbs and dampens the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound#Sound_wave_properties_and_characteristics sound waves] which broadens the range of resonant frequencies.<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref> Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2).<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

[[File:Resonance Tuning.gif|thumb|Figure 4. Resonance tuning ranges across all vocal ranges. Yellow box indicates R1:f0 tuning within soprano range. Red box indicates the limit of R1 tuning at 1kHz. Green box indicates R2:f0 tuning range which some singers might switch to once their singing frequency exceeds R1's limits.]]

In soprano singing, the fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is often higher than the first formant, ''F''1, for vowels in speech.<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref>. In order to maintain the singer's formant, vocalists adjust the first resonant frequency, ''R''1, to match the fundamental frequency by changing the position and spacing of the lips, oral cavity, and tongue. This process is referred to as ''R''1:''f''0 tuning.<ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref><ref>Kob, M. Henrich, N. Howard, D., Herzel, H., Tokuda, I. and Wolfe, J. (2011) "Analysing and understanding the singing voice: recent progress and open questions" Current Bioinformatics. 6, 362-374.</ref> Figure 4 displays the ''R''1:''f''0 tuning range for soprano singers. The higher the frequency the vocalist sings, the wider they need to open their mouth to adjust ''R''1. <ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref> However, it is physically impossible to raise ''R''1 to 1 kHz because the mouth cannot open any wider (indicated by red box) and some singers may switch to ''R''2:''f''0 tuning, sacrificing some power and timbre. <ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref><ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907</ref><ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref> The continued opening of the oral cavity to adjust ''R''1 disrupts the singer's vowel placement; studies have shown that above the 1 kHz range, there is a significant drop in the intelligibility of vowels, especially open rounded [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel "æ"] (i.e. Bl'''a'''ck), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel "e"] (i.e. Pl'''ay'''), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel "ʌ"] (i.e. C'''u'''t), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel#Mid_central_unrounded_vowel "ə"] (i.e. M'''e'''t), and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel "ɑ"] (i.e. H'''o'''t) sounds. <ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref><ref>Hanna, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2016). Frequencies, bandwidths and magnitudes of vocal tract and surrounding tissue resonances, measured through the lips during phonation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139(5), 2924-2936. doi:10.1121/1.4948754</ref>

==Sopranos in Opera==

In opera, singers must make use of the singer's formant to be heard by the audience. However, at higher frequencies (especially 1 kHz and above), the soprano singer's ''R''1:''f''0 or ''R''2:''f''0 tuning gets in the way of pronouncing distinct vowels due to the placement of her jaw, lips, and tongue. As a result, it can be hard for audience members to understand what the opera heroine is singing. However, a study has shown that certain consonant-vowel word structures can help sopranos reduce the muddling of some words at higher frequencies. <ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref> During performances today, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along.

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Operatic_sopranos Operatic Sopranos]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing Singing]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance Acoustic Resonance]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-04-06T22:02:44Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|UnderstandingSopranoVoice]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Opera Sopranos</big></big></big>
[[File:Riki guy hoffmann lisbon.JPG|thumbnail|Picture taken of Israeli Soprano Riki Guy as Giulietta during dress rehearsal of Les Contes d’Hoffmann at Lisbon Opera House, April 2008.]]
It is common for listeners to have trouble understanding what an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] is singing. Recent studies uses [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound sound] to explain the decrease in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowel] distinction at higher [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency frequencies] that sopranos sing in.<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref><ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907</ref><ref>Hanna, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2016). Frequencies, bandwidths and magnitudes of vocal tract and surrounding tissue resonances, measured through the lips during phonation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139(5), 2924-2936. doi:10.1121/1.4948754</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref><ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Kob, M. Henrich, N. Howard, D., Herzel, H., Tokuda, I. and Wolfe, J. (2011) "Analysing and understanding the singing voice: recent progress and open questions" Current Bioinformatics. 6, 362-374.</ref>
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano Soprano]

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], and adjusting the position of the mouth can affect the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano piano] keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==
:''Main Articles:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal Resonation] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency Fundamental Frequency]

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help humans produce various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Sound frequencies], ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0.<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref> While sopranos can sing at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency frequencies] higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre].<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>

===The Singer's Formant===
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant Formant]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract.<ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref> The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation#The_oral_cavity vocal cavity] absorbs and dampens the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound#Sound_wave_properties_and_characteristics sound waves], broadening the range of resonant frequencies.<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref> Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2).<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

[[File:Resonance Tuning.gif|thumb|Figure 4. Resonance tuning ranges across all vocal ranges. Yellow box indicates R1:f0 tuning within soprano range. Red box indicates the limit of R1 tuning at 1kHz. Green box indicates R2:f0 tuning range which some singers might switch to once their singing frequency exceeds R1's limits.]]

In soprano singing, the fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is often higher than the first formant, ''F''1, for vowels in speech.<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref>. In order to maintain the singer's formant, vocalists adjust the first resonant frequency, ''R''1, to match the fundamental frequency by changing the position and spacing of the lips, oral cavity, and tongue. This process is referred to as ''R''1:''f''0 tuning.<ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref><ref>Kob, M. Henrich, N. Howard, D., Herzel, H., Tokuda, I. and Wolfe, J. (2011) "Analysing and understanding the singing voice: recent progress and open questions" Current Bioinformatics. 6, 362-374.</ref> Figure 4 displays the ''R''1:''f''0 tuning range for soprano singers. The higher the frequency the vocalist sings, the wider they need to open their mouth to adjust ''R''1. <ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref> However, it is physically impossible to raise ''R''1 to 1 kHz because the mouth cannot open any wider (indicated by red box) and some singers may switch to ''R''2:''f''0 tuning, sacrificing some power and timbre. <ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref><ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907</ref><ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref> The continued opening of the oral cavity to adjust ''R''1 disrupts the singer's vowel placement; studies have shown that above the 1 kHz range, there is a significant drop in the intelligibility of vowels, especially open rounded [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel "æ"] (i.e. Bl'''a'''ck), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel "e"] (i.e. Pl'''ay'''), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel "ʌ"] (i.e. C'''u'''t), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel#Mid_central_unrounded_vowel "ə"] (i.e. M'''e'''t), and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel "ɑ"] (i.e. H'''o'''t) sounds. <ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref><ref>Hanna, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2016). Frequencies, bandwidths and magnitudes of vocal tract and surrounding tissue resonances, measured through the lips during phonation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139(5), 2924-2936. doi:10.1121/1.4948754</ref>

==Sopranos in Opera==

In opera, singers must make use of the singer's formant to be heard by the audience. However, at higher frequencies (especially 1 kHz and above), the soprano singer's ''R''1:''f''0 or ''R''2:''f''0 tuning gets in the way of pronouncing distinct vowels due to the placement of her jaw, lips, and tongue. As a result, it can be hard for audience members to understand what the opera heroine is singing. However, a study has shown that certain consonant-vowel word structures can help sopranos reduce the muddling of some words at higher frequencies. <ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref> During performances today, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along.

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Operatic_sopranos Operatic Sopranos]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing Singing]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance Acoustic Resonance]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-04-06T21:49:08Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|UnderstandingSopranoVoice]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Opera Sopranos</big></big></big>
[[File:Riki guy hoffmann lisbon.JPG|thumbnail|Picture taken of Israeli Soprano Riki Guy as Giulietta during dress rehearsal of Les Contes d’Hoffmann at Lisbon Opera House, April 2008.]]
It is common for listeners to have trouble understanding what an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] is singing. Recent studies uses [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound sound] to explain the decrease in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowel] distinction at higher [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency frequencies] that sopranos sing in.<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref><ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907</ref><ref>Hanna, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2016). Frequencies, bandwidths and magnitudes of vocal tract and surrounding tissue resonances, measured through the lips during phonation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139(5), 2924-2936. doi:10.1121/1.4948754</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref><ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Kob, M. Henrich, N. Howard, D., Herzel, H., Tokuda, I. and Wolfe, J. (2011) "Analysing and understanding the singing voice: recent progress and open questions" Current Bioinformatics. 6, 362-374.</ref>
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano Soprano]

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], and adjusting the position of the mouth can affect the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano piano] keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==
:''Main Articles:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal Resonation] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency Fundamental Frequency]

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help humans produce various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Sound frequencies], ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0.<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref> While sopranos can sing at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency frequencies] higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre].<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>

===The Singer's Formant===
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant Formant]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract.<ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref> The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation#The_oral_cavity vocal cavity] absorbs and dampens the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound#Sound_wave_properties_and_characteristics sound waves], broadening the range of resonant frequencies.<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref> Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2).<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

[[File:Resonance Tuning.gif|thumb|Figure 4. Resonance tuning ranges across all vocal ranges. Yellow box indicates R1:f0 tuning within soprano range. Red box indicates the limit of R1 tuning at 1kHz. Green box indicates R2:f0 tuning range which some singers might switch to once their singing frequency exceeds R1's limits.]]

In soprano singing, the fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is often higher than the first formant, ''F''1, for vowels in speech.<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref>. In order to maintain the singer's formant, vocalists adjust the first resonant frequency, ''R''1, to match the fundamental frequency by changing the position and spacing of the lips, oral cavity, and tongue. This process is referred to as ''R''1:''f''0 tuning.<ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref><ref>Kob, M. Henrich, N. Howard, D., Herzel, H., Tokuda, I. and Wolfe, J. (2011) "Analysing and understanding the singing voice: recent progress and open questions" Current Bioinformatics. 6, 362-374.</ref> Figure 4 displays the ''R''1:''f''0 tuning range for soprano singers. The higher the frequency the vocalist sings, the wider they need to open their mouth to adjust ''R''1. <ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref> However, it is physically impossible to raise ''R''1 to 1 kHz because the mouth cannot open any wider (indicated by red box) and some singers may switch to ''R''2:''f''0 tuning, sacrificing some power and timbre. <ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref><ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907</ref><ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref> The continued opening of the oral cavity to adjust ''R''1 disrupts the singer's vowel placement; studies have shown that above the 1 kHz range, there is a significant drop in the intelligibility of vowels, especially open rounded [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel "æ"] (i.e. Bl'''a'''ck), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel "e"] (i.e. Pl'''ay'''), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel "ʌ"] (i.e. C'''u'''t), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel#Mid_central_unrounded_vowel "ə"] (i.e. M'''e'''t), and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel "ɑ"] (i.e. H'''o'''t) sounds. <ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref><ref>Hanna, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2016). Frequencies, bandwidths and magnitudes of vocal tract and surrounding tissue resonances, measured through the lips during phonation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139(5), 2924-2936. doi:10.1121/1.4948754</ref>

==Sopranos in Opera==

In opera, singers make use of the singer's formant to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies, the soprano singer needs to tune ''R''1 to match ''f''0 in order to keep the singer's formant (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along. (PLACEHOLDER)

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Operatic_sopranos Operatic Sopranos]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing Singing]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance Acoustic Resonance]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-04-06T21:21:25Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|UnderstandingSopranoVoice]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Opera Sopranos</big></big></big>
[[File:Riki guy hoffmann lisbon.JPG|thumbnail|Picture taken of Israeli Soprano Riki Guy as Giulietta during dress rehearsal of Les Contes d’Hoffmann at Lisbon Opera House, April 2008.]]
It is common for listeners to have trouble understanding what an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] is singing. Recent studies uses [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound sound] to explain the decrease in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowel] distinction at higher [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency frequencies] that sopranos sing in.<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref><ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907</ref><ref>Hanna, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2016). Frequencies, bandwidths and magnitudes of vocal tract and surrounding tissue resonances, measured through the lips during phonation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139(5), 2924-2936. doi:10.1121/1.4948754</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref><ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Kob, M. Henrich, N. Howard, D., Herzel, H., Tokuda, I. and Wolfe, J. (2011) "Analysing and understanding the singing voice: recent progress and open questions" Current Bioinformatics. 6, 362-374.</ref>
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano Soprano]

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], and adjusting the position of the mouth can affect the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano piano] keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==
:''Main Articles:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal Resonation] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency Fundamental Frequency]

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help humans produce various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Sound frequencies], ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0.<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref> While sopranos can sing at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency frequencies] higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre].<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>

===The Singer's Formant===
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant Formant]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract.<ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref> The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation#The_oral_cavity vocal cavity] absorbs and dampens the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound#Sound_wave_properties_and_characteristics sound waves], broadening the range of resonant frequencies.<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref> Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2).<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

[[File:Resonance Tuning.gif|thumb|Figure 4. Resonance tuning ranges across all vocal ranges. Yellow box indicates R1:f0 tuning within soprano range. Red box indicates the limit of R1 tuning at 1kHz. Green box indicates R2:f0 tuning range which some singers might switch to once their singing frequency exceeds R1's limits.]]

In soprano singing, the fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is often higher than the first formant, ''F''1, for vowels in speech.<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref>. In order to maintain the singer's formant, vocalists adjust the first resonant frequency, ''R''1, to match the fundamental frequency by changing the position and spacing of the lips, oral cavity, and tongue. This process is referred to as ''R''1:''f''0 tuning.<ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref><ref>Kob, M. Henrich, N. Howard, D., Herzel, H., Tokuda, I. and Wolfe, J. (2011) "Analysing and understanding the singing voice: recent progress and open questions" Current Bioinformatics. 6, 362-374.</ref>

==Sopranos in Opera==

In opera, singers make use of the singer's formant to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies, the soprano singer needs to tune ''R''1 to match ''f''0 in order to keep the singer's formant (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along. (PLACEHOLDER)

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Operatic_sopranos Operatic Sopranos]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing Singing]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance Acoustic Resonance]

==References==
{{reflist}}

File:Resonance Tuning.gif

2017-04-06T21:21:01Z

EdwinChau: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
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|date=2017-04-06 14:17:16
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Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-04-06T20:48:04Z

EdwinChau:

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-04-06T20:42:43Z

EdwinChau:

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T22:55:45Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Opera Sopranos</big></big></big>
[[File:Riki guy hoffmann lisbon.JPG|thumbnail|Picture taken of Israeli Soprano Riki Guy as Giulietta during dress rehearsal of Les Contes d’Hoffmann at Lisbon Opera House, April 2008.]]
It is common for listeners to have trouble understanding what an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] is singing. Recent studies uses [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound sound] to explain the decrease in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowel] distinction at higher [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency frequencies] that sopranos sing in.<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref><ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907 </ref><ref>Hanna, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2016). Frequencies, bandwidths and magnitudes of vocal tract and surrounding tissue resonances, measured through the lips during phonation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139(5), 2924-2936. doi:10.1121/1.4948754 </ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref><ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25. </ref><ref>Kob, M. Henrich, N. Howard, D., Herzel, H., Tokuda, I. and Wolfe, J. (2011) "Analysing and understanding the singing voice: recent progress and open questions" Current Bioinformatics. 6, 362-374.</ref>
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano Soprano]

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], and adjusting the position of the mouth can affect the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano piano] keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==
:''Main Articles:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal Resonation] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency Fundamental Frequency]

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help humans produce various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Sound frequencies], ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds] and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0.<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref> While sopranos can sing at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency frequencies] higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre].<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>

===The Singer's Formant===
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant Formant]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract. <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref> The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation#The_oral_cavity vocal cavity] absorbs and dampens the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound#Sound_wave_properties_and_characteristics sound waves], broadening the range of resonant frequencies.<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref> Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2).<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

In soprano singing, the fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is often higher than the first formant, ''F''1, for vowels in speech.<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref> (PLACEHOLDER)

==Sopranos in Opera==

In opera, singers make use of the singer's formant to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies, the soprano singer needs to tune ''R''1 to match ''f''0 in order to keep the singer's formant (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along. (PLACEHOLDER)

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Operatic_sopranos Operatic Sopranos]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing Singing]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance Acoustic Resonance]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T22:51:56Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Opera Sopranos</big></big></big>
[[File:Riki guy hoffmann lisbon.JPG|thumbnail|Picture taken of Israeli Soprano Riki Guy as Giulietta during dress rehearsal of Les Contes d’Hoffmann at Lisbon Opera House, April 2008.]]
It is common for listeners to have trouble understanding what an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] is singing. Recent studies uses [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound sound] to explain the decrease in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowel] distinction at higher [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency frequencies] that sopranos sing in. <ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003 </ref><ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907 </ref><ref>Hanna, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2016). Frequencies, bandwidths and magnitudes of vocal tract and surrounding tissue resonances, measured through the lips during phonation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139(5), 2924-2936. doi:10.1121/1.4948754 </ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116. </ref><ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25. </ref><ref>Kob, M. Henrich, N. Howard, D., Herzel, H., Tokuda, I. and Wolfe, J. (2011) "Analysing and understanding the singing voice: recent progress and open questions" Current Bioinformatics. 6, 362-374. </ref>
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano Soprano]

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], and adjusting the position of the mouth can affect the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano piano] keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==
:''Main Articles:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal Resonation] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency Fundamental Frequency]

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help humans produce various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Sound frequencies], ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds] and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0.<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref> While sopranos can sing at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency frequencies] higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre]. <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>

===The Singer's Formant===
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant Formant]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract. <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref> The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation#The_oral_cavity vocal cavity] absorbs and dampens the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound#Sound_wave_properties_and_characteristics sound waves], broadening the range of resonant frequencies<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2). <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

In soprano singing, the fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is often higher than the first formant, ''F''1, for vowels in speech.<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref> (PLACEHOLDER)

==Sopranos in Opera==

In opera, singers make use of the singer's formant to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies, the soprano singer needs to tune ''R''1 to match ''f''0 in order to keep the singer's formant (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along. (PLACEHOLDER)

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Operatic_sopranos Operatic Sopranos]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing Singing]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance Acoustic Resonance]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T19:40:33Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Opera Sopranos</big></big></big>
[[File:Riki guy hoffmann lisbon.JPG|thumbnail|Picture taken of Israeli Soprano Riki Guy as Giulietta during dress rehearsal of Les Contes d’Hoffmann at Lisbon Opera House, April 2008.]]
It is common for listeners to have trouble understanding what an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] is singing. Recent studies uses [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound sound] to explain the decrease in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowel] distinction at higher [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency frequencies] that sopranos sing in <ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003 </ref><ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907 </ref><ref>Hanna, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2016). Frequencies, bandwidths and magnitudes of vocal tract and surrounding tissue resonances, measured through the lips during phonation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139(5), 2924-2936. doi:10.1121/1.4948754 </ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116. </ref><ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25. </ref><ref>Kob, M. Henrich, N. Howard, D., Herzel, H., Tokuda, I. and Wolfe, J. (2011) "Analysing and understanding the singing voice: recent progress and open questions" Current Bioinformatics. 6, 362-374. </ref>.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano Soprano]

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], and adjusting the position of the mouth can affect the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano piano] keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==
:''Main Articles:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal Resonation] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency Fundamental Frequency]

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help humans produce various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Sound frequencies], ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds] and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency frequencies] higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

===The Singer's Formant===
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant Formant]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref>. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation#The_oral_cavity vocal cavity] absorbs and dampens the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound#Sound_wave_properties_and_characteristics sound waves], broadening the range of resonant frequencies<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2). <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

In soprano singing, the fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is often higher than the first formant, ''F''1, for vowels in speech<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref>. (PLACEHOLDER)

==Sopranos in Opera==

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera], singers make use of the singer's formant to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies, the soprano singer needs to tune ''R''1 to match ''f''0 in order to keep the singer's formant (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along. (PLACEHOLDER)

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Operatic_sopranos Operatic Sopranos]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing Singing]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance Acoustic Resonance]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Thread:Course talk:PHYS341/AcousticsofReedInstruments/Peer Review

2017-03-27T19:39:38Z

EdwinChau:

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 10-45-54.png|thumb| Figure 1. code for reference list]]

* You can use this code ('''Fig 1.''') to generate the reference list on the bottom of your wiki.

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 10-53-04.png|thumb|Figure 2. sample code for inserting wikipedia hyperlink]]

* I recommend linking more technical terms to wikipedia articles to redirect readers to more information. Like this: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics]. Not only does it allow the reader more information, you can actually explain certain things in less detail or not at all because if they want to know more about something, they have a link to a full article just on that subject. Example code in '''fig 2'''.

* Its great to see how you already have so much writing done but, in adherence with the "wikipedia style", the fact that you only have 3 references inserted right now and the entire section on reed vibration doesn't have a single reference at all is an issue. Of course, if you already have the references sorted out but simply haven't coded them in yet that's fine as long as its done eventually.

* Are you going to cover all three types of reeds? (single, double, free) It looks like you're specifically focusing on single reed instruments so maybe specify at the beginning of your article that this is about single reed instruments only?

* A "See Also" section might also be good to redirect readers to other wiki/wikipedia articles that cover topics related to but not directly mentioned in your article.

* Watch out for qualitative words like "perfect". This makes it a subjective statement and open to rebuke.
:''Example:'' "The motion of a string hitting the bridge is a '''perfect''' example of this phenomenon."
:Having just "The motion of a string hitting the bridge is an example of this phenomenon." is more in line with the wikipedia style of pure facts.

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 12-34-02.png|thumb|Figure 3. code for equation format idea]]

* If you enlarge the reed vibration pressure equation using the /big code and then provide a small description under it as if it was an image, it might help facilitate understanding.
:''Like this:''
:<big><big>pΔ = poc-pr</big></big>
:''Equation for calculating __________''
:Take a look at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Related_types_of_frequency and you'll see what i mean
:it also just makes the equation easier to read in general
:feel free to grab the code i used '''(Fig 3)'''.

* The overall layout of your article is very nice and well structured with good breaks and I didn't feel like I got slammed with a wall of text. It will definitely look even better once you get some images in there. If you're looking for public domain images then https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page is the place to go to (just in case you're still looking around).

Thread:Course talk:PHYS341/AcousticsofReedInstruments/Peer Review

2017-03-27T19:39:03Z

EdwinChau:

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 10-45-54.png|thumb| Figure 1. code for reference list]]

* You can use this code ('''Fig 1.''') to generate the reference list on the bottom of your wiki.

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 10-53-04.png|thumb|Figure 2. sample code for inserting wikipedia hyperlink]]

* I recommend linking more technical terms to wikipedia articles to redirect readers to more information. Like this: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics]. Not only does it allow the reader more information, you can actually explain certain things in less detail or not at all because if they want to know more about something, they have a link to a full article just on that subject. Example code in '''fig 2'''.

* Its great to see how you already have so much writing done but, in adherence with the "wikipedia style", the fact that you only have 3 references inserted right now and the entire section on reed vibration doesn't have a single reference at all is an issue. Of course, if you already have the references sorted out but simply haven't coded them in yet that's fine as long as its done eventually.

* Are you going to cover all three types of reeds? (single, double, free) It looks like you're specifically focusing on single reed instruments so maybe specify at the beginning of your article that this is about single reed instruments only?

* A "See Also" section might also be good to redirect readers to other wiki/wikipedia articles that cover topics related to but not directly mentioned in your article.

* Watch out for qualitative words like "perfect". This makes it a subjective statement and open to rebuke.
:''Example:'' "The motion of a string hitting the bridge is a '''perfect''' example of this phenomenon."
:Having just "The motion of a string hitting the bridge is an example of this phenomenon." is more in line with the wikipedia style of pure facts.

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 12-34-02.png|thumb|Figure 3. code for equation format idea]]

* If you enlarge the reed vibration pressure equation using the /big code and then provide a small description under it as if it was an image, it might help facilitate understanding.
:''Like this:''
:<big><big>pΔ = poc-pr</big></big>
:''Equation for calculating __________''
:Take a look at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Related_types_of_frequency and you'll see what i mean
:feel free to grab the code i used '''(Fig 3)'''.

* The overall layout of your article is very nice and well structured with good breaks and I didn't feel like I got slammed with a wall of text. It will definitely look even better once you get some images in there. If you're looking for public domain images then https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page is the place to go to (just in case you're still looking around).

Thread:Course talk:PHYS341/AcousticsofReedInstruments/Peer Review

2017-03-27T19:36:51Z

EdwinChau:

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 10-45-54.png|thumb| Figure 1. code for reference list]]

* You can use this code ('''Fig 1.''') to generate the reference list on the bottom of your wiki.

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 10-53-04.png|thumb|Figure 2. sample code for inserting wikipedia hyperlink]]

* I recommend linking more technical terms to wikipedia articles to redirect readers to more information. Like this: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics]. Not only does it allow the reader more information, you can actually explain certain things in less detail or not at all because if they want to know more about something, they have a link to a full article just on that subject. Example code in '''fig 2'''.

* Its great to see how you already have so much writing done but, in adherence with the "wikipedia style", the fact that you only have 3 references inserted right now and the entire section on reed vibration doesn't have a single reference at all is an issue. Of course, if you already have the references sorted out but simply haven't coded them in yet that's fine as long as its done eventually.

* Are you going to cover all three types of reeds? (single, double, free) It looks like you're specifically focusing on single reed instruments so maybe specify at the beginning of your article that this is about single reed instruments only?

* A "See Also" section might also be good to redirect readers to other wiki/wikipedia articles that cover topics related to but not directly mentioned in your article.

* Watch out for qualitative words like "perfect". This makes it a subjective statement and open to rebuke.
:''Example:'' "The motion of a string hitting the bridge is a '''perfect''' example of this phenomenon."
:Having just "The motion of a string hitting the bridge is an example of this phenomenon." is more in line with the wikipedia style of pure facts.

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 12-34-02.png|thumb|Figure 3. code for equation format idea]]

* If you enlarge the reed vibration pressure equation using the /big code and then provide a small description under it as if it was an image, it might help facilitate understanding.
:''Like this:''
:<big><big>pΔ = poc-pr</big></big>
:''Equation for calculating __________''
:feel free to grab the code i used '''(Fig 3)'''.

* The overall layout of your article is very nice and well structured with good breaks and I didn't feel like I got slammed with a wall of text. It will definitely look even better once you get some images in there. If you're looking for public domain images then https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page is the place to go to (just in case you're still looking around).

Thread:Course talk:PHYS341/AcousticsofReedInstruments/Peer Review

2017-03-27T19:36:15Z

EdwinChau:

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 10-45-54.png|thumb| Figure 1. code for reference list]]

* You can use this code ('''Fig 1.''') to generate the reference list on the bottom of your wiki.

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 10-53-04.png|thumb|Figure 2. sample code for inserting wikipedia hyperlink]]

* I recommend linking more technical terms to wikipedia articles to redirect readers to more information. Like this: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics]. Not only does it allow the reader more information, you can actually explain certain things in less detail or none at all because if they want to know more about something, they have a link to a full article just on that subject. Example code in '''fig 2'''.

* Its great to see how you already have so much writing done but, in adherence with the "wikipedia style", the fact that you only have 3 references inserted right now and the entire section on reed vibration doesn't have a single reference at all is an issue. Of course, if you already have the references sorted out but simply haven't coded them in yet that's fine as long as its done eventually.

* Are you going to cover all three types of reeds? (single, double, free) It looks like you're specifically focusing on single reed instruments so maybe specify at the beginning of your article that this is about single reed instruments only?

* A "See Also" section might also be good to redirect readers to other wiki/wikipedia articles that cover topics related to but not directly mentioned in your article.

* Watch out for qualitative words like "perfect". This makes it a subjective statement and open to rebuke.
:''Example:'' "The motion of a string hitting the bridge is a '''perfect''' example of this phenomenon."
:Having just "The motion of a string hitting the bridge is an example of this phenomenon." is more in line with the wikipedia style of pure facts.

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 12-34-02.png|thumb|Figure 3. code for equation format idea]]

* If you enlarge the reed vibration pressure equation using the /big code and then provide a small description under it as if it was an image, it might help facilitate understanding.
:''Like this:''
:<big><big>pΔ = poc-pr</big></big>
:''Equation for calculating __________''
:feel free to grab the code i used '''(Fig 3)'''.

* The overall layout of your article is very nice and well structured with good breaks and I didn't feel like I got slammed with a wall of text. It will definitely look even better once you get some images in there. If you're looking for public domain images then https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page is the place to go to (just in case you're still looking around).

Thread:Course talk:PHYS341/AcousticsofReedInstruments/Peer Review

2017-03-27T19:35:44Z

EdwinChau:

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 10-45-54.png|thumb| Figure 1. code for reference list]]

* You can use this code ('''Fig 1.''') to generate the reference list on the bottom of your wiki.

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 10-53-04.png|thumb|Figure 2. sample code for inserting wikipedia hyperlink]]

* I recommend linking more technical terms to wikipedia articles to redirect readers to more information. Like this: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics]. Not only does it allow the reader more information, you can actually explain certain things in less detail or none at all because if they want to know more about something, they have a link to a full article just on that subject. Example code in '''fig 2'''.

* Its great to see how you already have so much writing done but, in adherence with the "wikipedia style", the fact that you only have 3 references inserted right now and the entire section on reed vibration doesn't have a single reference at all is an issue. Of course, if you already have the references sorted out but simply haven't coded them in yet that's fine as long as its done eventually.

* Are you going to cover all three types of reeds? (single, double, free) It looks like you're specifically focusing on single reed instruments so maybe specify at the beginning of your article that this is about single reed instruments only?

* A "See Also" section might also be good to redirect readers to other wiki/wikipedia articles that cover topics related to but not directly mentioned in your article.

* Watch out for qualitative words like "perfect". This makes it a subjective statement and open to rebuke.
:''Example:'' "The motion of a string hitting the bridge is a '''perfect''' example of this phenomenon."
:Having just "The motion of a string hitting the bridge is an example of this phenomenon." is more in line with the wikipedia style of pure facts.

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 12-34-02.png|thumb|Figure 3. code for equation format idea]]

* If you enlarge the reed vibration pressure equation using the /big code and then provide a small description under it as if it was an image, it might help facilitate understanding.
:''Like this:''
:<big><big>pΔ = poc-pr</big></big>
:''Equation for calculating __________''
:feel free to grab the code i used '''(Fig 3)'''.

* The overall layout of your article is very nice and well structured with good breaks so readers don't get faced with a wall of text. It will definitely look even better once you get some images in there. If you're looking for public domain images then https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page is the place to go to (just in case you're still looking around).

Thread:Course talk:PHYS341/AcousticsofReedInstruments/Peer Review

2017-03-27T19:35:21Z

EdwinChau:

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 10-45-54.png|thumb| Figure 1. code for reference list]]

* You can use this code ('''Fig 1.''') to generate the reference list on the bottom of your wiki.

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 10-53-04.png|thumb|Figure 2. sample code for inserting wikipedia hyperlink]]

* I recommend linking more technical terms to wikipedia articles to redirect readers to more information. Like this: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics]. Not only does it allow the reader more information, you can actually explain certain things in less detail or none at all because if they want to know more about something, they have a link to a full article just on that subject. Example code in '''fig 2'''.

* Its great to see how you already have so much writing done but, in adherence with the "wikipedia style", the fact that you only have 3 references inserted right now and the entire section on reed vibration doesn't have a single reference at all is an issue. Of course, if you already have the references sorted out but simply haven't coded them in yet that's fine as long as its done eventually.

* Are you going to cover all three types of reeds? (single, double, free) It looks like you're specifically focusing on single reed instruments so maybe specify at the beginning of your article that this is about single reed instruments only?

* A "See Also" section might also be good to redirect readers to other wiki/wikipedia articles that cover topics related to but not directly mentioned in your article.

* Watch out for qualitative words like "perfect". This makes it a subjective statement and open to rebuke.
:''Example:'' "The motion of a string hitting the bridge is a '''perfect''' example of this phenomenon."
:Having just "The motion of a string hitting the bridge is an example of this phenomenon." is more in line with the wikipedia style of pure facts.

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 12-34-02.png|thumb|Figure 3. code for equation format idea]]

* If you enlarge the reed vibration pressure equation using the /big code and then provide a small description under it as if it was an image, it might help facilitate understanding.
:''Like this:''
:<big><big>pΔ = poc-pr</big></big>
:''Equation for calculating __________''
:feel free to grab the code i used (Fig 3).

* The overall layout of your article is very nice and well structured with good breaks so readers don't get faced with a wall of text. It will definitely look even better once you get some images in there. If you're looking for public domain images then https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page is the place to go to (just in case you're still looking around).

File:Firefox 2017-03-27 12-34-02.png

2017-03-27T19:35:14Z

EdwinChau: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Figure 3. code for equation format idea}}
|date=2017-03-27 12:34:19
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:EdwinChau|EdwinChau]]
|permission=
|other_versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-by-sa-3.0}}

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Course talk:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/AcousticsofReedInstruments

2017-03-27T19:32:51Z

EdwinChau: Talk page autocreated when first thread was posted

Thread:Course talk:PHYS341/AcousticsofReedInstruments/Peer Review

2017-03-27T19:32:51Z

EdwinChau: New thread: Peer Review

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 10-45-54.png|thumb| Figure 1. code for reference list]]

* You can use this code ('''Fig 1.''') to generate the reference list on the bottom of your wiki.

[[File:Firefox 2017-03-27 10-53-04.png|thumb|Figure 2. sample code for inserting wikipedia hyperlink]]

* I recommend linking more technical terms to wikipedia articles to redirect readers to more information. Like this: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics]. Not only does it allow the reader more information, you can actually explain certain things in less detail or none at all because if they want to know more about something, they have a link to a full article just on that subject. Example code in '''fig 2'''.

* Its great to see how you already have so much writing done but, in adherence with the "wikipedia style", the fact that you only have 3 references inserted right now and the entire section on reed vibration doesn't have a single reference at all is an issue. Of course, if you already have the references sorted out but simply haven't coded them in yet that's fine as long as its done eventually.

* Are you going to cover all three types of reeds? (single, double, free) It looks like you're specifically focusing on single reed instruments so maybe specify at the beginning of your article that this is about single reed instruments only?

* A "See Also" section might also be good to redirect readers to other wiki/wikipedia articles that cover topics related to but not directly mentioned in your article.

* Watch out for qualitative words like "perfect". This makes it a subjective statement and open to rebuke.
:''Example:'' "The motion of a string hitting the bridge is a '''perfect''' example of this phenomenon."
:Having just "The motion of a string hitting the bridge is an example of this phenomenon." is more in line with the wikipedia style of pure facts.

* If you enlarge the reed vibration pressure equation using the /big code and then provide a small description under it as if it was an image, it might help facilitate understanding.
:''Like this:''
:<big><big>pΔ = poc-pr</big></big>
:''Equation for calculating __________''
:feel free to grab the code i used.

* The overall layout of your article is very nice and well structured with good breaks so readers don't get faced with a wall of text. It will definitely look even better once you get some images in there. If you're looking for public domain images then https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page is the place to go to (just in case you're still looking around).

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T19:17:42Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Opera Sopranos</big></big></big>
[[File:Riki guy hoffmann lisbon.JPG|thumbnail|Picture taken of Israeli Soprano Riki Guy as Giulietta during dress rehearsal of Les Contes d’Hoffmann at Lisbon Opera House, April 2008.]]
It is common for listeners to have trouble understanding what an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] is singing. Recent studies uses [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound sound] to explain the decrease in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowel] distinction at higher [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency frequencies] that sopranos sing in <ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003 </ref><ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907 </ref><ref>Hanna, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2016). Frequencies, bandwidths and magnitudes of vocal tract and surrounding tissue resonances, measured through the lips during phonation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139(5), 2924-2936. doi:10.1121/1.4948754 </ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116. </ref><ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25. </ref><ref>Kob, M. Henrich, N. Howard, D., Herzel, H., Tokuda, I. and Wolfe, J. (2011) "Analysing and understanding the singing voice: recent progress and open questions" Current Bioinformatics. 6, 362-374. </ref>.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano Soprano]

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], and adjusting the position of the mouth can affect the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano piano] keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==
:''Main Articles:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal Resonation] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency Fundamental Frequency]

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help humans produce various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Sound frequencies], ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds] and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency frequencies] higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

===The Singer's Formant===
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant Formant]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref>. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation#The_oral_cavity vocal cavity] absorbs and dampens the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound#Sound_wave_properties_and_characteristics sound waves], broadening the range of resonant frequencies<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2). <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

In soprano singing, the fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is often higher than the first formant, ''F''1, for vowels in speech<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref>.

==Sopranos in Opera==

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera], singers make use of the singer's formant to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies, the soprano singer needs to tune ''R''1 to match ''f''0 in order to keep the singer's formant (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along.

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Operatic_sopranos Operatic Sopranos]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing Singing]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance Acoustic Resonance]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T19:17:04Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Opera Sopranos</big></big></big>
[[File:Riki guy hoffmann lisbon.JPG|thumbnail|Picture taken of Israeli Soprano Riki Guy as Giulietta during dress rehearsal of Les Contes d’Hoffmann at Lisbon Opera House, April 2008.]]
It is common for listeners to have trouble understanding what an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] is singing. Recent studies uses [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound sound] to explain the decrease in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowel] distinction at higher [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency frequencies] that sopranos sing in <ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003 </ref><ref>Garnier, M., Henrich, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2010). Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3771-3780. doi:10.1121/1.3419907 </ref><ref>Hanna, N., Smith, J., & Wolfe, J. (2016). Frequencies, bandwidths and magnitudes of vocal tract and surrounding tissue resonances, measured through the lips during phonation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139(5), 2924-2936. doi:10.1121/1.4948754 </ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116. </ref><ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25. </ref><ref>Kob, M. Henrich, N. Howard, D., Herzel, H., Tokuda, I. and Wolfe, J. (2011) "Analysing and understanding the singing voice: recent progress and open questions" Current Bioinformatics. 6, 362-374. </ref>.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano Soprano]

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], and adjusting the position of the mouth can affect the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano piano] keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==
:''Main Articles:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal Resonation] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency Fundamental Frequency]

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help humans produce various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Sound frequencies], ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds] and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency frequencies] higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

===The Singer's Formant===
:''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant Formant]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref>. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation#The_oral_cavity vocal cavity] absorbs and dampens the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound#Sound_wave_properties_and_characteristics sound waves], broadening the range of resonant frequencies<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2). <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

In soprano singing, the fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is often higher than the first formant, ''F''1, for vowels in speech<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref>. Vocalists

==Sopranos in Opera==

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera], singers make use of the singer's formant to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies, the soprano singer needs to tune ''R''1 to match ''f''0 in order to keep the singer's formant (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along.

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Operatic_sopranos Operatic Sopranos]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing Singing]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance Acoustic Resonance]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T18:33:42Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Opera Sopranos</big></big></big>

It is common for listeners to have trouble understanding what an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] is singing.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==
''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano Soprano]

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], and adjusting the position of the mouth can affect the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano piano] keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==
''Main Articles:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal Resonation] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency Fundamental Frequency]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help humans produce various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Sound frequencies], ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds] and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency frequencies] higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

===The Singer's Formant===
''Main Article:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant Formant]

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref>. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation#The_oral_cavity vocal cavity] absorbs and dampens the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound#Sound_wave_properties_and_characteristics sound waves], broadening the range of resonant frequencies<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2). <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

In soprano singing, the fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is often higher than the first formant, ''F''1, for vowels in speech<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref>. Vocalists

==Sopranos in Opera==

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera], singers make use of the singer's formant to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies, the soprano singer needs to tune ''R''1 to match ''f''0 in order to keep the singer's formant (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along.

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing Singing]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T18:25:04Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Opera Sopranos</big></big></big>

It is common for listeners to have trouble understanding what an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] is singing.
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==
{{Main|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano}}

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], and adjusting the position of the mouth can affect the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a piano keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help humans produce various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Sound frequencies], ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds] and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency frequencies] higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

===The Singer's Formant===

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref>. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation#The_oral_cavity vocal cavity] absorbs and dampens the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound#Sound_wave_properties_and_characteristics sound waves], broadening the range of resonant frequencies<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2). <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

In soprano singing, the fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is often higher than the first formant, ''F''1, for vowels in speech<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref>. Vocalists

==Sopranos in Opera==

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera], singers make use of the singer's formant to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies, the soprano singer needs to tune ''R''1 to match ''f''0 in order to keep the singer's formant (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along.

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing Singing]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T18:10:44Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Opera Sopranos</big></big></big>

It is common for listeners to have trouble understanding what an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] is singing.

{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], affecting the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a piano keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help humans produce various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Sound frequencies], ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds] and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency frequencies] higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

===The Singer's Formant===

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref>. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation#The_oral_cavity vocal cavity] absorbs and dampens the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound#Sound_wave_properties_and_characteristics sound waves], broadening the range of resonant frequencies<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2). <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

In soprano singing, the fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is often higher than the first formant, ''F''1, for vowels in speech<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref>. Vocalists

==Sopranos in Opera==

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera], singers make use of the singer's formant to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies, the soprano singer needs to tune ''R''1 to match ''f''0 in order to keep the singer's formant (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along.

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing Singing]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T18:05:07Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Opera Sopranos</big></big></big>

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], affecting the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a piano keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help humans produce various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Sound frequencies], ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at frequencies higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

===The Singer's Formant===

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref>. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation#The_oral_cavity vocal cavity] absorbs and dampens the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound#Sound_wave_properties_and_characteristics sound waves], broadening the range of resonant frequencies<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2). <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

In soprano singing, the fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is often higher than the first formant, ''F''1, for vowels in speech<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref>. Vocalists

==Sopranos in Opera==

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera], singers make use of the singer's formant to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies, the soprano singer needs to tune ''R''1 to match ''f''0 in order to keep the singer's formant (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along.

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing Singing]

==References==
{{reflist}}

File:Firefox 2017-03-27 10-53-04.png

2017-03-27T17:54:01Z

EdwinChau: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
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2017-03-27T17:47:59Z

EdwinChau: User created page with UploadWizard

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Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T17:40:59Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Soprano Voice</big></big></big>

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], affecting the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a piano keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help humans produce various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Sound frequencies], ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at frequencies higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

===The Singer's Formant===

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref>. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation#The_oral_cavity vocal cavity] absorbs and dampens the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound#Sound_wave_properties_and_characteristics sound waves], broadening the range of resonant frequencies<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2). <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

In soprano singing, the fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is often higher than the first formant, ''F''1, for vowels in speech<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref>. Vocalists

==Sopranos in Opera==

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera], singers make use of the singer's formant to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies, the soprano singer needs to tune ''R''1 to match ''f''0 in order to keep the singer's formant (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along.

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing Singing]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T17:29:39Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Soprano Voice</big></big></big>

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], affecting the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a piano keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help humans produce various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Sound frequencies], ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at frequencies higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

'''The Singer's Formant'''

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref>. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation#The_oral_cavity vocal cavity] absorbs and dampens the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound#Sound_wave_properties_and_characteristics sound waves], broadening the range of resonant frequencies<ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2). <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

In soprano singing, the fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is often higher than the first formant, ''F''1, for vowels in speech<ref>Deme, A. (2014). Intelligibility of sung vowels: The effect of consonantal context and the onset of voicing. Journal of Voice, 28(4), 523.e19-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.01.003</ref>. Vocalists

==Sopranos in Opera==

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera], singers make use of the singer's formant to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies, the soprano singer needs to tune ''R''1 to match ''f''0 in order to keep the singer's formant (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along.

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing Singing]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T07:20:37Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Soprano Voice</big></big></big>

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], affecting the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a piano keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help make various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency#Sound frequencies], ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at frequencies higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

'''The Singer's Formant'''

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref>. When the resonant frequencies are properly [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_tuning#Tuning_practice tuned] with the fundamental frequencies, that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_density spectrum] of frequencies is strengthened (REF). Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2). <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Understanding the Words==

When speaking and singing, the mouth creates acoustic impedance (REF).

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

By adjusting the shape and position of their mouth, a singer can improve the intelligibility of their words at higher frequencies (REF).

==Sopranos in Opera==

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera], singers must make use of the singer's formant in order to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies, singers ----- (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along.

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing Singing]
* [
==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T07:10:52Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Soprano Voice</big></big></big>

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], affecting the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a piano keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help make various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant frequencies, ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at frequencies higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

'''The Singer's Formant'''

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2). <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Understanding the Words==

When speaking and singing, the mouth creates acoustic impedance (REF).

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

By adjusting the shape and position of their mouth, a singer can improve the intelligibility of their words at higher frequencies (REF).

==Sopranos in Opera==

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera], singers must make use of the singer's formant in order to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies, singers ----- (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along.

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_density Spectral Density]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T07:10:36Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Soprano Voice</big></big></big>

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], affecting the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a piano keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help make various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant frequencies, ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at frequencies higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

'''The Singer's Formant'''

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2). <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Understanding the Words==

When speaking and singing, the mouth creates acoustic impedance (REF).

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

By adjusting the shape and position of their mouth, a singer can improve the intelligibility of their words at higher frequencies (REF).

==Soprano's in Opera==

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera], singers must make use of the singer's formant in order to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies, singers ----- (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along.

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_density Spectral Density]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T07:08:00Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Soprano Voice</big></big></big>

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], affecting the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a piano keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help make various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant frequencies, ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at frequencies higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

'''The Singer's Formant'''

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2). <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Understanding the Words==

When speaking and singing, the mouth creates acoustic impedance (REF).

'''Sopranos in Opera'''

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera], singers must make use of the singer's formant in order to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies, singers ----- (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along.

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

By adjusting the shape and position of their mouth, a singer can improve the intelligibility of their words at higher frequencies (REF).

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_density Spectral Density]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T07:03:35Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Soprano Voice</big></big></big>

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], affecting the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a piano keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help make various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant frequencies, ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at frequencies higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

'''The Singer's Formant'''

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2). <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Understanding the Words==

When speaking and singing, the mouth creates acoustic impedance (REF).

'''Sopranos in Opera'''

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera opera], singers must make use of the singer's formant in order to be heard by the audience (REF). However, at higher frequencies for sopranos, vowel sounds are projected more easily (REF) and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant consonant] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diction diction] is reduced (REF). As a result, it can be hard to understand what the opera heroine is singing (REF). During the performance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles surtitles] are commonly used to help the audience follow along.

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

By adjusting the shape and position of their mouth, a singer can improve the intelligibility of their words at higher frequencies (REF).

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_density Spectral Density]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T06:47:34Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Soprano Voice</big></big></big>

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], affecting the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a piano keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help make various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant frequencies, ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at frequencies higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

'''The Singer's Formant'''

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb| Figure 2. Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] (shown in figure 2). <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Understanding the Words==

In speech and singing, the mouth creates acoustic impedance (REF).

'''Sopranos in Opera'''

SAMPLE TEXT

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

SAMPLE TEXT

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_density Spectral Density]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-27T06:39:23Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Soprano Voice</big></big></big>

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], affecting the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a piano keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help make various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant frequencies, ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at frequencies higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

'''The Singer's Formant'''

[[File:Singers Formant.jpg|thumb|Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra. Red line shows the singer's formant rising above the orchestra (blue line) around 3000 Hz. Green line shows a vocalist without using the singer's formant.]]

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Understanding the Words==

In speech and singing, the mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance] (REF).

==Sopranos in Opera==

SAMPLE TEXT

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

SAMPLE TEXT

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_density Spectral Density]

==References==
{{reflist}}

File:Singers Formant.jpg

2017-03-27T06:37:06Z

EdwinChau: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Graph showing how the singer's formant allows a vocalist to be heard above an orchestra.}}
|date=2017-03-26 23:33:09
|source=http://icb.ifcm.net/en_US/choral-conducting-choir-acoustics-phenomena-connections/
|author=Herald Jers
|permission=
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=={{int:license-header}}==
{{subst:uwl}}

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-26T23:23:50Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Soprano Voice</big></big></big>

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], affecting the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a piano keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help make various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant frequencies, ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at frequencies higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

'''The Singer's Formant'''

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall.</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Understanding the Words==

In speech and singing, the mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance] (REF).

==Sopranos in Opera==

SAMPLE TEXT

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

SAMPLE TEXT

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_density Spectral Density]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-26T23:19:40Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Soprano Voice</big></big></big>

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], affecting the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a piano keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help make various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant frequencies, ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at frequencies higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

'''The Singer's Formant'''

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York. Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Understanding the Words==

In speech and singing, the mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance] (REF).

==Sopranos in Opera==

SAMPLE TEXT

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

SAMPLE TEXT

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_density Spectral Density]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-26T23:18:51Z

EdwinChau:

[[Category:PHYS341-2017|example wiki project]]

<big><big><big>Understanding the Soprano Voice</big></big></big>

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice human voice] is a versatile musical instrument. The human voice primarily uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds vocal folds], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung lungs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx] to produce sound. The mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance], affecting the efficacy and intelligibility of sung [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel vowels].
{{Help Nav}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
__TOC__

==Soprano Voice==

[[File:Soprano voice range on keyboard.svg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Soprano voice range shown in green on a piano keyboard with a dot marking middle C]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano soprano] voice is a female singing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_type voice type] with the highest [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range vocal range]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation scientific pitch notation], the soprano range is from C4 to C6, shown on a piano keyboard in fig 1.

==Vocal Tract Resonance and Fundamental Frequencies==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_resonation Vocal tract resonance] help make various vowel sounds. This resonance is altered by changing the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips. Resonant frequencies, ''R''i, can amplify [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental pitch frequencies] in speech and singing. The fundamental frequency, ''f''0, is determined by the tension applied to the vocal folds and is accompanied by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic harmonic] series of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones], ''nf''0<ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref>. While sopranos can sing at frequencies higher than the lowest resonant frequency, fundamental frequencies and its overtones need to be below the resonant frequencies in order to benefit from the resonant frequency's amplification; failure to do so will reduce both their vocal power and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre timbre] <ref>Schwarzschild, B. (2004). Acoustics experiment shows why it's so hard to make out the heroine's words at the opera. Physics Today, 57(3), 23-25.</ref><ref>Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2004) "Tuning of vocal tract resonances by sopranos", Nature, 427, 116.</ref>.

'''The Singer's Formant'''

In singing, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant formant] can be understood as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance resonance] of the vocal tract <ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall</ref>. Trained singers can produce a formant around 3000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hz] that allows a singer to project their voice to be heard above an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra orchestra] <ref>White, H. E. & White, D. H. (2014). Physics and Music: The Science of Musical Sound. Mineola, New York. Dover Publications, Inc.</ref>.

==Understanding the Words==

In speech and singing, the mouth creates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance acoustic impedance] <REF>.

==Sopranos in Opera==

SAMPLE TEXT

==Vocal Tract Tuning==

SAMPLE TEXT

==See Also==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency Audio Frequency]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_density Spectral Density]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-26T23:10:41Z

EdwinChau:

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-26T22:38:48Z

EdwinChau:

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-26T22:35:57Z

EdwinChau:

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-21T05:17:35Z

EdwinChau:

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-21T00:26:30Z

EdwinChau:

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-18T02:37:27Z

EdwinChau:

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-18T00:21:59Z

EdwinChau:

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-18T00:14:08Z

EdwinChau:

Course:PHYS341/Archive/2016wTerm2/UnderstandingSopranoVoice

2017-03-17T23:56:53Z

EdwinChau: