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Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T04:30:03Z

EakinSawadaTse:

{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}The Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan (SLUA) was the culmination of many years of conflict and debate between the Haida Gwaii First Nations and the provincial government over logging practices on the islands of the Haida Gwaii. Frustration among the Haida communities and environmental groups, toward the unfair and inadequate consultation on Haida forest management, led to intense blockades and protests, prompting the province to act by properly consulting and including the communities in their decision-making process. The result was a unique foundation for all community forests and forestry operations on the island, giving the Council of the Haida Nations a sizable influence on where and what to harvest within designated harvest regions and the concession zones that comprise them. Through this agreement, the Haida Nation was able to secure coastal land areas under permanent protection, have a greater say on the Annual Allowable Cut on the Haida Gwaii, and protect specific trees within concession zones that have cultural significance.

The SLUA is an overarching system for defining, organizing, and managing forest tenures, governed by a joint decision council (the Haida Gwaii Management Council). It was developed through various interactions between various stakeholders of many levels, mainly the Haida Nation and the provincial government as mentioned. However, the agreement involved many other groups, including Industrial logging licensees, environmental groups, and non-Indigenous residents of the islands. Today, the SLUA and its associated governance systems continue to allow the First Nations greater participation and influence in the forest tenures of Haida Gwaii. Many challenges exist and continue to persist, including: finding solutions to mitigate stakeholder conflicts, facilitating the development of trust between Indigenous and non-Indigenous players, overcoming the legacy of colonialism, etc.

Key words: Haida Gwaii, ecosystem-based management, blockade, tenure, council

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref> Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref> The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests.<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref> Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient rich lands provides the Haida Nation with an abundance natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref> According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives".<ref name=":3" /> The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia have differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii.<ref name=":2" />

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez.<ref name=":0" /> In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur.<ref name=":1" /> However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000.<ref name=":1" />

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources.<ref name=":1" /> Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment.<ref name=":1" /> However this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had a harmful effects to the environment.<ref name=":1" /> Overtime there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest.<ref name=":1" /> This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high.<ref name=":1" />

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began.<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref> The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia.<ref name=":8" /> This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001.<ref name=":8" /> On December 12, 2007, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties.<ref name=":8" />

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC provincial government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement, and many other similar agreements across Canada, is the long protest history of First Nations Peoples against the government and transnational forest/mining corporations who have historically disregarded Aboriginal Title and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke or any other light matter: they are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. In other words, this tactic is only be used when non-confrontational methods fail to gain any fair attention.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "You let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement: the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that maintains their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

Soon enough, on December 12, 2007, after many more blockades fuelled by Lyell Island and the tense negotiations that followed, the Council of the Haida Nation and the provincial government reached a settlement. The Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed.<ref name=":6" />

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
[[File:Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) - Sandspit area (Graham Island) - the ferry accross to the road to Sandspit - (21536009826).jpg|thumb|Photo of Haida Gwaii]]
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen for the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current health of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors".<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late, the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, it contributes to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

The Haida Gwaii saw-whet owl (''Aegolius acadicus brooksi'') is one example of a threatened bird species on the Haida Gwaii islands. Industrial logging and the subsequent loss of old-growth forests - their primary habitat - has posed to be a major challenge for conservation efforts. Forested lands conserved through the Strategic Land Use Agreement has been found to cover 11 of the 12 potential critical habitats identified for this species. More research is required to determine the exact suitability of these sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=|date=2014|title=Northern Saw-whet Owl, brooksi subspecies (Aegolius acadicus brooksi): recovery strategy|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies/northern-saw-whet-owl-brooksi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products parallels ensuring the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')|alt=|left]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use".<ref name=":3" /> This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protected the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%.<ref name=":3" /> Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities and identifying and protected selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia. "whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia".<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>
== Tenure Arrangements ==
Although the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement is not a specific tenure arrangement in and of itself, it does lay the groundwork for any tenure license applications for the Haida’s territory. What makes the Strategic Land Use Agreement so distinct is that it gives the Haida Gwaii Council authority to issue tenure licenses jointly with the Province of British Columbia. This denotes that when a forest company goes to apply for a license, they not only have to apply through the Crown, but also need to get one through the Haida Council, essentially giving the Haida Nation partial land sovereignty back. Currently, there is an established tenure area “on the east coast of Graham Island and Moresby Island on Haida Gwaii.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=03/26/2014|title=Haida Nation and B.C.sign forest tenure agreement|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2014FLNR0029-000374|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=BC Government News}}</ref> Additionally, the Misty Isles Development Society holds tenure for all the Haida Gwaii communities it represents.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry|url=https://haidagwaiicommunityforest.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry}}</ref> This tenure holder is similar to the Mabandla community-owned plantation. Both groups represent the larger collective of local peoples and put their best, economic interest at the forefront of their decisions. Ideally, just like the Mabandla case, the Misty Isles Development Society divides the profits equally amongst the communities and invests in any endeavour that would help improve the Western economic status of all involved.

When the provincial government and the Haida Nation entered into their agreement, the proposed annual allowable cut (AAC) was 800,000 cubic meters.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14" /> Today however the timber supply area is set at 308,000 hectares and effective September 28, 2021 the AAC has been reduced to 272,061 cubic meters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Haida Gwaii Timber Supply Area|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/managing-our-forest-resources/timber-supply-review-and-allowable-annual-cut/allowable-annual-cut-timber-supply-areas/haida-gwaii-tsa|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=British Columbia}}</ref>

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive which are listed below .<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Despite being the person who's held accountable when things go awry, Cultural Feature Identification surveyors also need to know when an Archeological Impact Assessment needs to be conducted. Nonetheless, it is not the surveyors responsibility to identify when this protocol needs to be adhered to : it is the practicing forester/licensee who must implement this part of the agreement.<ref name=":12" /> The complication with this process however is that typically the surveyor is one of the first people to enter the designated area, and thus must still be familiar with when the archeological professional needs to come.

Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as level 1 and level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development area is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />

In addition to the CMT's, monumental cedar, yew trees, and bear dens, the following are cultural features that also must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory<ref name=":12" /> :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features : ''If any of these features are identified, an independent Archeological Impact Assessment must be conducted before proceeding.''

''Class 1''

* Village/Seasonal Village
* Identified Oral History Site
* Burial Site
* Inland Camp/Camp
* Identified Spiritual Site

''Class 2''

* Midden
* Bear Trap
* Fish Weird
* Cave
* Petroglyph
* Lithic Production Site
* Trails
* Lookout Site
* Fort
* Cache
* Canoe Run
* Shoreline Habitation Site
* Rock Shelter
* Karst Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

''Class 1 : These features are incredibly culturally important to the Haida Nation and increasingly rare due to over logging. Each appearance is considered a cultural feature.''

* False Ladyslipper/Fairy-slipper
* Black Hawthorn
* Northern Rice Root
* Devil’s Club
* Highbush-Cranberry
* Narcissus Anemone
* One-and-a-half Flowered Reedgrass
* Richardson’s Geranium
* Wright’s Filmy Fern
* Calder’s Lovage
* Western Cowbane

''Class 2 : Although these cultural features are still important to their culture, whether these species become classified as a cultural feature depends on their density and distribution.''

* Common Harebell
* Common Juniper
* Pacific Crabapple
* Yellow Pound Lily
* Stink Currant
* Black Swamp Gooseberry
* Trailing Black Currant
* Cloudberry
* Stinging Nettle
* Indian Hellebore

== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]
== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==

=== Provincial Government ===
The provincial government wishes to form a viable agreement with the Haida nation to benefit both the community and the province’s logging industry. Historically, the provincial government has issued permits to industries for commercial timber harvesting without much consideration or resistance due to Indigenous land titles not being recognized at that time.<ref name=":6" /> This has changed significantly in the recent decades with the international recognition of Indigenous rights and the 2004 landmark Supreme Court ruling recognizing the need for the province to consult the Haida Nation.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Hotte|first=Ngaio|last2=Wyatt|first2=Stephen|last3=Kozak|first3=Robert|date=|title=Influences on trust during collaborative forest governance: a case study from Haida Gwaii|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0222|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|volume=4|pages=361–374|via=}}</ref> Resulting power shifts in Indigenous land management has led to both new achievements and new challenges for the province. The current provincial government does recognize the Indigenous title of the Haida Gwaii community. However, because forestry and wood production are a major economic driver in the province, the government also advocates for the continuation of softwood lumber harvesting.

=== Industrial Logging Licensees ===
Major forest concession licensees want to ensure that the agreement still provides enough land/tree resources to harvest and produce revenue gains. Industrial logging firms has seen the Haida Gwaii forests as a viable source for timber to supply and fuel the province’s economy. This has, unfortunately, placed them at odds with the Haida communities who sought to protect the forests and manage them sustainably. The Strategic Land Use Plan, which arose from the conflicts between the two parties, was developed to allow the Haida nation more control over where and how much timber can be harvested. However, these industrial firms, including Teal Jones, has initially seen this as a loss of jobs and opportunities to benefit the economy.<ref name=":13" />

=== Environmental Activists and NGOs ===
Environmental groups and NGOs want to ensure that the maximum amount of old growth trees are protected in the Haida Gwaii - low importance, high influence. In the events that led up to the Strategic Land Use Plan, environmental activist groups and the Haida communities collaborated heavily to push for old growth forest protection from industrial logging.<ref name=":6" /> Therefore, this stakeholder group has had considerable influence behind the movement.

== Discussion ==
Overall, the aims and intentions of the Strategic Land Use Agreement was to implement several ecosystem-based management objectives and maintain healthy relationships between both parties as well as any forest tenure holders. Specifically ecosystem-based management is applied in areas of land that have been significantly altered or on land that has unbalanced socio-economic, environmental, or cultural conditions.<ref name=":3" /> Both parties are to implement these aims through shared decision-making processes as well as receive sufficient information on these aims to make informed decisions.<ref name=":3" /> Parties will also work together to make sure forest tenure holders abide by the ecosystem-based management objectives<ref name=":3" />.

=== Relative Successes and Failures ===
To study the outcomes of collaborative land use decision making, 11 outcome criterions were created.<ref name=":1" /> Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision making in Haida Gwaii.

==== <big>Successes of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
===== 1) Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision making is superior to other methods.<ref name=":1" /> 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land use management plan.<ref name=":1" />

===== 2) Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision making.<ref name=":1" />

===== 3) Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making.<ref name=":1" /> In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained.<ref name=":1" />

===== 4) Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others.<ref name=":1" />

===== 5) Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate.<ref name=":1" /> 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful.<ref name=":1" /> In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii.<ref name=":1" />

===== 6) Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision making.<ref name=":1" /> Finally most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan.<ref name=":1" />

===== 7) Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes.<ref name=":1" />

==== <big>Failures of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders.<ref name=":1" /> Only one third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values.<ref name=":1" />

===== Conflict Reduced =====
Overall previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased".<ref name=":1" />

===== Second Order Effects =====
Second order effects is defined as a decision that promotes a change in participants actions and encourages participants to work together.<ref name=":1" /> Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes.<ref name=":1" />

===== Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreements is viewed to serve common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good.<ref name=":1" />

=== Discussion of Management of Conflict ===
Unfortunately we were not able to discuss with the Haida Gwaii management council to discuss any conflicts in the community and how they are being managed. Additionally, there is not much research that includes the Haida perspective or narrative. As the Haida nation is a major stakeholder in the Strategic Land Use Agreement, and their perspective is valuable, we recommend that future research puts Haida voices at the forefront. However, as previously mentioned, there are still some weaknesses in collaborative management such as weaknesses in reducing conflict, successful outcome of agreements, public interest, and second-order effects. In Astofooroff’s study, some recommendations to improve these conflicts are to have more involvement with the government. By being included in the government, many participants may feel that the agreement would be more successful if higher-level government officials listened to their concerns.<ref name=":1" />

Trust is also a crucial element in reaching agreements (and sustaining SLUA), especially between the Haida Gwaii nation and the provincial government.<ref name=":14" /> Specifically, Hotte et al. (2018) found that Haida peoples value interpersonal connections between stakeholders and each other and feel more secure and/or confident when working with government individuals whom they had prior connections and experiences with.<ref name=":14" /> However, the Haida community still bears the legacy of colonialism and the ill-treatment of Indigenous Peoples by both provincial and federal governments. This will continue to affect how members of the Indigenous community perceive Government actions and proposals.<ref name=":14" />

== Assessment ==
=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance.<ref name=":1" /> For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision.<ref name=":1" /> In Astofooroff's study, power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources.<ref name=":1" /> In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government.<ref name=":1" /> Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result the decisions became less scientifically focused.<ref name=":1" />

== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process, although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals
== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T04:25:55Z

EakinSawadaTse: Changed a keyword to one that is a better representative of the wiki page.

{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}The Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan (SLUA) was the culmination of many years of conflict and debate between the Haida Gwaii First Nations and the provincial government over logging practices on the islands of the Haida Gwaii. Frustration among the Haida communities and environmental groups, toward the unfair and inadequate consultation on Haida forest management, led to intense blockades and protests, prompting the province to act by properly consulting and including the communities in their decision-making process. The result was a unique foundation for all community forests and forestry operations on the island, giving the Council of the Haida Nations a sizable influence on where and what to harvest within designated harvest regions and the concession zones that comprise them. Through this agreement, the Haida Nation was able to secure coastal land areas under permanent protection, have a greater say on the Annual Allowable Cut on the Haida Gwaii, and protect specific trees within concession zones that have cultural significance.

The SLUA is an overarching system for defining, organizing, and managing forest tenures, governed by a joint decision council (the Haida Gwaii Management Council). It was developed through various interactions between various stakeholders of many levels, mainly the Haida Nation and the Provincial government as mentioned. However, the agreement involved many other groups, including Industrial logging licensees, environmental groups, and non-Indigenous residents of the islands. Today, the SLUA and its associated governance systems continue to allow the First Nations greater participation and influence in the forest tenures of Haida Gwaii. Many challenges exist and continue to persist, including: finding solutions to mitigate stakeholder conflicts, facilitating the development of trust between Indigenous and non-Indigenous players, overcoming the legacy of colonialism, etc.

Key words: Haida Gwaii, ecosystem-based management, blockade, tenure, council

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref> Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref> The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests.<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref> Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient rich lands provides the Haida Nation with an abundance natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref> According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives".<ref name=":3" /> The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia have differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii.<ref name=":2" />

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez.<ref name=":0" /> In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur.<ref name=":1" /> However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000.<ref name=":1" />

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources.<ref name=":1" /> Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment.<ref name=":1" /> However this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had a harmful effects to the environment.<ref name=":1" /> Overtime there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest.<ref name=":1" /> This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high.<ref name=":1" />

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began.<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref> The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia.<ref name=":8" /> This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001.<ref name=":8" /> On December 12, 2007, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties.<ref name=":8" />

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement, and many other similar agreements across Canada, is the long protest history of First Nations Peoples against the government and transnational forest/mining corporations who have historically disregarded Aboriginal Title and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke or any other light matter: they are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. In other words, this tactic is only be used when non-confrontational methods fail to gain any fair attention.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "You let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement: the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that maintains their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

Soon enough, on December 12, 2007, after many more blockades fuelled by Lyell Island and the tense negotiations that followed, the Council of the Haida Nation and the provincial government reached a settlement. The Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed.<ref name=":6" />

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
[[File:Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) - Sandspit area (Graham Island) - the ferry accross to the road to Sandspit - (21536009826).jpg|thumb|Photo of Haida Gwaii]]
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen for the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current health of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors".<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late, the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, it contributes to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

The Haida Gwaii saw-whet owl (''Aegolius acadicus brooksi'') is one example of a threatened bird species on the Haida Gwaii islands. Industrial logging and the subsequent loss of old-growth forests - their primary habitat - has posed to be a major challenge for conservation efforts. Forested lands conserved through the Strategic Land Use Agreement has been found to cover 11 of the 12 potential critical habitats identified for this species. More research is required to determine the exact suitability of these sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=|date=2014|title=Northern Saw-whet Owl, brooksi subspecies (Aegolius acadicus brooksi): recovery strategy|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies/northern-saw-whet-owl-brooksi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products parallels ensuring the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')|alt=|left]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use".<ref name=":3" /> This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protected the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%.<ref name=":3" /> Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities and identifying and protected selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia. "whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia".<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>
== Tenure Arrangements ==
Although the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement is not a specific tenure arrangement in and of itself, it does lay the groundwork for any tenure license applications for the Haida’s territory. What makes the Strategic Land Use Agreement so distinct is that it gives the Haida Gwaii Council authority to issue tenure licenses jointly with the Province of British Columbia. This denotes that when a forest company goes to apply for a license, they not only have to apply through the Crown, but also need to get one through the Haida Council, essentially giving the Haida Nation partial land sovereignty back. Currently, there is an established tenure area “on the east coast of Graham Island and Moresby Island on Haida Gwaii.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=03/26/2014|title=Haida Nation and B.C.sign forest tenure agreement|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2014FLNR0029-000374|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=BC Government News}}</ref> Additionally, the Misty Isles Development Society holds tenure for all the Haida Gwaii communities it represents.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry|url=https://haidagwaiicommunityforest.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry}}</ref> This tenure holder is similar to the Mabandla community-owned plantation. Both groups represent the larger collective of local peoples and put their best, economic interest at the forefront of their decisions. Ideally, just like the Mabandla case, the Misty Isles Development Society divides the profits equally amongst the communities and invests in any endeavour that would help improve the Western economic status of all involved.

When the Provincial government and the Haida Nation entered into their agreement, the proposed annual allowable cut (AAC) was 800,000 cubic meters.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14" /> Today however the timber supply area is set at 308,000 hectares and effective September 28, 2021 the AAC has been reduced to 272,061 cubic meters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Haida Gwaii Timber Supply Area|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/managing-our-forest-resources/timber-supply-review-and-allowable-annual-cut/allowable-annual-cut-timber-supply-areas/haida-gwaii-tsa|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=British Columbia}}</ref>

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive which are listed below .<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Despite being the person who's held accountable when things go awry, Cultural Feature Identification surveyors also need to know when an Archeological Impact Assessment needs to be conducted. Nonetheless, it is not the surveyors responsibility to identify when this protocol needs to be adhered to : it is the practicing forester/licensee who must implement this part of the agreement.<ref name=":12" /> The complication with this process however is that typically the surveyor is one of the first people to enter the designated area, and thus must still be familiar with when the archeological professional needs to come.

Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as level 1 and level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development area is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the Provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />

In addition to the CMT's, monumental cedar, yew trees, and bear dens, the following are cultural features that also must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory<ref name=":12" /> :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features : ''If any of these features are identified, an independent Archeological Impact Assessment must be conducted before proceeding.''

''Class 1''

* Village/Seasonal Village
* Identified Oral History Site
* Burial Site
* Inland Camp/Camp
* Identified Spiritual Site

''Class 2''

* Midden
* Bear Trap
* Fish Weird
* Cave
* Petroglyph
* Lithic Production Site
* Trails
* Lookout Site
* Fort
* Cache
* Canoe Run
* Shoreline Habitation Site
* Rock Shelter
* Karst Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

''Class 1 : These features are incredibly culturally important to the Haida Nation and increasingly rare due to over logging. Each appearance is considered a cultural feature.''

* False Ladyslipper/Fairy-slipper
* Black Hawthorn
* Northern Rice Root
* Devil’s Club
* Highbush-Cranberry
* Narcissus Anemone
* One-and-a-half Flowered Reedgrass
* Richardson’s Geranium
* Wright’s Filmy Fern
* Calder’s Lovage
* Western Cowbane

''Class 2 : Although these cultural features are still important to their culture, whether these species become classified as a cultural feature depends on their density and distribution.''

* Common Harebell
* Common Juniper
* Pacific Crabapple
* Yellow Pound Lily
* Stink Currant
* Black Swamp Gooseberry
* Trailing Black Currant
* Cloudberry
* Stinging Nettle
* Indian Hellebore

== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]
== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==

=== Provincial Government ===
Provincial Government wishes to form a viable agreement with the Haida nation to benefit both the community and the province’s logging industry. Historically, the Provincial Government has issued permits to industries for commercial timber harvesting without much consideration or resistance due to Indigenous land titles not being recognized at that time.<ref name=":6" /> This has changed significantly in the recent decades with the international recognition of Indigenous rights and the 2004 landmark Supreme Court ruling recognizing the need for the province to consult the Haida Nation.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Hotte|first=Ngaio|last2=Wyatt|first2=Stephen|last3=Kozak|first3=Robert|date=|title=Influences on trust during collaborative forest governance: a case study from Haida Gwaii|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0222|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|volume=4|pages=361–374|via=}}</ref> Resulting power shifts in Indigenous land management has led to both new achievements and new challenges for the province. The current Provincial Government does recognize the Indigenous title of the Haida Gwaii community. However, because forestry and wood production are a major economic driver in the province, the government also advocates for the continuation of softwood lumber harvesting.

=== Industrial Logging Licensees ===
Major forest concession licensees want to ensure that the agreement still provides enough land/tree resources to harvest and produce revenue gains. Industrial logging firms has seen the Haida Gwaii forests as a viable source for timber to supply and fuel the province’s economy. This has, unfortunately, placed them at odds with the Haida communities who sought to protect the forests and manage them sustainably. The Strategic Land Use Plan, which arose from the conflicts between the two parties, was developed to allow the Haida nation more control over where and how much timber can be harvested. However, these industrial firms, including Teal Jones, has initially seen this as a loss of jobs and opportunities to benefit the economy.<ref name=":13" />

=== Environmental Activists and NGOs ===
Environmental groups and NGOs want to ensure that the maximum amount of old growth trees are protected in the Haida Gwaii - low importance, high influence. In the events that led up to the Strategic Land Use Plan, environmental activist groups and the Haida communities collaborated heavily to push for old growth forest protection from industrial logging.<ref name=":6" /> Therefore, this stakeholder group has had considerable influence behind the movement.

== Discussion ==
Overall, the aims and intentions of the Strategic Land Use Agreement was to implement several ecosystem-based management objectives and maintain healthy relationships between both parties as well as any forest tenure holders. Specifically ecosystem-based management is applied in areas of land that have been significantly altered or on land that has unbalanced socio-economic, environmental, or cultural conditions.<ref name=":3" /> Both parties are to implement these aims through shared decision-making processes as well as receive sufficient information on these aims to make informed decisions.<ref name=":3" /> Parties will also work together to make sure forest tenure holders abide by the ecosystem-based management objectives<ref name=":3" />.

=== Relative Successes and Failures ===
To study the outcomes of collaborative land use decision making, 11 outcome criterions were created.<ref name=":1" /> Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision making in Haida Gwaii.

==== <big>Successes of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
===== 1) Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision making is superior to other methods.<ref name=":1" /> 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land use management plan.<ref name=":1" />

===== 2) Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision making.<ref name=":1" />

===== 3) Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making.<ref name=":1" /> In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained.<ref name=":1" />

===== 4) Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others.<ref name=":1" />

===== 5) Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate.<ref name=":1" /> 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful.<ref name=":1" /> In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii.<ref name=":1" />

===== 6) Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision making.<ref name=":1" /> Finally most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan.<ref name=":1" />

===== 7) Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes.<ref name=":1" />

==== <big>Failures of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders.<ref name=":1" /> Only one third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values.<ref name=":1" />

===== Conflict Reduced =====
Overall previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased".<ref name=":1" />

===== Second Order Effects =====
Second order effects is defined as a decision that promotes a change in participants actions and encourages participants to work together.<ref name=":1" /> Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes.<ref name=":1" />

===== Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreements is viewed to serve common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good.<ref name=":1" />

=== Discussion of Management of Conflict ===
Unfortunately we were not able to discuss with the Haida Gwaii management council to discuss any conflicts in the community and how they are being managed. Additionally, there is not much research that includes the Haida perspective or narrative. As the Haida nation is a major stakeholder in the Strategic Land Use Agreement, and their perspective is valuable, we recommend that future research puts Haida voices at the forefront. However, as previously mentioned, there are still some weaknesses in collaborative management such as weaknesses in reducing conflict, successful outcome of agreements, public interest, and second-order effects. In Astofooroff’s study, some recommendations to improve these conflicts are to have more involvement with the government. By being included in the government, many participants may feel that the agreement would be more successful if higher-level government officials listened to their concerns.<ref name=":1" />

Trust is also a crucial element in reaching agreements (and sustaining SLUA), especially between the Haida Gwaii nation and the Provincial Government.<ref name=":14" /> Specifically, Hotte et al. (2018) found that Haida peoples value interpersonal connections between stakeholders and each other and feel more secure and/or confident when working with government individuals whom they had prior connections and experiences with.<ref name=":14" /> However, the Haida community still bears the legacy of colonialism and the ill-treatment of Indigenous Peoples by both provincial and federal governments. This will continue to affect how members of the Indigenous community perceive Government actions and proposals.<ref name=":14" />

== Assessment ==
=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance.<ref name=":1" /> For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision.<ref name=":1" /> In Astofooroff's study, power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources.<ref name=":1" /> In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government.<ref name=":1" /> Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result the decisions became less scientifically focused.<ref name=":1" />

== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process, although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals
== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T04:23:21Z

EakinSawadaTse: Re-added a section that was originally there but was deleted earlier due to saving error. Some minor grammar and consistency fixes.

{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}The Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan (SLUA) was the culmination of many years of conflict and debate between the Haida Gwaii First Nations and the provincial government over logging practices on the islands of the Haida Gwaii. Frustration among the Haida communities and environmental groups, toward the unfair and inadequate consultation on Haida forest management, led to intense blockades and protests, prompting the province to act by properly consulting and including the communities in their decision-making process. The result was a unique foundation for all community forests and forestry operations on the island, giving the Council of the Haida Nations a sizable influence on where and what to harvest within designated harvest regions and the concession zones that comprise them. Through this agreement, the Haida Nation was able to secure coastal land areas under permanent protection, have a greater say on the Annual Allowable Cut on the Haida Gwaii, and protect specific trees within concession zones that have cultural significance.

The SLUA is an overarching system for defining, organizing, and managing forest tenures, governed by a joint decision council (the Haida Gwaii Management Council). It was developed through various interactions between various stakeholders of many levels, mainly the Haida Nation and the Provincial government as mentioned. However, the agreement involved many other groups, including Industrial logging licensees, environmental groups, and non-Indigenous residents of the islands. Today, the SLUA and its associated governance systems continue to allow the First Nations greater participation and influence in the forest tenures of Haida Gwaii. Many challenges exist and continue to persist, including: finding solutions to mitigate stakeholder conflicts, facilitating the development of trust between Indigenous and non-Indigenous players, overcoming the legacy of colonialism, etc.

Key words: Haida Gwaii, ecosystem-based management, cedar, tenure, council

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref> Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref> The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests.<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref> Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient rich lands provides the Haida Nation with an abundance natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref> According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives".<ref name=":3" /> The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia have differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii.<ref name=":2" />

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez.<ref name=":0" /> In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur.<ref name=":1" /> However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000.<ref name=":1" />

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources.<ref name=":1" /> Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment.<ref name=":1" /> However this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had a harmful effects to the environment.<ref name=":1" /> Overtime there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest.<ref name=":1" /> This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high.<ref name=":1" />

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began.<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref> The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia.<ref name=":8" /> This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001.<ref name=":8" /> On December 12, 2007, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties.<ref name=":8" />

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement, and many other similar agreements across Canada, is the long protest history of First Nations Peoples against the government and transnational forest/mining corporations who have historically disregarded Aboriginal Title and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke or any other light matter: they are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. In other words, this tactic is only be used when non-confrontational methods fail to gain any fair attention.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "You let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement: the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that maintains their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

Soon enough, on December 12, 2007, after many more blockades fuelled by Lyell Island and the tense negotiations that followed, the Council of the Haida Nation and the provincial government reached a settlement. The Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed.<ref name=":6" />

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
[[File:Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) - Sandspit area (Graham Island) - the ferry accross to the road to Sandspit - (21536009826).jpg|thumb|Photo of Haida Gwaii]]
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen for the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current health of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors".<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late, the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, it contributes to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

The Haida Gwaii saw-whet owl (''Aegolius acadicus brooksi'') is one example of a threatened bird species on the Haida Gwaii islands. Industrial logging and the subsequent loss of old-growth forests - their primary habitat - has posed to be a major challenge for conservation efforts. Forested lands conserved through the Strategic Land Use Agreement has been found to cover 11 of the 12 potential critical habitats identified for this species. More research is required to determine the exact suitability of these sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=|date=2014|title=Northern Saw-whet Owl, brooksi subspecies (Aegolius acadicus brooksi): recovery strategy|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies/northern-saw-whet-owl-brooksi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products parallels ensuring the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')|alt=|left]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use".<ref name=":3" /> This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protected the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%.<ref name=":3" /> Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities and identifying and protected selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia. "whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia".<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>
== Tenure Arrangements ==
Although the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement is not a specific tenure arrangement in and of itself, it does lay the groundwork for any tenure license applications for the Haida’s territory. What makes the Strategic Land Use Agreement so distinct is that it gives the Haida Gwaii Council authority to issue tenure licenses jointly with the Province of British Columbia. This denotes that when a forest company goes to apply for a license, they not only have to apply through the Crown, but also need to get one through the Haida Council, essentially giving the Haida Nation partial land sovereignty back. Currently, there is an established tenure area “on the east coast of Graham Island and Moresby Island on Haida Gwaii.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=03/26/2014|title=Haida Nation and B.C.sign forest tenure agreement|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2014FLNR0029-000374|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=BC Government News}}</ref> Additionally, the Misty Isles Development Society holds tenure for all the Haida Gwaii communities it represents.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry|url=https://haidagwaiicommunityforest.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry}}</ref> This tenure holder is similar to the Mabandla community-owned plantation. Both groups represent the larger collective of local peoples and put their best, economic interest at the forefront of their decisions. Ideally, just like the Mabandla case, the Misty Isles Development Society divides the profits equally amongst the communities and invests in any endeavour that would help improve the Western economic status of all involved.

When the Provincial government and the Haida Nation entered into their agreement, the proposed annual allowable cut (AAC) was 800,000 cubic meters.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14" /> Today however the timber supply area is set at 308,000 hectares and effective September 28, 2021 the AAC has been reduced to 272,061 cubic meters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Haida Gwaii Timber Supply Area|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/managing-our-forest-resources/timber-supply-review-and-allowable-annual-cut/allowable-annual-cut-timber-supply-areas/haida-gwaii-tsa|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=British Columbia}}</ref>

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive which are listed below .<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Despite being the person who's held accountable when things go awry, Cultural Feature Identification surveyors also need to know when an Archeological Impact Assessment needs to be conducted. Nonetheless, it is not the surveyors responsibility to identify when this protocol needs to be adhered to : it is the practicing forester/licensee who must implement this part of the agreement.<ref name=":12" /> The complication with this process however is that typically the surveyor is one of the first people to enter the designated area, and thus must still be familiar with when the archeological professional needs to come.

Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as level 1 and level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development area is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the Provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />

In addition to the CMT's, monumental cedar, yew trees, and bear dens, the following are cultural features that also must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory<ref name=":12" /> :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features : ''If any of these features are identified, an independent Archeological Impact Assessment must be conducted before proceeding.''

''Class 1''

* Village/Seasonal Village
* Identified Oral History Site
* Burial Site
* Inland Camp/Camp
* Identified Spiritual Site

''Class 2''

* Midden
* Bear Trap
* Fish Weird
* Cave
* Petroglyph
* Lithic Production Site
* Trails
* Lookout Site
* Fort
* Cache
* Canoe Run
* Shoreline Habitation Site
* Rock Shelter
* Karst Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

''Class 1 : These features are incredibly culturally important to the Haida Nation and increasingly rare due to over logging. Each appearance is considered a cultural feature.''

* False Ladyslipper/Fairy-slipper
* Black Hawthorn
* Northern Rice Root
* Devil’s Club
* Highbush-Cranberry
* Narcissus Anemone
* One-and-a-half Flowered Reedgrass
* Richardson’s Geranium
* Wright’s Filmy Fern
* Calder’s Lovage
* Western Cowbane

''Class 2 : Although these cultural features are still important to their culture, whether these species become classified as a cultural feature depends on their density and distribution.''

* Common Harebell
* Common Juniper
* Pacific Crabapple
* Yellow Pound Lily
* Stink Currant
* Black Swamp Gooseberry
* Trailing Black Currant
* Cloudberry
* Stinging Nettle
* Indian Hellebore

== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]
== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==

=== Provincial Government ===
Provincial Government wishes to form a viable agreement with the Haida nation to benefit both the community and the province’s logging industry. Historically, the Provincial Government has issued permits to industries for commercial timber harvesting without much consideration or resistance due to Indigenous land titles not being recognized at that time.<ref name=":6" /> This has changed significantly in the recent decades with the international recognition of Indigenous rights and the 2004 landmark Supreme Court ruling recognizing the need for the province to consult the Haida Nation.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Hotte|first=Ngaio|last2=Wyatt|first2=Stephen|last3=Kozak|first3=Robert|date=|title=Influences on trust during collaborative forest governance: a case study from Haida Gwaii|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0222|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|volume=4|pages=361–374|via=}}</ref> Resulting power shifts in Indigenous land management has led to both new achievements and new challenges for the province. The current Provincial Government does recognize the Indigenous title of the Haida Gwaii community. However, because forestry and wood production are a major economic driver in the province, the government also advocates for the continuation of softwood lumber harvesting.

=== Industrial Logging Licensees ===
Major forest concession licensees want to ensure that the agreement still provides enough land/tree resources to harvest and produce revenue gains. Industrial logging firms has seen the Haida Gwaii forests as a viable source for timber to supply and fuel the province’s economy. This has, unfortunately, placed them at odds with the Haida communities who sought to protect the forests and manage them sustainably. The Strategic Land Use Plan, which arose from the conflicts between the two parties, was developed to allow the Haida nation more control over where and how much timber can be harvested. However, these industrial firms, including Teal Jones, has initially seen this as a loss of jobs and opportunities to benefit the economy.<ref name=":13" />

=== Environmental Activists and NGOs ===
Environmental groups and NGOs want to ensure that the maximum amount of old growth trees are protected in the Haida Gwaii - low importance, high influence. In the events that led up to the Strategic Land Use Plan, environmental activist groups and the Haida communities collaborated heavily to push for old growth forest protection from industrial logging.<ref name=":6" /> Therefore, this stakeholder group has had considerable influence behind the movement.

== Discussion ==
Overall, the aims and intentions of the Strategic Land Use Agreement was to implement several ecosystem-based management objectives and maintain healthy relationships between both parties as well as any forest tenure holders. Specifically ecosystem-based management is applied in areas of land that have been significantly altered or on land that has unbalanced socio-economic, environmental, or cultural conditions.<ref name=":3" /> Both parties are to implement these aims through shared decision-making processes as well as receive sufficient information on these aims to make informed decisions.<ref name=":3" /> Parties will also work together to make sure forest tenure holders abide by the ecosystem-based management objectives<ref name=":3" />.

=== Relative Successes and Failures ===
To study the outcomes of collaborative land use decision making, 11 outcome criterions were created.<ref name=":1" /> Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision making in Haida Gwaii.

==== <big>Successes of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
===== 1) Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision making is superior to other methods.<ref name=":1" /> 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land use management plan.<ref name=":1" />

===== 2) Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision making.<ref name=":1" />

===== 3) Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making.<ref name=":1" /> In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained.<ref name=":1" />

===== 4) Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others.<ref name=":1" />

===== 5) Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate.<ref name=":1" /> 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful.<ref name=":1" /> In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii.<ref name=":1" />

===== 6) Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision making.<ref name=":1" /> Finally most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan.<ref name=":1" />

===== 7) Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes.<ref name=":1" />

==== <big>Failures of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders.<ref name=":1" /> Only one third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values.<ref name=":1" />

===== Conflict Reduced =====
Overall previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased".<ref name=":1" />

===== Second Order Effects =====
Second order effects is defined as a decision that promotes a change in participants actions and encourages participants to work together.<ref name=":1" /> Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes.<ref name=":1" />

===== Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreements is viewed to serve common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good.<ref name=":1" />

=== Discussion of Management of Conflict ===
Unfortunately we were not able to discuss with the Haida Gwaii management council to discuss any conflicts in the community and how they are being managed. Additionally, there is not much research that includes the Haida perspective or narrative. As the Haida nation is a major stakeholder in the Strategic Land Use Agreement, and their perspective is valuable, we recommend that future research puts Haida voices at the forefront. However, as previously mentioned, there are still some weaknesses in collaborative management such as weaknesses in reducing conflict, successful outcome of agreements, public interest, and second-order effects. In Astofooroff’s study, some recommendations to improve these conflicts are to have more involvement with the government. By being included in the government, many participants may feel that the agreement would be more successful if higher-level government officials listened to their concerns.<ref name=":1" />

Trust is also a crucial element in reaching agreements (and sustaining SLUA), especially between the Haida Gwaii nation and the Provincial Government.<ref name=":14" /> Specifically, Hotte et al. (2018) found that Haida peoples value interpersonal connections between stakeholders and each other and feel more secure and/or confident when working with government individuals whom they had prior connections and experiences with.<ref name=":14" /> However, the Haida community still bears the legacy of colonialism and the ill-treatment of Indigenous Peoples by both provincial and federal governments. This will continue to affect how members of the Indigenous community perceive Government actions and proposals.<ref name=":14" />

== Assessment ==
=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance.<ref name=":1" /> For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision.<ref name=":1" /> In Astofooroff's study, power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources.<ref name=":1" /> In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government.<ref name=":1" /> Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result the decisions became less scientifically focused.<ref name=":1" />

== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process, although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals
== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T04:06:22Z

EakinSawadaTse: Protest history ending

{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}The Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan (SLUA) was the culmination of many years of conflict and debate between the Haida Gwaii First Nations and the provincial government over logging practices on the islands of the Haida Gwaii. Frustration among the Haida communities and environmental groups, toward the unfair and inadequate consultation on Haida forest management, led to intense blockades and protests, prompting the province to act by properly consulting and including the communities in their decision-making process. The result was a unique foundation for all community forests and forestry operations on the island, giving the Council of the Haida Nations a sizable influence on where and what to harvest within designated harvest regions and the concession zones that comprise them. Through this agreement, the Haida Nation was able to secure coastal land areas under permanent protection, have a greater say on the Annual Allowable Cut on the Haida Gwaii, and protect specific trees within concession zones that have cultural significance.

The SLUA is an overarching system for defining, organizing, and managing forest tenures, governed by a joint decision council (the Haida Gwaii Management Council). The SLUA was developed through various interactions between various stakeholders of many levels, mainly the Haida Nation and the Provincial government as mentioned. However, the agreement involved many other groups, including Industrial logging licensees, environmental groups, and non-Indigenous residents of the islands. Today, the SLUA and its associated governance systems continue to allow the First Nations greater participation and influence in the forest tenures of Haida Gwaii. Many challenges exist and continue to persist, including: finding solutions to mitigate stakeholder conflicts, facilitating the development of trust between Indigenous and non-Indigenous players, overcoming the legacy of colonialism, etc.

Key words: Haida Gwaii, ecosystem-based management, cedar, tenure, council

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref>. Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref>. The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref>. Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient rich lands provides the Haida Nation with an abundance natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>. According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives.<ref name=":3" />" The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia have differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":2" />.

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez<ref name=":0" />. In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur<ref name=":1" />. However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000<ref name=":1" />.

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources<ref name=":1" />. Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment<ref name=":1" />. However this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had a harmful effects to the environment<ref name=":1" />. Overtime there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest<ref name=":1" />. This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high<ref name=":1" />.

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref>. The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia<ref name=":8" />. This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001<ref name=":8" />. On December 12, 2007, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties<ref name=":8" />.

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement, and many other similar agreements across Canada, is the long protest history of First Nations Peoples against the government and transnational forest/mining corporations who have historically disregarded Aboriginal Title and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke or any other light matter: they are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. In other words, this tactic is only be used when non-confrontational methods fail to gain any fair attention.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "You let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement: the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that maintains their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

Soon enough, on December 12, 2007, after many more blockades fuelled by Lyell Island and the tense negotiations that followed, the Council of the Haida Nation and the provincial government reached a settlement. The Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed.<ref name=":6" />

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
[[File:Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) - Sandspit area (Graham Island) - the ferry accross to the road to Sandspit - (21536009826).jpg|thumb|Photo of Haida Gwaii]]
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen for the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current health of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors".<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late, the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, it contributes to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

The Haida Gwaii saw-whet owl (''Aegolius acadicus brooksi'') is one example of a threatened bird species on the Haida Gwaii islands. Industrial logging and the subsequent loss of old-growth forests - their primary habitat - has posed to be a major challenge for conservation efforts. Forested lands conserved through the Strategic Land Use Agreement has been found to cover 11 of the 12 potential critical habitats identified for this species. More research is required to determine the exact suitability of these sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=|date=2014|title=Northern Saw-whet Owl, brooksi subspecies (Aegolius acadicus brooksi): recovery strategy|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies/northern-saw-whet-owl-brooksi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products parallels ensuring the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":3" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protected the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%<ref name=":3" />. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities and identifying and protected selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia." whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>."
== Tenure Arrangements ==
Although the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement is not a specific tenure arrangement in and of itself, it does lay the groundwork for any tenure license applications for the Haida’s territory. What makes the Strategic Land Use Agreement so distinct is that it gives the Haida Gwaii Council authority to issue tenure licenses jointly with the Province of British Columbia. This denotes that when a forest company goes to apply for a license, they not only have to apply through the Crown, but also need to get one through the Haida Council, essentially giving the Haida Nation partial land sovereignty back. Currently, there is an established tenure area “on the east coast of Graham Island and Moresby Island on Haida Gwaii.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=03/26/2014|title=Haida Nation and B.C.sign forest tenure agreement|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2014FLNR0029-000374|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=BC Government News}}</ref> Additionally, the Misty Isles Development Society holds tenure for all the Haida Gwaii communities it represents.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry|url=https://haidagwaiicommunityforest.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry}}</ref> This tenure holder is similar to the Mabandla community-owned plantation. Both groups represent the larger collective of local peoples and put their best, economic interest at the forefront of their decisions. Ideally, just like the Mabandla case, the Misty Isles Development Society divides the profits equally amongst the communities and invests in any endeavour that would help improve the Western economic status of all involved.

When the Provincial government and the Haida Nation entered into their agreement, the proposed annual allowable cut (AAC) was 800,000 cubic meters.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14" /> Today however the timber supply area is set at 308,000 hectares and effective September 28, 2021 the AAC has been reduced to 272,061 cubic meters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Haida Gwaii Timber Supply Area|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/managing-our-forest-resources/timber-supply-review-and-allowable-annual-cut/allowable-annual-cut-timber-supply-areas/haida-gwaii-tsa|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=British Columbia}}</ref>

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive which are listed below .<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Despite being the person who's held accountable when things go awry, Cultural Feature Identification surveyors also need to know when an Archeological Impact Assessment needs to be conducted. Nonetheless, it is not the surveyors responsibility to identify when this protocol needs to be adhered to : it is the practicing forester/licensee who must implement this part of the agreement.<ref name=":12" /> The complication with this process however is that typically the surveyor is one of the first people to enter the designated area, and thus must still be familiar with when the archeological professional needs to come.

Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as level 1 and level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development area is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the Provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />

In addition to the CMT's, monumental cedar, yew trees, and bear dens, the following are cultural features that also must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory<ref name=":12" /> :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features : ''If any of these features are identified, an independent Archeological Impact Assessment must be conducted before proceeding.''

''Class 1''

* Village/Seasonal Village
* Identified Oral History Site
* Burial Site
* Inland Camp/Camp
* Identified Spiritual Site

''Class 2''

* Midden
* Bear Trap
* Fish Weird
* Cave
* Petroglyph
* Lithic Production Site
* Trails
* Lookout Site
* Fort
* Cache
* Canoe Run
* Shoreline Habitation Site
* Rock Shelter
* Karst Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

''Class 1 : These features are incredibly culturally important to the Haida Nation and increasingly rare due to over logging. Each appearance is considered a cultural feature.''

* False Ladyslipper/Fairy-slipper
* Black Hawthorn
* Northern Rice Root
* Devil’s Club
* Highbush-Cranberry
* Narcissus Anemone
* One-and-a-half Flowered Reedgrass
* Richardson’s Geranium
* Wright’s Filmy Fern
* Calder’s Lovage
* Western Cowbane

''Class 2 : Although these cultural features are still important to their culture, whether these species become classified as a cultural feature depends on their density and distribution.''

* Common Harebell
* Common Juniper
* Pacific Crabapple
* Yellow Pound Lily
* Stink Currant
* Black Swamp Gooseberry
* Trailing Black Currant
* Cloudberry
* Stinging Nettle
* Indian Hellebore

== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" />. It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]

=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==

=== Provincial Government ===
Provincial Government wishes to form a viable agreement with the Haida nation to benefit both the community and the province’s logging industry. Historically, the Provincial Government has issued permits to industries for commercial timber harvesting without much consideration or resistance due to Indigenous land titles not being recognized at that time.<ref name=":6" /> This has changed significantly in the recent decades with the international recognition of Indigenous rights and the 2004 landmark Supreme Court ruling recognizing the need for the province to consult the Haida Nation.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Hotte|first=Ngaio|last2=Wyatt|first2=Stephen|last3=Kozak|first3=Robert|date=|title=Influences on trust during collaborative forest governance: a case study from Haida Gwaii|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0222|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|volume=4|pages=361–374|via=}}</ref> Resulting power shifts in Indigenous land management has led to both new achievements and new challenges for the province. The current Provincial Government does recognize the Indigenous title of the Haida Gwaii community. However, because forestry and wood production are a major economic driver in the province, the government also advocates for the continuation of softwood lumber harvesting.

=== Industrial Logging Licensees ===
Major forest concession licensees want to ensure that the agreement still provides enough land/tree resources to harvest and produce revenue gains. Industrial logging firms has seen the Haida Gwaii forests as a viable source for timber to supply and fuel the province’s economy. This has, unfortunately, placed them at odds with the Haida communities who sought to protect the forests and manage them sustainably. The Strategic Land Use Plan, which arose from the conflicts between the two parties, was developed to allow the Haida nation more control over where and how much timber can be harvested. However, these industrial firms, including Teal Jones, has initially seen this as a loss of jobs and opportunities to benefit the economy.<ref name=":13" />

=== Environmental Activists and NGOs ===
Environmental groups and NGOs want to ensure that the maximum amount of old growth trees are protected in the Haida Gwaii - low importance, high influence. In the events that led up to the Strategic Land Use Plan, environmental activist groups and the Haida communities collaborated heavily to push for old growth forest protection from industrial logging.<ref name=":6" /> Therefore, this stakeholder group has had considerable influence behind the movement.

== Discussion ==
Overall, the aims and intentions of the Strategic Land Use Agreement was to implement several ecosystem-based management objectives and maintain healthy relationships between both parties as well as any forest tenure holders. Specifically ecosystem-based management is applied in areas of land that have been significantly altered or on land that has unbalanced socio-economic, environmental, or cultural conditions<ref name=":3" />. Both parties are to implement these aims through shared decision-making processes as well as receive sufficient information on these aims to make informed decisions<ref name=":3" />. Parties will also work together to make sure forest tenure holders abide by the ecosystem-based management objectives<ref name=":3" />.

=== Relative Successes and Failures ===
To study the outcomes of collaborative land use decision making, 11 outcome criterions were created<ref name=":1" />. Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision making in Haida Gwaii.

==== <big>Successes of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
===== Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision making is superior to other methods<ref name=":1" />. 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision making<ref name=":1" />.

===== Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making<ref name=":1" />. In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained<ref name=":1" />.

===== Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others<ref name=":1" />.

===== Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate<ref name=":1" />. 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful<ref name=":1" />. In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":1" />.

===== Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision making<ref name=":1" />. Finally most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes<ref name=":1" />.

==== <big>Failures of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders<ref name=":1" />. Only one third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values<ref name=":1" />.

===== Conflict Reduced =====
Overall previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased.<ref name=":1" />"

===== Second Order Effects =====
Second order effects is defined as a decision that promotes a change in participants actions and encourages participants to work together<ref name=":1" />. Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes<ref name=":1" />.

===== Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreements is viewed to serve common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good<ref name=":1" />.

=== Discussion of Management of Conflict ===
Unfortunately we were not able to discuss with the Haida Gwaii management council to discuss any conflicts in the community and how they are being managed. Additionally, there is not much research that includes the Haida perspective or narrative. As the Haida nation is a major stakeholder in the Strategic Land Use Agreement, and their perspective is valuable, we recommend that future research puts Haida voices at the forefront. However, as previously mentioned, there are still some weaknesses in collaborative management such as weaknesses in reducing conflict, successful outcome of agreements, public interest, and second-order effects. In Astofooroff’s study, some recommendations to improve these conflicts are to have more involvement with the government. By being included in the government, many participants may feel that the agreement would be more successful if higher-level government officials listened to their concerns<ref name=":1" />.

== Assessment ==
=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance<ref name=":1" />. For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision<ref name=":1" />. In Astofooroff's study, power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources<ref name=":1" />. In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government<ref name=":1" />. Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result the decisions became less scientifically focused<ref name=":1" />.

== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process, although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals
== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T03:48:26Z

EakinSawadaTse: /* Protest History */

{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}The Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan (SLUA) was the culmination of many years of conflict and debate between the Haida Gwaii First Nations and the provincial government over logging practices on the islands of the Haida Gwaii. Frustration among the Haida communities and environmental groups, toward the unfair and inadequate consultation on Haida forest management, led to intense blockades and protests, prompting the province to act by properly consulting and including the communities in their decision-making process. The result was a unique foundation for all community forests and forestry operations on the island, giving the Council of the Haida Nations a sizable influence on where and what to harvest within designated harvest regions and the concession zones that comprise them. Through this agreement, the Haida Nation was able to secure coastal land areas under permanent protection, have a greater say on the Annual Allowable Cut on the Haida Gwaii, and protect specific trees within concession zones that have cultural significance.

The SLUA is an overarching system for defining, organizing, and managing forest tenures, governed by a joint decision council (the Haida Gwaii Management Council). The SLUA was developed through various interactions between various stakeholders of many levels, mainly the Haida Nation and the Provincial government as mentioned. However, the agreement involved many other groups, including Industrial logging licensees, environmental groups, and non-Indigenous residents of the islands. Today, the SLUA and its associated governance systems continue to allow the First Nations greater participation and influence in the forest tenures of Haida Gwaii. Many challenges exist and continue to persist, including: finding solutions to mitigate stakeholder conflicts, facilitating the development of trust between Indigenous and non-Indigenous players, overcoming the legacy of colonialism, etc.

Key words: Haida Gwaii, cultural features, cedar, tenure, council

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref>. Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref>. The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref>. Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient rich lands provides the Haida Nation with an abundance natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>. According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives.<ref name=":3" />" The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia have differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":2" />.

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez<ref name=":0" />. In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur<ref name=":1" />. However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000<ref name=":1" />.

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources<ref name=":1" />. Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment<ref name=":1" />. However this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had a harmful effects to the environment<ref name=":1" />. Overtime there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest<ref name=":1" />. This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high<ref name=":1" />.

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref>. The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia<ref name=":8" />. This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001<ref name=":8" />. On December 12, 2010, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties<ref name=":8" />.

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement, and many other similar agreements across Canada, is the long protest history of First Nations Peoples against the government and transnational forest/mining corporations who have historically disregarded Aboriginal Title and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke or any other light matter: they are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. In other words, this tactic is only be used when non-confrontational methods fail to gain any fair attention.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "You let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement: the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that maintains their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
[[File:Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) - Sandspit area (Graham Island) - the ferry accross to the road to Sandspit - (21536009826).jpg|thumb|Photo of Haida Gwaii]]
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen for the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current health of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors".<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late, the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, it contributes to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

The Haida Gwaii saw-whet owl (''Aegolius acadicus brooksi'') is one example of a threatened bird species on the Haida Gwaii islands. Industrial logging and the subsequent loss of old-growth forests - their primary habitat - has posed to be a major challenge for conservation efforts. Forested lands conserved through the Strategic Land Use Agreement has been found to cover 11 of the 12 potential critical habitats identified for this species. More research is required to determine the exact suitability of these sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=|date=2014|title=Northern Saw-whet Owl, brooksi subspecies (Aegolius acadicus brooksi): recovery strategy|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies/northern-saw-whet-owl-brooksi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products parallels ensuring the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":3" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protected the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%<ref name=":3" />. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities and identifying and protected selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia." whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>."
== Tenure Arrangements ==
Although the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement is not a specific tenure arrangement in and of itself, it does lay the groundwork for any tenure license applications for the Haida’s territory. What makes the Strategic Land Use Agreement so distinct is that it gives the Haida Gwaii Council authority to issue tenure licenses jointly with the Province of British Columbia. This denotes that when a forest company goes to apply for a license, they not only have to apply through the Crown, but also need to get one through the Haida Council, essentially giving the Haida Nation partial land sovereignty back. Currently, there is an established tenure area “on the east coast of Graham Island and Moresby Island on Haida Gwaii.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=03/26/2014|title=Haida Nation and B.C.sign forest tenure agreement|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2014FLNR0029-000374|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=BC Government News}}</ref> Additionally, the Misty Isles Development Society holds tenure for all the Haida Gwaii communities it represents.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry|url=https://haidagwaiicommunityforest.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry}}</ref> This tenure holder is similar to the Mabandla community-owned plantation. Both groups represent the larger collective of local peoples and put their best, economic interest at the forefront of their decisions. Ideally, just like the Mabandla case, the Misty Isles Development Society divides the profits equally amongst the communities and invests in any endeavour that would help improve the Western economic status of all involved.

When the Provincial government and the Haida Nation entered into their agreement, the proposed annual allowable cut (AAC) was 800,000 cubic meters.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14" /> Today however the timber supply area is set at 308,000 hectares and effective September 28, 2021 the AAC has been reduced to 272,061 cubic meters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Haida Gwaii Timber Supply Area|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/managing-our-forest-resources/timber-supply-review-and-allowable-annual-cut/allowable-annual-cut-timber-supply-areas/haida-gwaii-tsa|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=British Columbia}}</ref>

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive which are listed below .<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Despite being the person who's held accountable when things go awry, Cultural Feature Identification surveyors also need to know when an Archeological Impact Assessment needs to be conducted. Nonetheless, it is not the surveyors responsibility to identify when this protocol needs to be adhered to : it is the practicing forester/licensee who must implement this part of the agreement.<ref name=":12" /> The complication with this process however is that typically the surveyor is one of the first people to enter the designated area, and thus must still be familiar with when the archeological professional needs to come.

Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as level 1 and level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development area is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the Provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />

In addition to the CMT's, monumental cedar, yew trees, and bear dens, the following are cultural features that also must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory<ref name=":12" /> :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features : ''If any of these features are identified, an independent Archeological Impact Assessment must be conducted before proceeding.''

''Class 1''

* Village/Seasonal Village
* Identified Oral History Site
* Burial Site
* Inland Camp/Camp
* Identified Spiritual Site

''Class 2''

* Midden
* Bear Trap
* Fish Weird
* Cave
* Petroglyph
* Lithic Production Site
* Trails
* Lookout Site
* Fort
* Cache
* Canoe Run
* Shoreline Habitation Site
* Rock Shelter
* Karst Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

''Class 1 : These features are incredibly culturally important to the Haida Nation and increasingly rare due to over logging. Each appearance is considered a cultural feature.''

* False Ladyslipper/Fairy-slipper
* Black Hawthorn
* Northern Rice Root
* Devil’s Club
* Highbush-Cranberry
* Narcissus Anemone
* One-and-a-half Flowered Reedgrass
* Richardson’s Geranium
* Wright’s Filmy Fern
* Calder’s Lovage
* Western Cowbane

''Class 2 : Although these cultural features are still important to their culture, whether these species become classified as a cultural feature depends on their density and distribution.''

* Common Harebell
* Common Juniper
* Pacific Crabapple
* Yellow Pound Lily
* Stink Currant
* Black Swamp Gooseberry
* Trailing Black Currant
* Cloudberry
* Stinging Nettle
* Indian Hellebore

== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" />. It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]

=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==

=== Provincial Government ===
Provincial Government wishes to form a viable agreement with the Haida nation to benefit both the community and the province’s logging industry. Historically, the Provincial Government has issued permits to industries for commercial timber harvesting without much consideration or resistance due to Indigenous land titles not being recognized at that time.<ref name=":6" /> This has changed significantly in the recent decades with the international recognition of Indigenous rights and the 2004 landmark Supreme Court ruling recognizing the need for the province to consult the Haida Nation.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Hotte|first=Ngaio|last2=Wyatt|first2=Stephen|last3=Kozak|first3=Robert|date=|title=Influences on trust during collaborative forest governance: a case study from Haida Gwaii|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0222|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|volume=4|pages=361–374|via=}}</ref> Resulting power shifts in Indigenous land management has led to both new achievements and new challenges for the province. The current Provincial Government does recognize the Indigenous title of the Haida Gwaii community. However, because forestry and wood production are a major economic driver in the province, the government also advocates for the continuation of softwood lumber harvesting.

=== Industrial Logging Licensees ===
Major forest concession licensees want to ensure that the agreement still provides enough land/tree resources to harvest and produce revenue gains. Industrial logging firms has seen the Haida Gwaii forests as a viable source for timber to supply and fuel the province’s economy. This has, unfortunately, placed them at odds with the Haida communities who sought to protect the forests and manage them sustainably. The Strategic Land Use Plan, which arose from the conflicts between the two parties, was developed to allow the Haida nation more control over where and how much timber can be harvested. However, these industrial firms, including Teal Jones, has initially seen this as a loss of jobs and opportunities to benefit the economy.<ref name=":13" />

=== Environmental Activists and NGOs ===
Environmental groups and NGOs want to ensure that the maximum amount of old growth trees are protected in the Haida Gwaii - low importance, high influence. In the events that led up to the Strategic Land Use Plan, environmental activist groups and the Haida communities collaborated heavily to push for old growth forest protection from industrial logging.<ref name=":6" /> Therefore, this stakeholder group has had considerable influence behind the movement.

== Discussion ==
Overall, the aims and intentions of the Strategic Land Use Agreement was to implement several ecosystem-based management objectives and maintain healthy relationships between both parties as well as any forest tenure holders. Specifically ecosystem-based management is applied in areas of land that have been significantly altered or on land that has unbalanced socio-economic, environmental, or cultural conditions<ref name=":3" />. Both parties are to implement these aims through shared decision-making processes as well as receive sufficient information on these aims to make informed decisions<ref name=":3" />. Parties will also work together to make sure forest tenure holders abide by the ecosystem-based management objectives<ref name=":3" />.

=== Relative Successes and Failures ===
To study the outcomes of collaborative land use decision making, 11 outcome criterions were created<ref name=":1" />. Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision making in Haida Gwaii.

==== <big>Successes of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
===== Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision making is superior to other methods<ref name=":1" />. 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision making<ref name=":1" />.

===== Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making<ref name=":1" />. In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained<ref name=":1" />.

===== Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others<ref name=":1" />.

===== Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate<ref name=":1" />. 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful<ref name=":1" />. In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":1" />.

===== Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision making<ref name=":1" />. Finally most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes<ref name=":1" />.

==== <big>Failures of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders<ref name=":1" />. Only one third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values<ref name=":1" />.

===== Conflict Reduced =====
Overall previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased.<ref name=":1" />"

===== Second Order Effects =====
Second order effects is defined as a decision that promotes a change in participants actions and encourages participants to work together<ref name=":1" />. Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes<ref name=":1" />.

===== Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreements is viewed to serve common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good<ref name=":1" />.

=== Discussion of Management of Conflict ===
Unfortunately we were not able to discuss with the Haida Gwaii management council to discuss any conflicts in the community and how they are being managed. Additionally, there is not much research that includes the Haida perspective or narrative. As the Haida nation is a major stakeholder in the Strategic Land Use Agreement, and their perspective is valuable, we recommend that future research puts Haida voices at the forefront. However, as previously mentioned, there are still some weaknesses in collaborative management such as weaknesses in reducing conflict, successful outcome of agreements, public interest, and second-order effects. In Astofooroff’s study, some recommendations to improve these conflicts are to have more involvement with the government. By being included in the government, many participants may feel that the agreement would be more successful if higher-level government officials listened to their concerns<ref name=":1" />.

== Assessment ==
=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance<ref name=":1" />. For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision<ref name=":1" />. In Astofooroff's study, power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources<ref name=":1" />. In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government<ref name=":1" />. Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result the decisions became less scientifically focused<ref name=":1" />.

== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process, although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals
== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T03:47:36Z

EakinSawadaTse: tenure arrangements sources

{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}The Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan (SLUA) was the culmination of many years of conflict and debate between the Haida Gwaii First Nations and the provincial government over logging practices on the islands of the Haida Gwaii. Frustration among the Haida communities and environmental groups, toward the unfair and inadequate consultation on Haida forest management, led to intense blockades and protests, prompting the province to act by properly consulting and including the communities in their decision-making process. The result was a unique foundation for all community forests and forestry operations on the island, giving the Council of the Haida Nations a sizable influence on where and what to harvest within designated harvest regions and the concession zones that comprise them. Through this agreement, the Haida Nation was able to secure coastal land areas under permanent protection, have a greater say on the Annual Allowable Cut on the Haida Gwaii, and protect specific trees within concession zones that have cultural significance.

The SLUA is an overarching system for defining, organizing, and managing forest tenures, governed by a joint decision council (the Haida Gwaii Management Council). The SLUA was developed through various interactions between various stakeholders of many levels, mainly the Haida Nation and the Provincial government as mentioned. However, the agreement involved many other groups, including Industrial logging licensees, environmental groups, and non-Indigenous residents of the islands. Today, the SLUA and its associated governance systems continue to allow the First Nations greater participation and influence in the forest tenures of Haida Gwaii. Many challenges exist and continue to persist, including: finding solutions to mitigate stakeholder conflicts, facilitating the development of trust between Indigenous and non-Indigenous players, overcoming the legacy of colonialism, etc.

Key words: Haida Gwaii, cultural features, cedar, tenure, council

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref>. Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref>. The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref>. Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient rich lands provides the Haida Nation with an abundance natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>. According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives.<ref name=":3" />" The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia have differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":2" />.

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez<ref name=":0" />. In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur<ref name=":1" />. However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000<ref name=":1" />.

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources<ref name=":1" />. Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment<ref name=":1" />. However this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had a harmful effects to the environment<ref name=":1" />. Overtime there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest<ref name=":1" />. This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high<ref name=":1" />.

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref>. The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia<ref name=":8" />. This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001<ref name=":8" />. On December 12, 2010, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties<ref name=":8" />.

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement, and many other similar agreements across Canada, is the long protest history of First Nations Peoples against the government and transnational forest/mining corporations who have historically disregarded Aboriginal Title and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke or any other light matter: they are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. In other words, this tactic is only be used when non-confrontational methods fail to gain any fair attention.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "You let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement : the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that maintains their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
[[File:Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) - Sandspit area (Graham Island) - the ferry accross to the road to Sandspit - (21536009826).jpg|thumb|Photo of Haida Gwaii]]
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen for the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current health of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors".<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late, the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, it contributes to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

The Haida Gwaii saw-whet owl (''Aegolius acadicus brooksi'') is one example of a threatened bird species on the Haida Gwaii islands. Industrial logging and the subsequent loss of old-growth forests - their primary habitat - has posed to be a major challenge for conservation efforts. Forested lands conserved through the Strategic Land Use Agreement has been found to cover 11 of the 12 potential critical habitats identified for this species. More research is required to determine the exact suitability of these sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=|date=2014|title=Northern Saw-whet Owl, brooksi subspecies (Aegolius acadicus brooksi): recovery strategy|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies/northern-saw-whet-owl-brooksi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products parallels ensuring the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":3" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protected the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%<ref name=":3" />. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities and identifying and protected selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia." whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>."
== Tenure Arrangements ==
Although the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement is not a specific tenure arrangement in and of itself, it does lay the groundwork for any tenure license applications for the Haida’s territory. What makes the Strategic Land Use Agreement so distinct is that it gives the Haida Gwaii Council authority to issue tenure licenses jointly with the Province of British Columbia. This denotes that when a forest company goes to apply for a license, they not only have to apply through the Crown, but also need to get one through the Haida Council, essentially giving the Haida Nation partial land sovereignty back. Currently, there is an established tenure area “on the east coast of Graham Island and Moresby Island on Haida Gwaii.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=03/26/2014|title=Haida Nation and B.C.sign forest tenure agreement|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2014FLNR0029-000374|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=BC Government News}}</ref> Additionally, the Misty Isles Development Society holds tenure for all the Haida Gwaii communities it represents.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry|url=https://haidagwaiicommunityforest.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry}}</ref> This tenure holder is similar to the Mabandla community-owned plantation. Both groups represent the larger collective of local peoples and put their best, economic interest at the forefront of their decisions. Ideally, just like the Mabandla case, the Misty Isles Development Society divides the profits equally amongst the communities and invests in any endeavour that would help improve the Western economic status of all involved.

When the Provincial government and the Haida Nation entered into their agreement, the proposed annual allowable cut (AAC) was 800,000 cubic meters.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14" /> Today however the timber supply area is set at 308,000 hectares and effective September 28, 2021 the AAC has been reduced to 272,061 cubic meters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Haida Gwaii Timber Supply Area|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/managing-our-forest-resources/timber-supply-review-and-allowable-annual-cut/allowable-annual-cut-timber-supply-areas/haida-gwaii-tsa|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=British Columbia}}</ref>

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive which are listed below .<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Despite being the person who's held accountable when things go awry, Cultural Feature Identification surveyors also need to know when an Archeological Impact Assessment needs to be conducted. Nonetheless, it is not the surveyors responsibility to identify when this protocol needs to be adhered to : it is the practicing forester/licensee who must implement this part of the agreement.<ref name=":12" /> The complication with this process however is that typically the surveyor is one of the first people to enter the designated area, and thus must still be familiar with when the archeological professional needs to come.

Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as level 1 and level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development area is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the Provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />

In addition to the CMT's, monumental cedar, yew trees, and bear dens, the following are cultural features that also must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory<ref name=":12" /> :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features : ''If any of these features are identified, an independent Archeological Impact Assessment must be conducted before proceeding.''

''Class 1''

* Village/Seasonal Village
* Identified Oral History Site
* Burial Site
* Inland Camp/Camp
* Identified Spiritual Site

''Class 2''

* Midden
* Bear Trap
* Fish Weird
* Cave
* Petroglyph
* Lithic Production Site
* Trails
* Lookout Site
* Fort
* Cache
* Canoe Run
* Shoreline Habitation Site
* Rock Shelter
* Karst Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

''Class 1 : These features are incredibly culturally important to the Haida Nation and increasingly rare due to over logging. Each appearance is considered a cultural feature.''

* False Ladyslipper/Fairy-slipper
* Black Hawthorn
* Northern Rice Root
* Devil’s Club
* Highbush-Cranberry
* Narcissus Anemone
* One-and-a-half Flowered Reedgrass
* Richardson’s Geranium
* Wright’s Filmy Fern
* Calder’s Lovage
* Western Cowbane

''Class 2 : Although these cultural features are still important to their culture, whether these species become classified as a cultural feature depends on their density and distribution.''

* Common Harebell
* Common Juniper
* Pacific Crabapple
* Yellow Pound Lily
* Stink Currant
* Black Swamp Gooseberry
* Trailing Black Currant
* Cloudberry
* Stinging Nettle
* Indian Hellebore

== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" />. It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]

=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==

=== Provincial Government ===
Provincial Government wishes to form a viable agreement with the Haida nation to benefit both the community and the province’s logging industry. Historically, the Provincial Government has issued permits to industries for commercial timber harvesting without much consideration or resistance due to Indigenous land titles not being recognized at that time.<ref name=":6" /> This has changed significantly in the recent decades with the international recognition of Indigenous rights and the 2004 landmark Supreme Court ruling recognizing the need for the province to consult the Haida Nation.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Hotte|first=Ngaio|last2=Wyatt|first2=Stephen|last3=Kozak|first3=Robert|date=|title=Influences on trust during collaborative forest governance: a case study from Haida Gwaii|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0222|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|volume=4|pages=361–374|via=}}</ref> Resulting power shifts in Indigenous land management has led to both new achievements and new challenges for the province. The current Provincial Government does recognize the Indigenous title of the Haida Gwaii community. However, because forestry and wood production are a major economic driver in the province, the government also advocates for the continuation of softwood lumber harvesting.

=== Industrial Logging Licensees ===
Major forest concession licensees want to ensure that the agreement still provides enough land/tree resources to harvest and produce revenue gains. Industrial logging firms has seen the Haida Gwaii forests as a viable source for timber to supply and fuel the province’s economy. This has, unfortunately, placed them at odds with the Haida communities who sought to protect the forests and manage them sustainably. The Strategic Land Use Plan, which arose from the conflicts between the two parties, was developed to allow the Haida nation more control over where and how much timber can be harvested. However, these industrial firms, including Teal Jones, has initially seen this as a loss of jobs and opportunities to benefit the economy.<ref name=":13" />

=== Environmental Activists and NGOs ===
Environmental groups and NGOs want to ensure that the maximum amount of old growth trees are protected in the Haida Gwaii - low importance, high influence. In the events that led up to the Strategic Land Use Plan, environmental activist groups and the Haida communities collaborated heavily to push for old growth forest protection from industrial logging.<ref name=":6" /> Therefore, this stakeholder group has had considerable influence behind the movement.

== Discussion ==
Overall, the aims and intentions of the Strategic Land Use Agreement was to implement several ecosystem-based management objectives and maintain healthy relationships between both parties as well as any forest tenure holders. Specifically ecosystem-based management is applied in areas of land that have been significantly altered or on land that has unbalanced socio-economic, environmental, or cultural conditions<ref name=":3" />. Both parties are to implement these aims through shared decision-making processes as well as receive sufficient information on these aims to make informed decisions<ref name=":3" />. Parties will also work together to make sure forest tenure holders abide by the ecosystem-based management objectives<ref name=":3" />.

=== Relative Successes and Failures ===
To study the outcomes of collaborative land use decision making, 11 outcome criterions were created<ref name=":1" />. Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision making in Haida Gwaii.

==== <big>Successes of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
===== Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision making is superior to other methods<ref name=":1" />. 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision making<ref name=":1" />.

===== Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making<ref name=":1" />. In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained<ref name=":1" />.

===== Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others<ref name=":1" />.

===== Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate<ref name=":1" />. 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful<ref name=":1" />. In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":1" />.

===== Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision making<ref name=":1" />. Finally most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes<ref name=":1" />.

==== <big>Failures of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders<ref name=":1" />. Only one third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values<ref name=":1" />.

===== Conflict Reduced =====
Overall previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased.<ref name=":1" />"

===== Second Order Effects =====
Second order effects is defined as a decision that promotes a change in participants actions and encourages participants to work together<ref name=":1" />. Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes<ref name=":1" />.

===== Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreements is viewed to serve common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good<ref name=":1" />.

=== Discussion of Management of Conflict ===
Unfortunately we were not able to discuss with the Haida Gwaii management council to discuss any conflicts in the community and how they are being managed. Additionally, there is not much research that includes the Haida perspective or narrative. As the Haida nation is a major stakeholder in the Strategic Land Use Agreement, and their perspective is valuable, we recommend that future research puts Haida voices at the forefront. However, as previously mentioned, there are still some weaknesses in collaborative management such as weaknesses in reducing conflict, successful outcome of agreements, public interest, and second-order effects. In Astofooroff’s study, some recommendations to improve these conflicts are to have more involvement with the government. By being included in the government, many participants may feel that the agreement would be more successful if higher-level government officials listened to their concerns<ref name=":1" />.

== Assessment ==
=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance<ref name=":1" />. For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision<ref name=":1" />. In Astofooroff's study, power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources<ref name=":1" />. In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government<ref name=":1" />. Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result the decisions became less scientifically focused<ref name=":1" />.

== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process, although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals
== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T03:31:09Z

EakinSawadaTse: /* Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things[12] */

{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}The Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan (SLUA) was the culmination of many years of conflict and debate between the Haida Gwaii First Nations and the provincial government over logging practices on the islands of the Haida Gwaii. Frustration among the Haida communities and environmental groups, toward the unfair and inadequate consultation on Haida forest management, led to intense blockades and protests, prompting the province to act by properly consulting and including the communities in their decision-making process. The result was a unique foundation for all community forests and forestry operations on the island, giving the Council of the Haida Nations a sizable influence on where and what to harvest within designated harvest regions and the concession zones that comprise them. Through this agreement, the Haida Nation was able to secure coastal land areas under permanent protection, have a greater say on the Annual Allowable Cut on the Haida Gwaii, and protect specific trees within concession zones that have cultural significance.

The SLUA is an overarching system for defining, organizing, and managing forest tenures, governed by a joint decision council (the Haida Gwaii Management Council). The SLUA was developed through various interactions between various stakeholders of many levels, mainly the Haida Nation and the Provincial government as mentioned. However, the agreement involved many other groups, including Industrial logging licensees, environmental groups, and non-Indigenous residents of the islands. Today, the SLUA and its associated governance systems continue to allow the First Nations greater participation and influence in the forest tenures of Haida Gwaii. Many challenges exist and continue to persist, including: finding solutions to mitigate stakeholder conflicts, facilitating the development of trust between Indigenous and non-Indigenous players, overcoming the legacy of colonialism, etc.

Key words: Haida Gwaii, cultural features, cedar, tenure, council

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref>. Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref>. The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref>. Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient rich lands provides the Haida Nation with an abundance natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>. According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives.<ref name=":3" />" The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia have differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":2" />.

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez<ref name=":0" />. In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur<ref name=":1" />. However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000<ref name=":1" />.

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources<ref name=":1" />. Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment<ref name=":1" />. However this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had a harmful effects to the environment<ref name=":1" />. Overtime there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest<ref name=":1" />. This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high<ref name=":1" />.

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref>. The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia<ref name=":8" />. This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001<ref name=":8" />. On December 12, 2010, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties<ref name=":8" />.

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement, and many other similar agreements across Canada, is the long protest history of First Nations Peoples against the government and transnational forest/mining corporations who have historically disregarded Aboriginal Title and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke or any other light matter: they are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. In other words, this tactic is only be used when non-confrontational methods fail to gain any fair attention.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "You let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement : the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that maintains their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
[[File:Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) - Sandspit area (Graham Island) - the ferry accross to the road to Sandspit - (21536009826).jpg|thumb|Photo of Haida Gwaii]]
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen for the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current health of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors".<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late, the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, it contributes to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

The Haida Gwaii saw-whet owl (''Aegolius acadicus brooksi'') is one example of a threatened bird species on the Haida Gwaii islands. Industrial logging and the subsequent loss of old-growth forests - their primary habitat - has posed to be a major challenge for conservation efforts. Forested lands conserved through the Strategic Land Use Agreement has been found to cover 11 of the 12 potential critical habitats identified for this species. More research is required to determine the exact suitability of these sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=|date=2014|title=Northern Saw-whet Owl, brooksi subspecies (Aegolius acadicus brooksi): recovery strategy|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies/northern-saw-whet-owl-brooksi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products parallels ensuring the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":3" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protected the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%<ref name=":3" />. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities and identifying and protected selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia." whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>."
== Tenure Arrangements ==
Although the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement is not a specific tenure arrangement in and of itself, it does lay the groundwork for any tenure license applications for the Haida’s territory. What makes the Strategic Land Use Agreement so distinct is that it gives the Haida Gwaii Council authority to issue tenure licenses jointly with the Province of British Columbia. This denotes that when a forest company goes to apply for a license, they not only have to apply through the Crown, but also need to get one through the Haida Council, essentially giving the Haida Nation partial land sovereignty back. Currently, there is an established tenure area “on the east coast of Graham Island and Moresby Island on Haida Gwaii.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=03/26/2014|title=Haida Nation and B.C.sign forest tenure agreement|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2014FLNR0029-000374|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=BC Government News}}</ref> Additionally, the Misty Isles Development Society holds tenure for all the Haida Gwaii communities it represents.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry|url=https://haidagwaiicommunityforest.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry}}</ref> This tenure holder is similar to the Mabandla community-owned plantation. Both groups represent the larger collective of local peoples and put their best, economic interest at the forefront of their decisions. Ideally, just like the Mabandla case, the Misty Isles Development Society divides the profits equally amongst the communities and invests in any endeavour that would help improve the Western economic status of all involved.

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive which are listed below .<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Despite being the person who's held accountable when things go awry, Cultural Feature Identification surveyors also need to know when an Archeological Impact Assessment needs to be conducted. Nonetheless, it is not the surveyors responsibility to identify when this protocol needs to be adhered to : it is the practicing forester/licensee who must implement this part of the agreement.<ref name=":12" /> The complication with this process however is that typically the surveyor is one of the first people to enter the designated area, and thus must still be familiar with when the archeological professional needs to come.

Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as level 1 and level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development area is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the Provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />

In addition to the CMT's, monumental cedar, yew trees, and bear dens, the following are cultural features that also must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory<ref name=":12" /> :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features : ''If any of these features are identified, an independent Archeological Impact Assessment must be conducted before proceeding.''

''Class 1''

* Village/Seasonal Village
* Identified Oral History Site
* Burial Site
* Inland Camp/Camp
* Identified Spiritual Site

''Class 2''

* Midden
* Bear Trap
* Fish Weird
* Cave
* Petroglyph
* Lithic Production Site
* Trails
* Lookout Site
* Fort
* Cache
* Canoe Run
* Shoreline Habitation Site
* Rock Shelter
* Karst Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

''Class 1 : These features are incredibly culturally important to the Haida Nation and increasingly rare due to over logging. Each appearance is considered a cultural feature.''

* False Ladyslipper/Fairy-slipper
* Black Hawthorn
* Northern Rice Root
* Devil’s Club
* Highbush-Cranberry
* Narcissus Anemone
* One-and-a-half Flowered Reedgrass
* Richardson’s Geranium
* Wright’s Filmy Fern
* Calder’s Lovage
* Western Cowbane

''Class 2 : Although these cultural features are still important to their culture, whether these species become classified as a cultural feature depends on their density and distribution.''

* Common Harebell
* Common Juniper
* Pacific Crabapple
* Yellow Pound Lily
* Stink Currant
* Black Swamp Gooseberry
* Trailing Black Currant
* Cloudberry
* Stinging Nettle
* Indian Hellebore

== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" />. It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]

=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==

=== Provincial Government ===
Provincial Government wishes to form a viable agreement with the Haida nation to benefit both the community and the province’s logging industry. Historically, the Provincial Government has issued permits to industries for commercial timber harvesting without much consideration or resistance due to Indigenous land titles not being recognized at that time.<ref name=":6" /> This has changed significantly in the recent decades with the international recognition of Indigenous rights and the 2004 landmark Supreme Court ruling recognizing the need for the province to consult the Haida Nation.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Hotte|first=Ngaio|last2=Wyatt|first2=Stephen|last3=Kozak|first3=Robert|date=|title=Influences on trust during collaborative forest governance: a case study from Haida Gwaii|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0222|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|volume=4|pages=361–374|via=}}</ref> Resulting power shifts in Indigenous land management has led to both new achievements and new challenges for the province. The current Provincial Government does recognize the Indigenous title of the Haida Gwaii community. However, because forestry and wood production are a major economic driver in the province, the government also advocates for the continuation of softwood lumber harvesting.

=== Industrial Logging Licensees ===
Major forest concession licensees want to ensure that the agreement still provides enough land/tree resources to harvest and produce revenue gains. Industrial logging firms has seen the Haida Gwaii forests as a viable source for timber to supply and fuel the province’s economy. This has, unfortunately, placed them at odds with the Haida communities who sought to protect the forests and manage them sustainably. The Strategic Land Use Plan, which arose from the conflicts between the two parties, was developed to allow the Haida nation more control over where and how much timber can be harvested. However, these industrial firms, including Teal Jones, has initially seen this as a loss of jobs and opportunities to benefit the economy.<ref name=":13" />

=== Environmental Activists and NGOs ===
Environmental groups and NGOs want to ensure that the maximum amount of old growth trees are protected in the Haida Gwaii - low importance, high influence. In the events that led up to the Strategic Land Use Plan, environmental activist groups and the Haida communities collaborated heavily to push for old growth forest protection from industrial logging.<ref name=":6" /> Therefore, this stakeholder group has had considerable influence behind the movement.

== Discussion ==
Overall, the aims and intentions of the Strategic Land Use Agreement was to implement several ecosystem-based management objectives and maintain healthy relationships between both parties as well as any forest tenure holders. Specifically ecosystem-based management is applied in areas of land that have been significantly altered or on land that has unbalanced socio-economic, environmental, or cultural conditions<ref name=":3" />. Both parties are to implement these aims through shared decision-making processes as well as receive sufficient information on these aims to make informed decisions<ref name=":3" />. Parties will also work together to make sure forest tenure holders abide by the ecosystem-based management objectives<ref name=":3" />.

=== Relative Successes and Failures ===
To study the outcomes of collaborative land use decision making, 11 outcome criterions were created<ref name=":1" />. Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision making in Haida Gwaii.

==== <big>Successes of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
===== Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision making is superior to other methods<ref name=":1" />. 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision making<ref name=":1" />.

===== Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making<ref name=":1" />. In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained<ref name=":1" />.

===== Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others<ref name=":1" />.

===== Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate<ref name=":1" />. 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful<ref name=":1" />. In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":1" />.

===== Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision making<ref name=":1" />. Finally most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes<ref name=":1" />.

==== <big>Failures of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders<ref name=":1" />. Only one third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values<ref name=":1" />.

===== Conflict Reduced =====
Overall previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased.<ref name=":1" />"

===== Second Order Effects =====
Second order effects is defined as a decision that promotes a change in participants actions and encourages participants to work together<ref name=":1" />. Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes<ref name=":1" />.

===== Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreements is viewed to serve common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good<ref name=":1" />.

=== Discussion of Management of Conflict ===
Unfortunately we were not able to discuss with the Haida Gwaii management council to discuss any conflicts in the community and how they are being managed. Additionally, there is not much research that includes the Haida perspective or narrative. As the Haida nation is a major stakeholder in the Strategic Land Use Agreement, and their perspective is valuable, we recommend that future research puts Haida voices at the forefront. However, as previously mentioned, there are still some weaknesses in collaborative management such as weaknesses in reducing conflict, successful outcome of agreements, public interest, and second-order effects. In Astofooroff’s study, some recommendations to improve these conflicts are to have more involvement with the government. By being included in the government, many participants may feel that the agreement would be more successful if higher-level government officials listened to their concerns<ref name=":1" />.

== Assessment ==
=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance<ref name=":1" />. For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision<ref name=":1" />. In Astofooroff's study, power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources<ref name=":1" />. In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government<ref name=":1" />. Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result the decisions became less scientifically focused<ref name=":1" />.

== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process, although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals
== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T02:57:12Z

EakinSawadaTse:

{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}The Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan (SLUA) was the culmination of many years of conflict and debate between the Haida Gwaii First Nations and the provincial government over logging practices on the islands of the Haida Gwaii. Frustration among the Haida communities and environmental groups, toward the unfair and inadequate consultation on Haida forest management, led to intense blockades and protests, prompting the province to act by properly consulting and including the communities in their decision-making process. The result was a unique foundation for all community forests and forestry operations on the island, giving the Council of the Haida Nations a sizable influence on where and what to harvest within designated harvest regions and the concession zones that comprise them. Through this agreement, the Haida Nation was able to secure coastal land areas under permanent protection, have a greater say on the Annual Allowable Cut on the Haida Gwaii, and protect specific trees within concession zones that have cultural significance.

The SLUA is an overarching system for defining, organizing, and managing forest tenures, governed by a joint decision council (the Haida Gwaii Management Council). The SLUA was developed through various interactions between various stakeholders of many levels, mainly the Haida Nation and the Provincial government as mentioned. However, the agreement involved many other groups, including Industrial logging licensees, environmental groups, and non-Indigenous residents of the islands. Today, the SLUA and its associated governance systems continue to allow the First Nations greater participation and influence in the forest tenures of Haida Gwaii. Many challenges exist and continue to persist, including: finding solutions to mitigate stakeholder conflicts, facilitating the development of trust between Indigenous and non-Indigenous players, overcoming the legacy of colonialism, etc.

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref>. Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref>. The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref>. Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient rich lands provides the Haida Nation with an abundance natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>. According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives.<ref name=":3" />" The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia have differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":2" />.

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez<ref name=":0" />. In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur<ref name=":1" />. However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000<ref name=":1" />.

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources<ref name=":1" />. Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment<ref name=":1" />. However this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had a harmful effects to the environment<ref name=":1" />. Overtime there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest<ref name=":1" />. This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high<ref name=":1" />.

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref>. The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia<ref name=":8" />. This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001<ref name=":8" />. On December 12, 2010, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties<ref name=":8" />.

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement, and many other similar agreements across Canada, is the long protest history of First Nations Peoples against the government and transnational forest/mining corporations who have historically disregarded Aboriginal Title and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke or any other light matter: they are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. In other words, this tactic is only be used when non-confrontational methods fail to gain any fair attention.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "You let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement : the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that maintains their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen for the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current health of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors."<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late, the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, it contributes to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

The Haida Gwaii saw-whet owl (''Aegolius acadicus brooksi'') is one example of a threatened bird species on the Haida Gwaii islands. Industrial logging and the subsequent loss of old-growth forests - their primary habitat - has posed to be a major challenge for conservation efforts. Forested lands conserved through the Strategic Land Use Agreement has been found to cover 11 of the 12 potential critical habitats identified for this species. More research is required to determine the exact suitability of these sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=|date=2014|title=Northern Saw-whet Owl, brooksi subspecies (Aegolius acadicus brooksi): recovery strategy|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies/northern-saw-whet-owl-brooksi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products parallels ensuring the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":3" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protected the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%<ref name=":3" />. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities and identifying and protected selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia." whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>."
== Tenure Arrangements ==
Although the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement is not a specific tenure arrangement in and of itself, it does lay the groundwork for any tenure license applications for the Haida’s territory. What makes the Strategic Land Use Agreement so distinct is that it gives the Haida Gwaii Council authority to issue tenure licenses jointly with the Province of British Columbia. This denotes that when a forest company goes to apply for a license, they not only have to apply through the Crown, but also need to get one through the Haida Council, essentially giving the Haida Nation partial land sovereignty back. Currently, there is an established tenure area “on the east coast of Graham Island and Moresby Island on Haida Gwaii.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=03/26/2014|title=Haida Nation and B.C.sign forest tenure agreement|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2014FLNR0029-000374|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=BC Government News}}</ref> Additionally, the Misty Isles Development Society holds tenure for all the Haida Gwaii communities it represents.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry|url=https://haidagwaiicommunityforest.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry}}</ref> This tenure holder is similar to the Mabandla community-owned plantation. Both groups represent the larger collective of local peoples and put their best, economic interest at the forefront of their decisions. Ideally, just like the Mabandla case, the Misty Isles Development Society divides the profits equally amongst the communities and invests in any endeavour that would help improve the Western economic status of all involved.

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive which are listed below .<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Despite being the person who's held accountable when things go awry, Cultural Feature Identification surveyors also need to know when an Archeological Impact Assessment needs to be conducted. Nonetheless, it is not the surveyors responsibility to identify when this protocol needs to be adhered to : it is the practicing forester/licensee who must implement this part of the agreement.<ref name=":12" /> The complication with this process however is that typically the surveyor is one of the first people to enter the designated area, and thus must still be familiar with when the archeological professional needs to come.

Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as level 1 and level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development area is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the Provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />

In addition to the CMT's, monumental cedar, yew trees, and bear dens, the following are cultural features that also must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory<ref name=":12" /> :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features : ''If any of these features are identified, an independent Archeological Impact Assessment must be conducted before proceeding.''

''Class 1''

* Village/Seasonal Village
* Identified Oral History Site
* Burial Site
* Inland Camp/Camp
* Identified Spiritual Site

''Class 2''

* Midden
* Bear Trap
* Fish Weird
* Cave
* Petroglyph
* Lithic Production Site
* Trails
* Lookout Site
* Fort
* Cache
* Canoe Run
* Shoreline Habitation Site
* Rock Shelter
* Karst Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

''Class 1 : These features are incredibly culturally important to the Haida Nation and increasingly rare due to over logging. Each appearance is considered a cultural feature.''

* False Ladyslipper/Fairy-slipper
* Black Hawthorn
* Northern Rice Root
* Devil’s Club
* Highbush-Cranberry
* Narcissus Anemone
* One-and-a-half Flowered Reedgrass
* Richardson’s Geranium
* Wright’s Filmy Fern
* Calder’s Lovage
* Western Cowbane

''Class 2 : Although these cultural features are still important to their culture, whether these species become classified as a cultural feature depends on their density and distribution.''

* Common Harebell
* Common Juniper
* Pacific Crabapple
* Yellow Pound Lily
* Stink Currant
* Black Swamp Gooseberry
* Trailing Black Currant
* Cloudberry
* Stinging Nettle
* Indian Hellebore

== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" />. It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]

=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==

=== Provincial Government ===
Provincial Government wishes to form a viable agreement with the Haida nation to benefit both the community and the province’s logging industry. Historically, the Provincial Government has issued permits to industries for commercial timber harvesting without much consideration or resistance due to Indigenous land titles not being recognized at that time.<ref name=":6" /> This has changed significantly in the recent decades with the international recognition of Indigenous rights and the 2004 landmark Supreme Court ruling recognizing the need for the province to consult the Haida Nation.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Hotte|first=Ngaio|last2=Wyatt|first2=Stephen|last3=Kozak|first3=Robert|date=|title=Influences on trust during collaborative forest governance: a case study from Haida Gwaii|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0222|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|volume=4|pages=361–374|via=}}</ref> Resulting power shifts in Indigenous land management has led to both new achievements and new challenges for the province. The current Provincial Government does recognize the Indigenous title of the Haida Gwaii community. However, because forestry and wood production are a major economic driver in the province, the government also advocates for the continuation of softwood lumber harvesting.

=== Industrial Logging Licensees ===
Major forest concession licensees want to ensure that the agreement still provides enough land/tree resources to harvest and produce revenue gains. Industrial logging firms has seen the Haida Gwaii forests as a viable source for timber to supply and fuel the province’s economy. This has, unfortunately, placed them at odds with the Haida communities who sought to protect the forests and manage them sustainably. The Strategic Land Use Plan, which arose from the conflicts between the two parties, was developed to allow the Haida nation more control over where and how much timber can be harvested. However, these industrial firms, including Teal Jones, has initially seen this as a loss of jobs and opportunities to benefit the economy.<ref name=":13" />

=== Environmental Activists and NGOs ===
Environmental groups and NGOs want to ensure that the maximum amount of old growth trees are protected in the Haida Gwaii - low importance, high influence. In the events that led up to the Strategic Land Use Plan, environmental activist groups and the Haida communities collaborated heavily to push for old growth forest protection from industrial logging.<ref name=":6" /> Therefore, this stakeholder group has had considerable influence behind the movement.

== Discussion ==
Overall, the aims and intentions of the Strategic Land Use Agreement was to implement several ecosystem-based management objectives and maintain healthy relationships between both parties as well as any forest tenure holders. Specifically ecosystem-based management is applied in areas of land that have been significantly altered or on land that has unbalanced socio-economic, environmental, or cultural conditions<ref name=":3" />. Both parties are to implement these aims through shared decision-making processes as well as receive sufficient information on these aims to make informed decisions<ref name=":3" />. Parties will also work together to make sure forest tenure holders abide by the ecosystem-based management objectives<ref name=":3" />.

=== Relative Successes and Failures ===
To study the outcomes of collaborative land use decision making, 11 outcome criterions were created<ref name=":1" />. Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision making in Haida Gwaii.

==== <big>Successes of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
===== Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision making is superior to other methods<ref name=":1" />. 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision making<ref name=":1" />.

===== Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making<ref name=":1" />. In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained<ref name=":1" />.

===== Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others<ref name=":1" />.

===== Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate<ref name=":1" />. 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful<ref name=":1" />. In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":1" />.

===== Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision making<ref name=":1" />. Finally most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes<ref name=":1" />.

==== <big>Failures of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders<ref name=":1" />. Only one third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values<ref name=":1" />.

===== Conflict Reduced =====
Overall previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased.<ref name=":1" />"

===== Second Order Effects =====
Second order effects is defined as a decision that promotes a change in participants actions and encourages participants to work together<ref name=":1" />. Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes<ref name=":1" />.

===== Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreements is viewed to serve common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good<ref name=":1" />.

=== Discussion of Management of Conflict ===
Unfortunately we were not able to discuss with the Haida Gwaii management council to discuss any conflicts in the community and how they are being managed. Additionally, there is not much research that includes the Haida perspective or narrative. As the Haida nation is a major stakeholder in the Strategic Land Use Agreement, and their perspective is valuable, we recommend that future research puts Haida voices at the forefront. However, as previously mentioned, there are still some weaknesses in collaborative management such as weaknesses in reducing conflict, successful outcome of agreements, public interest, and second-order effects. In Astofooroff’s study, some recommendations to improve these conflicts are to have more involvement with the government. By being included in the government, many participants may feel that the agreement would be more successful if higher-level government officials listened to their concerns<ref name=":1" />.

== Assessment ==
=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance<ref name=":1" />. For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision<ref name=":1" />. In Astofooroff's study, power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources<ref name=":1" />. In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government<ref name=":1" />. Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result the decisions became less scientifically focused<ref name=":1" />.

== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process, although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals
== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T02:55:28Z

EakinSawadaTse: Abstract added

The Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan (SLUA) was the culmination of many years of conflict and debate between the Haida Gwaii First Nations and the provincial government over logging practices on the islands of the Haida Gwaii. Frustration among the Haida communities and environmental groups, toward the unfair and inadequate consultation on Haida forest management, led to intense blockades and protests, prompting the province to act by properly consulting and including the communities in their decision-making process. The result was a unique foundation for all community forests and forestry operations on the island, giving the Council of the Haida Nations a sizable influence on where and what to harvest within designated harvest regions and the concession zones that comprise them. Through this agreement, the Haida Nation was able to secure coastal land areas under permanent protection, have a greater say on the Annual Allowable Cut on the Haida Gwaii, and protect specific trees within concession zones that have cultural significance.

The SLUA is an overarching system for defining, organizing, and managing forest tenures, governed by a joint decision council (the Haida Gwaii Management Council). The SLUA was developed through various interactions between various stakeholders of many levels, mainly the Haida Nation and the Provincial government as mentioned. However, the agreement involved many other groups, including Industrial logging licensees, environmental groups, and non-Indigenous residents of the islands. Today, the SLUA and its associated governance systems continue to allow the First Nations greater participation and influence in the forest tenures of Haida Gwaii. Many challenges exist and continue to persist, including: finding solutions to mitigate stakeholder conflicts, facilitating the development of trust between Indigenous and non-Indigenous players, overcoming the legacy of colonialism, etc.{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref>. Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref>. The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref>. Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient rich lands provides the Haida Nation with an abundance natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>. According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives.<ref name=":3" />" The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia have differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":2" />.

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez<ref name=":0" />. In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur<ref name=":1" />. However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000<ref name=":1" />.

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources<ref name=":1" />. Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment<ref name=":1" />. However this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had a harmful effects to the environment<ref name=":1" />. Overtime there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest<ref name=":1" />. This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high<ref name=":1" />.

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref>. The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia<ref name=":8" />. This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001<ref name=":8" />. On December 12, 2010, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties<ref name=":8" />.

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement, and many other similar agreements across Canada, is the long protest history of First Nations Peoples against the government and transnational forest/mining corporations who have historically disregarded Aboriginal Title and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke or any other light matter: they are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. In other words, this tactic is only be used when non-confrontational methods fail to gain any fair attention.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "You let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement : the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that maintains their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen for the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current health of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors."<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late, the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, it contributes to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

The Haida Gwaii saw-whet owl (''Aegolius acadicus brooksi'') is one example of a threatened bird species on the Haida Gwaii islands. Industrial logging and the subsequent loss of old-growth forests - their primary habitat - has posed to be a major challenge for conservation efforts. Forested lands conserved through the Strategic Land Use Agreement has been found to cover 11 of the 12 potential critical habitats identified for this species. More research is required to determine the exact suitability of these sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=|date=2014|title=Northern Saw-whet Owl, brooksi subspecies (Aegolius acadicus brooksi): recovery strategy|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies/northern-saw-whet-owl-brooksi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products parallels ensuring the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":3" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protected the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%<ref name=":3" />. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities and identifying and protected selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia." whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>."
== Tenure Arrangements ==
Although the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement is not a specific tenure arrangement in and of itself, it does lay the groundwork for any tenure license applications for the Haida’s territory. What makes the Strategic Land Use Agreement so distinct is that it gives the Haida Gwaii Council authority to issue tenure licenses jointly with the Province of British Columbia. This denotes that when a forest company goes to apply for a license, they not only have to apply through the Crown, but also need to get one through the Haida Council, essentially giving the Haida Nation partial land sovereignty back. Currently, there is an established tenure area “on the east coast of Graham Island and Moresby Island on Haida Gwaii.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=03/26/2014|title=Haida Nation and B.C.sign forest tenure agreement|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2014FLNR0029-000374|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=BC Government News}}</ref> Additionally, the Misty Isles Development Society holds tenure for all the Haida Gwaii communities it represents.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry|url=https://haidagwaiicommunityforest.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Community Forestry}}</ref> This tenure holder is similar to the Mabandla community-owned plantation. Both groups represent the larger collective of local peoples and put their best, economic interest at the forefront of their decisions. Ideally, just like the Mabandla case, the Misty Isles Development Society divides the profits equally amongst the communities and invests in any endeavour that would help improve the Western economic status of all involved.

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive which are listed below .<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Despite being the person who's held accountable when things go awry, Cultural Feature Identification surveyors also need to know when an Archeological Impact Assessment needs to be conducted. Nonetheless, it is not the surveyors responsibility to identify when this protocol needs to be adhered to : it is the practicing forester/licensee who must implement this part of the agreement.<ref name=":12" /> The complication with this process however is that typically the surveyor is one of the first people to enter the designated area, and thus must still be familiar with when the archeological professional needs to come.

Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as level 1 and level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development area is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the Provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />

In addition to the CMT's, monumental cedar, yew trees, and bear dens, the following are cultural features that also must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory<ref name=":12" /> :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features : ''If any of these features are identified, an independent Archeological Impact Assessment must be conducted before proceeding.''

''Class 1''

* Village/Seasonal Village
* Identified Oral History Site
* Burial Site
* Inland Camp/Camp
* Identified Spiritual Site

''Class 2''

* Midden
* Bear Trap
* Fish Weird
* Cave
* Petroglyph
* Lithic Production Site
* Trails
* Lookout Site
* Fort
* Cache
* Canoe Run
* Shoreline Habitation Site
* Rock Shelter
* Karst Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

''Class 1 : These features are incredibly culturally important to the Haida Nation and increasingly rare due to over logging. Each appearance is considered a cultural feature.''

* False Ladyslipper/Fairy-slipper
* Black Hawthorn
* Northern Rice Root
* Devil’s Club
* Highbush-Cranberry
* Narcissus Anemone
* One-and-a-half Flowered Reedgrass
* Richardson’s Geranium
* Wright’s Filmy Fern
* Calder’s Lovage
* Western Cowbane

''Class 2 : Although these cultural features are still important to their culture, whether these species become classified as a cultural feature depends on their density and distribution.''

* Common Harebell
* Common Juniper
* Pacific Crabapple
* Yellow Pound Lily
* Stink Currant
* Black Swamp Gooseberry
* Trailing Black Currant
* Cloudberry
* Stinging Nettle
* Indian Hellebore

== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" />. It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]

=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==

=== Provincial Government ===
Provincial Government wishes to form a viable agreement with the Haida nation to benefit both the community and the province’s logging industry. Historically, the Provincial Government has issued permits to industries for commercial timber harvesting without much consideration or resistance due to Indigenous land titles not being recognized at that time.<ref name=":6" /> This has changed significantly in the recent decades with the international recognition of Indigenous rights and the 2004 landmark Supreme Court ruling recognizing the need for the province to consult the Haida Nation.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Hotte|first=Ngaio|last2=Wyatt|first2=Stephen|last3=Kozak|first3=Robert|date=|title=Influences on trust during collaborative forest governance: a case study from Haida Gwaii|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0222|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|volume=4|pages=361–374|via=}}</ref> Resulting power shifts in Indigenous land management has led to both new achievements and new challenges for the province. The current Provincial Government does recognize the Indigenous title of the Haida Gwaii community. However, because forestry and wood production are a major economic driver in the province, the government also advocates for the continuation of softwood lumber harvesting.

=== Industrial Logging Licensees ===
Major forest concession licensees want to ensure that the agreement still provides enough land/tree resources to harvest and produce revenue gains. Industrial logging firms has seen the Haida Gwaii forests as a viable source for timber to supply and fuel the province’s economy. This has, unfortunately, placed them at odds with the Haida communities who sought to protect the forests and manage them sustainably. The Strategic Land Use Plan, which arose from the conflicts between the two parties, was developed to allow the Haida nation more control over where and how much timber can be harvested. However, these industrial firms, including Teal Jones, has initially seen this as a loss of jobs and opportunities to benefit the economy.<ref name=":13" />

=== Environmental Activists and NGOs ===
Environmental groups and NGOs want to ensure that the maximum amount of old growth trees are protected in the Haida Gwaii - low importance, high influence. In the events that led up to the Strategic Land Use Plan, environmental activist groups and the Haida communities collaborated heavily to push for old growth forest protection from industrial logging.<ref name=":6" /> Therefore, this stakeholder group has had considerable influence behind the movement.

== Discussion ==
Overall, the aims and intentions of the Strategic Land Use Agreement was to implement several ecosystem-based management objectives and maintain healthy relationships between both parties as well as any forest tenure holders. Specifically ecosystem-based management is applied in areas of land that have been significantly altered or on land that has unbalanced socio-economic, environmental, or cultural conditions<ref name=":3" />. Both parties are to implement these aims through shared decision-making processes as well as receive sufficient information on these aims to make informed decisions<ref name=":3" />. Parties will also work together to make sure forest tenure holders abide by the ecosystem-based management objectives<ref name=":3" />.

=== Relative Successes and Failures ===
To study the outcomes of collaborative land use decision making, 11 outcome criterions were created<ref name=":1" />. Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision making in Haida Gwaii.

==== <big>Successes of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
===== Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision making is superior to other methods<ref name=":1" />. 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision making<ref name=":1" />.

===== Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making<ref name=":1" />. In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained<ref name=":1" />.

===== Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others<ref name=":1" />.

===== Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate<ref name=":1" />. 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful<ref name=":1" />. In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":1" />.

===== Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision making<ref name=":1" />. Finally most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes<ref name=":1" />.

==== <big>Failures of Collaborative Planning:</big> ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders<ref name=":1" />. Only one third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values<ref name=":1" />.

===== Conflict Reduced =====
Overall previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased.<ref name=":1" />"

===== Second Order Effects =====
Second order effects is defined as a decision that promotes a change in participants actions and encourages participants to work together<ref name=":1" />. Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes<ref name=":1" />.

===== Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreements is viewed to serve common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good<ref name=":1" />.

=== Discussion of Management of Conflict ===
Unfortunately we were not able to discuss with the Haida Gwaii management council to discuss any conflicts in the community and how they are being managed. Additionally, there is not much research that includes the Haida perspective or narrative. As the Haida nation is a major stakeholder in the Strategic Land Use Agreement, and their perspective is valuable, we recommend that future research puts Haida voices at the forefront. However, as previously mentioned, there are still some weaknesses in collaborative management such as weaknesses in reducing conflict, successful outcome of agreements, public interest, and second-order effects. In Astofooroff’s study, some recommendations to improve these conflicts are to have more involvement with the government. By being included in the government, many participants may feel that the agreement would be more successful if higher-level government officials listened to their concerns<ref name=":1" />.

== Assessment ==
=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance<ref name=":1" />. For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision<ref name=":1" />. In Astofooroff's study, power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources<ref name=":1" />. In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government<ref name=":1" />. Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result the decisions became less scientifically focused<ref name=":1" />.

== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process, although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals
== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T01:49:41Z

EakinSawadaTse: Tenure arrangements outline

== Abstract ==
{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref>. Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref>. The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref>. Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient rich lands provides the Haida Nation with an abundance natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>. According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives.<ref name=":3" />" The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia have differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":2" />.

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez<ref name=":0" />. In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur<ref name=":1" />. However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000<ref name=":1" />.

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources<ref name=":1" />. Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment<ref name=":1" />. However this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had a harmful effects to the environment<ref name=":1" />. Overtime there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest<ref name=":1" />. This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high<ref name=":1" />.

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref>. The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia<ref name=":8" />. This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001<ref name=":8" />. On December 12, 2010, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties<ref name=":8" />.

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== Traditional Cultural Management of the Land ===

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement, and many other similar agreements across Canada, is the long protest history of First Nations Peoples against the government and transnational forest/mining corporations who have historically disregarded Aboriginal Title and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke or any other light matter: they are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. In other words, this tactic is only be used when non-confrontational methods fail to gain any fair attention.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "You let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement : the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that maintains their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen for the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current state of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors."<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late. the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, they contribute to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

The Haida Gwaii saw-whet owl (''Aegolius acadicus brooksi'') is one example of a threatened bird species on the Haida Gwaii islands. Industrial logging and the subsequent loss of old-growth forests - their primary habitat - has posed to be a major challenge for conservation efforts. Forested lands conserved through the Strategic Land Use Agreement has been found to cover 11 of the 12 potential critical habitats identified for this species. More research is required to determine the exact suitability of these sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=|date=2014|title=Northern Saw-whet Owl, brooksi subspecies (Aegolius acadicus brooksi): recovery strategy|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies/northern-saw-whet-owl-brooksi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products ensures the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":3" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protected the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%<ref name=":3" />. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities and identifying and protected selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia." whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>."
== Tenure arrangements ==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

○ Have strong characteristics of a collaborative management agreement.

■ The Haida community has a sizable influence on what, where, how, and how much of the tree resources tenure holders can (or cannot) harvest within their concession zones. Specified rules include, but is not limited to:

● Tree resources on the Haida Gwaii must be sustainably harvested to ensure that enough remain annually for cultural, social, and livelihood activities of the Haida People

● Cultural and Traditional heritage sites on concession lands must be protected within a provided radius (the exact number to be added)

● “Monumental Cedar” is of cultural significance for the Haida Nation. Sufficient volume and quality must remain at all times to ensure that the Haida identity is preserved.

○ “Monumental Cedar” refers to both red and yellow cedar trees that have DBH greater than 100 cm and the height above the flare greater than or equal to 7 m. At least one side of the tree should be suitable for cultural, ceremonial use.

● A certain amount of cedar and yew stands on concession zones must be protected as a whole to preserve the pre-harvest forest appearance of these stands.

■ The Agreement also set up new and large protected areas along the coast where commercial harvesting is permanently prohibited. The protected areas are open for ecological preservation as well as spiritual, cultural, and recreational use by the Haida community and tourists.

- Duration is not specifically mentioned in the Agreement. This will be updated as we add content to the wiki page.

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive which are listed below .<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Despite being the person who's held accountable when things go awry, Cultural Feature Identification surveyors also need to know when an Archeological Impact Assessment needs to be conducted. Nonetheless, it is not the surveyors responsibility to identify when this protocol needs to be adhered to : it is the practicing forester/licensee who must implement this part of the agreement.<ref name=":12" /> The complication with this process however is that typically the surveyor is one of the first people to enter the designated area, and thus must still be familiar with when the archeological professional needs to come.

Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as level 1 and level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development area is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the Provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />

In addition to the CMT's, monumental cedar, yew trees, and bear dens, the following are cultural features that also must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory<ref name=":12" /> :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features : ''If any of these features are identified, an independent Archeological Impact Assessment must be conducted before proceeding.''

''Class 1''

* Village/Seasonal Village
* Identified Oral History Site
* Burial Site
* Inland Camp/Camp
* Identified Spiritual Site

''Class 2''

* Midden
* Bear Trap
* Fish Weird
* Cave
* Petroglyph
* Lithic Production Site
* Trails
* Lookout Site
* Fort
* Cache
* Canoe Run
* Shoreline Habitation Site
* Rock Shelter
* Karst Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

''Class 1 : These features are incredibly culturally important to the Haida Nation and increasingly rare due to over logging. Each appearance is considered a cultural feature.''

* False Ladyslipper/Fairy-slipper
* Black Hawthorn
* Northern Rice Root
* Devil’s Club
* Highbush-Cranberry
* Narcissus Anemone
* One-and-a-half Flowered Reedgrass
* Richardson’s Geranium
* Wright’s Filmy Fern
* Calder’s Lovage
* Western Cowbane

''Class 2 : Although these cultural features are still important to their culture, whether these species become classified as a cultural feature depends on their density and distribution.''

* Common Harebell
* Common Juniper
* Pacific Crabapple
* Yellow Pound Lily
* Stink Currant
* Black Swamp Gooseberry
* Trailing Black Currant
* Cloudberry
* Stinging Nettle
* Indian Hellebore

== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" />. It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]

=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==

=== Provincial Government ===
Provincial Government wishes to form a viable agreement with the Haida nation to benefit both the community and the province’s logging industry. Historically, the Provincial Government has issued permits to industries for commercial timber harvesting without much consideration or resistance due to Indigenous land titles not being recognized at that time.<ref name=":6" /> This has changed significantly in the recent decades with the international recognition of Indigenous rights and the 2004 landmark Supreme Court ruling recognizing the need for the province to consult the Haida Nation.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Hotte|first=Ngaio|last2=Wyatt|first2=Stephen|last3=Kozak|first3=Robert|date=|title=Influences on trust during collaborative forest governance: a case study from Haida Gwaii|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0222|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|volume=4|pages=361–374|via=}}</ref> Resulting power shifts in Indigenous land management has led to both new achievements and new challenges for the province. The current Provincial Government does recognize the Indigenous title of the Haida Gwaii community. However, because forestry and wood production are a major economic driver in the province, the government also advocates for the continuation of softwood lumber harvesting.

=== Industrial Logging Licensees ===
Major forest concession licensees want to ensure that the agreement still provides enough land/tree resources to harvest and produce revenue gains. Industrial logging firms has seen the Haida Gwaii forests as a viable source for timber to supply and fuel the province’s economy. This has, unfortunately, placed them at odds with the Haida communities who sought to protect the forests and manage them sustainably. The Strategic Land Use Plan, which arose from the conflicts between the two parties, was developed to allow the Haida nation more control over where and how much timber can be harvested. However, these industrial firms, including Teal Jones, has initially seen this as a loss of jobs and opportunities to benefit the economy.<ref name=":13" />

=== Environmental Activists and NGOs ===
Environmental groups and NGOs want to ensure that the maximum amount of old growth trees are protected in the Haida Gwaii - low importance, high influence. In the events that led up to the Strategic Land Use Plan, environmental activist groups and the Haida communities collaborated heavily to push for old growth forest protection from industrial logging.<ref name=":6" /> Therefore, this stakeholder group has had considerable influence behind the movement.

== Discussion ==

=== Other Major Challenges and Limitations Moving Forward ===

==== Relative Successes of Collaborative Planning: ====
To study the outcomes of collaborative land use decision making, 11 outcome criterions were created<ref name=":1" />. Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision making in Haida Gwaii.

===== Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision making is superior to other methods<ref name=":1" />. 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision making<ref name=":1" />.

===== Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making<ref name=":1" />. In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained<ref name=":1" />.

===== Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others<ref name=":1" />.

===== Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate<ref name=":1" />. 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful<ref name=":1" />. In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":1" />.

===== Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision making<ref name=":1" />. Finally most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes<ref name=":1" />.

==== Relative Failures of Collaborative Planning: ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders<ref name=":1" />. Only one third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values<ref name=":1" />.

===== Conflict Reduced =====
Overall previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased.<ref name=":1" />"

===== Second Order Effects =====
Second order effects is defined as a decision that promotes a change in participants actions and encourages participants to work together<ref name=":1" />. Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes<ref name=":1" />.

===== Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreements is viewed to serve common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good<ref name=":1" />.

== Assessment ==
=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance<ref name=":1" />. For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision<ref name=":1" />. In her study, Power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources<ref name=":1" />. In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government<ref name=":1" />. Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result the decisions became less scientific<ref name=":1" />.
== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process, although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals
== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T01:22:09Z

EakinSawadaTse: /* Protest History */ wording changes to existing sentences. Attempted to shorten run-on sentences.

== Abstract ==
{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref>. Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref>. The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref>. Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient rich lands provides the Haida Nation with an abundance natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>. According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives.<ref name=":3" />" The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia have differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":2" />.

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez<ref name=":0" />. In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur<ref name=":1" />. However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000<ref name=":1" />.

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources<ref name=":1" />. Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment<ref name=":1" />. However this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had a harmful effects to the environment<ref name=":1" />. Overtime there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest<ref name=":1" />. This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high<ref name=":1" />.

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref>. The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia<ref name=":8" />. This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001<ref name=":8" />. On December 12, 2010, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties<ref name=":8" />.

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== Traditional Cultural Management of the Land ===

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement, and many other similar agreements across Canada, is the long protest history of First Nations Peoples against the government and transnational forest/mining corporations who have historically disregarded Aboriginal Title and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke or any other light matter: they are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. In other words, this tactic is only be used when non-confrontational methods fail to gain any fair attention.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "You let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement : the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that maintains their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen to the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current state of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors."<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late. the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, they contribute to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

The Haida Gwaii saw-whet owl (''Aegolius acadicus brooksi'') is one example of a threatened bird species on the Haida Gwaii islands. Industrial logging and the subsequent loss of old-growth forests - their primary habitat - has posed to be a major challenge for conservation efforts. Forested lands conserved through the Strategic Land Use Agreement has been found to cover 11 of the 12 potential critical habitats identified for this species. More research is required to determine the exact suitability of these sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=|date=2014|title=Northern Saw-whet Owl, brooksi subspecies (Aegolius acadicus brooksi): recovery strategy|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies/northern-saw-whet-owl-brooksi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products ensures the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":3" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protected the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%<ref name=":3" />. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities and identifying and protected selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia." whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>."
== Tenure arrangements ==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive which are listed below .<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Despite being the person who's held accountable when things go awry, Cultural Feature Identification surveyors also need to know when an Archeological Impact Assessment needs to be conducted. Nonetheless, it is not the surveyors responsibility to identify when this protocol needs to be adhered to : it is the practicing forester/licensee who must implement this part of the agreement.<ref name=":12" /> The complication with this process however is that typically the surveyor is one of the first people to enter the designated area, and thus must still be familiar with when the archeological professional needs to come.

Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as level 1 and level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development area is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the Provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />

In addition to the CMT's, monumental cedar, yew trees, and bear dens, the following are cultural features that also must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory<ref name=":12" /> :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features : ''If any of these features are identified, an independent Archeological Impact Assessment must be conducted before proceeding.''

''Class 1''

* Village/Seasonal Village
* Identified Oral History Site
* Burial Site
* Inland Camp/Camp
* Identified Spiritual Site

''Class 2''

* Midden
* Bear Trap
* Fish Weird
* Cave
* Petroglyph
* Lithic Production Site
* Trails
* Lookout Site
* Fort
* Cache
* Canoe Run
* Shoreline Habitation Site
* Rock Shelter
* Karst Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

''Class 1 : These features are incredibly culturally important to the Haida Nation and increasingly rare due to over logging. Each appearance is considered a cultural feature.''

* False Ladyslipper/Fairy-slipper
* Black Hawthorn
* Northern Rice Root
* Devil’s Club
* Highbush-Cranberry
* Narcissus Anemone
* One-and-a-half Flowered Reedgrass
* Richardson’s Geranium
* Wright’s Filmy Fern
* Calder’s Lovage
* Western Cowbane

''Class 2 : Although these cultural features are still important to their culture, whether these species become classified as a cultural feature depends on their density and distribution.''

* Common Harebell
* Common Juniper
* Pacific Crabapple
* Yellow Pound Lily
* Stink Currant
* Black Swamp Gooseberry
* Trailing Black Currant
* Cloudberry
* Stinging Nettle
* Indian Hellebore

== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" />. It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]

=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==

=== Provincial Government ===
Provincial Government wishes to form a viable agreement with the Haida nation to benefit both the community and the province’s logging industry. Historically, the Provincial Government has issued permits to industries for commercial timber harvesting without much consideration or resistance due to Indigenous land titles not being recognized at that time.<ref name=":6" /> This has changed significantly in the recent decades with the international recognition of Indigenous rights and the 2004 landmark Supreme Court ruling recognizing the need for the province to consult the Haida Nation.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Hotte|first=Ngaio|last2=Wyatt|first2=Stephen|last3=Kozak|first3=Robert|date=|title=Influences on trust during collaborative forest governance: a case study from Haida Gwaii|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0222|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|volume=4|pages=361–374|via=}}</ref> Resulting power shifts in Indigenous land management has led to both new achievements and new challenges for the province. The current Provincial Government does recognize the Indigenous title of the Haida Gwaii community. However, because forestry and wood production are a major economic driver in the province, the government also advocates for the continuation of softwood lumber harvesting.

=== Industrial Logging Licensees ===
Major forest concession licensees want to ensure that the agreement still provides enough land/tree resources to harvest and produce revenue gains. Industrial logging firms has seen the Haida Gwaii forests as a viable source for timber to supply and fuel the province’s economy. This has, unfortunately, placed them at odds with the Haida communities who sought to protect the forests and manage them sustainably. The Strategic Land Use Plan, which arose from the conflicts between the two parties, was developed to allow the Haida nation more control over where and how much timber can be harvested. However, these industrial firms, including Teal Jones, has initially seen this as a loss of jobs and opportunities to benefit the economy.<ref name=":13" />

=== Environmental Activists and NGOs ===
Environmental groups and NGOs want to ensure that the maximum amount of old growth trees are protected in the Haida Gwaii - low importance, high influence. In the events that led up to the Strategic Land Use Plan, environmental activist groups and the Haida communities collaborated heavily to push for old growth forest protection from industrial logging.<ref name=":6" /> Therefore, this stakeholder group has had considerable influence behind the movement.

== Discussion ==

=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance<ref name=":1" />. For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision<ref name=":1" />. In her study, Power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources<ref name=":1" />. In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government<ref name=":1" />. Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result the decisions became less scientific<ref name=":1" />.

=== Other Major Challenges and Limitations Moving Forward ===

==== Relative Successes of Collaborative Planning: ====
To study the outcomes of collaborative land use decision making, 11 outcome criterions were created<ref name=":1" />. Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision making in Haida Gwaii.

===== Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision making is superior to other methods<ref name=":1" />. 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision making<ref name=":1" />.

===== Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making<ref name=":1" />. In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained<ref name=":1" />.

===== Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others<ref name=":1" />.

===== Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate<ref name=":1" />. 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful<ref name=":1" />. In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":1" />.

===== Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision making<ref name=":1" />. Finally most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes<ref name=":1" />.

==== Relative Failures of Collaborative Planning: ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders<ref name=":1" />. Only one third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values<ref name=":1" />.

===== Conflict Reduced =====
Overall previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased.<ref name=":1" />"

===== Second Order Effects =====
Second order effects is defined as a decision that promotes a change in participants actions and encourages participants to work together<ref name=":1" />. Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes<ref name=":1" />.

===== Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreements is viewed to serve common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good<ref name=":1" />.

== Assessment ==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process, although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals
== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T01:16:48Z

EakinSawadaTse: /* Protest History */ wording changes

== Abstract ==
{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref>. Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref>. The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref>. Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient rich lands provides the Haida Nation with an abundance natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>. According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives.<ref name=":3" />" The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia have differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":2" />.

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez<ref name=":0" />. In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur<ref name=":1" />. However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000<ref name=":1" />.

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources<ref name=":1" />. Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment<ref name=":1" />. However this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had a harmful effects to the environment<ref name=":1" />. Overtime there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest<ref name=":1" />. This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high<ref name=":1" />.

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref>. The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia<ref name=":8" />. This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001<ref name=":8" />. On December 12, 2010, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties<ref name=":8" />.

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== Traditional Cultural Management of the Land ===

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement, and many other similar agreements across Canada, is the long protest history of First Nations Peoples against the government and transnational forest/mining corporations who have historically disregarded Aboriginal Title and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke, and are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. This means this tactic should only be used when non-confrontational methods fail.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "you let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement : the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that maintains their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen to the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current state of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors."<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late. the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, they contribute to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

The Haida Gwaii saw-whet owl (''Aegolius acadicus brooksi'') is one example of a threatened bird species on the Haida Gwaii islands. Industrial logging and the subsequent loss of old-growth forests - their primary habitat - has posed to be a major challenge for conservation efforts. Forested lands conserved through the Strategic Land Use Agreement has been found to cover 11 of the 12 potential critical habitats identified for this species. More research is required to determine the exact suitability of these sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=|date=2014|title=Northern Saw-whet Owl, brooksi subspecies (Aegolius acadicus brooksi): recovery strategy|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies/northern-saw-whet-owl-brooksi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products ensures the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":3" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protected the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%<ref name=":3" />. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities and identifying and protected selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia." whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>."
== Tenure arrangements ==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive which are listed below .<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Despite being the person who's held accountable when things go awry, Cultural Feature Identification surveyors also need to know when an Archeological Impact Assessment needs to be conducted. Nonetheless, it is not the surveyors responsibility to identify when this protocol needs to be adhered to : it is the practicing forester/licensee who must implement this part of the agreement.<ref name=":12" /> The complication with this process however is that typically the surveyor is one of the first people to enter the designated area, and thus must still be familiar with when the archeological professional needs to come.

Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as level 1 and level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development area is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the Provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />

In addition to the CMT's, monumental cedar, yew trees, and bear dens, the following are cultural features that also must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory<ref name=":12" /> :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features : ''If any of these features are identified, an independent Archeological Impact Assessment must be conducted before proceeding.''

''Class 1''

* Village/Seasonal Village
* Identified Oral History Site
* Burial Site
* Inland Camp/Camp
* Identified Spiritual Site

''Class 2''

* Midden
* Bear Trap
* Fish Weird
* Cave
* Petroglyph
* Lithic Production Site
* Trails
* Lookout Site
* Fort
* Cache
* Canoe Run
* Shoreline Habitation Site
* Rock Shelter
* Karst Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

''Class 1 : These features are incredibly culturally important to the Haida Nation and increasingly rare due to over logging. Each appearance is considered a cultural feature.''

* False Ladyslipper/Fairy-slipper
* Black Hawthorn
* Northern Rice Root
* Devil’s Club
* Highbush-Cranberry
* Narcissus Anemone
* One-and-a-half Flowered Reedgrass
* Richardson’s Geranium
* Wright’s Filmy Fern
* Calder’s Lovage
* Western Cowbane

''Class 2 : Although these cultural features are still important to their culture, whether these species become classified as a cultural feature depends on their density and distribution.''

* Common Harebell
* Common Juniper
* Pacific Crabapple
* Yellow Pound Lily
* Stink Currant
* Black Swamp Gooseberry
* Trailing Black Currant
* Cloudberry
* Stinging Nettle
* Indian Hellebore

== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" />. It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]

=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==

=== Provincial Government ===
Provincial Government wishes to form a viable agreement with the Haida nation to benefit both the community and the province’s logging industry. Historically, the Provincial Government has issued permits to industries for commercial timber harvesting without much consideration or resistance due to Indigenous land titles not being recognized at that time.<ref name=":6" /> This has changed significantly in the recent decades with the international recognition of Indigenous rights and the 2004 landmark Supreme Court ruling recognizing the need for the province to consult the Haida Nation.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Hotte|first=Ngaio|last2=Wyatt|first2=Stephen|last3=Kozak|first3=Robert|date=|title=Influences on trust during collaborative forest governance: a case study from Haida Gwaii|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0222|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|volume=4|pages=361–374|via=}}</ref> Resulting power shifts in Indigenous land management has led to both new achievements and new challenges for the province. The current Provincial Government does recognize the Indigenous title of the Haida Gwaii community. However, because forestry and wood production are a major economic driver in the province, the government also advocates for the continuation of softwood lumber harvesting.

=== Industrial Logging Licensees ===
Major forest concession licensees want to ensure that the agreement still provides enough land/tree resources to harvest and produce revenue gains. Industrial logging firms has seen the Haida Gwaii forests as a viable source for timber to supply and fuel the province’s economy. This has, unfortunately, placed them at odds with the Haida communities who sought to protect the forests and manage them sustainably. The Strategic Land Use Plan, which arose from the conflicts between the two parties, was developed to allow the Haida nation more control over where and how much timber can be harvested. However, these industrial firms, including Teal Jones, has initially seen this as a loss of jobs and opportunities to benefit the economy.<ref name=":13" />

=== Environmental Activists and NGOs ===
Environmental groups and NGOs want to ensure that the maximum amount of old growth trees are protected in the Haida Gwaii - low importance, high influence. In the events that led up to the Strategic Land Use Plan, environmental activist groups and the Haida communities collaborated heavily to push for old growth forest protection from industrial logging.<ref name=":6" /> Therefore, this stakeholder group has had considerable influence behind the movement.

== Discussion ==

=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance<ref name=":1" />. For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision<ref name=":1" />. In her study, Power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources<ref name=":1" />. In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government<ref name=":1" />. Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result the decisions became less scientific<ref name=":1" />.

=== Other Major Challenges and Limitations Moving Forward ===

==== Relative Successes of Collaborative Planning: ====
To study the outcomes of collaborative land use decision making, 11 outcome criterions were created<ref name=":1" />. Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision making in Haida Gwaii.

===== Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision making is superior to other methods<ref name=":1" />. 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision making<ref name=":1" />.

===== Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making<ref name=":1" />. In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained<ref name=":1" />.

===== Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others<ref name=":1" />.

===== Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate<ref name=":1" />. 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful<ref name=":1" />. In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":1" />.

===== Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision making<ref name=":1" />. Finally most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes<ref name=":1" />.

==== Relative Failures of Collaborative Planning: ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders<ref name=":1" />. Only one third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values<ref name=":1" />.

===== Conflict Reduced =====
Overall previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased.<ref name=":1" />"

===== Second Order Effects =====
Second order effects is defined as a decision that promotes a change in participants actions and encourages participants to work together<ref name=":1" />. Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes<ref name=":1" />.

===== Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreements is viewed to serve common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good<ref name=":1" />.

== Assessment ==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process, although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals
== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T01:11:12Z

EakinSawadaTse: /* Interested Outside Stakeholders */

== Abstract ==
{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref>. Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref>. The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref>. Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient rich lands provides the Haida Nation with an abundance natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>. According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives.<ref name=":3" />" The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia have differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":2" />.

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez<ref name=":0" />. In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur<ref name=":1" />. However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000<ref name=":1" />.

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources<ref name=":1" />. Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment<ref name=":1" />. However this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had a harmful effects to the environment<ref name=":1" />. Overtime there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest<ref name=":1" />. This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high<ref name=":1" />.

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref>. The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia<ref name=":8" />. This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001<ref name=":8" />. On December 12, 2010, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties<ref name=":8" />.

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== Traditional Cultural Management of the Land ===

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii's Strategic Land Use Agreement and many other similar agreements across Canada is First Nations long protest history against the government and transnational forest and mining corporations who have disregarded Aboriginal Title, and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke, and are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. This means this tactic should only be used when non-confrontational methods fail.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "you let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement : the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that maintains their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen to the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current state of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors."<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late. the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, they contribute to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

The Haida Gwaii saw-whet owl (''Aegolius acadicus brooksi'') is one example of a threatened bird species on the Haida Gwaii islands. Industrial logging and the subsequent loss of old-growth forests - their primary habitat - has posed to be a major challenge for conservation efforts. Forested lands conserved through the Strategic Land Use Agreement has been found to cover 11 of the 12 potential critical habitats identified for this species. More research is required to determine the exact suitability of these sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=|date=2014|title=Northern Saw-whet Owl, brooksi subspecies (Aegolius acadicus brooksi): recovery strategy|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies/northern-saw-whet-owl-brooksi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products ensures the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":3" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protected the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%<ref name=":3" />. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities and identifying and protected selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia." whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>."
== Tenure arrangements ==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive which are listed below .<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Despite being the person who's held accountable when things go awry, Cultural Feature Identification surveyors also need to know when an Archeological Impact Assessment needs to be conducted. Nonetheless, it is not the surveyors responsibility to identify when this protocol needs to be adhered to : it is the practicing forester/licensee who must implement this part of the agreement.<ref name=":12" /> The complication with this process however is that typically the surveyor is one of the first people to enter the designated area, and thus must still be familiar with when the archeological professional needs to come.

Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as level 1 and level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development area is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the Provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />

In addition to the CMT's, monumental cedar, yew trees, and bear dens, the following are cultural features that also must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory<ref name=":12" /> :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features : ''If any of these features are identified, an independent Archeological Impact Assessment must be conducted before proceeding.''

''Class 1''

* Village/Seasonal Village
* Identified Oral History Site
* Burial Site
* Inland Camp/Camp
* Identified Spiritual Site

''Class 2''

* Midden
* Bear Trap
* Fish Weird
* Cave
* Petroglyph
* Lithic Production Site
* Trails
* Lookout Site
* Fort
* Cache
* Canoe Run
* Shoreline Habitation Site
* Rock Shelter
* Karst Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

''Class 1 : These features are incredibly culturally important to the Haida Nation and increasingly rare due to over logging. Each appearance is considered a cultural feature.''

* False Ladyslipper/Fairy-slipper
* Black Hawthorn
* Northern Rice Root
* Devil’s Club
* Highbush-Cranberry
* Narcissus Anemone
* One-and-a-half Flowered Reedgrass
* Richardson’s Geranium
* Wright’s Filmy Fern
* Calder’s Lovage
* Western Cowbane

''Class 2 : Although these cultural features are still important to their culture, whether these species become classified as a cultural feature depends on their density and distribution.''

* Common Harebell
* Common Juniper
* Pacific Crabapple
* Yellow Pound Lily
* Stink Currant
* Black Swamp Gooseberry
* Trailing Black Currant
* Cloudberry
* Stinging Nettle
* Indian Hellebore

== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" />. It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]

=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==

=== Provincial Government ===
Provincial Government wishes to form a viable agreement with the Haida nation to benefit both the community and the province’s logging industry. Historically, the Provincial Government has issued permits to industries for commercial timber harvesting without much consideration or resistance due to Indigenous land titles not being recognized at that time.<ref name=":6" /> This has changed significantly in the recent decades with the international recognition of Indigenous rights and the 2004 landmark Supreme Court ruling recognizing the need for the province to consult the Haida Nation.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Hotte|first=Ngaio|last2=Wyatt|first2=Stephen|last3=Kozak|first3=Robert|date=|title=Influences on trust during collaborative forest governance: a case study from Haida Gwaii|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0222|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|volume=4|pages=361–374|via=}}</ref> Resulting power shifts in Indigenous land management has led to both new achievements and new challenges for the province. The current Provincial Government does recognize the Indigenous title of the Haida Gwaii community. However, because forestry and wood production are a major economic driver in the province, the government also advocates for the continuation of softwood lumber harvesting.

=== Industrial Logging Licensees ===
Major forest concession licensees want to ensure that the agreement still provides enough land/tree resources to harvest and produce revenue gains. Industrial logging firms has seen the Haida Gwaii forests as a viable source for timber to supply and fuel the province’s economy. This has, unfortunately, placed them at odds with the Haida communities who sought to protect the forests and manage them sustainably. The Strategic Land Use Plan, which arose from the conflicts between the two parties, was developed to allow the Haida nation more control over where and how much timber can be harvested. However, these industrial firms, including Teal Jones, has initially seen this as a loss of jobs and opportunities to benefit the economy.<ref name=":13" />

=== Environmental Activists and NGOs ===
Environmental groups and NGOs want to ensure that the maximum amount of old growth trees are protected in the Haida Gwaii - low importance, high influence. In the events that led up to the Strategic Land Use Plan, environmental activist groups and the Haida communities collaborated heavily to push for old growth forest protection from industrial logging.<ref name=":6" /> Therefore, this stakeholder group has had considerable influence behind the movement.

== Discussion ==

=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance<ref name=":1" />. For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision<ref name=":1" />. In her study, Power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources<ref name=":1" />. In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government<ref name=":1" />. Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result the decisions became less scientific<ref name=":1" />.

=== Other Major Challenges and Limitations Moving Forward ===

==== Relative Successes of Collaborative Planning: ====
To study the outcomes of collaborative land use decision making, 11 outcome criterions were created<ref name=":1" />. Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision making in Haida Gwaii.

===== Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision making is superior to other methods<ref name=":1" />. 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision making<ref name=":1" />.

===== Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making<ref name=":1" />. In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained<ref name=":1" />.

===== Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others<ref name=":1" />.

===== Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate<ref name=":1" />. 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful<ref name=":1" />. In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":1" />.

===== Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision making<ref name=":1" />. Finally most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes<ref name=":1" />.

==== Relative Failures of Collaborative Planning: ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders<ref name=":1" />. Only one third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values<ref name=":1" />.

===== Conflict Reduced =====
Overall previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased.<ref name=":1" />"

===== Second Order Effects =====
Second order effects is defined as a decision that promotes a change in participants actions and encourages participants to work together<ref name=":1" />. Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes<ref name=":1" />.

===== Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreements is viewed to serve common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good<ref name=":1" />.

== Assessment ==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process, although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals
== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T01:07:48Z

EakinSawadaTse:

== Abstract ==
{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref>. Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref>. The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref>. Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient rich lands provides the Haida Nation with an abundance natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>. According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives.<ref name=":3" />" The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia have differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":2" />.

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez<ref name=":0" />. In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur<ref name=":1" />. However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000<ref name=":1" />.

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources<ref name=":1" />. Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment<ref name=":1" />. However this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had a harmful effects to the environment<ref name=":1" />. Overtime there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest<ref name=":1" />. This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high<ref name=":1" />.

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref>. The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia<ref name=":8" />. This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001<ref name=":8" />. On December 12, 2010, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties<ref name=":8" />.

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== Traditional Cultural Management of the Land ===

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii's Strategic Land Use Agreement and many other similar agreements across Canada is First Nations long protest history against the government and transnational forest and mining corporations who have disregarded Aboriginal Title, and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke, and are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. This means this tactic should only be used when non-confrontational methods fail.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "you let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement : the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that upholds their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen to the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current state of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors."<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late. the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, they contribute to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

The Haida Gwaii saw-whet owl (''Aegolius acadicus brooksi'') is one example of a threatened bird species on the Haida Gwaii islands. Industrial logging and the subsequent loss of old-growth forests - their primary habitat - has posed to be a major challenge for conservation efforts. Forested lands conserved through the Strategic Land Use Agreement has been found to cover 11 of the 12 potential critical habitats identified for this species. More research is required to determine the exact suitability of these sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=|date=2014|title=Northern Saw-whet Owl, brooksi subspecies (Aegolius acadicus brooksi): recovery strategy|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies/northern-saw-whet-owl-brooksi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products ensures the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":3" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protected the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%<ref name=":3" />. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities and identifying and protected selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia." whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>."
== Tenure arrangements ==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive which are listed below .<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Despite being the person who's held accountable when things go awry, Cultural Feature Identification surveyors also need to know when an Archeological Impact Assessment needs to be conducted. Nonetheless, it is not the surveyors responsibility to identify when this protocol needs to be adhered to : it is the practicing forester/licensee who must implement this part of the agreement.<ref name=":12" /> The complication with this process however is that typically the surveyor is one of the first people to enter the designated area, and thus must still be familiar with when the archeological professional needs to come.

Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as level 1 and level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development area is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the Provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />

In addition to the CMT's, monumental cedar, yew trees, and bear dens, the following are cultural features that also must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory<ref name=":12" /> :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features : ''If any of these features are identified, an independent Archeological Impact Assessment must be conducted before proceeding.''

''Class 1''

* Village/Seasonal Village
* Identified Oral History Site
* Burial Site
* Inland Camp/Camp
* Identified Spiritual Site

''Class 2''

* Midden
* Bear Trap
* Fish Weird
* Cave
* Petroglyph
* Lithic Production Site
* Trails
* Lookout Site
* Fort
* Cache
* Canoe Run
* Shoreline Habitation Site
* Rock Shelter
* Karst Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

''Class 1 : These features are incredibly culturally important to the Haida Nation and increasingly rare due to over logging. Each appearance is considered a cultural feature.''

* False Ladyslipper/Fairy-slipper
* Black Hawthorn
* Northern Rice Root
* Devil’s Club
* Highbush-Cranberry
* Narcissus Anemone
* One-and-a-half Flowered Reedgrass
* Richardson’s Geranium
* Wright’s Filmy Fern
* Calder’s Lovage
* Western Cowbane

''Class 2 : Although these cultural features are still important to their culture, whether these species become classified as a cultural feature depends on their density and distribution.''

* Common Harebell
* Common Juniper
* Pacific Crabapple
* Yellow Pound Lily
* Stink Currant
* Black Swamp Gooseberry
* Trailing Black Currant
* Cloudberry
* Stinging Nettle
* Indian Hellebore

== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" />. It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]

=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==
'''Provincial Government'''

Provincial Government wishes to form a viable agreement with the Haida nation to benefit both the community and the province’s logging industry. Historically, the Provincial Government has issued permits to industries for commercial timber harvesting without much consideration or resistance due to Indigenous land titles not being recognized at that time. This has changed significantly in the recent decades with the international recognition of Indigenous rights and the 2004 landmark Supreme Court ruling recognizing the need for the province to consult the Haida Nation.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Hotte|first=Ngaio|last2=Wyatt|first2=Stephen|last3=Kozak|first3=Robert|date=|title=Influences on trust during collaborative forest governance: a case study from Haida Gwaii|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0222|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|volume=4|pages=361–374|via=}}</ref> Resulting power shifts in Indigenous land management has led to both new achievements and new challenges for the province. The current Provincial Government does recognize the Indigenous title of the Haida Gwaii community. However, because forestry and wood production are a major economic driver in the province, the government also advocates for the continuation of softwood lumber harvesting.

'''Industrial Logging Licensees'''

Major forest concession licensees want to ensure that the agreement still provides enough land/tree resources to harvest and produce revenue gains. Industrial logging firms has seen the Haida Gwaii forests as a viable source for timber to supply and fuel the province’s economy. This has, unfortunately, placed them at odds with the Haida communities who sought to protect the forests and manage them sustainably. The Strategic Land Use Plan, which arose from the conflicts between the two parties, was developed to allow the Haida nation more control over where and how much timber can be harvested. However, these industrial firms, including Teal Jones, has initially seen this as a loss of jobs and opportunities to benefit the economy.

'''Environmental Activists and NGOs'''

Environmental groups and NGOs want to ensure that the maximum amount of old growth trees are protected in the Haida Gwaii - low importance, high influence. In the events that led up to the Strategic Land Use Plan, environmental activist groups and the Haida communities collaborated heavily to push for old growth forest protection from industrial logging. Therefore, this stakeholder group has had considerable influence behind the movement.

== Discussion ==

=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance<ref name=":1" />. For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision<ref name=":1" />. In her study, Power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources<ref name=":1" />. In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government<ref name=":1" />. Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result the decisions became less scientific<ref name=":1" />.

=== Other Major Challenges and Limitations Moving Forward ===

==== Relative Successes of Collaborative Planning: ====
To study the outcomes of collaborative land use decision making, 11 outcome criterions were created<ref name=":1" />. Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision making in Haida Gwaii.

===== Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision making is superior to other methods<ref name=":1" />. 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision making<ref name=":1" />.

===== Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making<ref name=":1" />. In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained<ref name=":1" />.

===== Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others<ref name=":1" />.

===== Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate<ref name=":1" />. 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful<ref name=":1" />. In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":1" />.

===== Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision making<ref name=":1" />. Finally most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes<ref name=":1" />.

==== Relative Failures of Collaborative Planning: ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders<ref name=":1" />. Only one third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values<ref name=":1" />.

===== Conflict Reduced =====
Overall previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased.<ref name=":1" />"

===== Second Order Effects =====
Second order effects is defined as a decision that promotes a change in participants actions and encourages participants to work together<ref name=":1" />. Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes<ref name=":1" />.

===== Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreements is viewed to serve common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good<ref name=":1" />.

== Assessment ==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process, although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals
== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T01:01:14Z

EakinSawadaTse:

== Abstract ==
{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref>. Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref>. The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref>. Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient rich lands provides the Haida Nation with an abundance natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>. According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives.<ref name=":3" />" The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia have differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":2" />.

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez<ref name=":0" />. In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur<ref name=":1" />. However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000<ref name=":1" />.

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources<ref name=":1" />. Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment<ref name=":1" />. However this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had a harmful effects to the environment<ref name=":1" />. Overtime there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest<ref name=":1" />. This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high<ref name=":1" />.

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref>. The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia<ref name=":8" />. This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001<ref name=":8" />. On December 12, 2010, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties<ref name=":8" />.

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== Traditional Cultural Management of the Land ===

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii's Strategic Land Use Agreement and many other similar agreements across Canada is First Nations long protest history against the government and transnational forest and mining corporations who have disregarded Aboriginal Title, and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke, and are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. This means this tactic should only be used when non-confrontational methods fail.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "you let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement : the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that upholds their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen to the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current state of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors."<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late. the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, they contribute to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

The Haida Gwaii saw-whet owl (''Aegolius acadicus brooksi'') is one example of a threatened bird species on the Haida Gwaii islands. Industrial logging and the subsequent loss of old-growth forests - their primary habitat - has posed to be a major challenge for conservation efforts. Forested lands conserved through the Strategic Land Use Agreement has been found to cover 11 of the 12 potential critical habitats identified for this species. More research is required to determine the exact suitability of these sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=|date=2014|title=Northern Saw-whet Owl, brooksi subspecies (Aegolius acadicus brooksi): recovery strategy|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies/northern-saw-whet-owl-brooksi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products ensures the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":3" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protected the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%<ref name=":3" />. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities and identifying and protected selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia." whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>."
== Tenure arrangements ==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive which are listed below .<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Despite being the person who's held accountable when things go awry, Cultural Feature Identification surveyors also need to know when an Archeological Impact Assessment needs to be conducted. Nonetheless, it is not the surveyors responsibility to identify when this protocol needs to be adhered to : it is the practicing forester/licensee who must implement this part of the agreement.<ref name=":12" /> The complication with this process however is that typically the surveyor is one of the first people to enter the designated area, and thus must still be familiar with when the archeological professional needs to come.

Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as level 1 and level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development area is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the Provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />

In addition to the CMT's, monumental cedar, yew trees, and bear dens, the following are cultural features that also must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory<ref name=":12" /> :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features : ''If any of these features are identified, an independent Archeological Impact Assessment must be conducted before proceeding.''

''Class 1''

* Village/Seasonal Village
* Identified Oral History Site
* Burial Site
* Inland Camp/Camp
* Identified Spiritual Site

''Class 2''

* Midden
* Bear Trap
* Fish Weird
* Cave
* Petroglyph
* Lithic Production Site
* Trails
* Lookout Site
* Fort
* Cache
* Canoe Run
* Shoreline Habitation Site
* Rock Shelter
* Karst Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

''Class 1 : These features are incredibly culturally important to the Haida Nation and increasingly rare due to over logging. Each appearance is considered a cultural feature.''

* False Ladyslipper/Fairy-slipper
* Black Hawthorn
* Northern Rice Root
* Devil’s Club
* Highbush-Cranberry
* Narcissus Anemone
* One-and-a-half Flowered Reedgrass
* Richardson’s Geranium
* Wright’s Filmy Fern
* Calder’s Lovage
* Western Cowbane

''Class 2 : Although these cultural features are still important to their culture, whether these species become classified as a cultural feature depends on their density and distribution.''

* Common Harebell
* Common Juniper
* Pacific Crabapple
* Yellow Pound Lily
* Stink Currant
* Black Swamp Gooseberry
* Trailing Black Currant
* Cloudberry
* Stinging Nettle
* Indian Hellebore

== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" />. It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]

=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==
'''Provincial Government'''

Provincial Government wishes to form a viable agreement with the Haida nation to benefit both the community and the province’s logging industry. Historically, the Provincial Government has issued permits to industries for commercial timber harvesting without much consideration or resistance due to Indigenous land titles not being recognized at that time. This has changed significantly in the recent decades with the international recognition of Indigenous rights and the 2004 landmark Supreme Court ruling recognizing the need for the province to consult the Haida Nation. Resulting power shifts in Indigenous land management has led to both new achievements and new challenges for the province. The current Provincial Government does recognize the Indigenous title of the Haida Gwaii community. However, because forestry and wood production are a major economic driver in the province, the government also advocates for the continuation of softwood lumber harvesting.

'''Industrial Logging Licensees'''

Major forest concession licensees want to ensure that the agreement still provides enough land/tree resources to harvest and produce revenue gains. Industrial logging firms has seen the Haida Gwaii forests as a viable source for timber to supply and fuel the province’s economy. This has, unfortunately, placed them at odds with the Haida communities who sought to protect the forests and manage them sustainably. The Strategic Land Use Plan, which arose from the conflicts between the two parties, was developed to allow the Haida nation more control over where and how much timber can be harvested. However, these industrial firms, including Teal Jones, has initially seen this as a loss of jobs and opportunities to benefit the economy.

'''Environmental Activists and NGOs'''

Environmental groups and NGOs want to ensure that the maximum amount of old growth trees are protected in the Haida Gwaii - low importance, high influence. In the events that led up to the Strategic Land Use Plan, environmental activist groups and the Haida communities collaborated heavily to push for old growth forest protection from industrial logging. Therefore, this stakeholder group has had considerable influence behind the movement.

== Discussion ==

=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance<ref name=":1" />. For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision<ref name=":1" />. In her study, Power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources<ref name=":1" />. In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government<ref name=":1" />. Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result the decisions became less scientific<ref name=":1" />.

=== Other Major Challenges and Limitations Moving Forward ===

==== Relative Successes of Collaborative Planning: ====
To study the outcomes of collaborative land use decision making, 11 outcome criterions were created<ref name=":1" />. Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision making in Haida Gwaii.

===== Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision making is superior to other methods<ref name=":1" />. 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision making<ref name=":1" />.

===== Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making<ref name=":1" />. In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained<ref name=":1" />.

===== Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others<ref name=":1" />.

===== Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate<ref name=":1" />. 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful<ref name=":1" />. In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":1" />.

===== Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision making<ref name=":1" />. Finally most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes<ref name=":1" />.

==== Relative Failures of Collaborative Planning: ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders<ref name=":1" />. Only one third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values<ref name=":1" />.

===== Conflict Reduced =====
Overall previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased.<ref name=":1" />"

===== Second Order Effects =====
Second order effects is defined as a decision that promotes a change in participants actions and encourages participants to work together<ref name=":1" />. Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes<ref name=":1" />.

===== Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreements is viewed to serve common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good<ref name=":1" />.

== Assessment ==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process, although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals
== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T00:58:53Z

EakinSawadaTse: /* Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things[12] */ Saw-whet owl details

== Abstract ==
{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref>. Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref>. The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref>. Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient rich lands provides the Haida Nation with an abundance natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>. According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives.<ref name=":3" />" The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia have differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":2" />.

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez<ref name=":0" />. In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur<ref name=":1" />. However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000<ref name=":1" />.

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources<ref name=":1" />. Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment<ref name=":1" />. However this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had a harmful effects to the environment<ref name=":1" />. Overtime there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest<ref name=":1" />. This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high<ref name=":1" />.

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref>. The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia<ref name=":8" />. This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001<ref name=":8" />. On December 12, 2010, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties<ref name=":8" />.

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== Traditional Cultural Management of the Land ===

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii's Strategic Land Use Agreement and many other similar agreements across Canada is First Nations long protest history against the government and transnational forest and mining corporations who have disregarded Aboriginal Title, and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke, and are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. This means this tactic should only be used when non-confrontational methods fail.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "you let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement : the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that upholds their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen to the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current state of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors."<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late. the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, they contribute to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

The Haida Gwaii saw-whet owl (''Aegolius acadicus brooksi'') is one example of a threatened bird species on the Haida Gwaii islands. Industrial logging and the subsequent loss of old-growth forests - their primary habitat - has posed to be a major challenge for conservation efforts. Forested lands conserved through the Strategic Land Use Agreement has been found to cover 11 of the 12 potential critical habitats identified for this species. More research is required to determine the exact suitability of these sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=|date=2014|title=Northern Saw-whet Owl, brooksi subspecies (Aegolius acadicus brooksi): recovery strategy|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies/northern-saw-whet-owl-brooksi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products ensures the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":3" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protected the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%<ref name=":3" />. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities and identifying and protected selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia." whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>."
== Tenure arrangements ==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive which are listed below .<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Despite being the person who's held accountable when things go awry, Cultural Feature Identification surveyors also need to know when an Archeological Impact Assessment needs to be conducted. Nonetheless, it is not the surveyors responsibility to identify when this protocol needs to be adhered to : it is the practicing forester/licensee who must implement this part of the agreement.<ref name=":12" /> The complication with this process however is that typically the surveyor is one of the first people to enter the designated area, and thus must still be familiar with when the archeological professional needs to come.

Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as level 1 and level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development area is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the Provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />

In addition to the CMT's, monumental cedar, yew trees, and bear dens, the following are cultural features that also must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory<ref name=":12" /> :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features : ''If any of these features are identified, an independent Archeological Impact Assessment must be conducted before proceeding.''

''Class 1''

* Village/Seasonal Village
* Identified Oral History Site
* Burial Site
* Inland Camp/Camp
* Identified Spiritual Site

''Class 2''

* Midden
* Bear Trap
* Fish Weird
* Cave
* Petroglyph
* Lithic Production Site
* Trails
* Lookout Site
* Fort
* Cache
* Canoe Run
* Shoreline Habitation Site
* Rock Shelter
* Karst Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

''Class 1 : These features are incredibly culturally important to the Haida Nation and increasingly rare due to over logging. Each appearance is considered a cultural feature.''

* False Ladyslipper/Fairy-slipper
* Black Hawthorn
* Northern Rice Root
* Devil’s Club
* Highbush-Cranberry
* Narcissus Anemone
* One-and-a-half Flowered Reedgrass
* Richardson’s Geranium
* Wright’s Filmy Fern
* Calder’s Lovage
* Western Cowbane

''Class 2 : Although these cultural features are still important to their culture, whether these species become classified as a cultural feature depends on their density and distribution.''

* Common Harebell
* Common Juniper
* Pacific Crabapple
* Yellow Pound Lily
* Stink Currant
* Black Swamp Gooseberry
* Trailing Black Currant
* Cloudberry
* Stinging Nettle
* Indian Hellebore

== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" />. It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]

=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==
Logging Companies

BC Government
== Discussion ==

=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance<ref name=":1" />. For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision<ref name=":1" />. In her study, Power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources<ref name=":1" />. In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government<ref name=":1" />. Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result the decisions became less scientific<ref name=":1" />.

=== Other Major Challenges and Limitations Moving Forward ===

==== Relative Successes of Collaborative Planning: ====
To study the outcomes of collaborative land use decision making, 11 outcome criterions were created<ref name=":1" />. Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision making in Haida Gwaii.

===== Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision making is superior to other methods<ref name=":1" />. 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision making<ref name=":1" />.

===== Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making<ref name=":1" />. In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained<ref name=":1" />.

===== Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others<ref name=":1" />.

===== Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate<ref name=":1" />. 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful<ref name=":1" />. In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":1" />.

===== Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision making<ref name=":1" />. Finally most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes<ref name=":1" />.

==== Relative Failures of Collaborative Planning: ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders<ref name=":1" />. Only one third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values<ref name=":1" />.

===== Conflict Reduced =====
Overall previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased.<ref name=":1" />"

===== Second Order Effects =====
Second order effects is defined as a decision that promotes a change in participants actions and encourages participants to work together<ref name=":1" />. Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes<ref name=":1" />.

===== Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreements is viewed to serve common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good<ref name=":1" />.

== Assessment ==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process, although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals
== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T00:44:30Z

EakinSawadaTse: made changes to Other Major Challenges and Limitations

== Abstract ==
{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref>. Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref>. The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the North Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref>. Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient-rich lands provide the Haida Nation with an abundance of natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>. According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives.<ref name=":3" />" The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia having differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":2" />.

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez<ref name=":0" />. In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur<ref name=":1" />. However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000<ref name=":1" />.

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources<ref name=":1" />. Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment<ref name=":1" />. However, this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had harmful effects to the environment<ref name=":1" />. Overtime, there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest<ref name=":1" />. This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high<ref name=":1" />.

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref>. The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia<ref name=":8" />. This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001<ref name=":8" />. On December 12, 2010, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties<ref name=":8" />.

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== Traditional Cultural Management of the Land ===

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii's Strategic Land Use Agreement and many other similar agreements across Canada is First Nations long protest history against the government and transnational forest and mining corporations who have disregarded Aboriginal Title, and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke, and are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. This means this tactic should only be used when non-confrontational methods fail.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "you let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement : the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that upholds their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen to the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current state of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors."<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late. the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, they contribute to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products ensures the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation's traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":3" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement, a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protecting the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%<ref name=":3" />. Finally, the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities, and identifying and protecting selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status, red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia." whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>."

====== Cultural Features ======
The following are cultural features that must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

Culturally Modified Trees

Monumental Cedar

Yew Trees

Bear dens.

== Tenure arrangements ==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive, which will be described in more detail below.<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as Level 1 and Level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development are is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the Provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />
== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" />. It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]

=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==
'''Provincial Government'''

Provincial Government wishes to form a viable agreement with the Haida nation to benefit both the community and the province’s logging industry. Historically, the Provincial Government has issued permits to industries for commercial timber harvesting without much consideration or resistance due to Indigenous land titles not being recognized at that time<ref name=":6" />. This has changed significantly in the recent decades with the international recognition of Indigenous rights and the 2004 landmark Supreme Court ruling recognizing the need for the province to consult the Haida Nation.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Hotte|first=Ngaio|last2=Wyatt|first2=Stephen|last3=Kozak|first3=Robert|date=|title=Influences on trust during collaborative forest governance: a case study from Haida Gwaii|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0222|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|volume=4|pages=361–374|via=}}</ref> Resulting power shifts in Indigenous land management has led to both new achievements and new challenges for the province. The current Provincial Government does recognize the Indigenous title of the Haida Gwaii community. However, because forestry and wood production are a major economic driver in the province, the government also advocates for the continuation of softwood lumber harvesting.

'''Industrial Logging Licensees'''

Major forest concession licensees want to ensure that the agreement still provides enough land/tree resources to harvest and produce revenue gains. Industrial logging firms has seen the Haida Gwaii forests as a viable source for timber to supply and fuel the province’s economy. This has, unfortunately, placed them at odds with the Haida communities who sought to protect the forests and manage them sustainably.<ref name=":6" /> The Strategic Land Use Plan, which arose from the conflicts between the two parties, was developed to allow the Haida nation more control over where and how much timber can be harvested. However, these industrial firms, including Teal Jones, has initially seen this as a loss of jobs and opportunities to benefit the economy.<ref name=":13" />

'''Environmental Activists and NGOs'''

Environmental groups and NGOs want to ensure that the maximum amount of old growth trees are protected in the Haida Gwaii - low importance, high influence. In the events that led up to the Strategic Land Use Plan, environmental activist groups and the Haida communities collaborated heavily to push for old growth forest protection from industrial logging.<ref name=":6" /> Therefore, this stakeholder group has had considerable influence behind the movement.
== Discussion ==

=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance<ref name=":1" />. For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision<ref name=":1" />. In her study, Power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources<ref name=":1" />. In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government<ref name=":1" />. Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result, the decisions became less scientifically focused <ref name=":1" />.

=== Other Major Challenges and Limitations Moving Forward ===

==== '''Relative Successes of Collaborative Planning:''' ====
To study the outcomes of collaborative land-use decision making, 11 outcome criterion was created<ref name=":1" />. Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision-making in Haida Gwaii.

===== 1) Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision-making is superior to other methods<ref name=":1" />. 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land-use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== 2) Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision-making<ref name=":1" />.

===== 3) Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making<ref name=":1" />. In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained<ref name=":1" />.

===== 4) Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others<ref name=":1" />.

Trust is a crucial element in sustaining the Strategic Land Use Agreement, especially between the Haida Gwaii nation and the Provincial Government. Specifically, the Haida peoples value interpersonal connections between stakeholders and each other and feel more secure and/or confident when working with government individuals whom they had prior connections and experiences with.<ref name=":14" /> However, the Haida community still bears the legacy of colonialism and the ill-treatment of Indigenous Peoples by both provincial and federal governments. This continues to affect how members of the Indigenous community perceive Government actions and proposals.<ref name=":14" />

===== 5) Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate<ref name=":1" />. 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful<ref name=":1" />. In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision-making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":1" />.

===== 6) Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus-based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision-making<ref name=":1" />. Finally, most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== 7) Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes<ref name=":1" />.

==== '''Relative Failures of Collaborative Planning:''' ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== 1) Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders<ref name=":1" />. Only one-third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values<ref name=":1" />.

===== 2) Conflict Reduced =====
Overall, previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased.<ref name=":1" />"

===== 3) Second Order Effects =====
Second-order effects are defined as a decision that promotes a change in participant's actions and encourages participants to work together<ref name=":1" />. Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes<ref name=":1" />.

===== 4) Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreement is viewed to serve a common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good<ref name=":1" />.

== Assessment ==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process. Although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals

== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-12-02T00:36:43Z

EakinSawadaTse: Added content to Interested Outside Stakeholders

== Abstract ==
{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}

== Description ==
[[File:Haida Gwaii Map.png|thumb|Haida Gwaii on BC map]]
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref>. Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref>. The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the North Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref>. Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient-rich lands provide the Haida Nation with an abundance of natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.
[[File:Haida Gwaii map.svg|thumb|Map of Haida Gwaii region]]
The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>. According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives.<ref name=":3" />" The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia having differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":2" />.

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref name=":1">Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez<ref name=":0" />. In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />" From the late 1700s, Haida Gwaii was an established trading post, where Haidas traded fur<ref name=":1" />. However as more Europeans came in contact with Haida Gwaii, they destroyed the Indigenous population through disease, guns, and alcohol lowering the Indigenous population from around 30,000 to less than 1000<ref name=":1" />.

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement ===
By the 20th century, there was an influx of Non-Native residence due to new employment in natural resources<ref name=":1" />. Currently, the forest industry is the largest source of employment for residence on Haida Gwaii, with 33% of total employment<ref name=":1" />. However, this use of natural resources stirred up conflict between the Haidas and the BC government as unsustainable logging practices had harmful effects to the environment<ref name=":1" />. Overtime, there was growing concern about the preservation of the environment as well as Haida culture and in 1985 there was a Haida blockade and protest<ref name=":1" />. This protest resulted in the arrest of 70 Haida who were also charged with criminal contempt of court and since this incident tensions between the two parties remained high<ref name=":1" />.

It was not until September of 2003 that a community-based, strategic land use planning process began<ref name=":8">“Haida Gwaii Land Use Objectives Order Consolidated Version 1 For Communication Only.” Government of British Columbia, 25 Nov. 2010.</ref>. The process was led by the Council of the Haida Nation (which formed in 1947 and became an established government that discussed treaty negotiations and other agreements with surrounding First Nations<ref name=":1" />) and the Government of British Columbia<ref name=":8" />. This planning process was based on a previous agreement from April 2001<ref name=":8" />. On December 12, 2010, the Strategic Land Use Agreement was signed by all parties<ref name=":8" />.

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== Traditional Cultural Management of the Land ===

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History ====
Part of what led to the Haida Gwaii's Strategic Land Use Agreement and many other similar agreements across Canada is First Nations long protest history against the government and transnational forest and mining corporations who have disregarded Aboriginal Title, and unlawfully infringed upon those rights. During the 1970's, First Nations began implementing road and railroad blockades across Canada as a means of attracting media attention to force the Crown to the table to negotiate.<ref name=":9">Blomley, N., & Nicholas Blomley. (09/22/1996). "Shut the province down": First nations blockades in british colombia, 1984-1995 University of British Columbia Press.</ref> A blockade is defined as "an attempt to interfere with the flow of people and/or commodities through the placement of an obstruction, either partial or complete" and between 1980-1995 there were 55 blockades throughout the province of British Columbia alone.<ref name=":9" /> Of these 55, 28 (51%) were located on roads, 9 (16%) on railroads, and 16 (42%) on private logging roads and other road works, the Haida's blockade being one of them.<ref name=":9" />

This long, and still ongoing, fight is what radicalized Native peoples to take action. It's rooted in a deep dissatisfaction with the Province's continued dismissal of Aboriginal Title.<ref name=":9" /> Blockades are not a joke, and are only implemented as a consulted final attempt to gain the recognition needed to protect the land. It takes an incredible amount of resources to sustain an effective blockade. This means this tactic should only be used when non-confrontational methods fail.<ref name=":9" /> In Haida Gwaii's case, their blockade legacy resides on Lyell Island. In November 1985, the Haida placed their lives on the line to halt logging companies from passing to log their sacred trees, while the courts continued their slow deliberation for decisions that were needed immediately.<ref name=":10">Keepers of the Fire. [15:48 - 30:35] (1994). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved from [[/www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers of the fire/|https://www-nfb-ca.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/film/keepers_of_the_fire/]]. </ref> The members involved protested through song and drumming. Their Elders were the front line, telling their community members, "you let us speak first. You let us get arrested first."<ref name=":10" /> 17 people ended up in cuffs and of them, 9 men and 2 women went to court.<ref name=":10" /> What made this environmental victory so notorious is that it did in fact stop logging on Lyell island permanently. It is also one of the earlier victories, which helped set the stage for other First Nations to stand their ground and fight for their land sovereignty back.

The Haida's victory was a victory for all First Nations. It demonstrated what could be accomplished using the blockade tactic. With over 1,600 reserves spread throughout the province of British Columbia, a blockade could happen anywhere at any time and economically "shut the province down."<ref name=":9" /> This litigates some power back into Indigenous hands when negotiating with the government. It's what has made blockades so effective. This is also what makes the protest history so vital to the foundation to the Strategic Land Use Agreement : the Haida found a way to fight back on logging and construction that upholds their values and principles. It forced the hand of the Crown to compromise and reach an agreement that accommodates all parties involved.

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

====== Yah'guudang : Our Respect for all Living Things<ref name=":11">Haida Gwaii., Haida Land Use Vision (2004). Council of the Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/westcoast-region/haidagwaii-slua/haida_land_use_vision.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0qRQpcSEkQK2Wh93OrhJYslWMF2NeIzWru_nP6Gk7gW6JPxQf44LoZ_m8</nowiki>.</ref> ======
One of the foundational pieces to the Strategic Land Use Agreement is the ''Haida Land Use Vision'' document. The Haida Council lay the groundwork for what they wish to happen to the land. It's broken into three main categories : Well-Being of the Land, Condition of the Land, and Natural Ability of the Land to Function and Provide. First, the Council describes what the land used to be like and how their ancestors managed to live off the land. The second category addresses the current state of the land. And the final section concludes with how the People wish for the land to function again. Further, within each category, the Haida Council highlights six key cultural features that are vital to the Haida's cultural survival and their current endangerment status. However it must be noted that the Haida Council deliberately excluded medicine plants from their report in order to protect some of their most sacred knowledge from being desired and harvested by pharmaceutical companies around the world.

''Tsuuay'' (Cedar)

The ''Tsuuay'' arrived in Haida Gwaii over 6,000 years ago and has become a key cultural feature. They not only provide dens for black bear and nests for many flying animals, but they also are a primary source for the Haida to build and create their own cultural items such as canoes and masks.<ref name=":11" /> Further, wherever a culturally modified tree or blank canoe is found in their forests, they represent the "sacred workplace of [their] ancestors."<ref name=":11" /> Currently cedar and other culturally modified trees that support the Haida culture are at risk due to over-logging and the introduction of foreign species such as deer. Between some of the oldest trees being cut down for people who do not live here and deer eating any potential new cedar, the Haida's traditional workspaces are dwindling.

''Tsiin'' (Salmon)

The ''tsiin'' are listed because they are the most important part of their diet. They provide a significant portion of their needed nutrients.<ref name=":11" /> Again due to overlogging near streams and rivers with no Forest Practice Codes, the salmon are at risk due to key properties disappearing from watersheds that create the environment necessary for healthy salmon.<ref name=":11" /> Every year the Haida Nation must be careful of how much they harvest in every stream in order to not further harm their rapidly depleting numbers. Although it feels a little too late. the Haida Gwaii People hope to quickly implement codes that will limit the amount of riparian trees logged within a certain distance of any river or stream.<ref name=":11" />

''Taan'' (Black Bear)

Another important animal, the ''taan'', provided the Haida with a great deal of information on what plants are best to use, and share in their use of cedar trees to make dens. Further, every time a black bear catches a salmon, they contribute to the economics of the land by transferring needed nutrients onto the forest floor.<ref name=":11" /> Currently, black bears are at risk due to their dens being logged and the unethical fishing industry's practice of killing them "because they eat fish."<ref name=":11" />

''Xiit'lit'' (Birds)

In order for plants and trees alike to be spread across the Haida Gwaii's archipelago, they need their ''xiit'lit'' to spread the seeds as they fly from place to place. Additionally, they provide insect control.<ref name=":11" /> The native bird species of Haida Gwaii are under attack for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, they are losing their homes at a rapid rate due to logging. Although logging creates open spaces for birds to fly through, eventually these trees, typically conifers, close in and block the underpass, making it inhabitable for the next 60 years.<ref name=":11" /> Secondly, they are being attacked by introduced species such as raccoons, rats, and squirrels who not only attack the birds, but also their nests and eggs.

''Kil'' (Plants)

One of the biggest contributions to the depleting health of native ''kil'' is their perceived "lack of value" in Western practices. Logging companies only go into forests for timber products, and thus any other species bares the brunt of complete neglect.<ref name=":11" /> However, plants are arguably one of the most important components to a healthy forest. The Haida are not the only ones to rely on plants ; every other living relative relies on plants in one way or another to survive. Every component of a plant can be used : from the roots to the flower to the branches or even the bark. They provide teas and pigments, food for cooking, materials for the smokehouse and clothing.<ref name=":11" /> Ensuring the survival of non-timber products ensures the survival of the Haida Gwaii culture.

''Sk'waii'' (Beaches)

Although this living document is focused on land protection, the places where the land and ocean meet are vital as they are key locations where the Haida go to harvest food such as razor clams, crabs, cockles, barnacles, mussels, and so much more.<ref name=":11" /> These essential harvesting locations are endangered primarily due to pollution such as human sewage, oil spills, seepage from mining, and timber dumping sites. Such pollution destroys oxygen levels and compresses food to the bottom of the ocean, unattainable by any harvester.<ref name=":11" /> It should be noted that this document is catered toward land protection only, "even though the land and ocean are linked together in many ways."<ref name=":11" />

Ideally, the Haida wish for their archipelago to become a sustainable forest economy again. This requires setting aside large portions of forests to be protected. By protecting old growth trees and other forest locations that surround rivers and streams, we're protecting all of the land features listed above and more.<ref name=":11" /> Protecting the forests from logging would allow new trees the opportunity to grow alongside old growth trees. It would mean the nutrients from watersheds that provide the right conditions for healthy salmon would remain. It means the black bears have dens to sleep in and protect their cubs. It means the birds have places to build nests and spread the seeds of the forest throughout the land. It means ancestral medicines with proven working effects can remain a part of Haida traditions. This is what the Haida Gwaii Nation wants. This is their vision.

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====
[[File:Queen Charlotte-Goshawk.jpg|thumb|A Haida Gwaii goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'')]]
There are several objectives in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation's traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":3" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":3" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":3" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":3" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. According to the Land Use Agreement, a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":3" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":3" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":3" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":3" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":3" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":3" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protecting the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%<ref name=":3" />. Finally, the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities, and identifying and protecting selected blue-listed communities. According to B.C list status, red-listed plant communities are defined as "any native species or ecological communities that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia." whereas blue-listed species are "any native species or ecological community considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.C List Status|url=https://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/help/list.htm|url-status=live|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>."

====== Cultural Features ======
The following are cultural features that must be identified in a requested logging or development area on the Haida Gwaii Territory :

Haida Traditional Heritage Features

Haida Traditional Forest Features

Culturally Modified Trees

Monumental Cedar

Yew Trees

Bear dens.

== Tenure arrangements ==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

== Administrative Arrangements ==

=== Joint-Decision Council ===
In order to ensure both parties, the Haida Gwaii Nation and the Provincial Crown, felt heard they decided on a five-member council with each party appointing two members each. The last member is appointed together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=Haida Gwaii|date=|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/faqs/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Gwaii Management Council}}</ref> Currently, Gwaliga Hart and Sean Young serve as the Haida Nation's representatives and Robert van der Zalm and Luigi Sposato represent the government. Allan Davidson is the appoint chairperson whom does not participate in any discussions, but will serve as a tie-breaker for debates that cannot reach an agreement. Each member serves for two years and can be re-elected for another two terms if they so choose.<ref name=":02" /> In total, each representative can serve for up to a total of six years. The Council receives it's authority from KaayGuu Ga ga Kyah ts'as - Gin 'inaas 'laas 'waadluwaan gud tl'a gud giidaa (Stewardship Law), Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol, and the Provincial Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act.<ref name=":02" /> Due to this recognized authority, the Council is to take full accountability if anything goes awry.

=== Cultural Features Manual ===
The ''Cultural Features Manual'' outlines the protocol for conducting a land-based survey to identify cultural features on areas desired for logging and development. Listed in the document are six key cultural features that are essential for the Haida Gwaii's culture to survive, which will be described in more detail below.<ref name=":12">Haida Gwaii., Cultural Feature Identification Standards Manual (2019). Council of Haida Nation. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.haidanation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CFIC_Standards_Manual_V5_final_18Oct2019_Tech-amendments_11Dec2019_clean_KMedit_27Jan2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2O41iy-4wPeo4jSSQ-xdux2f3opliON6mr09J-9MQiOWPfk_omrTlqoWA</nowiki>.</ref> It should be noted however that this is not a complete list and is intended only as a starting point. Surveyors who are properly trained and certified by the Haida Council conduct these land surveys. Although they can direct those who are not certified, it is the surveyor who takes full responsibility for any report submitted.<ref name=":12" /> Additionally, the surveyor has to make a decision between which of the two different intensities of surveys, labeled as Level 1 and Level 2. The primary difference between the two being that a level 1 survey covers at least 25% of the surveyed area, but less than 100% while a level 2 survey must visually cover 100% of the land under inspection.<ref name=":12" /> All surveys begin as a level 1, and a level 2 survey is only require when one of the following is identified : the development are is less than 5 hectares or 25 meters below sea level ; any CMT's or monumental cedars are found ; a class 1 Traditional Forest Feature is discovered ; or a class 1 or 2 Traditional Heritage Feature is identified.<ref name=":12" /> What is especially interesting is that because the surveyor is certified by the Haida Council, they are trusted with the decisions they make. This means that "increasing block coverage is at the discretion of the surveyor."<ref name=":12" /> It is their responsibility to be diligent and confident that little to no cultural features are in the designated area and a level 1 survey doesn't need to become a level 2. Further, when a monumental cedar or CMT is identified, the surveyor must visually mark the cultural feature with a flag, preferably that surrounds the item entirely.<ref name=":12" /> After the survey is complete and all data has been collected, the surveyor must submit the minimal required information to the Haida Gwaii Management Council and the Provincial government. Typically, a tally sheet is used to document any identified cultural features although not required.<ref name=":12" />
== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" />. It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.
[[File:Logging in Haida Gwaii (26944749324).jpg|thumb|Logging in Haida Gwaii]]

=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==
'''Provincial Government'''

Provincial Government wishes to form a viable agreement with the Haida nation to benefit both the community and the province’s logging industry. Historically, the Provincial Government has issued permits to industries for commercial timber harvesting without much consideration or resistance due to Indigenous land titles not being recognized at that time<ref name=":6" />. This has changed significantly in the recent decades with the international recognition of Indigenous rights and the 2004 landmark Supreme Court ruling recognizing the need for the province to consult the Haida Nation.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hotte|first=Ngaio|last2=Wyatt|first2=Stephen|last3=Kozak|first3=Robert|date=|title=Influences on trust during collaborative forest governance: a case study from Haida Gwaii|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0222|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|volume=4|pages=361–374|via=}}</ref> Resulting power shifts in Indigenous land management has led to both new achievements and new challenges for the province. The current Provincial Government does recognize the Indigenous title of the Haida Gwaii community. However, because forestry and wood production are a major economic driver in the province, the government also advocates for the continuation of softwood lumber harvesting.

'''Industrial Logging Licensees'''

Major forest concession licensees want to ensure that the agreement still provides enough land/tree resources to harvest and produce revenue gains. Industrial logging firms has seen the Haida Gwaii forests as a viable source for timber to supply and fuel the province’s economy. This has, unfortunately, placed them at odds with the Haida communities who sought to protect the forests and manage them sustainably.<ref name=":6" /> The Strategic Land Use Plan, which arose from the conflicts between the two parties, was developed to allow the Haida nation more control over where and how much timber can be harvested. However, these industrial firms, including Teal Jones, has initially seen this as a loss of jobs and opportunities to benefit the economy.<ref name=":13" />

'''Environmental Activists and NGOs'''

Environmental groups and NGOs want to ensure that the maximum amount of old growth trees are protected in the Haida Gwaii - low importance, high influence. In the events that led up to the Strategic Land Use Plan, environmental activist groups and the Haida communities collaborated heavily to push for old growth forest protection from industrial logging.<ref name=":6" /> Therefore, this stakeholder group has had considerable influence behind the movement.

== Discussion ==

=== Power Analysis ===
One criticism within collaborative planning is the different levels of power and a power imbalance<ref name=":1" />. For example, some successful industries have the power and influence to exert political pressure as well as use economic interest to persuade the government of a certain decision<ref name=":1" />. In her study, Power imbalances are often noticeable when trying to get all the stakeholders engaged<ref name=":1" />. Usually, industries and the government often have representatives that get paid to participate, whereas other members of the public may have to take time out of their schedule or volunteer their time and resources<ref name=":1" />. In a study evaluating Haida Gwaii Land and resource management, a few participants noted that there was a power imbalance between the Haidas and the British Columbia Government<ref name=":1" />. Many participants also noted that when Haidas were present there was an increase in political tension and as a result, the decisions became less scientifically focused <ref name=":1" />.

=== Other Major Challenges and Limitations Moving Forward ===

==== Relative Successes of Collaborative Planning: ====
To study the outcomes of collaborative land-use decision making, 11 outcome criterion was created<ref name=":1" />. Out of the 11 outcome criterion, 7 out of the 11 outcome criteria received 50% or higher levels of agreement from participants<ref name=":1" />. Below is a summary of the findings from Astofooroff's study on collaborative decision-making in Haida Gwaii.

===== Superior to Other Methods =====
A majority of participants believed that this method of decision-making is superior to other methods<ref name=":1" />. 67% of the participants felt like this planning model was the best way to develop a land-use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Creative and Innovative =====
A majority of participants indicated that this process was creative and innovative and used innovative and creative ideas for action and decision-making<ref name=":1" />.

===== Knowledge, Understanding and Skill. =====
Many participants also indicated that participants improved their knowledge and understanding of important issues regarding Haida Gwaii, and have developed their skills in negotiation, data analysis, and decision making<ref name=":1" />. In fact, 100% of the participants believed that they have developed a good understanding of the interests of other participants and many gained<ref name=":1" />.

===== Relationships and Social Capital =====
Participants also were able to establish new relationships and improve their levels of trust, respect, and understanding of one another, with 92% of participants agreeing that they now have better working relationships with others<ref name=":1" />.

===== Information =====
Information is defined as data, information, and analyses that were conducted during the decision-making process are accurate<ref name=":1" />. 85% of participants acknowledged that information acquired through their participation was useful<ref name=":1" />. In addition, 69% of participants agreed that they have used the information they learned through the decision-making process for purposes unrelated to the decision-making processes of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":1" />.

===== Understanding and Support =====
There was an 85% level of agreement from participants from the statement "I believe that consensus-based processes are an effective way of making land and resource use decision." while 92% agreed that the government should involve the public in land and resource use decision-making<ref name=":1" />. Finally, most participants agreed that they would be involved with a similar type of land-use management plan<ref name=":1" />.

===== Affects of First Nations on Outcomes =====
85% of the participants surveyed felt that First Nations participation made a significant different in the outcome of the decision-making processes<ref name=":1" />.

==== Relative Failures of Collaborative Planning: ====
Although some aspect of collaborative planning were successful, there were notable weaknesses reported by participants.

===== Agreement =====
Agreement was defined as "where participants perceive the process as having a successful outcome, where the final agreement meets the needs of all stakeholders<ref name=":1" />. Only one-third of the participants found that the plan created met their needs, concerns, and values<ref name=":1" />.

===== Conflict Reduced =====
Overall, previous conflict between stakeholders was not reduced. Only 33% of the participants agreed with the statement that "conflict over the land use has decreased.<ref name=":1" />"

===== Second Order Effects =====
Second-order effects are defined as a decision that promotes a change in participant's actions and encourages participants to work together<ref name=":1" />. Only 38% of the participants noticed a change in behavior as a result of the collaborative decision processes<ref name=":1" />.

===== Public Interest =====
Finally, public interest (where the final agreement is viewed to serve a common good and public interest) was not met, with only 38% agreeing that this decision process served the common good<ref name=":1" />.

== Assessment ==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

== Recommendations ==
The following are some recommendations we have for future negotiations and some key gaps in our own knowledge that may or may not affect the case study :

* There should be more sufficient time in the negotiating process. Although we recognize some of these matters are time sensitive and do not have the luxury of long negotiations.
* Well-trained facilitators should be implemented to facilitate agreements and discussions so Indigenous Peoples are heard and represented correctly. Frequently issues arise from locals being unable to express their thoughts and opinions to the government. In this particular case study, it is extremely important that everyone of Haida Nation is heard because this directly affects their ancestral lands.
* As of right now, we've been unable to interview anyone from the Haida Gwaii Council to create the most well-rounded and informed analysis. We are still hoping to ask questions surrounding the following topics at a later date :
** overall public participation
** accountability/chain of command
** current satisfaction with the agreement
** updates on future land and water goals

== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-11-29T04:13:14Z

EakinSawadaTse: /* Affected Stakeholders */

== Abstract ==
{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}

== Description ==
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> and is made up of 200 islands with approximately 3750 square miles of land<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haida Nation|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii/|url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2021|website=Haida Nation}}</ref>. Currently, there are around 2,500 Haida citizens who make up half the population of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Haida Nation|url=https://coastfunds.ca/first-nations/haida/|url-status=live|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=Coast Funds}}</ref>. The Council of Haida Nation describes the land to be "bathed in nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific, their climate tempered by warm offshore currents. There are extensive seabird nesting colonies, large numbers of raptors, and many salmon spawning streams of all sizes."<ref name=":2" /> The geography of Haida Gwaii is similar to the coastal mainlands of BC or the south of Alaska known for its mountainous terrain and temperate rainforests<ref name=":4">Townsend, Justine. ''On Haida Terms: Self-Determination and Land use Planning on Haida Gwaii'', York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, 2009''. ProQuest'', <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-haida-terms-self-determination-land-use/docview/305042485/se-2?accountid=14656</nowiki>.</ref>. Moreover, the land of Haida Gwaii is unique as it "partially escaped glaciation during the last Ice Age" leading to a variety of endemic species in the area<ref name=":4" />. These unique and nutrient rich lands provides the Haida Nation with an abundance natural resources, and the Strategic Land Use Agreement outlines the different ways Haida Gwaii can be managed.

The Land Use Agreement planning process took place from 2002-2004 and was officially legally established on December 17, 2010<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/crown-land-water/land-use-planning/regions/west-coast/haidagwaii-slua|url-status=live|access-date=November 28, 2021|website=Government of British Columbia}}</ref>. According to the Government of British Columbia the Strategic Land Use Agreement "established ecosystem-based management on Haida Gwaii and balances cultural, ecological, social and economic objectives.<ref name=":3" />" The agreement also recognized that despite both the Haida Nation and the Government of British Columbia have differing views of sovereignty and ownership, they are able to manage Haida Gwaii whilst also building a stronger environmental and economic foundation for the people and land of Haida Gwaii<ref name=":2" />.

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref>Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez<ref name=":0" />. In 1787, Captain Dixon renamed Haida Gwaii after a ship, and was then referred to as the "Queen Charlotte Islands.<ref name=":4" />"

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement (When it was created and why) ===

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== Traditional Cultural Management of the Land ===

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History : Keepers of the Fire and “Shut the Province Down” ====

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====

== Tenure arrangements ==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

== Administrative arrangements ==
Administrative arrangements. Describe the management authority and the reporting system.

== Affected Stakeholders ==

=== Island Inhabitant Communities ===
There are approximately 5000 residents living on the Haida Gwaii islands. Around half of the population is comprised of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" />

====== The Haida First Nations Community ======
As the Indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii have been occupying and using resources on the islands since time immemorial,<ref name=":2" /> they are considered not only affected stakeholders but right holders as well. Currently, the Haida Nation is divided into two sub-communities located on opposite sides of Graham Island: Gaw ''Old Massett'' and HlGaagilda ''Skidegate.'' Along with the Hereditary and Aboriginal Titles over the lands, the Haida Nation holds property rights over all intellectual and cultural materials from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

===== The Council of the Haida Nation =====
Although the Haida communities themselves do not have significant influence over the Haida Gwaii land management, their interests are advocated and communicated primarily through the Council of the Haida Nation, a political governance and representative entity for the Haida Nation<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of the Haida Nation|url=https://www.haidanation.ca/chn/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Haida Nation}}</ref><ref name=":6" />. It is the council's job to represent the Haida people in negotiations with the provincial government and to produce beneficial policies for the community. Subsequently, the Council played a major role in the collaborative planning processes leading up to and taking part in the development of the Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Plan, progressing as far as to becoming a co-chair/co-manager of the negotiations.<ref name=":6" />

===== Non-Indigenous Residents =====
The Haida Gwaii islands are also home to around 2,500 non-indigenous residents living in small municipalities. As many of these communities rely on forestry as a primary source of jobs and their economy, they would also qualify as affected stakeholders. Several communities, including Port Clements and Masset in 2004, acknowledged and agreed in community protocol agreements that the Haida Nation can better manage the old-growth forests than the province. <ref name=":6" /> Many non-Indigenous residents have participated in forest logging blockades and protests alongside Indigenous members.

=== Small Timber Companies/Branches Operating on the Haida Gwaii ===
Small-scale logging and wood products companies operate on the Haida forests, providing local municipalities their primary source of economic surplus. Due to their small size, these companies have been shown to be easily impacted by disruptions and disputes between environmental NGOs and logging industries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Urs|date=|title=Re: Forestry and the Future of Port Clements [Letter]|url=https://portclements.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Council-of-VOPC-Forestry-and-the-future-of-Port-Clements.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This has been recognized as a major concern by local non-Indigenous municipalities, including Port Clements where a timber sale blockade led to sizable worker layoffs within the community. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haidagwaiiobserver.com/local-news/port-clements-is-running-out-of-time-mayor/|title=Port Clements is running out of time: mayor|last=Hudson|first=Andrew|date=March 31, 2018|work=Haida Gwaii Observer|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

Several timber companies operate local mills on the Haida Gwaii forests. For example, Teal Jones, although it is the largest solid wood products company in the province, operates a shingle mill near Masset that provides local people with income. Teal Jones employs around 100 people on the Haida Gwaii with full-time forestry jobs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/453150788?accountid=14656&forcedol=true|title=Haida Gwaii - Strategic Land Use Agreement -
Harvesting & Economic Impacts|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2007|work=Canada Newswire (via Proquest)|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref>

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==
Logging Companies

BC Government

== Discussion ==

=== Objectives of the Land Use Agreement ===
There are severals aim in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":1">Guujaaw, Campbell, G., Bellis, A., Bell, P., Haida Nation, &amp; Premier, B. C., Haida Gwaii strategic land use agreement : between: the Indigenous People of Haida Gwaii, as represented by the Council of the Haida Nation ("the Haida") and, the Province of British Columbia (the "Province") as represented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, (each a "Party" and collectively the "Parties") (2007). Victoria, BC; Ministry of Agriculture and Lands.</ref>. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":1" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":1" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":1" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":1" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":1" />. According to Guunjaaw et al. a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":1" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":1" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":1" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":1" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. The aims to manage aquatic habitats consists of maintaining and restoring water quality and quantity, maintaining the natural ecological function of streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, maintaining the natural ecological function of fish streams, lakes, and wetlands, retaining active fluvial units, maintaining the natural ecological function of upland streams, and retaining forested swamps<ref name=":1" />. Within managing wildlife habitats, there is a focus on protecting black bear (''Ursus americanus'') dens, marbled murrelet (''Brachyramphus marmoratus'') nesting habitats, and protecting goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') nesting sites<ref name=":1" />. The targets to protect the black bear dens and goshawk nesting sites are protecting 100% of these areas, whereas the targets for managing and protected the marbled murrelet is a bit more lenient at around 40%<ref name=":1" />. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity. The objectives to manage biodiversity are maintaining representation of common and very common old forest ecosystems, maintaining representation of modal, rare, and very rare old forest ecosystems, identifying and protecting red-listed plant communities. and identifying and protected selected blue-listed communities.

=== Haida Response ===
(Gilani, H. R., Innes, J. L., & Kent, H. (2018)

=== Power Analysis ===

=== Other Major Challenges and Limitations Moving Forward ===

==== Strengths and Weaknesses of Land Use Agreement ====

=== Gaps in knowledge/Recommendations ===
(Astofooroff, N. (2008)

== Assessment ==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

== Recommendations ==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-11-27T01:37:58Z

EakinSawadaTse: /* History of Forest Operations */

== Abstract ==
{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}

== Description ==
Description of Land Use Agreement and Haida Nation

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref>Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez.<ref name=":0" />

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement (When it was created and why) ===

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== Traditional Cultural Management of the Land ===

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Louise|last2=Røpke|first2=Inge|date=|title=Power and contestation in collaborative ecosystem-based management: The case of
Haida Gwaii|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.007|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|pages=178-188|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

==== Protest History : Keepers of the Fire and “Shut the Province Down” ====

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====

== Tenure arrangements ==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

== Administrative arrangements ==
Administrative arrangements. Describe the management authority and the reporting system.

== Affected Stakeholders ==
The Indigenous peoples of the Haida Gwaii Community

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==
Logging Companies

BC Government

== Discussion ==

=== Objectives of the Land Use Agreement ===
There are severals aim in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Guunjaaw|last2=Campbell|first2=Gordon|date=2007|title=Haida Gwaii strategic land use agreement : between: the Indigenous People of Haida Gwaii, as represented by the Council of the Haida Nation ("the Haida") and, the Province of British Columbia (the "Province") as represented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Lands (each a "Party" and collectively the "Parties|url=|department=Ministry of Agriculture and Lands|journal=|volume=|pages=25|via=|first name 3=Arnie|last name 3=Bellis|first name 4=Pat|last name 4=Bell|last name 5=Haida Nation|last name 6=BC Premier|last name 7=BC Government}}</ref>. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":1" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":1" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":1" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":1" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":1" />. According to Guunjaaw et al. a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":1" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":1" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":1" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":1" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity.

=== Haida Response ===
(Gilani, H. R., Innes, J. L., & Kent, H. (2018)

=== Power Analysis ===

=== Other Major Challenges and Limitations Moving Forward ===

==== Strengths and Weaknesses of Land Use Agreement ====

=== Gaps in knowledge/Recommendations ===
(Astofooroff, N. (2008)

== Assessment ==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

== Recommendations ==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-11-27T01:23:44Z

EakinSawadaTse:

== Abstract ==
{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}

== Description ==
Description of Land Use Agreement and Haida Nation

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref>Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez.<ref name=":0" />

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement (When it was created and why) ===

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== Traditional Cultural Management of the Land ===

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost. This, along with growing international attention toward Indigenous rights recognition in the 1960s, led to the Haida Gwaii community's recognition that a more vocal and direct action-based approach was needed.

==== Protest History : Keepers of the Fire and “Shut the Province Down” ====

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====

== Tenure arrangements ==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

== Administrative arrangements ==
Administrative arrangements. Describe the management authority and the reporting system.

== Affected Stakeholders ==
The Indigenous peoples of the Haida Gwaii Community

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==
Logging Companies

BC Government

== Discussion ==

=== Objectives of the Land Use Agreement ===
There are severals aim in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Guunjaaw|last2=Campbell|first2=Gordon|date=2007|title=Haida Gwaii strategic land use agreement : between: the Indigenous People of Haida Gwaii, as represented by the Council of the Haida Nation ("the Haida") and, the Province of British Columbia (the "Province") as represented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Lands (each a "Party" and collectively the "Parties|url=|department=Ministry of Agriculture and Lands|journal=|volume=|pages=25|via=|first name 3=Arnie|last name 3=Bellis|first name 4=Pat|last name 4=Bell|last name 5=Haida Nation|last name 6=BC Premier|last name 7=BC Government}}</ref>. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":1" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":1" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":1" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":1" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":1" />. According to Guunjaaw et al. a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":1" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":1" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":1" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":1" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity.

=== Haida Response ===
(Gilani, H. R., Innes, J. L., & Kent, H. (2018)

=== Power Analysis ===

=== Other Major Challenges and Limitations Moving Forward ===

==== Strengths and Weaknesses of Land Use Agreement ====

=== Gaps in knowledge/Recommendations ===
(Astofooroff, N. (2008)

== Assessment ==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

== Recommendations ==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-11-27T01:17:10Z

EakinSawadaTse: added to history section

== Abstract ==
{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}

== Description ==
Description of Land Use Agreement and Haida Nation

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref>Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez.<ref name=":0" />

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement (When it was created and why) ===

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== Traditional Cultural Management of the Land ===

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. Subsequently, persistent statements by the Haida Gwaii Nation to defend their land title were given very little attention by the BC Provincial Government. This also led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights in Indigenous territory for low cost.

==== Protest History : Keepers of the Fire and “Shut the Province Down” ====

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====

== Tenure arrangements ==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

== Administrative arrangements ==
Administrative arrangements. Describe the management authority and the reporting system.

== Affected Stakeholders ==
The Indigenous peoples of the Haida Gwaii Community

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==
Logging Companies

BC Government

== Discussion ==

=== Objectives of the Land Use Agreement ===
There are severals aim in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Guunjaaw|last2=Campbell|first2=Gordon|date=2007|title=Haida Gwaii strategic land use agreement : between: the Indigenous People of Haida Gwaii, as represented by the Council of the Haida Nation ("the Haida") and, the Province of British Columbia (the "Province") as represented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Lands (each a "Party" and collectively the "Parties|url=|department=Ministry of Agriculture and Lands|journal=|volume=|pages=25|via=|first name 3=Arnie|last name 3=Bellis|first name 4=Pat|last name 4=Bell|last name 5=Haida Nation|last name 6=BC Premier|last name 7=BC Government}}</ref>. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":1" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":1" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":1" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":1" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":1" />. According to Guunjaaw et al. a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":1" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":1" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":1" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":1" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity.

=== Haida Response ===
(Gilani, H. R., Innes, J. L., & Kent, H. (2018)

=== Power Analysis ===

=== Other Major Challenges and Limitations Moving Forward ===

==== Strengths and Weaknesses of Land Use Agreement ====

=== Gaps in knowledge/Recommendations ===
(Astofooroff, N. (2008)

== Assessment ==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

== Recommendations ==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

== References ==
<references />

Course:FRST370/2021/Haida Gwaii Strategic Land Use Agreement

2021-11-27T01:08:33Z

EakinSawadaTse:

== Abstract ==
{{CFRC FRST370|names=Danika, Eakin, Montserrat|share=yes|theme=Community Forestry|country=Canada|province=British Columbia|city=Queen Charlotte}}

== Description ==
Description of Land Use Agreement and Haida Nation

=== Background on Haida Gwaii ===
Haida and Haida Gwaii which means "Islands of the people" has been referred to as the "Galapagos of Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Dorothy|last2=Bouchard|first2=Randy|first3=Gessler|date=October 24, 2010|title=Haida|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|first name 3=Trisha}}</ref>" Haida Gwaii is an archipelago located in British Columbia 90 miles off of the North Coast.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takei|first=Masa|date=November 24, 2021|title=Haida Gwaii|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/haida-gwaii-british-columbia?loggedin=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 24, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> According to archeologists, Haida Gwaii has been inhabited for over 10,000 years by the Haida Nation<ref>Astofooroff, N. (2008). Evaluating Collaborative Planning A Case Study of the Haida Gwaii Land and Resource Management Plan (thesis). Simon Fraser University.</ref> and it wasn't until 1774 that there was the first recorded European contact with the Spanish explorer Juan Pèrez.<ref name=":0" />

=== Background on Strategic Land Use Agreement (When it was created and why) ===

== History of Haida Gwaii ==

=== Traditional Cultural Management of the Land ===

=== History of Forest Operations ===
Initially, Indigenous property rights to the land were not recognized because they were considered lost in the past 100 years. This led to forest tenure licenses issued to logging companies that gave them long-term property rights for low cost.

==== Protest History : Keepers of the Fire and “Shut the Province Down” ====

=== Haida Vision and Cultural Features ===

==== Objectives of the Land use agreement ====

== Tenure arrangements ==
Tenure arrangements. Describe the nature of the tenure: freehold or forest management agreement/arrangements, duration, etc.

== Administrative arrangements ==
Administrative arrangements. Describe the management authority and the reporting system.

== Affected Stakeholders ==
The Indigenous peoples of the Haida Gwaii Community

== Interested Outside Stakeholders ==
Logging Companies

BC Government

== Discussion ==

=== Objectives of the Land Use Agreement ===
There are severals aim in relation to managing the Haida Gwaii Forests. The first objective is the preservation and management of the Haida Nation traditional forests and forest resources<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Guunjaaw|last2=Campbell|first2=Gordon|date=2007|title=Haida Gwaii strategic land use agreement : between: the Indigenous People of Haida Gwaii, as represented by the Council of the Haida Nation ("the Haida") and, the Province of British Columbia (the "Province") as represented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Lands (each a "Party" and collectively the "Parties|url=|department=Ministry of Agriculture and Lands|journal=|volume=|pages=25|via=|first name 3=Arnie|last name 3=Bellis|first name 4=Pat|last name 4=Bell|last name 5=Haida Nation|last name 6=BC Premier|last name 7=BC Government}}</ref>. The targets to manage the Haida Nation's traditional forests are to "maintain traditional resources in sufficient amounts to support Food Social and Ceremonial Haida Nation use.<ref name=":1" />" This can be done through preparing and implementing stewardship strategies for the Haida Nation's traditional resources by working with the Haida Nation to prepare this detailed strategic plan which identifies and maintains the traditional forest resources<ref name=":1" />. The second objective is the management of specific tree species like western yew (''Taxus brevifolia''), western red cedar (''Thuja plicata''), and yellow cedar (''Cupressus nootkatensis'')<ref name=":1" />. The way these cedars will be managed is by retaining cedar and yew within agreed the harvest units and maintaining a supply of cedar and yew for cultural/social purposes<ref name=":1" />. However, there are objectives to manage other types of trees like monumental cedars and culturally modified trees<ref name=":1" />. According to Guunjaaw et al. a monumental forest can be defined as "cedar that is greater than 100cm dbh and free of limbs and knots for greater than 5 meters." while culturally modified trees are defined as "a tree that has been modified by Haida people as part of their cultural use of the forests.<ref name=":1" />" The objectives of the management of monumental cedars are for cultural uses whilst sustaining the stands of monumental cedar<ref name=":1" />. The indicator that the objectives have been met is through measuring and identifying the number of monumental cedars reserved to the Haida Nation and to confirm that several hectares of stands of Monumental cedar are protected<ref name=":1" />. Within the culturally modified trees, the objectives are to identify and protect culturally modified trees by measuring the number of protected culturally modified trees and reserving culturally modified trees<ref name=":1" />. In addition to managing and preserving trees, another objective is to manage aquatic and wildlife habitats. Finally the last objective is to promote healthy biodiversity.

=== Haida Response ===
(Gilani, H. R., Innes, J. L., & Kent, H. (2018)

=== Power Analysis ===

=== Other Major Challenges and Limitations Moving Forward ===

==== Strengths and Weaknesses of Land Use Agreement ====

=== Gaps in knowledge/Recommendations ===
(Astofooroff, N. (2008)

== Assessment ==
Your assessment of the relative power of each group of social actors, and how that power is being used

== Recommendations ==
Your recommendations about this community forestry project

== References ==
<references />

Stephen Toope

2021-02-25T07:18:20Z

EakinSawadaTse:

[[File:Stephen Toope, McGill University, Law Convocation Ceremony, June 1, 2017.jpg|thumb|282x282px|A photo of Stephen Toope taken at the 2017 Law Convocation Ceremony, McGill University.]]
Stephen Toope is the 12th [[List of UBC Presidents|president]] of the [[University of British Columbia]].
He was named the 12th President and Vice-Chancellor of The University of British Columbia on March 22, 2006. He began his second five-year term in July 2011, but stepped down in June of 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 February 2021|title=Stephen Toope|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Toope|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Wikipedia}}</ref>

==See Also==

*[http://president.ubc.ca/about/ Official Bio]

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Toope Wikipedia Entry]

*[http://president.ubc.ca/ Office of the President website]

*[[List of UBC Presidents]]

[[Category:UBC]]

Stephen Toope

2021-02-25T07:16:09Z

EakinSawadaTse: updated information with citation

[[File:Stephen Toope, McGill University, Law Convocation Ceremony, June 1, 2017.jpg|thumb|282x282px|A photo of Stephen Toope taken at the 2017 Law Convocation Ceremony, McGill University.]]
Stephen Toope is the 12th president of the [[University of British Columbia]].
He was named the 12th President and Vice-Chancellor of The University of British Columbia on March 22, 2006. He began his second five-year term in July 2011, but stepped down in June of 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 February 2021|title=Stephen Toope|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Toope|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Wikipedia}}</ref>

==See Also==

*[http://president.ubc.ca/about/ Official Bio]

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Toope Wikipedia Entry]

*[http://president.ubc.ca/ Office of the President website]

*[[List of UBC Presidents]]

[[Category:UBC]]

UBC CVC

2021-02-25T07:06:00Z

EakinSawadaTse: added hyperlinks

The CVC, formerly known as (Chinese Varsity Club) is a not for profit social [[List of Vancouver Clubs|club]] of the [[AMS]] that is committed to its members to provide a wide range of fun events that foster and create the best social environment for its members. The CVC is one of the largest clubs on campus with over 1200 members, led by 70 executive team members. As a campus social club, the CVC holds two to four small and large scale events per month, from athletic tournaments, talent shows, all the way to dances that house over 1200 people. Events are for students not only at [[University of British Columbia|UBC]] but across Greater Vancouver.

The CVC at the University of British Columbia has grown and evolved to become a club that is open to all ethnicities and cultures, stressing the multicultural and diverse makeup of Vancouver. We are the single largest club on campus with over 1200 members, led by 70 executive team members. As a campus social club, we hold two to four small and large scale events per month, from athletic tournaments, talent shows, all the way to dances that house over 1200 people. Our events are for students not only at UBC but across Greater Vancouver.

FAQ: Wait! CVC sounds great but do I have to be Chinese to join?
A: Absolutely not!

Although the CVC still retains its name because of its legacy of being established 80 years ago by a group of Chinese students, we have long since evolved into a club that is accepting of all cultures and ethnic backgrounds. In addition, this year CVC is focusing on promoting student social wellness to all UBC students.
The CVC is a not for profit social club of the AMS that is committed to its members to provide a wide range of fun events that foster and create the best social environment for its members. CVC events are opportunities for members to make new friends and to further their social wellness. A group of dedicated executives work to put on annual events (eg. Ski Trip, Supaskillz, and Chin & Chow Dinner Theatre) and constantly work to evolve the club to provide a truly personalized social experience. Executives also enjoy the benefits of learning from each other in a teamwork environment, which contributes to the development of diverse skill sets, and all the while…making life-long friendships. CVC believes that the balance between academics and social wellness needs to be maintained throughout the school year. The tendenci[https://twitter.com/ubccvc Twitter: ubccvc]es of hyper-attention towards studying can cause you to go crazy! By taking part in social activities throughout the school year, you will be able to gain essential and crucial social skills that is required for the future. Ultimately, your memories of university are going to consist of things you did outside of the classroom!

The opportunities in getting involved at UBC are endless. Educate yourself in the things you can get involved with. Try them all and then choose a few that you want to pursue. The CVC has an extensive decentralized structure where you get to meet and work with some amazing individuals. Come meet us – we would love to get to know you!

== Departments ==
The CVC at the University of British Columbia started in 1930 as a small group of Asian students who liked to get together to play sports and promote fellowship between the Asian student population. Today, it has grown and evolved to become a club that is open to all ethnicities and cultures, stressing the multicultural makeup of Vancouver. We are the single largest club on campus with over 1200 members, led by 70 executive team members. As a campus social club, we hold two to four small and large scale events per month, from athletic tournaments, talent shows, all the way to dances that house over 1200 people. Our events are for students not only at UBC but across Greater Vancouver. The CVC is a not-for-profit organization that serves to enrich studentsʼ university experiences.

There are many departments in CVC, all devote to providing different activities, events, and opportunities for members!

Departments:
Communications
Community
Cultural
Drama
Events
External Relations
Froshees
Media
Seniors
Senior Advisors
Ski Trip
Sports
Social

== Official Website and Social Media ==
[https://www.ubccvc.ca www.ubccvc.ca]

[https://www.facebook.com/ubccvc Facebook: UBC CVC]

[https://www.youtube.com/ubccvc Youtube: ubccvc]

[https://www.instagram.com/theubccvc/ Instagram: theubccvc]

[https://www.snapchat.com/add/ubccvc Snapchat: ubccvc]

[https://twitter.com/ubccvc Twitter: ubccvc]

== Contact ==
inquiry@ubccvc.ca

Amateur Radio Society of UBC

2021-01-11T23:33:54Z

EakinSawadaTse: /* History */

{| align="right" class="infobox" width="300"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;width:200px;font-size:10pt" | UBC Student Union Building
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:7pt" |
<display_points zoom="15" width="300">
49.267591, -123.249693| Student Union Building
</display_points>
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;text-align:center;font-size:9pt" | '''Location'''
|-
| style="font-size:9pt" | '''Address:''' || style="font-size:9pt" | 6138 Student Union Blvd Metro Vancouver, BC
|}
The '''UBC Life Building''' (formerly the '''Student Union Building''') was a student facility that opened in 1968. It served as the student union building of UBC until 2015, when the AMS Student Nest replaced it as the new home of the Alma Mater Society (AMS). The building has since been repurposed into the UBC Life Building.

The Life Building is now home to the ARC fitness gym, Go Global, International Student Advising, and the UBC Wellness Centre.

==Location==

''Address:'' 6138 Student Union Blvd, Metro Vancouver, BC

==History==

The "Student Union Building (or SUB)" opened on Sept. 26, 1968 on the site of the old University stadium.

It was the second SUB on the UBC campus. The first was Brock Hall, which opened in 1940 and quickly became inadequate to serve the growing student population of the late 1950s.

Starting in 1958, discussions began for building a new SUB, but serious action was delayed until the 1960s when an architectural consultant was hired and a design competition was held. The winner of the competition was Kenneth R. Snider, and plans were put in place to construct a new building based on his design.

To pay for the new building, the students approved a $15 increase in their AMS fee through a referendum, and altogether paid about $3.5 million of the $5 million cost.

When it opened in 1968, the new SUB contained business offices for the AMS, a bank, a barbershop, a games room, a cafeteria, an auditorium, meeting rooms, club rooms, and a bowling alley (the bowling alley remained until the mid-1980s).

The SUB at that time did not contain a pub, but a campaign in favour of a [[Bars and Pubs on Campus |student drinking establishment]] on campus soon led to the opening of The Pit, which was first located on the second floor. Only in 1973, after an expansion of the SUB, did [[Bars and Pubs on Campus |The Pit]] move into its current basement location and operate there until 2015, when it moved to the Nest.

Read more about the [http://www2.ams.ubc.ca/index.php/ams/subpage/category/new_sub_architect_selection/ new SUB plans].
Via [http://www2.ams.ubc.ca/index.php/ams/subpage/category/about_sub/ AMS Website]

In 2008, the Alma Society Society voted in a successful referendum to build a new student union building. After heavy negotiation with UBC, the [[AMS Student Nest]] was constructed next to the SUB. Opening in June 1, 2015, the facility replaced the old building as the epicentre for student interaction. In 2018, the old student union building received a new interior appearance and was renamed the UBC Life Building.

==Businesses in the SUB==
*[[Norm Theatre]]
*Subway
*Starbucks
*[https://food.ubc.ca/places/booster-juice-life/ Booster Juice]
*[[Sprouts]]

[[Category:Campus Life]][[Category: UBC Buildings]]