UBC Wiki - User contributions [en]

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-12-01T22:58:03Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* 'Law and Order' in the Present Day */

The role of policing in the United States is a divisive subject. On one hand, there is support for the notion of '[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics) law and order]', which has been touted and acted upon by figures like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon Richard Nixon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan Ronald Reagan], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover J. Edgar Hoover]. However, this has led to criticisms of abuse of power, racist policing, and policing in order to uphold a status quo.

== Early Policing in the United States ==
The origins of policing in the United States can be tracked back to the maintenance of a racialized status quo. The first 'police' forces in the United States were formed either in order to protect property, or to engage in slave patrols, which were: "authorized to stop, search, whip, maim, and even kill any African slave caught off the plantation without a pass, engaged in illegal activities or running away”.<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 862. SAGE.</ref> This type of enforcement helped to maintain a vertical hierarchy that empowered white, land-owning individuals, whose profits largely derived from large scale free-labor in the form of black slaves.

Jumping ahead to the 20th century, police found themselves enforcing Jim Crow laws, which helped to maintain [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era black disenfranchisement] in the United States following the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era Reconstruction Era]. In New York City, which saw a substantial increase in black residents during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American) Great Migration], the police would forcibly separate interracial marriages, and arrest, or attack black and Puerto Rican individuals who were found in white neighborhoods.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 43. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> This is an attitude that has continued to define law enforcment, here described by H. Cauvin: "On 5 August 2006 The Washington Post ran a story on a Washington, DC police commander’s statement that “black people were an unusual sight in Georgetown” and that to be “suspicious at the sight of a couple of young black men hanging out … is not racial profiling, it is common sense”"<ref>HE Cauvin qtd in Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860. SAGE.</ref>

The repression of black and Puerto Rican communities in New York City would continue into the WWII era. Both groups were subjected to increasingly racially inflammatory media and calls for increased law enforcement. The effect of this was a massive increase in vigilante and police violence that targeted black and Puerto Rican individuals.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 46. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

==The Drug War, Police Militarization, and the Prison Industrial Complex==
The roots of the drug war can be found in the heroin trade of the 1940s. In many major cities, the heroin trade offered one of the few employment opportunities for black and disenfranchised youths. The growth of this industry led to new federal and state laws that levied heavy punishments for drug use, and offered an excuse for an increased police presence in ghetto neighborhoods<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 50. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> Perhaps one of the more jarring aspects of this is the fact that by the 1960s, the two organizations who controlled the majority of the heroin trade were the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family Lucchese crime family], and the NYPD. As pointed out by Lisa Schneider: "In one decade the special investigative unit of the NYPD put 180 million kilos or $32 million worth of heroin on the streets."<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 51-52. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

The militarization of police can be traced back to the 1960s during the Civil Rights movement. The SWAT (Special Weapons And Tactics) team originated during this period. The Los Angeles SWAT team in particular were formed in response to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_riots Watts Riots of 1965],<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860-861. SAGE.</ref> which took place in reaction to police racism.

It's impossible to talk about police brutality without also talking about the racialized nature of policing in the United States. In conjunction with a higher level of police contact, black people in the United States are more likely to experience poor quality housing, mental illness, unproductive school settings, and incarceration.<ref>Tolliver, Willie F., Bernadette R. Hadden, Fabienne Snowden, and Robyn Brown-Manning. "Police killings of unarmed Black people: Centering race and racism in human behavior and the social environment content." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 26, no. 3 (2016): 279-86. Routledge.</ref>

=='Law and Order' in the Present Day==
The killing of Trayvon Martin in 2012, and subsequent acquittal of George Zimmerman, as well as the killing of Michael Brown in 2014 saw a widespread public reaction from social media to the streets. These events saw the rise of Black Lives Matter as a contemporary movement that focuses on ending police brutality, and public complacency in the systemic abuse of black Americans.<ref>Ray, Rashawn, Melissa Brown, and Wendy Laybourn. "The evolution of #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter: social movements, big data, and race." Ethic and Racial Studies 40, no. 11 (2017): 1795.</ref> This marked one of the most significant contemporary movements of resistance against police brutality in the United States. Furthermore, these events brought to prominence the importance of technology as a means of holding police accountable for their actions. In a different example of police brutality, at UC Davis in 2011, Dylan Rodriguez points out that: "The political outcry was primarily fueled by the viral circulation of cell phone, Facebook, and YouTube videos depicting riot-geared police officers dousing the UC Davis occupiers with a caustic yellowish fluid."<ref>Rodriguez, Dylan. "Beyond “Police Brutality”: Racist State Violence and the University of California." American Quarterly 64, no. 2 (June 2012): 304.</ref> Although technology has not stopped police brutality from occurring, and police continue to get acquitted for acts of violence, social media and video technology have created a significant public outrage, and subsequent public inquiry into the role of policing in American society.

==References==
<references/>

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-12-01T22:57:54Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* The Drug War, Police Militarization, and the Prison Industrial Complex */

The role of policing in the United States is a divisive subject. On one hand, there is support for the notion of '[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics) law and order]', which has been touted and acted upon by figures like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon Richard Nixon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan Ronald Reagan], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover J. Edgar Hoover]. However, this has led to criticisms of abuse of power, racist policing, and policing in order to uphold a status quo.

== Early Policing in the United States ==
The origins of policing in the United States can be tracked back to the maintenance of a racialized status quo. The first 'police' forces in the United States were formed either in order to protect property, or to engage in slave patrols, which were: "authorized to stop, search, whip, maim, and even kill any African slave caught off the plantation without a pass, engaged in illegal activities or running away”.<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 862. SAGE.</ref> This type of enforcement helped to maintain a vertical hierarchy that empowered white, land-owning individuals, whose profits largely derived from large scale free-labor in the form of black slaves.

Jumping ahead to the 20th century, police found themselves enforcing Jim Crow laws, which helped to maintain [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era black disenfranchisement] in the United States following the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era Reconstruction Era]. In New York City, which saw a substantial increase in black residents during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American) Great Migration], the police would forcibly separate interracial marriages, and arrest, or attack black and Puerto Rican individuals who were found in white neighborhoods.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 43. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> This is an attitude that has continued to define law enforcment, here described by H. Cauvin: "On 5 August 2006 The Washington Post ran a story on a Washington, DC police commander’s statement that “black people were an unusual sight in Georgetown” and that to be “suspicious at the sight of a couple of young black men hanging out … is not racial profiling, it is common sense”"<ref>HE Cauvin qtd in Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860. SAGE.</ref>

The repression of black and Puerto Rican communities in New York City would continue into the WWII era. Both groups were subjected to increasingly racially inflammatory media and calls for increased law enforcement. The effect of this was a massive increase in vigilante and police violence that targeted black and Puerto Rican individuals.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 46. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

==The Drug War, Police Militarization, and the Prison Industrial Complex==
The roots of the drug war can be found in the heroin trade of the 1940s. In many major cities, the heroin trade offered one of the few employment opportunities for black and disenfranchised youths. The growth of this industry led to new federal and state laws that levied heavy punishments for drug use, and offered an excuse for an increased police presence in ghetto neighborhoods<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 50. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> Perhaps one of the more jarring aspects of this is the fact that by the 1960s, the two organizations who controlled the majority of the heroin trade were the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family Lucchese crime family], and the NYPD. As pointed out by Lisa Schneider: "In one decade the special investigative unit of the NYPD put 180 million kilos or $32 million worth of heroin on the streets."<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 51-52. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

The militarization of police can be traced back to the 1960s during the Civil Rights movement. The SWAT (Special Weapons And Tactics) team originated during this period. The Los Angeles SWAT team in particular were formed in response to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_riots Watts Riots of 1965],<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860-861. SAGE.</ref> which took place in reaction to police racism.

It's impossible to talk about police brutality without also talking about the racialized nature of policing in the United States. In conjunction with a higher level of police contact, black people in the United States are more likely to experience poor quality housing, mental illness, unproductive school settings, and incarceration.<ref>Tolliver, Willie F., Bernadette R. Hadden, Fabienne Snowden, and Robyn Brown-Manning. "Police killings of unarmed Black people: Centering race and racism in human behavior and the social environment content." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 26, no. 3 (2016): 279-86. Routledge.</ref>

=='Law and Order' in the Present Day==
The killing of Trayvon Martin in 2012, and subsequent acquittal of George Zimmerman, as well as the killing of Michael Brown in 2014 saw a widespread public reaction from social media to the streets. These events saw the rise of Black Lives Matter as a contemporary movement that focuses on ending police brutality, and public complacency in the systemic abuse of Black Americans.<ref>Ray, Rashawn, Melissa Brown, and Wendy Laybourn. "The evolution of #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter: social movements, big data, and race." Ethic and Racial Studies 40, no. 11 (2017): 1795.</ref> This marked one of the most significant contemporary movements of resistance against police brutality in the United States. Furthermore, these events brought to prominence the importance of technology as a means of holding police accountable for their actions. In a different example of police brutality, at UC Davis in 2011, Dylan Rodriguez points out that: "The political outcry was primarily fueled by the viral circulation of cell phone, Facebook, and YouTube videos depicting riot-geared police officers dousing the UC Davis occupiers with a caustic yellowish fluid."<ref>Rodriguez, Dylan. "Beyond “Police Brutality”: Racist State Violence and the University of California." American Quarterly 64, no. 2 (June 2012): 304.</ref> Although technology has not stopped police brutality from occurring, and police continue to get acquitted for acts of violence, social media and video technology have created a significant public outrage, and subsequent public inquiry into the role of policing in American society.

==References==
<references/>

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-12-01T22:57:34Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* 'Law and Order' in the Present Day */

The role of policing in the United States is a divisive subject. On one hand, there is support for the notion of '[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics) law and order]', which has been touted and acted upon by figures like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon Richard Nixon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan Ronald Reagan], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover J. Edgar Hoover]. However, this has led to criticisms of abuse of power, racist policing, and policing in order to uphold a status quo.

== Early Policing in the United States ==
The origins of policing in the United States can be tracked back to the maintenance of a racialized status quo. The first 'police' forces in the United States were formed either in order to protect property, or to engage in slave patrols, which were: "authorized to stop, search, whip, maim, and even kill any African slave caught off the plantation without a pass, engaged in illegal activities or running away”.<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 862. SAGE.</ref> This type of enforcement helped to maintain a vertical hierarchy that empowered white, land-owning individuals, whose profits largely derived from large scale free-labor in the form of black slaves.

Jumping ahead to the 20th century, police found themselves enforcing Jim Crow laws, which helped to maintain [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era black disenfranchisement] in the United States following the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era Reconstruction Era]. In New York City, which saw a substantial increase in black residents during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American) Great Migration], the police would forcibly separate interracial marriages, and arrest, or attack black and Puerto Rican individuals who were found in white neighborhoods.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 43. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> This is an attitude that has continued to define law enforcment, here described by H. Cauvin: "On 5 August 2006 The Washington Post ran a story on a Washington, DC police commander’s statement that “black people were an unusual sight in Georgetown” and that to be “suspicious at the sight of a couple of young black men hanging out … is not racial profiling, it is common sense”"<ref>HE Cauvin qtd in Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860. SAGE.</ref>

The repression of black and Puerto Rican communities in New York City would continue into the WWII era. Both groups were subjected to increasingly racially inflammatory media and calls for increased law enforcement. The effect of this was a massive increase in vigilante and police violence that targeted black and Puerto Rican individuals.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 46. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

==The Drug War, Police Militarization, and the Prison Industrial Complex==
The roots of the drug war can be found in the heroin trade of the 1940s. In many major cities, the heroin trade offered one of the few employment opportunities for black and disenfranchised youths. The growth of this industry led to new federal and state laws that levied heavy punishments for drug use, and offered an excuse for an increased police presence in ghetto neighborhoods<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 50. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> Perhaps one of the more jarring aspects of this is the fact that by the 1960s, the two organizations who controlled the majority of the heroin trade were the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family Lucchese crime family], and the NYPD. As pointed out by Lisa Schneider: "In one decade the special investigative unit of the NYPD put 180 million kilos or $32 million worth of heroin on the streets."<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 51-52. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

The militarization of police can be traced back to the 1960s during the Civil Rights movement. The SWAT (Special Weapons And Tactics) team originated during this period. The Los Angeles SWAT team in particular were formed in response to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_riots Watts Riots of 1965],<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860-861. SAGE.</ref> which took place in reaction to police racism.

It's impossible to talk about police brutality without also talking about the racialized nature of policing in the United States. In conjunction with a higher level of police contact, Black people in the United States are more likely to experience poor quality housing, mental illness, unproductive school settings, and incarceration.<ref>Tolliver, Willie F., Bernadette R. Hadden, Fabienne Snowden, and Robyn Brown-Manning. "Police killings of unarmed Black people: Centering race and racism in human behavior and the social environment content." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 26, no. 3 (2016): 279-86. Routledge.</ref>

=='Law and Order' in the Present Day==
The killing of Trayvon Martin in 2012, and subsequent acquittal of George Zimmerman, as well as the killing of Michael Brown in 2014 saw a widespread public reaction from social media to the streets. These events saw the rise of Black Lives Matter as a contemporary movement that focuses on ending police brutality, and public complacency in the systemic abuse of Black Americans.<ref>Ray, Rashawn, Melissa Brown, and Wendy Laybourn. "The evolution of #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter: social movements, big data, and race." Ethic and Racial Studies 40, no. 11 (2017): 1795.</ref> This marked one of the most significant contemporary movements of resistance against police brutality in the United States. Furthermore, these events brought to prominence the importance of technology as a means of holding police accountable for their actions. In a different example of police brutality, at UC Davis in 2011, Dylan Rodriguez points out that: "The political outcry was primarily fueled by the viral circulation of cell phone, Facebook, and YouTube videos depicting riot-geared police officers dousing the UC Davis occupiers with a caustic yellowish fluid."<ref>Rodriguez, Dylan. "Beyond “Police Brutality”: Racist State Violence and the University of California." American Quarterly 64, no. 2 (June 2012): 304.</ref> Although technology has not stopped police brutality from occurring, and police continue to get acquitted for acts of violence, social media and video technology have created a significant public outrage, and subsequent public inquiry into the role of policing in American society.

==References==
<references/>

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-12-01T22:17:11Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* The Drug War, Police Militarization, and the Prison Industrial Complex */

The role of policing in the United States is a divisive subject. On one hand, there is support for the notion of '[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics) law and order]', which has been touted and acted upon by figures like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon Richard Nixon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan Ronald Reagan], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover J. Edgar Hoover]. However, this has led to criticisms of abuse of power, racist policing, and policing in order to uphold a status quo.

== Early Policing in the United States ==
The origins of policing in the United States can be tracked back to the maintenance of a racialized status quo. The first 'police' forces in the United States were formed either in order to protect property, or to engage in slave patrols, which were: "authorized to stop, search, whip, maim, and even kill any African slave caught off the plantation without a pass, engaged in illegal activities or running away”.<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 862. SAGE.</ref> This type of enforcement helped to maintain a vertical hierarchy that empowered white, land-owning individuals, whose profits largely derived from large scale free-labor in the form of black slaves.

Jumping ahead to the 20th century, police found themselves enforcing Jim Crow laws, which helped to maintain [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era black disenfranchisement] in the United States following the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era Reconstruction Era]. In New York City, which saw a substantial increase in black residents during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American) Great Migration], the police would forcibly separate interracial marriages, and arrest, or attack black and Puerto Rican individuals who were found in white neighborhoods.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 43. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> This is an attitude that has continued to define law enforcment, here described by H. Cauvin: "On 5 August 2006 The Washington Post ran a story on a Washington, DC police commander’s statement that “black people were an unusual sight in Georgetown” and that to be “suspicious at the sight of a couple of young black men hanging out … is not racial profiling, it is common sense”"<ref>HE Cauvin qtd in Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860. SAGE.</ref>

The repression of black and Puerto Rican communities in New York City would continue into the WWII era. Both groups were subjected to increasingly racially inflammatory media and calls for increased law enforcement. The effect of this was a massive increase in vigilante and police violence that targeted black and Puerto Rican individuals.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 46. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

==The Drug War, Police Militarization, and the Prison Industrial Complex==
The roots of the drug war can be found in the heroin trade of the 1940s. In many major cities, the heroin trade offered one of the few employment opportunities for black and disenfranchised youths. The growth of this industry led to new federal and state laws that levied heavy punishments for drug use, and offered an excuse for an increased police presence in ghetto neighborhoods<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 50. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> Perhaps one of the more jarring aspects of this is the fact that by the 1960s, the two organizations who controlled the majority of the heroin trade were the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family Lucchese crime family], and the NYPD. As pointed out by Lisa Schneider: "In one decade the special investigative unit of the NYPD put 180 million kilos or $32 million worth of heroin on the streets."<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 51-52. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

The militarization of police can be traced back to the 1960s during the Civil Rights movement. The SWAT (Special Weapons And Tactics) team originated during this period. The Los Angeles SWAT team in particular were formed in response to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_riots Watts Riots of 1965],<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860-861. SAGE.</ref> which took place in reaction to police racism.

It's impossible to talk about police brutality without also talking about the racialized nature of policing in the United States. In conjunction with a higher level of police contact, Black people in the United States are more likely to experience poor quality housing, mental illness, unproductive school settings, and incarceration.<ref>Tolliver, Willie F., Bernadette R. Hadden, Fabienne Snowden, and Robyn Brown-Manning. "Police killings of unarmed Black people: Centering race and racism in human behavior and the social environment content." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 26, no. 3 (2016): 279-86. Routledge.</ref>

=='Law and Order' in the Present Day==
The killing of Trayvon Martin in 2012, as well as the killing of Michael Brown in 2014 saw a widespread public reaction from social media to the streets. These events saw the rise of Black Lives Matter as a contemporary movement that focuses on ending police brutality.<ref>Ray, Rashawn, Melissa Brown, and Wendy Laybourn. "The evolution of #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter: social movements, big data, and race." Ethic and Racial Studies 40, no. 11 (2017): 1795.</ref> This marked one of the most significant contemporary movements of resistance against police brutality in the United States. Furthermore, these events brought to prominence the importance of technology as a means of holding police accountable for their actions. In a different example of police brutality, at UC Davis in 2011, Dylan Rodriguez points out that: "The political outcry was primarily fueled by the viral circulation of cell phone, Facebook, and YouTube videos depicting riot-geared police officers dousing the UC Davis occupiers with a caustic yellowish fluid."<ref>Rodriguez, Dylan. "Beyond “Police Brutality”: Racist State Violence and the University of California." American Quarterly 64, no. 2 (June 2012): 304.</ref> Although technology has not stopped police brutality from occurring, and police continue to get acquitted for acts of violence, social media and video technology have created a significant public outrage, and subsequent public inquiry into the role of policing in American society.

==References==
<references/>

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T04:33:22Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* Early Policing in the United States */

The role of policing in the United States is a divisive subject. On one hand, there is support for the notion of '[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics) law and order]', which has been touted and acted upon by figures like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon Richard Nixon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan Ronald Reagan], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover J. Edgar Hoover]. However, this has led to criticisms of abuse of power, racist policing, and policing in order to uphold a status quo.

== Early Policing in the United States ==
The origins of policing in the United States can be tracked back to the maintenance of a racialized status quo. The first 'police' forces in the United States were formed either in order to protect property, or to engage in slave patrols, which were: "authorized to stop, search, whip, maim, and even kill any African slave caught off the plantation without a pass, engaged in illegal activities or running away”.<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 862. SAGE.</ref> This type of enforcement helped to maintain a vertical hierarchy that empowered white, land-owning individuals, whose profits largely derived from large scale free-labor in the form of black slaves.

Jumping ahead to the 20th century, police found themselves enforcing Jim Crow laws, which helped to maintain [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era black disenfranchisement] in the United States following the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era Reconstruction Era]. In New York City, which saw a substantial increase in black residents during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American) Great Migration], the police would forcibly separate interracial marriages, and arrest, or attack black and Puerto Rican individuals who were found in white neighborhoods.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 43. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> This is an attitude that has continued to define law enforcment, here described by H. Cauvin: "On 5 August 2006 The Washington Post ran a story on a Washington, DC police commander’s statement that “black people were an unusual sight in Georgetown” and that to be “suspicious at the sight of a couple of young black men hanging out … is not racial profiling, it is common sense”"<ref>HE Cauvin qtd in Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860. SAGE.</ref>

The repression of black and Puerto Rican communities in New York City would continue into the WWII era. Both groups were subjected to increasingly racially inflammatory media and calls for increased law enforcement. The effect of this was a massive increase in vigilante and police violence that targeted black and Puerto Rican individuals.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 46. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

==The Drug War, Police Militarization, and the Prison Industrial Complex==
The roots of the drug war can be found in the heroin trade of the 1940s. In many major cities, the heroin trade offered one of the few employment opportunities for black and disenfranchised youths. The growth of this industry led to new federal and state laws that levied heavy punishments for drug use, and offered an excuse for an increased police presence in ghetto neighborhoods<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 50. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> Perhaps one of the more jarring aspects of this is the fact that by the 1960s, the two organizations who controlled the majority of the heroin trade were the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family Lucchese crime family], and the NYPD. As pointed out by Lisa Schneider: "In one decade the special investigative unit of the NYPD put 180 million kilos or $32 million worth of heroin on the streets."<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 51-52. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

The militarization of police can be traced back to the 1960s during the Civil Rights movement. The SWAT (Special Weapons And Tactics) team originated during this period. The Los Angeles SWAT team in particular were formed in response to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_riots Watts Riots of 1965],<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860-861. SAGE.</ref> which took place in reaction to police racism.

=='Law and Order' in the Present Day==
The killing of Trayvon Martin in 2012, as well as the killing of Michael Brown in 2014 saw a widespread public reaction from social media to the streets. These events saw the rise of Black Lives Matter as a contemporary movement that focuses on ending police brutality.<ref>Ray, Rashawn, Melissa Brown, and Wendy Laybourn. "The evolution of #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter: social movements, big data, and race." Ethic and Racial Studies 40, no. 11 (2017): 1795.</ref> This marked one of the most significant contemporary movements of resistance against police brutality in the United States. Furthermore, these events brought to prominence the importance of technology as a means of holding police accountable for their actions. In a different example of police brutality, at UC Davis in 2011, Dylan Rodriguez points out that: "The political outcry was primarily fueled by the viral circulation of cell phone, Facebook, and YouTube videos depicting riot-geared police officers dousing the UC Davis occupiers with a caustic yellowish fluid."<ref>Rodriguez, Dylan. "Beyond “Police Brutality”: Racist State Violence and the University of California." American Quarterly 64, no. 2 (June 2012): 304.</ref> Although technology has not stopped police brutality from occurring, and police continue to get acquitted for acts of violence, social media and video technology have created a significant public outrage, and subsequent public inquiry into the role of policing in American society.

==References==
<references/>

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T04:32:56Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* 'Law and Order' in the Present Day */

The role of policing in the United States is a divisive subject. On one hand, there is support for the notion of '[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics) law and order]', which has been touted and acted upon by figures like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon Richard Nixon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan Ronald Reagan], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover J. Edgar Hoover]. However, this has led to criticisms of abuse of power, racist policing, and policing in order to uphold a status quo.

== Early Policing in the United States ==
The origins of policing in the United States can be tracked back to the maintenance of a racialized status quo. The first 'police' forces in the United States were formed either in order to protect property, or to engage in slave patrols, which were: "authorized to stop, search, whip, maim, and even kill any African slave caught off the plantation without a pass, engaged in illegal activities or running away”.<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 862. SAGE.</ref> This type of enforcement helped to maintain a vertical hierarchy that empowered white, land-owning individuals, whose profits largely derived from large scale free-labor in the form of black slaves.

Jumping ahead to the 20th century, police found themselves enforcing Jim Crow laws, which helped to maintain [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era black disenfranchisement] in the United States following the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era Reconstruction Era]. In New York City, which saw a substantial increase in black residents during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American) Great Migration], the police would forcibly separate interracial marriages, and arrest, or attack black and Puerto Rican individuals who were found in white neighborhoods.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 43. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> This is an attitude that has continued to define law enforcment, here described by H. Cauvin: "on 5 August 2006 The Washington Post ran a story on a Washington, DC police commander’s statement that “black people were an unusual sight in Georgetown” and that to be “suspicious at the sight of a couple of young black men hanging out … is not racial profiling, it is common sense”"<ref>HE Cauvin qtd in Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860. SAGE.</ref>

The repression of black and Puerto Rican communities in New York City would continue into the WWII era. Both groups were subjected to increasingly racially inflammatory media and calls for increased law enforcement. The effect of this was a massive increase in vigilante and police violence that targeted black and Puerto Rican individuals.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 46. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

==The Drug War, Police Militarization, and the Prison Industrial Complex==
The roots of the drug war can be found in the heroin trade of the 1940s. In many major cities, the heroin trade offered one of the few employment opportunities for black and disenfranchised youths. The growth of this industry led to new federal and state laws that levied heavy punishments for drug use, and offered an excuse for an increased police presence in ghetto neighborhoods<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 50. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> Perhaps one of the more jarring aspects of this is the fact that by the 1960s, the two organizations who controlled the majority of the heroin trade were the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family Lucchese crime family], and the NYPD. As pointed out by Lisa Schneider: "In one decade the special investigative unit of the NYPD put 180 million kilos or $32 million worth of heroin on the streets."<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 51-52. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

The militarization of police can be traced back to the 1960s during the Civil Rights movement. The SWAT (Special Weapons And Tactics) team originated during this period. The Los Angeles SWAT team in particular were formed in response to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_riots Watts Riots of 1965],<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860-861. SAGE.</ref> which took place in reaction to police racism.

=='Law and Order' in the Present Day==
The killing of Trayvon Martin in 2012, as well as the killing of Michael Brown in 2014 saw a widespread public reaction from social media to the streets. These events saw the rise of Black Lives Matter as a contemporary movement that focuses on ending police brutality.<ref>Ray, Rashawn, Melissa Brown, and Wendy Laybourn. "The evolution of #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter: social movements, big data, and race." Ethic and Racial Studies 40, no. 11 (2017): 1795.</ref> This marked one of the most significant contemporary movements of resistance against police brutality in the United States. Furthermore, these events brought to prominence the importance of technology as a means of holding police accountable for their actions. In a different example of police brutality, at UC Davis in 2011, Dylan Rodriguez points out that: "The political outcry was primarily fueled by the viral circulation of cell phone, Facebook, and YouTube videos depicting riot-geared police officers dousing the UC Davis occupiers with a caustic yellowish fluid."<ref>Rodriguez, Dylan. "Beyond “Police Brutality”: Racist State Violence and the University of California." American Quarterly 64, no. 2 (June 2012): 304.</ref> Although technology has not stopped police brutality from occurring, and police continue to get acquitted for acts of violence, social media and video technology have created a significant public outrage, and subsequent public inquiry into the role of policing in American society.

==References==
<references/>

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T04:25:53Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* The Drug War, Police Militarization, and the Prison Industrial Complex */

The role of policing in the United States is a divisive subject. On one hand, there is support for the notion of '[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics) law and order]', which has been touted and acted upon by figures like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon Richard Nixon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan Ronald Reagan], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover J. Edgar Hoover]. However, this has led to criticisms of abuse of power, racist policing, and policing in order to uphold a status quo.

== Early Policing in the United States ==
The origins of policing in the United States can be tracked back to the maintenance of a racialized status quo. The first 'police' forces in the United States were formed either in order to protect property, or to engage in slave patrols, which were: "authorized to stop, search, whip, maim, and even kill any African slave caught off the plantation without a pass, engaged in illegal activities or running away”.<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 862. SAGE.</ref> This type of enforcement helped to maintain a vertical hierarchy that empowered white, land-owning individuals, whose profits largely derived from large scale free-labor in the form of black slaves.

Jumping ahead to the 20th century, police found themselves enforcing Jim Crow laws, which helped to maintain [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era black disenfranchisement] in the United States following the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era Reconstruction Era]. In New York City, which saw a substantial increase in black residents during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American) Great Migration], the police would forcibly separate interracial marriages, and arrest, or attack black and Puerto Rican individuals who were found in white neighborhoods.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 43. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> This is an attitude that has continued to define law enforcment, here described by H. Cauvin: "on 5 August 2006 The Washington Post ran a story on a Washington, DC police commander’s statement that “black people were an unusual sight in Georgetown” and that to be “suspicious at the sight of a couple of young black men hanging out … is not racial profiling, it is common sense”"<ref>HE Cauvin qtd in Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860. SAGE.</ref>

The repression of black and Puerto Rican communities in New York City would continue into the WWII era. Both groups were subjected to increasingly racially inflammatory media and calls for increased law enforcement. The effect of this was a massive increase in vigilante and police violence that targeted black and Puerto Rican individuals.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 46. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

==The Drug War, Police Militarization, and the Prison Industrial Complex==
The roots of the drug war can be found in the heroin trade of the 1940s. In many major cities, the heroin trade offered one of the few employment opportunities for black and disenfranchised youths. The growth of this industry led to new federal and state laws that levied heavy punishments for drug use, and offered an excuse for an increased police presence in ghetto neighborhoods<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 50. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> Perhaps one of the more jarring aspects of this is the fact that by the 1960s, the two organizations who controlled the majority of the heroin trade were the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family Lucchese crime family], and the NYPD. As pointed out by Lisa Schneider: "In one decade the special investigative unit of the NYPD put 180 million kilos or $32 million worth of heroin on the streets."<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 51-52. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

The militarization of police can be traced back to the 1960s during the Civil Rights movement. The SWAT (Special Weapons And Tactics) team originated during this period. The Los Angeles SWAT team in particular were formed in response to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_riots Watts Riots of 1965],<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860-861. SAGE.</ref> which took place in reaction to police racism.

=='Law and Order' in the Present Day==
The killing of Trayvon Martin in 2012, as well as the killing of Michael Brown in 2014 saw a widespread public reaction from social media to the streets. These events saw the rise of Black Lives Matter as a contemporary movement that focuses on ending police brutality.<ref>Ray, Rashawn, Melissa Brown, and Wendy Laybourn. "The evolution of #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter: social movements, big data, and race." Ethic and Racial Studies 40, no. 11 (2017): 1795.</ref> This marked one of the most significant contemporary movements of resistance against police brutality in the United States. Furthermore, these events brought to prominence the importance of technology as a means of holding police accountable for their actions. In a different example of police brutality, at UC Davis in 2011, Dylan Rodriguez points out that: "the political outcry was primarily fueled by the viral circulation of cell phone, Facebook, and YouTube videos depicting riot-geared police officers dousing the UC Davis occupiers with a caustic yellowish fluid."<ref>Rodriguez, Dylan. "Beyond “Police Brutality”: Racist State Violence and the University of California." American Quarterly 64, no. 2 (June 2012): 304.</ref> Although technology has not stopped police brutality from occurring, and police continue to get acquitted for acts of violence, social media and video technology have created a significant public outrage, and subsequent public inquiry into the role of policing in American society.

==References==
<references/>

Talk:Cultural Appropriation of Indian Culture in the Media

2017-11-04T04:22:19Z

ConnorMcCabe: Created page with "Your page is really well fleshed out! I thought your use of numerous examples was very effective as some of these styles wouldn't have occurred to me as being cultural appropr..."

Your page is really well fleshed out! I thought your use of numerous examples was very effective as some of these styles wouldn't have occurred to me as being cultural appropriation, largely due to the normalization of this appropriation in North America. My only suggestion would be to expand upon the impact of cultural appropriation, maybe expand upon the effect of the misconceptions or stereotypes on social level, or an individual level. Cheers!
[[User:ConnorMcCabe|ConnorMcCabe]] ([[User talk:ConnorMcCabe|talk]]) 21:22, 3 November 2017 (PDT)

Talk:The Divide between the Global North and the Global South as a Result of Neoliberalism

2017-11-04T04:14:00Z

ConnorMcCabe: Created page with "Your introduction and overview of Neoliberalism are well written and offer a good groundwork for what’s to come. However, I think you could associate globalization with neol..."

Your introduction and overview of Neoliberalism are well written and offer a good groundwork for what’s to come. However, I think you could associate globalization with neoliberalism, and give global health its own header. Your explanation of globalization is very interesting, but I think you could expand upon the significance of these models in their impact on global health. Cheers!
[[User:ConnorMcCabe|ConnorMcCabe]] ([[User talk:ConnorMcCabe|talk]]) 21:14, 3 November 2017 (PDT)

Talk:The Medicalization Of Beauty

2017-11-04T04:04:24Z

ConnorMcCabe: Created page with "I think you chose an interesting topic of which a lot can be said. Your overview of medicalization and how it is employed as social control is concise and well written. My onl..."

I think you chose an interesting topic of which a lot can be said. Your overview of medicalization and how it is employed as social control is concise and well written. My only suggestion would be to provide some specific examples to back up your points, for example, somewhere where this is particularly prevalent, and maybe the infrastructure (social and otherwise) that goes into maintaining it. Cheers!
[[User:ConnorMcCabe|ConnorMcCabe]] ([[User talk:ConnorMcCabe|talk]]) 21:04, 3 November 2017 (PDT)

GRSJ224

2017-11-04T03:54:09Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* Discrimination */

=== INTRODUCTION ===

This '''Wikispace''' is a peer-produced shared resource that will evolve as students post content relating to GRSJ224. You are responsible for creating dynamic and informative wiki pages. As you add and update information throughout the semester, originality, resourcefulness, and creativity is encouraged. The wiki will be sustained for successive semesters so that the work you contribute will be available to future students.

=== ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION ===

To download and view full details of the assignment, click [https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/xid-16358571_1 here].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_preparation.gif ||
* Read: [http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ELI7004.pdf 7 Things you should know about Wikis]
* Choose a term from the table of contents
* Confirm your selection of topic with your instructor by the '''SECOND WEEK OF CLASSES'''
* Set up your wiki page.
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_finalizing.png ||
* Continue to work towards improving and finalizing your Wiki.
* Consider the wiki as a whole and the usefulness of adding images and links.
* Check your Talk page to see if your peers provided you with any useful feedback
* Ensure your Wiki is properly cited
* Proofread your Wiki

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_research.gif ||
* Gather resources in relevance of your discoveries to class materials.
* Familiarize yourself with the wiki-authoring tools of [[GRSJ224/wikibasics|Wiki Basics]]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_submit.gif ||
* Submit "Wikipedia Report" to your instructor in Connect

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_drafting.gif ||
* Read: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia's guide to Writing Better Articles]
* Write content relevant to class material.
* Tailor your page to your audience.
* Check out your peers’ draft Wikis below and provide feedback using the [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Talk_pages Talk pages]
* The intellectual rules of property DO apply: provide [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink links], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism plagiarisms].
|}

'''Helpful Links:'''
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d2u58vo0/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_kmj3r79h Embed an Image]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_nguojj8r/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_d9350hqg Embed a Video]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d478y7sn/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_sg3scx28 Link to an external website]

=== TABLE OF CONTENTS ===

{| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" border="1" style="background:aliceblue; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #AEDCF6;"
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Democracy</span></h2>====

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Neoliberalism</span></h2>====
[http://wiki.ubc.ca/riseofislamphoniaintheusa#riseofislamophobiaintheusa]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/Bodies_as_Productive_Machines#Bodies_as_Productive_Machines Bodies as Productive Machines]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/The_Divide_between_the_Global_North_and_the_Global_South_as_a_Result_of_Neoliberalism#Health_in_the_Global_North The Divide between the Global North and the Global South as a Result of Neoliberalism]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/test]

*
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Post-coloniality</span></h2>====

*
*
*
[http://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/cultural_appropriation_of_Indian_culture Cultural Appropriation of Indian Culture]

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Colonialism%27s_Impact_On_Aboriginal_Land_Rights_In_Canada]

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Reproduction</span></h2>====

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/ReproductiveRightsandMedia#ReproductiveRightsandMedia Reproductive Rights and Media]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/ReproductiveFreedom]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/Sterilization#Sterilization Sterilization]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/Abortion_Access_in_Nova_Scotia#Abortion_Access_in_Nova_Scotia Abortion Access in Nova Scotia]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/UnderstandingMiscarriages#UnderstandingMiscarriages]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/Reproductive_Freedom_&_Childbirth#Reproductive_Freedoom_&_Childbirth Reproductive Freedom & Childbirth]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>====

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/Sterilization]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>====

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/Chinese_Head_Tax_and_Immigration# Chinese Head Tax and Immigration in Canada]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/The_Evolution_of_Immigration_in_the_United_States:_the_RAISE_Act# The Evolution of Immigration in the United States: the RAISE Act]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/Safe_Third_Country_Agreement_Between_Canada_and_the_United_States# Safe Third Country Agreement Between Canada and the United States]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/Second-generation_immigrants_of_Canada# Second-generation immigrants of Canada]

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Feminism</span></h2>====

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/Sexism_&_Misogyny_in_American_Hip_Hop_Music Sexism & Misogyny in American Hip Hop Music]

The portrayal of women through media

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/The Idea of Post-Feminism#The Idea of Post-Feminism]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/the portrayal of women through media#Gender inequality]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/femvertising# Femvertising]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Feminism_Role_of_Social_Media# Feminism & The Role of Social Media]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/Feminism_in_Mainstream_American_Television_from_2000_to_Now#Feminism_in_Mainstream_American_Television_from_2000_to_Now]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224_Women_In_Baseball Women In Baseball]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224_Abortion#Abortion]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Gender_Wage_Gap_Myth_Or_Fact#Gender_Wage_Gap_Myth_Or_Fact Gender Wage Gap: Myth or Fact?]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Discrimination</span></h2>====

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/Transgender_Children_in_Primary_Schooling# Transgender Children in Primary Schooling]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/Rise_of_Islamophobia_in_the_USA# Rise of Islamophobia in the USA]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/Discrimination_of_Indigenous_People# Discrimination of Indigenous People]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/Bisexual_Visibility# Bisexual Visibility]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/Sexual_Orientation_Discrimination_in_Canada# Sexual Orientation Discrimination in Canada]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Abuse_In_The_Residential_School_System# Abuse in the Residential School System]

[[Queer Parenting]]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/The_Evolution_of_Status_Quo_Policing_in_the_United_States# The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Indigeneity</span></h2>====

*[[User:AlexandraDrossos#Access_to_Health_care_on_Aboriginal_Reservations_in_Canada|Access to Health Care on Aboriginal Reserves in Canada]]
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

[[http://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Colonialism%27s_Impact_On_Aboriginal_Land_Rights_In_Canada]]

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>====

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/Masculinity_in_Fraternities#Masculinity_in_Fraternities]

|-

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Medicalization</span></h2>====

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/The_Medicalization_Of_Beauty The Medicalization Of Beauty]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/The_Medicalization_of_Traditional_Chinese_Medicine_in_Western_Medicine The Medicalization of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Western Medicine]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/Medicalization_Of_Eating_Disorders The Medicalization of Eating Disorders]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/The_Medicalization_Of_Aging The Medicalization of Aging]

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/The_Medicalization_Of_Addiction_in_Vancouver's_Downtown_Eastside#The_Medicalization_Of_Addiction_in_Vancouver's_Downtown_Eastside]

|-

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

[http://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Colonialism%27s_Impact_On_Aboriginal_Land_Rights_In_Canada]

===ARCHIVE===
Here is an archive of the Wiki pages created by previous students: [[GRSJ224/archive|Archive of Wiki pages]]

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T03:51:26Z

ConnorMcCabe:

The role of policing in the United States is a divisive subject. On one hand, there is support for the notion of '[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics) law and order]', which has been touted and acted upon by figures like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon Richard Nixon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan Ronald Reagan], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover J. Edgar Hoover]. However, this has led to criticisms of abuse of power, racist policing, and policing in order to uphold a status quo.

== Early Policing in the United States ==
The origins of policing in the United States can be tracked back to the maintenance of a racialized status quo. The first 'police' forces in the United States were formed either in order to protect property, or to engage in slave patrols, which were: "authorized to stop, search, whip, maim, and even kill any African slave caught off the plantation without a pass, engaged in illegal activities or running away”.<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 862. SAGE.</ref> This type of enforcement helped to maintain a vertical hierarchy that empowered white, land-owning individuals, whose profits largely derived from large scale free-labor in the form of black slaves.

Jumping ahead to the 20th century, police found themselves enforcing Jim Crow laws, which helped to maintain [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era black disenfranchisement] in the United States following the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era Reconstruction Era]. In New York City, which saw a substantial increase in black residents during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American) Great Migration], the police would forcibly separate interracial marriages, and arrest, or attack black and Puerto Rican individuals who were found in white neighborhoods.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 43. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> This is an attitude that has continued to define law enforcment, here described by H. Cauvin: "on 5 August 2006 The Washington Post ran a story on a Washington, DC police commander’s statement that “black people were an unusual sight in Georgetown” and that to be “suspicious at the sight of a couple of young black men hanging out … is not racial profiling, it is common sense”"<ref>HE Cauvin qtd in Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860. SAGE.</ref>

The repression of black and Puerto Rican communities in New York City would continue into the WWII era. Both groups were subjected to increasingly racially inflammatory media and calls for increased law enforcement. The effect of this was a massive increase in vigilante and police violence that targeted black and Puerto Rican individuals.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 46. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

==The Drug War, Police Militarization, and the Prison Industrial Complex==
The roots of the drug war can be found in the heroin trade of the 1940s. In many major cities, the heroin trade offered one of the few employment opportunities for black and disenfranchised youths. The growth of this industry led to new federal and state laws that levied heavy punishments for drug use, and offered an excuse for an increased police presence in ghetto neighborhoods<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 50. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> Perhaps one of the more jarring aspects of this is the fact that by the 1960s, the two organizations who controlled the majority of the heroin trade were the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family Lucchese crime family], and the NYPD. As pointed out by Lisa Schneider: "In one decade the special investigative unit of the NYPD put 180 million kilos or $32 million worth of heroin on the streets."<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 51-52. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

The militarization of police can be traced back to the 1960s during the Civil Rights movement. The SWAT (Special Weapons And Tactics) team originated during this period. The Los Angeles SWAT team in particular were formed in response to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_riots Watts Riots of 1965].<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860-861. SAGE.</ref>

=='Law and Order' in the Present Day==
The killing of Trayvon Martin in 2012, as well as the killing of Michael Brown in 2014 saw a widespread public reaction from social media to the streets. These events saw the rise of Black Lives Matter as a contemporary movement that focuses on ending police brutality.<ref>Ray, Rashawn, Melissa Brown, and Wendy Laybourn. "The evolution of #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter: social movements, big data, and race." Ethic and Racial Studies 40, no. 11 (2017): 1795.</ref> This marked one of the most significant contemporary movements of resistance against police brutality in the United States. Furthermore, these events brought to prominence the importance of technology as a means of holding police accountable for their actions. In a different example of police brutality, at UC Davis in 2011, Dylan Rodriguez points out that: "the political outcry was primarily fueled by the viral circulation of cell phone, Facebook, and YouTube videos depicting riot-geared police officers dousing the UC Davis occupiers with a caustic yellowish fluid."<ref>Rodriguez, Dylan. "Beyond “Police Brutality”: Racist State Violence and the University of California." American Quarterly 64, no. 2 (June 2012): 304.</ref> Although technology has not stopped police brutality from occurring, and police continue to get acquitted for acts of violence, social media and video technology have created a significant public outrage, and subsequent public inquiry into the role of policing in American society.

==References==
<references/>

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T03:46:47Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* Early Policing in the United States */

The role of policing in the United States is a divisive subject. On one hand, there is support for the notion of '[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics) law and order]', which has been touted and acted upon by figures like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon Richard Nixon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan Ronald Reagan], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover J. Edgar Hoover]. However, this has led to criticisms of abuse of power, racist policing, and policing in order to uphold a status quo. This article will focus on three specific periods of policing: early policing in the United States, COINTELPRO through the Clinton era, and the modern day.

== Early Policing in the United States ==
The origins of policing in the United States can be tracked back to the maintenance of a racialized status quo. The first 'police' forces in the United States were formed either in order to protect property, or to engage in slave patrols, which were: "authorized to stop, search, whip, maim, and even kill any African slave caught off the plantation without a pass, engaged in illegal activities or running away”.<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 862. SAGE.</ref> This type of enforcement helped to maintain a vertical hierarchy that empowered white, land-owning individuals, whose profits largely derived from large scale free-labor in the form of black slaves.

Jumping ahead to the 20th century, police found themselves enforcing Jim Crow laws, which helped to maintain [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era black disenfranchisement] in the United States following the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era Reconstruction Era]. In New York City, which saw a substantial increase in black residents during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American) Great Migration], the police would forcibly separate interracial marriages, and arrest, or attack black and Puerto Rican individuals who were found in white neighborhoods.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 43. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> This is an attitude that has continued to define law enforcment, here described by H. Cauvin: "on 5 August 2006 The Washington Post ran a story on a Washington, DC police commander’s statement that “black people were an unusual sight in Georgetown” and that to be “suspicious at the sight of a couple of young black men hanging out … is not racial profiling, it is common sense”"<ref>HE Cauvin qtd in Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860. SAGE.</ref>

The repression of black and Puerto Rican communities in New York City would continue into the WWII era. Both groups were subjected to increasingly racially inflammatory media and calls for increased law enforcement. The effect of this was a massive increase in vigilante and police violence that targeted black and Puerto Rican individuals.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 46. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

==The Drug War, Police Militarization, and the Prison Industrial Complex==
The roots of the drug war can be found in the heroin trade of the 1940s. In many major cities, the heroin trade offered one of the few employment opportunities for black and disenfranchised youths. The growth of this industry led to new federal and state laws that levied heavy punishments for drug use, and offered an excuse for an increased police presence in ghetto neighborhoods<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 50. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> Perhaps one of the more jarring aspects of this is the fact that by the 1960s, the two organizations who controlled the majority of the heroin trade were the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family Lucchese crime family], and the NYPD. As pointed out by Lisa Schneider: "In one decade the special investigative unit of the NYPD put 180 million kilos or $32 million worth of heroin on the streets."<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 51-52. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

The militarization of police can be traced back to the 1960s during the Civil Rights movement. The SWAT (Special Weapons And Tactics) team originated during this period. The Los Angeles SWAT team in particular were formed in response to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_riots Watts Riots of 1965].<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860-861. SAGE.</ref>

=='Law and Order' in the Present Day==
The killing of Trayvon Martin in 2012, as well as the killing of Michael Brown in 2014 saw a widespread public reaction from social media to the streets. These events saw the rise of Black Lives Matter as a contemporary movement that focuses on ending police brutality.<ref>Ray, Rashawn, Melissa Brown, and Wendy Laybourn. "The evolution of #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter: social movements, big data, and race." Ethic and Racial Studies 40, no. 11 (2017): 1795.</ref> This marked one of the most significant contemporary movements of resistance against police brutality in the United States. Furthermore, these events brought to prominence the importance of technology as a means of holding police accountable for their actions. In a different example of police brutality, at UC Davis in 2011, Dylan Rodriguez points out that: "the political outcry was primarily fueled by the viral circulation of cell phone, Facebook, and YouTube videos depicting riot-geared police officers dousing the UC Davis occupiers with a caustic yellowish fluid."<ref>Rodriguez, Dylan. "Beyond “Police Brutality”: Racist State Violence and the University of California." American Quarterly 64, no. 2 (June 2012): 304.</ref> Although technology has not stopped police brutality from occurring, and police continue to get acquitted for acts of violence, social media and video technology have created a significant public outrage, and subsequent public inquiry into the role of policing in American society.

==References==
<references/>

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T03:27:16Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* COINTELPRO, the Drug War, and the Prison Industrial Complex */

The role of policing in the United States is a divisive subject. On one hand, there is support for the notion of '[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics) law and order]', which has been touted and acted upon by figures like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon Richard Nixon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan Ronald Reagan], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover J. Edgar Hoover]. However, this has led to criticisms of abuse of power, racist policing, and policing in order to uphold a status quo. This article will focus on three specific periods of policing: early policing in the United States, COINTELPRO through the Clinton era, and the modern day.

== Early Policing in the United States ==
The origins of policing in the United States can be tracked back to the maintenance of a racialized status quo. The first 'police' forces in the United States were formed either in order to protect property, or to engage in slave patrols, which were: "authorized to stop, search, whip, maim, and even kill any African slave caught off the plantation without a pass, engaged in illegal activities or running away”.<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 862. SAGE.</ref> This type of enforcement helped to maintain a vertical hierarchy that empowered white, land-owning individuals, whose profits largely derived from large scale free-labor in the form of black slaves.

Jumping ahead to the 20th century, police found themselves enforcing Jim Crow laws, which helped to maintain [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era black disenfranchisement] in the United States following the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era Reconstruction Era]. In New York City, which saw a substantial increase in black residents during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American) Great Migration], the police would forcibly separate interracial marriages, and arrest, or attack black and Puerto Rican individuals who were found in white neighborhoods.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 43. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> The repression of black and Puerto Rican communities in New York City would continue into the WWII era. Both groups were subjected to increasingly racially inflammatory media and calls for increased law enforcement. The effect of this was a massive increase in vigilante and police violence that targeted black and Puerto Rican individuals.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 46. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

==The Drug War, Police Militarization, and the Prison Industrial Complex==
The roots of the drug war can be found in the heroin trade of the 1940s. In many major cities, the heroin trade offered one of the few employment opportunities for black and disenfranchised youths. The growth of this industry led to new federal and state laws that levied heavy punishments for drug use, and offered an excuse for an increased police presence in ghetto neighborhoods<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 50. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> Perhaps one of the more jarring aspects of this is the fact that by the 1960s, the two organizations who controlled the majority of the heroin trade were the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family Lucchese crime family], and the NYPD. As pointed out by Lisa Schneider: "In one decade the special investigative unit of the NYPD put 180 million kilos or $32 million worth of heroin on the streets."<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 51-52. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

The militarization of police can be traced back to the 1960s during the Civil Rights movement. The SWAT (Special Weapons And Tactics) team originated during this period. The Los Angeles SWAT team in particular were formed in response to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_riots Watts Riots of 1965].<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 860-861. SAGE.</ref>

=='Law and Order' in the Present Day==
The killing of Trayvon Martin in 2012, as well as the killing of Michael Brown in 2014 saw a widespread public reaction from social media to the streets. These events saw the rise of Black Lives Matter as a contemporary movement that focuses on ending police brutality.<ref>Ray, Rashawn, Melissa Brown, and Wendy Laybourn. "The evolution of #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter: social movements, big data, and race." Ethic and Racial Studies 40, no. 11 (2017): 1795.</ref> This marked one of the most significant contemporary movements of resistance against police brutality in the United States. Furthermore, these events brought to prominence the importance of technology as a means of holding police accountable for their actions. In a different example of police brutality, at UC Davis in 2011, Dylan Rodriguez points out that: "the political outcry was primarily fueled by the viral circulation of cell phone, Facebook, and YouTube videos depicting riot-geared police officers dousing the UC Davis occupiers with a caustic yellowish fluid."<ref>Rodriguez, Dylan. "Beyond “Police Brutality”: Racist State Violence and the University of California." American Quarterly 64, no. 2 (June 2012): 304.</ref> Although technology has not stopped police brutality from occurring, and police continue to get acquitted for acts of violence, social media and video technology have created a significant public outrage, and subsequent public inquiry into the role of policing in American society.

==References==
<references/>

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T03:18:07Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* 'Law and Order' in the Present Day */

The role of policing in the United States is a divisive subject. On one hand, there is support for the notion of '[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics) law and order]', which has been touted and acted upon by figures like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon Richard Nixon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan Ronald Reagan], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover J. Edgar Hoover]. However, this has led to criticisms of abuse of power, racist policing, and policing in order to uphold a status quo. This article will focus on three specific periods of policing: early policing in the United States, COINTELPRO through the Clinton era, and the modern day.

== Early Policing in the United States ==
The origins of policing in the United States can be tracked back to the maintenance of a racialized status quo. The first 'police' forces in the United States were formed either in order to protect property, or to engage in slave patrols, which were: "authorized to stop, search, whip, maim, and even kill any African slave caught off the plantation without a pass, engaged in illegal activities or running away”.<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 862. SAGE.</ref> This type of enforcement helped to maintain a vertical hierarchy that empowered white, land-owning individuals, whose profits largely derived from large scale free-labor in the form of black slaves.

Jumping ahead to the 20th century, police found themselves enforcing Jim Crow laws, which helped to maintain [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era black disenfranchisement] in the United States following the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era Reconstruction Era]. In New York City, which saw a substantial increase in black residents during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American) Great Migration], the police would forcibly separate interracial marriages, and arrest, or attack black and Puerto Rican individuals who were found in white neighborhoods.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 43. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> The repression of black and Puerto Rican communities in New York City would continue into the WWII era. Both groups were subjected to increasingly racially inflammatory media and calls for increased law enforcement. The effect of this was a massive increase in vigilante and police violence that targeted black and Puerto Rican individuals.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 46. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

==COINTELPRO, the Drug War, and the Prison Industrial Complex==
COINTELPRO -----
The roots of the drug war can be found in the heroin trade of the 1940s. In many major cities, the heroin trade offered one of the few employment opportunities for black and disenfranchised youths. The growth of this industry led to new federal and state laws that levied heavy punishments for drug use, and offered an excuse for an increased police presence in ghetto neighborhoods<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 50. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> Perhaps one of the more jarring aspects of this is the fact that by the 1960s, the two organizations who controlled the majority of the heroin trade were the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family Lucchese crime family], and the NYPD. As pointed out by Lisa Schneider: "In one decade the special investigative unit of the NYPD put 180 million kilos or $32 million worth of heroin on the streets."<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 51-52. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

=='Law and Order' in the Present Day==
The killing of Trayvon Martin in 2012, as well as the killing of Michael Brown in 2014 saw a widespread public reaction from social media to the streets. These events saw the rise of Black Lives Matter as a contemporary movement that focuses on ending police brutality.<ref>Ray, Rashawn, Melissa Brown, and Wendy Laybourn. "The evolution of #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter: social movements, big data, and race." Ethic and Racial Studies 40, no. 11 (2017): 1795.</ref> This marked one of the most significant contemporary movements of resistance against police brutality in the United States. Furthermore, these events brought to prominence the importance of technology as a means of holding police accountable for their actions. In a different example of police brutality, at UC Davis in 2011, Dylan Rodriguez points out that: "the political outcry was primarily fueled by the viral circulation of cell phone, Facebook, and YouTube videos depicting riot-geared police officers dousing the UC Davis occupiers with a caustic yellowish fluid."<ref>Rodriguez, Dylan. "Beyond “Police Brutality”: Racist State Violence and the University of California." American Quarterly 64, no. 2 (June 2012): 304.</ref> Although technology has not stopped police brutality from occurring, and police continue to get acquitted for acts of violence, social media and video technology have created a significant public outrage, and subsequent public inquiry into the role of policing in American society.

==References==
<references/>

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T02:58:20Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* 'Law and Order' in the Present Day */

The role of policing in the United States is a divisive subject. On one hand, there is support for the notion of '[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics) law and order]', which has been touted and acted upon by figures like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon Richard Nixon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan Ronald Reagan], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover J. Edgar Hoover]. However, this has led to criticisms of abuse of power, racist policing, and policing in order to uphold a status quo. This article will focus on three specific periods of policing: early policing in the United States, COINTELPRO through the Clinton era, and the modern day.

== Early Policing in the United States ==
The origins of policing in the United States can be tracked back to the maintenance of a racialized status quo. The first 'police' forces in the United States were formed either in order to protect property, or to engage in slave patrols, which were: "authorized to stop, search, whip, maim, and even kill any African slave caught off the plantation without a pass, engaged in illegal activities or running away”.<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 862. SAGE.</ref> This type of enforcement helped to maintain a vertical hierarchy that empowered white, land-owning individuals, whose profits largely derived from large scale free-labor in the form of black slaves.

Jumping ahead to the 20th century, police found themselves enforcing Jim Crow laws, which helped to maintain [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era black disenfranchisement] in the United States following the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era Reconstruction Era]. In New York City, which saw a substantial increase in black residents during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American) Great Migration], the police would forcibly separate interracial marriages, and arrest, or attack black and Puerto Rican individuals who were found in white neighborhoods.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 43. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> The repression of black and Puerto Rican communities in New York City would continue into the WWII era. Both groups were subjected to increasingly racially inflammatory media and calls for increased law enforcement. The effect of this was a massive increase in vigilante and police violence that targeted black and Puerto Rican individuals.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 46. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

==COINTELPRO, the Drug War, and the Prison Industrial Complex==
COINTELPRO -----
The roots of the drug war can be found in the heroin trade of the 1940s. In many major cities, the heroin trade offered one of the few employment opportunities for black and disenfranchised youths. The growth of this industry led to new federal and state laws that levied heavy punishments for drug use, and offered an excuse for an increased police presence in ghetto neighborhoods<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 50. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> Perhaps one of the more jarring aspects of this is the fact that by the 1960s, the two organizations who controlled the majority of the heroin trade were the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family Lucchese crime family], and the NYPD. As pointed out by Lisa Schneider: "In one decade the special investigative unit of the NYPD put 180 million kilos or $32 million worth of heroin on the streets."<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 51-52. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

=='Law and Order' in the Present Day==
The killing of Trayvon Martin in 2012, as well as the killing of Michael Brown in 2014 saw a widespread public reaction from social media to the streets. These events saw the rise of #BlackLivesMatter as a contemporary movement that demands an end to police brutality.<ref>Ray, Rashawn, Melissa Brown, and Wendy Laybourn. "The evolution of #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter: social movements, big data, and race." Ethic and Racial Studies 40, no. 11 (2017): 1795.</ref> This marked one of the most significant contemporary movements of resistance against police brutality in the United States. Furthermore, these events brought to prominence the importance of technology as a means of holding police accountable for their actions. In a different example of police brutality, at UC Davis in 2011, Dylan Rodriguez points out that: "the political outcry was primarily fueled by the viral circulation of cell phone, Facebook, and YouTube videos depicting riot-geared police officers dousing the UC Davis occupiers with a caustic yellowish fluid."<ref>Rodriguez, Dylan. "Beyond “Police Brutality”: Racist State Violence and the University of California." American Quarterly 64, no. 2 (June 2012): 304.</ref> Although technology has not stopped police brutality from occurring, and police continue to get acquitted for acts of violence, social media and video technology have created a significant public outrage. Law and order politics continue to exist, as can largely be seen in the election of Donald Trump as president.

==References==
<references/>

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T02:47:31Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* 'Law and Order' in the Present Day */

The role of policing in the United States is a divisive subject. On one hand, there is support for the notion of '[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics) law and order]', which has been touted and acted upon by figures like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon Richard Nixon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan Ronald Reagan], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover J. Edgar Hoover]. However, this has led to criticisms of abuse of power, racist policing, and policing in order to uphold a status quo. This article will focus on three specific periods of policing: early policing in the United States, COINTELPRO through the Clinton era, and the modern day.

== Early Policing in the United States ==
The origins of policing in the United States can be tracked back to the maintenance of a racialized status quo. The first 'police' forces in the United States were formed either in order to protect property, or to engage in slave patrols, which were: "authorized to stop, search, whip, maim, and even kill any African slave caught off the plantation without a pass, engaged in illegal activities or running away”.<ref>Hughey, Matthew W. "The Five I’s of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence." Critical Sociology 41, no. 6 (2015): 862. SAGE.</ref> This type of enforcement helped to maintain a vertical hierarchy that empowered white, land-owning individuals, whose profits largely derived from large scale free-labor in the form of black slaves.

Jumping ahead to the 20th century, police found themselves enforcing Jim Crow laws, which helped to maintain [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era black disenfranchisement] in the United States following the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era Reconstruction Era]. In New York City, which saw a substantial increase in black residents during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American) Great Migration], the police would forcibly separate interracial marriages, and arrest, or attack black and Puerto Rican individuals who were found in white neighborhoods.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 43. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> The repression of black and Puerto Rican communities in New York City would continue into the WWII era. Both groups were subjected to increasingly racially inflammatory media and calls for increased law enforcement. The effect of this was a massive increase in vigilante and police violence that targeted black and Puerto Rican individuals.<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 46. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

==COINTELPRO, the Drug War, and the Prison Industrial Complex==
COINTELPRO -----
The roots of the drug war can be found in the heroin trade of the 1940s. In many major cities, the heroin trade offered one of the few employment opportunities for black and disenfranchised youths. The growth of this industry led to new federal and state laws that levied heavy punishments for drug use, and offered an excuse for an increased police presence in ghetto neighborhoods<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 50. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref> Perhaps one of the more jarring aspects of this is the fact that by the 1960s, the two organizations who controlled the majority of the heroin trade were the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family Lucchese crime family], and the NYPD. As pointed out by Lisa Schneider: "In one decade the special investigative unit of the NYPD put 180 million kilos or $32 million worth of heroin on the streets."<ref>Schneider, Cathy Lisa. "Policing Racial Boundaries and Riots in New York (1920-1993)." In Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York, 51-52. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.</ref>

=='Law and Order' in the Present Day==
The killing of Trayvon Martin in 2012, as well as the killing of Michael Brown in 2014 saw a widespread public reaction from social media to the streets. These events saw the rise of #BlackLivesMatter as a contemporary movement that demands an end to police brutality.<ref>Ray, Rashawn, Melissa Brown, and Wendy Laybourn. "The evolution of #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter: social movements, big data, and race." Ethic and Racial Studies 40, no. 11 (2017): 1795.</ref> This marked one of the most significant contemporary movements of resistance against police brutality in the United States. Furthermore, these events brought to prominence the importance of technology as a means of holding police accountable for their actions. In a different example of police brutality, at UC Davis in 2011, Dylan Rodriguez points out that: "the political outcry was primarily fueled by the viral circulation of cell phone, Facebook, and YouTube videos depicting riot-geared police officers dousing the UC Davis occupiers with a caustic yellowish fluid."<ref>Rodriguez, Dylan. "Beyond “Police Brutality”: Racist State Violence and the University of California." American Quarterly 64, no. 2 (June 2012): 304.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T02:39:30Z

ConnorMcCabe:

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T02:16:37Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* COINTELPRO and the Prison Industrial Complex */

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T02:08:04Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* Early Policing in the United States */

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T02:06:44Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* Early Policing in the United States */

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T01:59:03Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* Early Policing in the United States */

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T01:56:48Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* Early Policing in the United States */

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T01:53:26Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* Early Policing in the United States */

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T00:39:32Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* References */

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T00:39:20Z

ConnorMcCabe:

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T00:38:54Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* Early Policing in the United States */

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T00:38:38Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* Early Policing in the United States */

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T00:37:59Z

ConnorMcCabe:

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T00:37:37Z

ConnorMcCabe: /* Early Policing in the United States */

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T00:28:18Z

ConnorMcCabe:

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T00:20:26Z

ConnorMcCabe:

The Evolution of Status Quo Policing in the United States

2017-11-04T00:19:28Z

ConnorMcCabe: Created page with "The role of policing in the United States is a divisive subject. On one hand, there is support for the notion of '[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics) law a..."

User:ConnorMcCabe

2017-10-31T07:05:21Z

ConnorMcCabe: Created page with "- The evolution of police brutality in the united states -"

- The evolution of police brutality in the united states
-