UBC Wiki - User contributions [en]

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Steele Family

2012-04-17T19:40:21Z

BenNilson:

==First Generation Family Members==

''Joseph Steele'': The patriarch of the Steele family, a right inherited from his father. He is educated in both the management of his estate, as well as the culture of the higher class. He has made sure to instill a strict discipline into his children, so that they may have all that their forefathers have given them and more, so that they may live a good life. A realist at heart he tries to see the bright side of life through faith and will of his wife, sweet Catherine (the only woman he has loved more would be his darling daughter, Anne). He has encouraged his sons so long as their strives are fortuitous, and conducive to their status. He has been noted as having a "protestant work ethic" by his friends as a good natured ribbing. While having a staunch attitude towards working for a better life, he is a light hearted an kind man to all who are near him. Now deceased.

''Catherine Steele'': The Matriarch, Catherine has the beauty of an angel. Her father had been a lower gentry man, who married his daughter to the Steele's in part for the closeness of their now merged estates, and the other part being the legitimate love between her and Joseph. She is responsible for breaking through much of the hard outer shell that had consumed her husband, and has even been successful at bringing his vices to heel. She has always minded her duty as a wife and mother, trusting her husbands guidance. She has never been without opinion however, as her husband will always open an ear for her, especially in matters concerning the children. A happy woman who has done all she could to raise her family. A well liked woman in the county she is very respectable. Now deceased.

''Anne Steele'': Born with a beauty to rival her mothers Anne was a curt and polite young woman who is a proud and caring. She has been raised in a proper fashion, and was ready for and excepted the burden of what being a good wife and mother was at a good age. At this time, her father wished his daughter to have the best she could have, and raised her dowry. The family that approached him about her marriage was the Palmer family. Her father had met with the Palmer's before, and found them suitable. Anne was delighted when she met the suitor and the two immediately became smitten and this blossomed into love. Now in Devon Anne is as happy as anyone could be in her marriage, and still keeps her personal dignity high, a trait which her husband admires and respects.

== The Second Generation Steele Family ==
''Joseph Steele'':

The eldest son, named after his father, has been charged with taking over the estate from his father. Not one to be idle he has pursued education to help further his knowledge of the world, as well as his business sense. This has led Joseph to a law degree which has helped him understand how the world is working around him, and has made him a more respectable man on top of this. He is good natured but studious, but has a good amount of charisma behind him - as seems to be a legacy of the Steele family - and makes friends easily. He has taken Robert under his wing, and encouraged the boy to pursue a prosperous and constructive future.

Married to Marianne Longstride.

Has one son, Eric, born 1620.

== Cadet Branches ==

''Arthur Steele'': Arthur has always had an eye on the future. An optimist like his mother, and the inventive member of the family he has always had great promise. This has led him towards the pursuit of works of intricacies, and the marvels of science an art. His eyes were caught by the eyes of firearms. through a life of experience his father had met a man who may have been able to help his son, especially due to to the lack of quality - or at least the quality he could find - in England. In France not only did Arthur find his craft, but he found his love. Soon Artur found himself betrothed to Marie Chevalier. He has since become a well respected gentleman of a superb craft. He now resides across the Channel. Running guns to various groups during the civil war.

Sons Henry and Richard, Daughter Katrina.

''Robert Steele'': Robert is the third son of Joseph, and as with his other sons, he has not let the boy get away with sloth. Instead Robert became a enamored with the word, from religious to legal documents, and so much more. Educated in the law.

Married to Hollie Monck in 1625.

== Religion ==
Catholicism

Church of England (not sure which one this is)

== County ==
Lancashire

Devon

Normandy

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 3, with own coat of arms.

'''Means of rising to next rank''': Marriage connections to both Puritans and French nobility. Largest family.

'''House and Garden''': Improved gardens with stables. Plundered by anti-papist regiment in the first Civil War, but restored.

'''Estate''': Planning enclosure.

'''Investments''': Undisclosed stock company, £1700. Successfully running guns.

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
3000

== Points Spent ==
172 out of 188

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Winchester Family

2012-04-17T19:17:46Z

BenNilson:

== Family Members==

'''Eldest Son''' - Charles Winchester: Trained and working as physician, although just starting out in field. Married to respectable physician's daughter. Had a son in 1640, and a daughter in the 1642.

Paid to become a baronet and raised a regiment for the Parliamentarians. This regiment performed well at the Battle of Newbury. Unfortunately, Colonel Winchester's brother Oliver accompanied him and died from wounds received in glorious action against the cavalier cavalry.

After the war became a justice of the peace for Staffordshire.

Has a son and daughter.

'''Nephews''' - Twin boys born 1641, being raised by mother, nee Rochester.

'''Sister''' - Abigail Winchester, Married to respectable rank 2 gentleman.

== Deceased Members ==

'''Pater familias''' - Thomas Winchester

'''Mater familias''' - Molly Winchester

'''Youngest Son''' - Oliver Winchester, married into Rochester family.

== Religion ==
Church of England

== County ==
Staffordshire

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 4. Prominent county gentry in Staffordshire.

'''Means of rising to latest rank''': Justice of the Peace.

'''House and Garden''': Improved gardens with stables.

'''Estate''': £550 invested in sheep and enclosure.

'''Investments''': Undisclosed Joint stock company, £1500.

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
3000

== Points Spent ==
110 out of 112

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Longstride Family

2012-04-17T19:00:37Z

BenNilson:

==History==
The Longstride family has long been settled in Nottinghamshire, and in particular within Sherwood Forest. The Longstrides’ have always been accomplished outdoors people, preferring the wind and sun on their faces. They are skilled archers and swordsmen which has been passed down generation to generation, despite the fact that it has gone out of style. The family also has a book of ballads, pertaining to their family history. The Longstrides’ have long kept the neighbourhood merry, and continue to spread their giving nature.

The family motto is officially “aufer a divitibus da pauperibus”, though their unofficial, revised motto is "Ego furto de divitibus et canibus feminibus meas." Green has always been a favourite and unofficial colour of the family.

== Deceased Family Members ==

Father - Robin Longstride

Wife - Violetta Ivy Wood

== Religion ==

Church of England

== County ==

Nottinghamshire

Purchased gardens.

== First Generation Longstrides ==

William Longstride is an avid outdoorsman who has attempted to raise his family’s status within gentry circles. He has also attempted to gain wealth through diversification of investments. He loves his children very much, and is not a fan of the Sheriff of Nottingham, but hides it well. William is highly regarded among the poor population of Nottinghamshire, but is generally disliked among the well-off. He has managed to keep the family out of the Civil War.

Jane Longstride (nee Gisbourne, daughter of Guy Gisbourne) was at first welcomed into the family with trepidation. During the early years of the marriage, she devoted herself to the gardens, but after saving Williams life through her knowledge of flora, she became an integral member of the family.

Robin Longstride, the eldest son, has always been the serious son. He has studied to be a lawyer, and has utilised the connection of local lawyers that his brother brought to the family with marriage. Robin is not happy married to a wife that he largely seems to ignore, instead preferring to go riding with his many gentlemen friends or work, in particular his neighbour, Little John. However, they have managed to have children born in 1625 (boy), 1626 (boy) and 1628 (girl).

Robin has gone into horse trading, importing Arabians and cross breeding them. By the end of the First Civil war this was progressing well, with quality horses sold to both sides.

John Longstride, the second son, has always been a romantic fool so when he fell in love and married the daughter of a local lawyer, there were no surprises when a child was born 5 months after the wedding. John is very involved in breeding racehorses and is well known as a wicked Pall Mall player.

Marianne Longstride is married with dowry of £525 to Joseph Steele. She was known as a lovely girl who enjoyed exploring the Forest, much to her Mother’s concern.

== Second Generation Longstrides ==
Boy, born 1625. Grammar school and university.

Boy, born 1626. Staying at home, learning to be a sportsman with his uncle.

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 4.

'''Claim to fame''': The longstrides are county gentry well known for their social events and general horse sense.

'''House and Garden''': Improved gardens with stables and a fashionable hedge maze.

'''Estate''': Besides the ancestral estate, Jane Gisbourne brought in land equal to another half estate in dowry. The second son has gone into horse trading and is successful in selling and racing horses.

'''Investments''': Massachussets Bay Company, £2000.

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
4000

== Points Spent ==
96 out of 96

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Rochester Family

2012-04-17T18:46:41Z

BenNilson:

== Deceased Family Members==
Thomas Rochester, Father.

Agnes Rochester, Mother. Recovered from the plague.

== Family Members==
:William. Married to a London girl. Three sons, born 1625, 1627, 1629.
Interested in coffeehouses as social clubs, but mostly just settled down into the life of a parish gentleman.

:Nathanial. Junior shipping merchant. Confirmed bachelor. Lawyer. Eventually imported guns from Antwerp for Parliamentary army, after trying not to take sides. Privateer.

:Claire. Married to youngest son of Winchesters.

== Religion ==
Church of England

== County ==

East Riding of Yorkshire

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 3.

'''Means of rising to next rank''': Successful privateers.

'''House and Garden''': Looking for more land.

'''Estate''': Basic.

'''Investments''': Shipping, privateer vessels.

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
Chests of booty.

== Points Spent ==
86 out of 86

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Worberforth Family

2012-04-17T18:35:10Z

BenNilson:

'''<big>Rank 2</big>'''

== Family Members==

Eldest Son - Sir Piran Worberforth. Head of family, county gentleman, baronet.

Raised sheep for the Parliamentary army with moderate success, until royalists stole and ate a flock of sheep. The family was compensated by Parliament after the war with a parcel of land nearby.

Second Son - Tyrone Worberforth, finished a University BA and received employment as a rector in the household of an aristocratic family in the neighboring parish through the recommendation of Piran's father-in-law, a well respected lawyer.

In 1642 he left England for the new world as an Anglican missionary. Not sure where.

Eldest Daughter - Cathrine Kickwick (née Worberforth), married in 1610.

==Deceased Family Members==

Father - Timmothy Worberforth, father of Piran and Tyrone.

Mother - Elizabeth Worberforth, Timothy's wife.

== Religion ==
Church of England

== County ==
Cornwall

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 3. Reasonably well known in Cornwall.

'''Means of rising to next rank''': Baronetcy and estate improvements.

'''House and Garden''': A notable private library.

'''Estate''': Normal with nice gardens, plus additional tract of land in Cornish uplands for raising sheep.

'''Investments''':

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
4000 pounds.

== Points Spent ==
72 out of 72

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Government/The Diggers

2012-04-16T16:30:59Z

BenNilson:

'''The Diggers'''

The Diggers were a small political group of people who first arose between 1649 and 1650 in England, particularly near Surrey (1). The Diggers mainly consisted of those who were quite poor and (like the levellers) wanted equality for all. They believed in living from the ground as it allowed everyone an equal share of the food produced, which was a big issue for the Diggers as many of them lived in poverty and were starving. However they were not like some political groups who just discussed how they wanted equality, “[t]hey built houses, cultivated the land and established a community of equals” (2). The problem was however that these lands the Diggers built on and farmed did not belong to them, they instead were common lands and lands they believed were not being occupied (3).

This led to quite a problem as a person would experience great loss if the Diggers happened to cultivate their land and build a community on it. The Diggers eventually would be chased out by the army, but it may take time for the army to come from England and remove them from their land. Diggers also did not strongly believe in ownership, mainly due to ownership leading to inequality of those in the community. An example of this is after being put on trial and losing their case, they were ordered to surrender the cows had but upon closer inspection they did not own the cows and had taken them from another pasture (4). If the Diggers were to set up a community on a person’s land, not only would their land be damaged but there is also the risk they could lose the animals they owned.

(1) Ben Sandell, “Gerrard Winstanley and the Diggers”. History Review 70 (2011). Accessed on April 3, 2012. URL: http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ehost/detail?sid=176b8ac6-175c-498d-8bdc-0321445d3185%40sessionmgr112&vid=6&hid=111&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=30h&AN=66782764.
(2) IBID.
(3) IBID.
(4) IBID.

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Cultural Topics/Divorce

2012-04-16T16:23:13Z

BenNilson:

BN: This could be merged with marriage.

Divorce in Stuart England was extremely rare and just about impossible to obtain, as it required a special act of Parliament. Escape from marriage in seventeenth century English ecclesiastical law could only be achieved by annulments or by separations. Those who were rich and determined had little difficulty in proving justification for an unhappy marriage, citing the possible private nature of spouses. This provided ample opportunity for an dishonest rich man to argue that he was already contracted by spousals de presenti to somebody else or that he had had intercourse with some other woman to whom he was betrothed.<ref>Thompson, Roger. Women in Stuart England and America: A comparative study. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1974), 113.</ref> Judicial separation was available through the church courts on such grounds as adultery, violence, or desertion, but this did not permit the couple to remarry. <ref>Jeffrey L Forgeng, Daily Life in Stuart England, (Conneticut: Greenwood Press, 2007), 59.</ref>The practice of ecclesiastical courts was so scandalous that they were known as ‘Bawdy Courts’.<ref>Thompson, 114.</ref> However, these loopholes were open only to a small minority, except on the most blatant grounds, so marriage was typically considered “till death do us part”.
Widowhood was fairly common, given mortality rates, so those who lived to an old age were likely to have more than one spouse during their lifetime. Many families included stepsiblings. Widowhood could be an advantageous position, because it was the one situation in which she could hold property in her own right.<ref>Forgeng, 59.</ref> For women who lacked property, widowhood could mean economic vulnerability, because of her relatively limited earning potential; thus, remarriage was often a matter of survival.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

See also: [[Widows]]

<references/>

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Cultural Topics

2012-04-16T16:21:09Z

BenNilson:

Many of these topics appear elsewhere as well. The section as a whole perhaps needs rethinking.

[[Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Cultural Topics/Coffee House|Coffee House]]

[[Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Cultural Topics/Tea|Tea]]

[[Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Cultural Topics/Homosexuality|Homosexuality]]

[[Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Cultural Topics/Gunpowder|Gunpowder]]

[[Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Cultural Topics/Witchcraft|Witchcraft]]

[[Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Cultural Topics/Books|Books]]

[[Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Cultural Topics/Sexual Immorality|Sexual Immorality]]

[[Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Cultural Topics/Madness and Mental Illness|Madness and Mental Illness]]

[[Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Cultural Topics/Suicide|Suicide]]

[[Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Cultural Topics/Divorce|Divorce]]

[[Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Cultural Topics/Death and Funerals|Death and Funerals]]

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Cultural Topics/Tea

2012-04-16T16:20:16Z

BenNilson:

There is another section on tea and drinks that this should be merged with.

Today afternoon tea is a very typical British pastime and is often mimicked around the Commonwealth, for example in India cricket matches are stopped for a tea break. The first mention of tea by a western explorer was in 1559, a hot beverage believed to have medicinal qualities.<ref>Jill Jonnes, "The Tale of Tea, a Fragrant Brew Steeped in History," Smithsonian 12 (Feb., 1982), 101.</ref> However, this herb derived concoction did not actually become popular in England until Charles’ II new wife, Catherine of Braganza of Portugal, drank it on a regular basis. Up until 1662 the popular, and lets face it, more fun spirits, like wine and all sorts of ales, were usually served in the King’s court. However, when Catherine became queen she quickly replaced them with her preferential beverage, tea.<ref>Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History, (New York: Penguin Books, 1985), 110.</ref> Due to the Navigation laws prohibiting the import of goods from any foreign nation to England, the East India trading company was able to monopolize on the popularity of tea in London, and became quite wealthy off the import of vast quantities of tea from Asia.<ref>William H. Ukers, All About Tea: Vols. I and II, (New York: The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal, 1935).</ref> Because of this high demand for trade the East India company made it one of it's priority commodities. From 1650 - 1700 Britain had imported roughly 182,000 pounds of tea and by 1750 the nation had imported 4 million pounds.<ref>Kendra H. Wilhelm, Tea Comes to England, http://www.panix.com/~kendra/tea/tea_to_england.html</ref> It was first served for its medicinal properties in apothecaries and was eventually sold throughout the coffee houses and was advertised from £6 to £10 per pound of tea.<ref>Ibid.</ref><references/>

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Pastimes/Drinks

2012-04-16T16:15:25Z

BenNilson:

==Tea==

During the Seventeenth Century Tea was first introduced to England. Hot infusions of dried leaves, such as sage, have long been found in England, making tea a natural progression. <ref>John Sumner, A Popular Treatise on Tea: Its Qualities and Effects. (William Hidgettes: Birmingham, 1863): 8</ref> Tea grown in Asia was first brought into England through the Dutch, who acquired it through their colonies in East Asia. The date of tea entering England and first being consumed is unknown, but as early as 1577 the Portuguese began to import tea into Europe. <ref>Sumner, 8</ref>

When Catherine of Braganza married Charles II in 1662, the tea industry in England took off, as the Queen was incredibly fond of tea and the delights of having a nice warm cup. <ref>Hassan Amjad, The Elixir of Life: Meditations Over a Cup of Tea. (Teacup Inc., 2007): 47</ref>She reportedly substituted teas for wines and alcohols in her court.

In the 1660s, coffee houses in London began advertising tea for “£6 and £10 per pound,” it was a very expensive habit that could only be afforded by the landed and noble classes. <ref>Sumner, 9</ref> These were sold by Thomas Garway in Exchange Ally. Tea would be used as an indicator of wealth, and was something that gentry and nobility were quick to offer their guests, as a way to show off. Tea was also marketed as a health product as it would improve health and elongate life. <ref>Sumner, 10</ref> The rise of the enjoyment of Tea in England corresponded with the rise of clubhouses and coffeehouses, where middle and upper classes frequented to be entertained, to increase their knowledge of public affairs, and create social ties. <ref>Sumner, 9</ref> In the coffeehouses, tea was often drank.

==Wine==

Wine was popular and widely available by the seventeenth century. It did, however, need to be imported, which made it more of an upper class type of beverage. <ref>Louise Hill Curth and Tanya M. Cassidy, "'Health, Strength and Happiness': Medieval Constructions of Wine and Beer in Early Modern England” in A pleasing sinne: drink and conviviality in seventeenth-century England ed. Adam Symth (Cambridge: Brewer, 2004): 145</ref>

Wine was a status symbol as it was generally imported from France and Spain, especially from Provence, Languedoc, and the Rhine, but also from Naples and Florence. <ref>Henry Thomas Buckle, The Miscellaneous and Posthumous Works of Henry Thomas Buckle Volume III (London: Longmans, Green, and Co, 1872): 310</ref> But because of different political events, such as wars, sometimes wines would be imported from elsewhere on the continent such as Portugal. <ref>Buckle, 145</ref> Claret was the most popular variety of wine in seventeenth-century England, and people often added sugar to it. Wine was not something to be wasted as it was often quiet expensive, so even if it was terrible it could be made drinkable by adding cloves and honey. <ref>Burton, 174</ref>

Wine was an extremely useful item in the seventeenth century household. It was not only used as an enjoyable drink, but made itself very useful in medical purposes as it could be mixed with herbs to make medicine. <ref>Elizabeth Burton, The Pageant of Stuart England (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1962), 221</ref> It was vital in medical compounds. It was also used in a cosmetic application as a skin cleaner with “powered white mercury, lemon juice, pulverised egg shells, and white wine.” <ref>Burton, 338</ref>

The wine industry saw a brief decline in the 17th century. The effects and echoes of the protestant and other eccentric religious sects did little to promote it.W ine also had to go up against the readilly available beer and what was beginning to be cleaner drinking water. Wine had gone from a major staple drink to a luxury item. As a slight decline was happening wine makers expanded their horizons adding accessories like corks.

<ref>www.wine-country-guide.com</ref>France was one of the major wine making countries and because of sometimes strained relations wine had to be imported from other places like Portugal and Holland

<References>

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Estates and gentry income/Publishing

2012-04-16T16:13:04Z

BenNilson:

An essential distinction is to be made between ''publishing,'' which is “the action or business of preparing and issuing books, newspapers, etc., for public sale or distribution,” as opposed to ''printing'' which is “the transfer of characters or designs on to paper, etc., by a mechanical process.”<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary Online,'' 3rd ed., s.v. "publishing" and "printing."</ref> Although the two often went hand-in-hand, the purpose of this article is to explore ''publishing'' in Stuart England rather than printing.

=====Distribution of Ideas=====
The English book trade experienced major growth during the seventeenth century.<ref>Alan B. Farmer, "Cosmopolitanism and Foreign Books in Early Modern England," ''Shakespeare Studies'' 35 (2007): 58, http://web.ebscohost.com/ (accessed February 12, 2012).</ref> Publishing was an essential mechanism for the distribution not only of political ideas, but also for the dissemination of religious, scientific, and everyday knowledge. It has been argued that the increased output of available and useful knowledge during the Stuart period was one of the causes behind the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.<ref>Joerg Baten and Jan Luiten van Zanden, "Book Production and the Onset of Modern Economic Growth," ''Journal of Economic Growth'' 13 (2008): 218, http://www.springerlink.com/ (accessed February 11, 2012).</ref> The popularity of books concerning the evolution of social life (such as religious texts), books concerned with critiquing or praising various institutions, or scientific texts, is evident by the fact that they were printed not once, but were edited many more times and then redistributed and met with at least as much popularity as had the first edition.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

=====Government Control and Censorship=====
In recent historiography, there has been a rejection of the idea of absolute government dominance over the publishing companies in Stuart England. Instead, recent literature has suggested that the government did not have the strength or the man-power to exercise such restrictions.<ref>Anthony Milton, "Licensing, Censorship, and Religious Orthodoxy in Early Stuart England," ''The Historical Journal'' 41, no. 3 (September 1998): 626, http://www.jstor.org/ (accessed February 9, 2012).</ref> Publishing companies were relatively free to decide on their own what they would or would not publish. However, government control of many of these companies was not needed because many times these companies took strong preventative measures against material which they deemed offensive on moral, religious, or political grounds.<ref>Jason McElligott, "'A Couple of Hundred Squabbling Small Tradesmen'? Censorship, The Stationers' Company, and the State in Early Modern England," ''Media History'' 11, no. 1 (2005): 95, http://www.tandfonline.com/ (accessed February 11, 2012).</ref> Of course, what each company defined as “offensive” differed according to their religious and political alliances. As such, these companies exerted a great deal of influence and control in their city.

As the years preceding the Civil War became more tense, censorship was used by the publishing companies as weapons to prevent their opponents’ works being published. They also wrote propaganda pieces intended to embarrass their opponents.<ref>Milton, "Licensing," 633.</ref> Companies controlled what was published through a system of compulsory pre-publication licensing and the entry of the work into the company’s registry.<ref>McElligott, "Censorship," 91.</ref> Therefore, publishing companies were not solely commercial entities but they were also important to the life of a city. Oftentimes, companies would employ Justices of the Peace, who embodied significant legal and administrative power, in order to enforce the laws of the press.<ref>McElligott, "Censorship," 96.</ref> Lawyers also were an important part of the book trade. They were provided with work through actions against those who had pirated books, consulted with Parliament concerning control of the press, and the creation of new by-laws.<ref>Cyprian Blagden, "The English Stock of the Stationers' Company in the Time of the Stuarts," ''The Library'' 3 (1957): 182, http://library.oxfordjournals.org/ (accessed February 11, 2012).</ref> Thus these publishing companies were intertwined with many other professions of the city.

=====Income and Expenditure=====
Publishing companies could earn a modest 4-5% on various investments it had, such as property, but, like any other commercial entity, it depended on the difference between the cost and the selling price of its goods.<ref>Blagden, "English Stock," 183.</ref> The way a company was able to make a profit on the books it produced was because it had been granted letters patent which gave them the sole right of printing certain books, preferably popular ones.<ref>Blagden, "English Stock," 167.</ref> Essentially it was a monopoly on the right to distribute certain titles or kinds of books within the city. Occasionally the publishing company granted some of its individual members the right to print and publish a certain number of books of which of the copyright belonged to the company in return for a payment.<ref>Blagden, "English Stock," 179.</ref>Sales of books were responsible for making up the bulk of a company’s income.<ref>Ibid.</ref>For every ￡100 received from the sale of publications, about ￡38 covered what had been spent on preparing the publication for sale, which left ￡62 as the gross profit. About ￡23 of this profit was needed for overheads (expenses for the upkeep of the company).<ref>Blagden, "English Stock," 183.</ref>

The London Stationers’ Company is an excellent example of the expenditures and incomes of a publishing company. In one of the quarterly accounts, the company received money from rents and the payments of outstanding accounts for books they had supplied to various individuals or companies. With this income, he paid back a borrowed amount of ￡238. 17s. 3d. to the Stock-keepers, ￡16 in taxes, ￡288. 17s. 2d. for printing, paper, engraving, binding, entertainment, legal fees, carriage and postage, and other miscellaneous expenses. One of the most accurate accounts that has survived shows that the Stationers’ Company paid a total of ￡4148. 7s. 9d. for all of their expenditures.<ref>Blagden, "English Stock," 175-180.</ref>

See also [[Course: History_344_Nasty_Families/The First English Civil War/ Royalist Censorship| Royalist Censorship]]

<references/>

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Religion

2012-04-16T16:02:13Z

BenNilson:

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/All About Catholics|All About Catholics]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Church_of_England|Church of England]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Arminianism|Arminianism]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Laudianism|Laudianism]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Calvinism|Calvinism]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Puritans|Puritans]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Quakers|Quakers]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Fifth Monarchists|Fifth Monarchists]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Judaism| Judaism]]

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Cultural Topics/Witchcraft

2012-04-16T15:58:46Z

BenNilson:

In Stuart England the presence of witchcraft was a highly contentious issue, and led to many executions of suspected witches for various crimes. The were brief spasms of intense persecution during periods of public anxiety; the last few years of Elizabeth and the first of James were dangerous times to be accused for witchcraft, and there was a brief and dreadful interlude during the 1640’s, when regular courts were suspended and England had a self appointed Witch-finder General.(1) But on average, four out of five of those accused were acquitted, or sentenced only to prison and pillory, however even if the accused party is found innocent their reputation would be largely tainted and further convictions of witchcraft would be taken very seriously.(2) One of the most common crimes suspected witches were charged with was the sudden death of an animal. (3) If an animal that had been perfectly healthy suddenly keeled over and died or suffered some strange injury, and a strange or unknown woman had been present recently, many people in England would suspect witchcraft. Also if an animal suffered from a “wasting illness” in which it would suddenly start wasting away, witchcraft was also a usual suspect.(4) In many cases the accused had come to either buy or sell something from the owner, and after they were refused, their livestock would suffer health issues. With the knowledge we have now we know there are natural causes for all these problems, usually related to the plants the animal had ingested that were poisonous.(5) There are over two hundred examined cases in the 17thcentury where witches were accused of bewitching animals, and almost all of them can be explained by modern science but unfortunately many of these witches were executed for the crimes of which they were accused. Witches were also commonly hung for crimes of theft and murder. One of the most famous witch trials was the trial at Pendle Hill in 1612 where nine witches were hung after a lengthy trial.(6) The most common punishment for guilty parties practicing witchcraft was hanging, unless the act involved treason. For witchcraft involving treason the sentence was as stated “ye shall be drawn through the open City of London upon hurdles to the place of execution, and there be hanged and let down alive, and your privy parts be cut off, and your entrails taken out and burnt in your sight; then your head to be cut off and your body divided into for parts, to be disposed of at her Majesty’s pleasure”.(7)

(1) Rosen, Barbara. Witchcraft in England, 1558-1618. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991, 51.
(2) Ibid, 51.
(3) Hickey, Sally. "Fatal Feeds?: Plants, Livestock Losses and Witchcraft Accusations in Tudor and Stuart Britain." Folklore 101, no. 2 (1990): 131-142. MLA International Bibliography, EBSCOhost (accessed February 2, 2012).
(4) Ibid.
(5) Ibid.
(6) "The Pendle Witches." British Heritage 18, no. 7 (October 1997): 12. MAS Ultra - School Edition, EBSCOhost (accessed February 2, 2012).
(7) Rosen, Barbara. Witchcraft in England, 1558-1618. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991, 52.

The resurgence of the Witchcraft trials in the 16th and 17th century is attributed to many different factors. Emily Oster's analysis of why the witch craft trials were conducted included things such as economic and weather conditions. After a mini ice age people were looking for a scapegoat to blame. Witches could be blamed for the weather and in result the crop failure and the food shortages, In Osters analysis she found that blaming the which drew out the conclusion that, " it is reasonable to conclude that, just as easily as they raise hailstorms, so can they cause lightning and storms at sea; and so no doubt at all remains on these points."<ref>Emily Oster, Witchcraft, Weather and Economic Growth in Renaissance Europe. The Journal of Economic Perspectives , Vol. 18, No. 1 (2004), pp. 215-228. Published by: American Economic Association. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3216882. pp.217.</ref> The targeted women were usually poor widows and could have been possibly suffering from health and psychological issues such as syphilis, malnutrition, etc..
(1)Oster, Emily. Witchcraft, Weather and Economic Growth in Renaissance Europe. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 18, No. 1. (American Economic Association, 2004. pp 215-228)http://www.jstor.org/stable/3216882

<references>

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Calamities/Asylums

2012-04-16T15:53:54Z

BenNilson:

'''The Bedlam Asylum'''

By today’s standards, the asylums in the seventeenth century were terrible places that very seldom cured or helped a patient. One asylum specifically was the Bedlam asylum located in London, which was “a hospital devoted solely to the confinement of the mentally ill” (1). This asylum was quite famous and was known for being a place of complete confusion. In 1623 King Charles I launched an investigation into the asylum which found the owner had not been doing his job and was fired, and the asylum was reorganized and had to keep more records (2). Fortunately the asylum escaped the London fires, but ended up being moved to another location as the rebuilt London emphasized the terrible condition of the original building (3).

Later in the seventeenth century and throughout the eighteenth century the Bedlam asylum became a tourist attraction and “viewing violent patients and their antics was considered entertainment” (4). One problem with the Bedlam asylum, like any asylum even to present, it is very easy to be placed in an asylum, but extremely difficult to get out. If a person in the seventeenth century was placed in an asylum it would most likely be a death sentence. They would likely have had their humors ‘balanced’ while there and been either chained to the wall or placed in a cell for their own ‘well-being’ or safety.

(1) Davison, Gerald C., Kirk R. Blankstein, Gordon L. Flett, and John M. Neale. Abnormal Psychology: Third Canadian Edition. United States of America: John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 2008. Page 9.
(2) Porter, Roy. “Bethlem/Bedlam methods of madness?”. History Today, 47, no. 10 (1997): 42. Accessed on April 4, 2012. URL: http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ehost/detail?sid=64bbc0b8-0e97-42e0-8b5b-57c464a97b34%40sessionmgr111&vid=8&hid=106&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=30h&AN=9711051658.
(3) IBID.
(4) Davison, et al. Page 9.

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Longstride Family

2012-04-05T17:56:28Z

BenNilson:

==History==
The Longstride family has long been settled in Nottinghamshire, and in particular within Sherwood Forest. The Longstrides’ have always been accomplished outdoors people, preferring the wind and sun on their faces. They are skilled archers and swordsmen which has been passed down generation to generation, despite the fact that it has gone out of style. The family also has a book of ballads, pertaining to their family history. The Longstrides’ have long kept the neighbourhood merry, and continue to spread their giving nature.

The family motto is officially “aufer a divitibus da pauperibus”, though their unofficial, revised motto is "Ego furto de divitibus et canibus feminibus meas." Green has always been a favourite and unofficial colour of the family.

== Deceased Family Members ==

Father - Robin Longstride

Wife - Violetta Ivy Wood

== Religion ==

Church of England

== County ==

Nottinghamshire

Purchased gardens.

== First Generation Longstrides ==

William Longstride is an avid outdoorsman who has attempted to raise his family’s status within gentry circles. He has also attempted to gain wealth through diversification of investments. He loves his children very much, and is not a fan of the Sheriff of Nottingham, but hides it well. William is highly regarded among the poor population of Nottinghamshire, but is generally disliked among the well-off. He has managed to keep the family out of the Civil War.

Jane Longstride (nee Gisbourne, daughter of Guy Gisbourne) was at first welcomed into the family with trepidation. During the early years of the marriage, she devoted herself to the gardens, but after saving Williams life through her knowledge of flora, she became an integral member of the family.

Robin Longstride, the eldest son, has always been the serious son. He has studied to be a lawyer, and has utilised the connection of local lawyers that his brother brought to the family with marriage. Robin is not happy married to a wife that he largely seems to ignore, instead preferring to go riding with his many gentlemen friends or work, in particular his neighbour, Little John. However, they have managed to have children born in 1625 (boy), 1626 (boy) and 1628 (girl).

Robin has gone into horse trading, importing Arabians and cross breeding them. By the end of the First Civil war this was progressing well, with quality horses sold to both sides.

John Longstride, the second son, has always been a romantic fool so when he fell in love and married the daughter of a local lawyer, there were no surprises when a child was born 5 months after the wedding. John is very involved in breeding racehorses and is well known as a wicked Pall Mall player.

Marianne Longstride is married with dowry of £525 to Joseph Steele. She was known as a lovely girl who enjoyed exploring the Forest, much to her Mother’s concern.

== Second Generation Longstrides ==
Boy, born 1625. Grammar school and university.

Boy, born 1626. Staying at home, learning to be a sportsman with his uncle.

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 3.

'''Claim to fame''': The longstrides are well known for their social events and general horse sense.

'''House and Garden''': Improved gardens with stables and a fashionable hedge maze.

'''Estate''': Besides the ancestral estate, Jane Gisbourne brought in land equal to another half estate in dowry. The second son has gone into horse trading.

'''Investments''': Massachussets Bay Company, £2000.

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
4000

== Points Spent ==
75 out of 78

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Warfare/Cannons

2012-04-05T17:38:51Z

BenNilson:

The smoothbore cannon was the first to appear in the early fourteenth century in Europe. Near the end of the 15th century, the art of casting greatly improved. Lighter cannons began to be created and proved to be more effective on the battlefield.<ref>Manucy, Albert C.. ''Artillery through the ages: a short illustrated history of cannon, emphasizing types used in America.'' Washington, D.C.: Division of Publications, National Park Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1985, 5.</ref> The best cannons were cast in bronze and were bored so that the stone, iron, or lead cannonballs fit closely, without packing. Earlier cannons had to use straw, cloth, or a wooden plug to achieve a good fit. Forged iron cannonballs with lead covering were used. <ref>Calvert, J. B. . "Cannons and Gunpowder." Engineering and Technology. mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/cannon.htm (accessed January 6, 2012).</ref> During the mid 17th century and early 18th century cannons were used to protect an army’s deployment and to prepare for the advance of troops by firing upon enemy formations. <ref>Ibid.</ref> Cannon artillery joined cavalry and infantry on the battlefield. The cannon was a shock weapon, most effectively used in mass. The cannons' placement was critical to success. The battery itself was fixed, although fire could be directed to any point within range relatively quickly. <ref>Manucy, "Artillery through the ages," 5.</ref> One good shot across the front of a cavalry or infantry charge would lead to incredible destruction.
The cannon quickly became indispensable for naval warfare as well. Closing with and boarding an enemy ship became the final stage of the battle, not its beginning. The preliminary stages were manoeuvre to gain advantage, bombard the enemy ship to destroy its masts and rigging (and so its ability to manoeuvre), sweep its weather decks of defenders, and stave in its wooden sides and finally set it on fire. Fires were set by heating the shot red-hot in a furnace and lodging it in the enemy's flanks. The engagement did not begin at full range of the cannon, but usually at 'half pistol shot' or about 100 yards, frighteningly close, when the broadsides would have their maximum effect”. <ref>Calvert, J. B. . "Cannons and Gunpowder." Engineering and Technology. mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/cannon.htm (accessed January 6, 2012).</ref>

References: <references/>

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Titles and Statuses/Peerages

2012-04-05T17:36:50Z

BenNilson:

James was constantly in need of additional revenues, and needed ways to raise this money without going through Parliament. One of the most controversial ideas was the sale of peerages. Many of the existing members of the peerage were outraged because they felt it cheapened their status, as well as gave titles to people who were undeserving.

The size of the Peerage increased dramatically under James and Charles. Before James took the throne the peerage had stayed constant at fifty-nine members. James would add sixty-five members to that number and Charles would add a further sixty-two members (1) During James’ Reign he sold 2600 Knights Bachelors, and 126 Knights of the bath, as Knighthoods were the cheapest title available for sale. (2)

Through James’ reign the price for a title would vary depending on the title. Earldoms could range anywhere from 4,000 pounds to 12,000 pounds. By 1618 the price for becoming a Baron was fairly standard; it would take 10,000 Pounds. (3) In 1624, Baron Haughton purchases an earldom for 5,000 Pounds, after buying his way into the Baron class for 10,000 pounds in 1616 (4) The early twenties proved a tough time for the sale of peerages, as there are very few appointments that can be linked to any payment to the Crown. (5) If you had the money you could buy your way into the peerage, at an entry level like the Baronet class, or a knighthood, up to Baronies, Earldoms and Viscounties.

(1) Charles R. Mayes, “the Sale of Peerages in Early Stuart England” The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Mar., 1957), pp. 21-37
(2) Ibid.
(3) Ibid.
(4) Ibid.
(5) Ibid.

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Titles and Status/The Earl of Derby

2012-04-05T17:35:46Z

BenNilson:

The Earls of Derby were the most powerful figures in Lancashire and the Isle of Man. Their family, also known as the Stanleys, was “the focus of the personal and political ambitions of [the] whole county, and its influence [extended] even further afield.” <ref>Barry Coward, ''The Stanleys, Lords Stanley and Earls of Derby, 1385-1672'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1983), 85. Google Books: http://books.google.ca/books?id=5367AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA111&lpg=PA111&dq=The+Stanleys,+Lords+Stanley,+and+Earls+of+Derby,+1385–1672:+The+Origins,+Wealth,+and+Power+of+a+Landowning+Family.&source=bl&ots=sV_ZffKZ16&sig=VVZ10OhxjcKeCC4Jn2ytuHpoauM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lCF7T8vyLKXQiALO6vQt&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The title was held by several people during the seventeenth century. The first was Lord Strange, the 5th earl of Derby. He was ambitious and resourceful; in the early 1620s he enclosed 150 acres of his land. <ref>Coward, 59.</ref> He also put a great deal of effort into getting as much profit as possible out of one of his other holdings, the Isle of Man. <ref>Coward, 61.</ref> He was succeeded by his younger brother, William Stanley, the 6th earl of Derby (1561-1642). He was an enthusiastic patron of the theatre, having his own theatre troupe called Derby’s Men. Some historians have even suggested that the 6th earl was the true author of William Shakespeare’s poetry and plays.<ref>"William Stanley, 6th earl of Derby." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 03 Apr. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158461/William-Stanley-6th-earl-of-Derby>. </ref> His son succeeded him to the title but was executed in 1651 “for ‘treaon and rebellion… in a town of his own,’ Bolton.”<ref>Christopher Hill, "God and the English Revolution," ''History Workshop'' 17 (Spring, 1984): 29. JSTOR: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4288543. Accessed April 3, 2012.</ref> In 1660, his son was restored to his holdings as the earl.<ref>Hill, 29.</ref> Although the family had been in difficult financial circumstances, in 1660 they were authorized by the House of Lords to take back all of the Stanley property that had been seized during the civil war.<ref>Coward, 75-76.</ref> The 8th earl was very active in the House of Lords during the reign of Charles II.<ref>Coward, 77.</ref>

Since the Stanley family was so important, many ambitious and enterprising men came to work in their household in order to advance themselves politically and socially. Gentry families from Lancashire and Cheshire sent their sons to be raised by the various earls.<ref>Coward, 84-85.</ref> The youths often worked as servants while learning how to behave like gentlemen. The 7th earl wrote in the 1640s that his great-grandfather had "bredd up many Youths of Noblemen, Knights and Esquires Sonns (such reputation had he of good government in his House! And the same obliged many Families unto it)."<ref>Quoted in Coward, 86.</ref> Some positions available in the earl’s household included treasurer of the household, steward, receiver of the estates, and governor of the Isle of Man.<ref>Coward, 86.</ref> One man, Sir Richard Shireburn, was the son of a gentleman who worked for the local government and then joined the household of the earl of Derby. He became a successful bureaucrat and courtier under Henry VIII and was even a member of Parliament. The Stanleys gave their servants “grants of land, money, lucrative advowsons and offices.” <ref>Coward 89.</ref> By 1595, the 5th earl was paying a total of 212 pounds a year in annuities to his servants and left 49 pounds in legacies. <ref>Coward, 90.</ref> Men of lower birth also came to work in the Stanley household. One man named Michael Doughty joined the household as clerk of the kitchen and eventually became an important servant. He was also elected to Parliament. <ref>Coward, 91.</ref> Another man, Alexander Rigby, was also from a low family, but eventually became a landed gentleman, “deputy lieutenant, justice of the peace and deputy escheator of the county.” <ref>Coward, 91.</ref> He owed all his success to the patronage of the generous and powerful earl of Derby, which he received in return for many years of faithful service.
<references/>

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Estates and gentry income/Slave Trade

2012-04-05T17:30:30Z

BenNilson:

==Slavery==

The slave trade was a profitable venture, as nine million Africans were taken from Africa to the New World between the 16th and 19th centuries<ref>Philip D. Morgan. “Origins of American Slavery” OAH Magazine of History 19, no.4 (July 2005):52</ref>.

In England, the business of selling slaves was regulated by the monarchy for most of its life. Charles II created the Royal African Company in 1672, and was the major patron for the company<ref>4: William A. Pettigrew. “Parliament and the Escalation of the Slave Trade, 1690-1714” Parliamentary History 26, no.1 (June 2007): 13</ref>. Many of the directors of the Royal African Company were also MPs, a position they used to make sure the company’s best interests were maintained. This appointment was obtained by means of money rather than status in most cases. The company also had hundreds of shareholders, as well as debtors and creditors<ref>Ibid, 16.</ref>. These creditors were often suppliers of the company (often guns or ships) who had been paid with company bonds<ref>Ibid, 17.</ref>. As the 1600s drew to a close, Parliament passed the African Trade Act, which gave all English citizens the right to trade in African slaves, effectively ending the Royal African Company’s monopoly<ref>Ibid, 14</ref>. It is important to note, however, that many of those who traded in slaves were more so placed as part of the merchant class, who often held Catholic sympathies as Portugal and Spain were the largest purchasers of slaves<ref> P.C. Emmer, The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy, 1580–1880. Trade, Slavery and Emancipation (1998), p.17.</ref>. This created tensions during the Protectorate.

==The Slave Trade in American Colonies==

Slavery in the British North American Colonies was part of a long established system of labor exploitation that dates to ancient times. [1] Slavery existed in the great civilizations of ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt, China, and even among the Inca and Aztec worlds of pre-colonial America. [2] At first, white Indentured Servants were used as the needed labour for the British colonies, but this changed in the later part of the 17th century. In the first half of the century, not less than 70-80% of English immigrants arrived in the Chesapeake as indentured servants. [3] These were people who usually served 4-5 years in return for their passage, food and lodging and other fees. [4] Once their indentured period was over, the Indentured Servant was free to live as a regular citizen, many choosing to buy their own land. [5] They came to the Colonies because there were no opportunities for them in England; they were drawn for the most part from the impoverished slums, poor rural workers, female domestic servants, and men from skilled and semi skilled trades who had decided that prospects were better in the colonies. [6] They came from a wide variety of locations in England, had an enormous diversity of occupational backgrounds, and on average arrived in the Colonies between the ages of 15 and 24. Many of them had been migrants already in England and movement across the Atlantic was another phase in their search for identity and stability. [7] But during the second half of the 17th century, the British economy improved and the supply of British indentured servants declined, as there became better economic opportunities at home. [8] When this supply of Indentured Servants began to decline in England as employment opportunities increased and when the supply of African slaves began to increase because of deregulation of the slave trade, the planter elite in the American Colonies gradually shifted from servants to slaves during the last quarter of the century. [9]
The Atlantic Slave Trade was the result of, among other things, labour shortage, itself in turn created by the desire of European colonists to exploit New World land and resources for capital profits. There was already a bustling slave trade in the New World by the time that slaves started to arrive in the American colonies. The Spanish and the Portuguese first began bringing slaves to their colonies in Caribbean and Central America around 1501 from Western Africa. [10] This transatlantic trade helped to create a new global economy and an international world and was unlike anything ever known before, linking the Americas to Africa and Europe in ways that resulted in the development of Europe and North America and the underdevelopment of Africa and the rest of the Americas. [11] Profits made from slavery and the slave trade in the years from 1600 onward greatly contributed to the emergence of Western Europe and the United States as the dominant nations of the world. [12]

References:
1. ↑ David Brion Davis, Inhuman Bondage, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 27.
2. ↑ Davis, Inhuman Bondage, 28-29.
3. ↑ James Horn, “Tobacco Colonies: the Shaping of English Society in Seventeenth Century Chesapeake.” In Oxford History of the British Empire: Origins of Empire, ed. Nicholas Canny. (New York: Oxford University Press), 177.
4. ↑ Horn, “Tobacco Colonies”, 177.
5. ↑ Horn, “Tobacco Colonies”, 178.
6. ↑ Horn, “Tobacco Colonies”, 177.
7. ↑ Robert D. Mitchell, “American Origins and Regional Institutions: The Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake,” 73(1983): 414.
8. ↑ Horn, “Tobacco Colonies”, 179.
9. ↑ Mitchell, “American Origins and Regional Institutions”, 414.
10. ↑ Davis, Inhuman Bondage, 80.
11. ↑ Davis, Inhuman Bondage, 80.
12. ↑ Davis, Inhuman Bondage, 78.

<references />

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Estates and gentry income/Growth of the Colonial Plantation

2012-04-05T17:28:11Z

BenNilson:

The investors in the plantations and trade of North America were market oriented from the beginning due to their social backgrounds in England, these were younger sons from gentry families or those of the merchant class. <ref>Robert D. Mitchell, “American Origins and Regional Institutions: The Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 73(1983): 417.</ref> They were men who were eager to make their fortune and prove themselves and were willing to do whatever it took. They were not always the established bankers of London, but rather men of often middle class, shopkeepers and younger sons from outside of London who were looking to break into the English Commercial world.<ref>Anthony S. Parent Jr., Foul Means: The Formation of Slave Society in Virginia 1660-1740, (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2003): 25.</ref> The resulting land race in the colonies was driven mainly by speculation with these investors buying up huge tracts of land in order to sell it, lease it or just hold it.<ref>Parent, Foul Means, 26.</ref> For these colonialists, land was the key to status and wealth; but as always the access to and accumulation of land was always unequal and led to stratified colonial societies.<ref>Mitchell, “American Origins and Regional Institutions: The Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake,” , 417.</ref> This stratification of society placed even more importance on the drive for land, the search for a suitable labour supply, and individual desire for upward social mobility.<ref>Mitchell, “American Origins and Regional Institutions: The Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake,” , 417.</ref>

As more of these highly driven younger-sons moved into the colony they were often absorbed into the local elite or gentry; they subsequently became known as the “great-planter class” and on average had accumulated 2000 acres. <ref>Parent, Foul Means, 30.</ref> These were men who were very highly driven to gain material success in order to prove themselves as they never could in the English system of primogeniture.<ref>Parent, Foul Means, 30.</ref> This drive to prove their worth by amassing a grand fortune made them more willing to invest in slave labour. The turn to slave labour was an almost inevitable one given the huge amount of cheap land and the highly marketable commodities, such as tobacco, they had; all they needed to make their fortunes was a hard working labour force, willing or not. Because of the large Profit to be made from Plantation agriculture, there was an evolution of the English-American society which led to the slave holding societies.<ref>James Horn, “Tobacco Colonies: the Shaping of English Society in Seventeenth Century Chesapeake.” In Oxford History of the British Empire: Origins of Empire, ed. Nicholas Canny. (New York: Oxford University Press), 183.</ref> There was such a huge profit to be made because tobacco is a high yield crop, and the soils of the Colony were particularly suited to tobacco; the Planters also required relatively little capital to start up due to the cheapness of land and the initial investment. <ref>Horn, “Tobacco Colonies”, 183.</ref> The profit grew further as the tobacco market expanded at a rapid rate, exports rose from approximately 60,000 pounds in 1620 to about 28 million pounds in the 1680’s. <ref>Horn, “Tobacco Colonies”, 183.</ref> The same transformation was occurring in other colonial industries as well. These planters just needed a supply of labour to work their enormous plats of land in order to export their valuable crop; in their quest for quick fortunes they wanted cheap labour, which was satisfied by the influx of slaves from Africa by way of the Caribbean.<ref>Hillary McD. Beckles, “The Caribbean and Britain,” In Oxford History of the British Empire, the Origin of Empire, ed. Nicholas Canny (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 223</ref>

References: <references/>

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Pastimes/Theater

2012-04-05T17:24:29Z

BenNilson:

==Early Stuart Theater==

===Theater in the Interregnum===
Early in the interregnum period, playhouses were closed and it was illegal to put on or attend plays. Official theater activity ended in 1642, although some illegal productions were attempted. As a result, theater in England during this period suffered greatly. <ref>Edward A. Langhans, "Theater" in The Cambridge Companion to English Restoration Theater, ed. Deborah Payne Fisk (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000): 2.</ref>

===The Restoration of the Theater===

The year 1660 marked a major political event that affected the theater in England; the restoration of the monarchy.
Theaters reopened in England almost as soon as Charles II arrived. In July 1660, a royal patent was given, allowing two courtiers of Charles II, Killigrew and to Davenant, to establish two theater companies as the only official theaters in London.<ref>Ibid., 1.</ref> The two official theaters, aptly named the King's and Duke's for the restored King Charles II and his brother James, the Duke of York. <ref> J. Dourglas Canfield, "Introduction" in 'Restoration & Early Eighteenth Century Drama, ed. J. Douglas Canfield. (Peterbourough, Ontario: Broadview Press Ltd, 2005): xii. </ref> Thanks to the "Puritans" who had torn most of the theater houses down, the new companies had no adequate theaters and had to 'make shift' with tennis courts. <ref> ''Ibid,'' xiii </ref> The two companies stylized the tennis court theaters based on the developed styles on the continent. <ref> Langhans, 2. </ref> As theaters gradually began to rise in England, playhouses began to develop their own unique English characteristics such as the apron. The apron or forestage was "an acting area forward of the curtain, thrusting well into the audience space and with entrances on either side.<ref>Ibid., 7-8.</ref> Further, larger, permanent playhouses allowed for machines to be used to create elaborate allusions such as characters flying over the stage.<ref>Ibid., 8</ref> Although use of such elaborate machines were rare, they, along with the other characteristics of the playhouses, made the theater of the Restoration period one of spectacle which awed and entertained their audiences.

====Restoration Drama 1660-1688 and Revolution Drama 1689-1714====

Dramas and plays in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, during the Stuart period, can easily be organized into two sub periods. Dramas from 1660-1688 can be classified as "Restoration Drama" while dramas from 1689-1714 are called "Revolution Dramas." Within these two dramatic periods, plays can be further organized by genres. There were five major types of dramatic genres, Heroic Romance, Political Tragedy, Personal Tragedy, Tragicomic Romance, and Social Comedy. <ref> Canfield, xii </ref>

In addition to not having any standing theaters, there was also no new plays to choose from and as a result, plays from the Civil Wars were used. When a body of new plays existed, most of the plays were adaptations of earlier Cavalier dramas often depicting lost heirs to thrones and estates. "Plays became subject to state censorship through the offices of Master of the Revels and the Lord Chamberlain...though exercised rather mildly except in times of political crisis." <ref> ''Ibid,'' xiii. </ref> Regardless of being subject to censorship, plays including comedies were political. Comedies regularly disciplined "Puritans and Cits, opponents of the Court who, because of religious or economic ties to new sources of power especially in the City of London, had demanded participation in their own government but were now caricatured as vain, hypocritical, vulgar, and eminently unworthy to rule." <ref> ''Ibid,'' xv. </ref> Restoration drama's saw a plethora of cit-cuckolding plots, rakes, self indulgent protagonists, sexual innuendos and otherwise questionable 'morals.' This was the accepted and common form of entertainment that was produced. A notable play that embodies the Puritan faction being largely vilified is in Sir Robert Howard's ''The Committee.'' Howard's play depicts an the evil Puritan 'Day' Family whose evil actions include using guardianship over young girls and infants to seize their land and estates. On a more sexual innuendo side that truly embodies the sexual entertainment aspect seen during restoration drama is William Wycherley's ''The Country Wife,'' which follows the plotted game of Horner who spreads the rumor that he is a eunuch to get close to wives and to sleep with them without being caught; because you can't be suspected of cuckolding if you are a eunuch. Such plays were often met with criticism, but provide insight into the social and political attitudes that were prevalent during the period. However, the Revolution Dramatic period saw a new ruling oligarchy which required an ideology that embodies a new character and morality; Revolution drama was used to help constitute the new ethos and ethics. <ref> ''Ibid,'' xv. </ref> Restoration drama saw plays that told stories about positions being based on birth and legitimacy whereas Revolution dramas increasingly portrayed worth based on merit.

===The Theater as an Enterprise===

“It is essential to remember that the London stage was a profit-seeking enterprise, financed by wealthy investors, who were the major shareholders.” <ref> ''Ibid,'' xix. </ref> In general, during the period of 1660-1737, the theater was a very profitable enterprise for shareholders. "Ticket prices early were four shillings for the boxes, two for the pit, one and half for the middle gallery, and one for the upper.” <ref> ''Ibid,'' xix. </ref> Prices began to rise as audiences began demanding and theaters began showing more elaborate and upper class productions such as operas and even entre acte and afterpiece pantomimes and entertainments.

Many of the plays were well known by the audience and the fully lit playhouses with opera-style seating provided the perfect opportunity for patrons to see their neighbors and to be seen. Patrons would go to the theater less to see the play and more for a social outing where they might show off their clothes or connections, or perhaps "to search for sexual game".<ref>Langhans, 14.</ref> Of course, the illicit sexual activity and social mixing encouraged by the setting of the theater was cause for criticism, particularly from the Puritans.

[[File:220px-Nell Gwyn by Simon Verelst (2).jpg|200px|right|Nell Gwynne, famous actress and mistress of Charles II]]
===The Introduction of Actresses===

One of the most important innovations of the Restoration stage was the presence of actresses; previously, female roles had been played by young boys. “Like today’s film stars, beautiful actresses were a great attraction. With their low-cut dresses they could show off their bosoms, and when they played 'breeches' roles, they could show off their legs.” <ref> Canfield, xix. </ref> Moreover, actresses enacted roles of significant agency such as queens and private women of powerful persuasion and intelligence. Some notably great actresses of the time were the Marshall sisters, Rebecca and Anne, Nell Gwynne (Charles II’s mistress), Katherine Corey, Elizabeth Barry, Anne Bracegridle, Anne Oldfield, Letitia Fenton, and Charlotte Charke. <ref> ''Ibid,'' xix. </ref>

===Bibliography===
<references />

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Education/Grammar School

2012-04-05T17:19:01Z

BenNilson:

== Grammar School ==
Education began for both boys and girls at the "petty school" level. This level was primarily concerned with literacy. However, "only a minority of families" thought literacy was important and only about thirty percent of men and ten percent of women were considered literate in the middle of the seventeenth century.<ref>Jeffrey L. Forgeng, Daily Life in Stuart England (Westport:Greenwood Press, 2007), 49.</ref>

The next stage in education, grammar school, was reserved exclusively for boys. Typically, a boy entered at age eight and continued through to age fifteen<ref>Ibid., 50</ref> at which time he was prepared to enter University (if that was the path he chose to take). The focus of Grammar School education was Latin language and literature; boys received training in classical literature and sometimes were also exposed to the modern languages or geography.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

Grammar schools could be found in most market towns and students had to pay a tuition in order to attend, although there were sometimes scholarships available that enabled poorer boys to also attend school.<ref>Ibid., 51</ref> Upper class families often would have their sons educated at more prestigious grammar schools or by a tutor at home so that they were not associated too closely with the lower classes.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Indeed, gentry parents were suspicious of the very idea of grammar schools because they feared that if education became too widely available, the lower classes would enter the job market in vast numbers and push the gentry out. <ref>Lawrence Stone, "Literacy and Education in England 1640-1900," ''Past & Present'' 42 (Feb. 1969): 75.</ref> One Englishman argued in favor of grammar schools, saying that they "furnish the functions both of Church and State... without impeachment to the Rich and Noble, who stand alwaies recommended by their more benign stars whensoever they please to offer themselves to undergo the fatigues of preparation and business".<ref>Stone, 75-76.</ref>

<references />

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Education/Grammar School

2012-04-05T17:18:25Z

BenNilson:

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Pastimes/Coffee Houses

2012-04-05T17:15:53Z

BenNilson:

In the seventeenth-century, English coffee houses played a useful role in developing both England’s greater political freedom and England’s rise to global greatness.<ref> Dan Bolton, “Coffee & Commerce,” Specialty Coffee Retailer, 16:10 (2009) 4. </ref> Coffeehouses provided a gathering place “not only for merchants but for scientists, physicians, and civic leaders, writers and poets, aristocrats and explorers, and ministers and others who celebrated the virtues of sobriety and refined social manners.” <ref> ''Ibid,'' 4. </ref> The first documented coffee house was opened in London in 1652 by a Greek Orthodox servant from western Turkey, Pasqua Rosee. By the late 1690s coffee houses were so common that in London there were over 2,000 known houses, which was roughly equated to one for every 300 inhabitants of the city. <ref> Keith Suter, “The Rise and Fall of English Coffee Houses,” The Contemporary Review, 286:1669 (2005) 107. </ref> The coffee bean was commonly called the ‘Mahometan Berry’ and was sold as bottomless coffee for a penny. The coffee houses were sometimes called “penny universities” because for the cost of a penny, a person could buy a cup and participate in various discussions on a variety of topics. <ref> ''Ibid,'' 108. </ref>

Coffee houses came to represent of the emergence of a middle class that was, as described in The Character of a Coffee-House, 1673, made up of a ‘hodge-podge’ mixture of people. “The growth of commerce and the emergence of London’s politically aware middle class are entwined with the establishments of England’s coffeehouses.” <ref> Bolton, 4. </ref> Coffee houses became known as a source spot for the latest business news, a sort of information centre. One of the more famous coffee houses was opened by Edward Lloyd in the City of London which became a meeting place for merchants, ship owners, ship captains, insurance brokers and others involved in overseas trade. <ref> Suter, 108. </ref> Many coffee houses actually began to circulate their own ‘news pamphlets’ and in turn made more money from the newsletters than from the coffee. The benefit of news updates was not the only benefit of coffee houses that attributed to their popularity. Coffee-Houses Vindicated, 1675 A.D presents a positive account of coffee houses as well as outlining their many benefits such as coffee being viewed as a healthy drink in comparison to gin or ale; coffee stimulated the brain’s activity and gave people energy. Coffee was a cheaper alternative to alcohol that dominated much of England’s life and became social hubs. “Foreign visitors to London said that the coffee houses were the most agreeable feature in London.” <ref> ''Ibid,'' 107. </ref> Moreover, coffee houses did not have the noise and potential drunken violence commonly found at taverns and inns, making it a good place for men to conduct business. The Coffee-Houses Vindicated, 1675 A.D warns against concluding any sort of contracts at taverns of inns because alcohol affected the brain thereby making men “drowsy and indisposed for business.” <ref> Bolton, 4. </ref> The alternative and beneficial coffee houses were also a safe place for men to do their business due to the increasingly difficult and dangerous risk of robbery. <ref> Suter, 108. </ref> Lastly, the document expresses that coffee houses became a way of civilized and informative life that reflected the “specific character of their locality and reinforced it: such as a business, the church, politics or the arts.” <ref> ''Ibid,'' 108. </ref>
Coffee houses were so popular that some of the fathers of the Industrial Revolution were regular coffee house patrons; Joseph Priestly, Richard Kerwin, William Nicholson, and James Watt. <ref> ''Ibid,'' 110. </ref> As seen in The Character of a Coffee-House, 1673, despite the raging popularity of coffee houses, critics still existed. This document would represent a negative account of coffee houses claiming that it is a “lay conventide, good-fellowship turned puritan, [and] ill-husbandry in masquerade.” While wives often complained their husbands wasted too much time in coffee houses, the earliest critics were Christian authorities who saw the houses as an Islamic plot to somehow poison the Christian world. <ref> ''Ibid,'' 109. </ref> The ‘hodge-podge’ mixture of people is also discriminated against as well as the amount of time people spent in coffee houses which prevented workers from their places of work and actually working. <ref> ''Ibid,'' 109. </ref> Many of the fears and negative views of coffee houses were regarding fears about the Ottoman Empire. Coffee had to be imported from the empire which might inevitably undermine the sale of English ale, consequently lowering the demand for English grain. <ref> ''Ibid,'' 110. </ref> The high point of English coffee houses was from 1652 to 1780 and afterwards began to decline with many gone by 1830; some coffee houses became elite clubs for the wealthy few. Coffee houses never completely died out, but the “distinctive coffee house culture as a popular English culture icon had gone.” <ref> ''Ibid,'' 110. </ref> <references/>

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Rochester Family

2012-04-02T19:03:59Z

BenNilson:

== Deceased Family Members==
Thomas Rochester, Father.

Agnes Rochester, Mother. Recovered from the plague.

== Family Members==
:William. Married to a London girl. Three sons, born 1625, 1627, 1629.
Interested in coffeehouses as social clubs.

:Nathanial. Junior shipping merchant. Confirmed bachelor. Lawyer. Eventually imported guns from Antwerp for Parliamentary army, after trying not to take sides.

:Claire. Married to youngest son of Winchesters.

== Religion ==
Church of England

== County ==

East Riding of Yorkshire

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 2.

'''Means of rising to next rank''': Marriage of daughter mostly.

'''House and Garden''': Looking for more land.

'''Estate''': Basic.

'''Investments''': Shipping, unknown amount invested or details, but assuming at least £2000.

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
10,000, before investments.

== Points Spent ==
61 out of 78

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Steele Family

2012-04-02T18:56:27Z

BenNilson:

==First Generation Family Members==

''Joseph Steele'': The patriarch of the Steele family, a right inherited from his father. He is educated in both the management of his estate, as well as the culture of the higher class. He has made sure to instill a strict discipline into his children, so that they may have all that their forefathers have given them and more, so that they may live a good life. A realist at heart he tries to see the bright side of life through faith and will of his wife, sweet Catherine (the only woman he has loved more would be his darling daughter, Anne). He has encouraged his sons so long as their strives are fortuitous, and conducive to their status. He has been noted as having a "protestant work ethic" by his friends as a good natured ribbing. While having a staunch attitude towards working for a better life, he is a light hearted an kind man to all who are near him. Now deceased.

''Catherine Steele'': The Matriarch, Catherine has the beauty of an angel. Her father had been a lower gentry man, who married his daughter to the Steele's in part for the closeness of their now merged estates, and the other part being the legitimate love between her and Joseph. She is responsible for breaking through much of the hard outer shell that had consumed her husband, and has even been successful at bringing his vices to heel. She has always minded her duty as a wife and mother, trusting her husbands guidance. She has never been without opinion however, as her husband will always open an ear for her, especially in matters concerning the children. A happy woman who has done all she could to raise her family. A well liked woman in the county she is very respectable. Now deceased.

''Anne Steele'': Born with a beauty to rival her mothers Anne was a curt and polite young woman who is a proud and caring. She has been raised in a proper fashion, and was ready for and excepted the burden of what being a good wife and mother was at a good age. At this time, her father wished his daughter to have the best she could have, and raised her dowry. The family that approached him about her marriage was the Palmer family. Her father had met with the Palmer's before, and found them suitable. Anne was delighted when she met the suitor and the two immediately became smitten and this blossomed into love. Now in Devon Anne is as happy as anyone could be in her marriage, and still keeps her personal dignity high, a trait which her husband admires and respects.

== The Second Generation Steele Family ==
''Joseph Steele'':

The eldest son, named after his father, has been charged with taking over the estate from his father. Not one to be idle he has pursued education to help further his knowledge of the world, as well as his business sense. This has led Joseph to a law degree which has helped him understand how the world is working around him, and has made him a more respectable man on top of this. He is good natured but studious, but has a good amount of charisma behind him - as seems to be a legacy of the Steele family - and makes friends easily. He has taken Robert under his wing, and encouraged the boy to pursue a prosperous and constructive future.

Married to Marianne Longstride.

Has one son, Eric, born 1620.

== Cadet Branches ==

''Arthur Steele'': Arthur has always had an eye on the future. An optimist like his mother, and the inventive member of the family he has always had great promise. This has led him towards the pursuit of works of intricacies, and the marvels of science an art. His eyes were caught by the eyes of firearms. through a life of experience his father had met a man who may have been able to help his son, especially due to to the lack of quality - or at least the quality he could find - in England. In France not only did Arthur find his craft, but he found his love. Soon Artur found himself betrothed to Marie Chevalier. He has since become a well respected gentleman of a superb craft. He now resides across the Channel. Running guns to various groups during the civil war.

Sons Henry and Richard, Daughter Katrina.

''Robert Steele'': Robert is the third son of Joseph, and as with his other sons, he has not let the boy get away with sloth. Instead Robert became a enamored with the word, from religious to legal documents, and so much more. Educated in the law.

Married to Hollie Monck in 1625.

== Religion ==
Catholicism

Church of England (not sure which one this is)

== County ==
Lancashire

Devon

Normandy

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 2. Have coat of arms.

'''Means of rising to next rank''': Marriage of daughter plus various other things.

'''House and Garden''': Improved gardens with stables. Plundered by anti-papist regiment in the first Civil War.

'''Estate''': Planning enclosure.

'''Investments''': Undisclosed stock company, £1700. Successfully running guns.

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
3000

== Points Spent ==
95 out of 155

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Longstride Family

2012-04-02T18:37:23Z

BenNilson:

==History==
The Longstride family has long been settled in Nottinghamshire, and in particular within Sherwood Forest. The Longstrides’ have always been accomplished outdoors people, preferring the wind and sun on their faces. They are skilled archers and swordsmen which has been passed down generation to generation, despite the fact that it has gone out of style. The family also has a book of ballads, pertaining to their family history. The Longstrides’ have long kept the neighbourhood merry, and continue to spread their giving nature.

The family motto is officially “aufer a divitibus da pauperibus.” Green has always been a favourite and unofficial colour of the family.

== Deceased Family Members ==

Father - Robin Longstride

Wife - Violetta Ivy Wood

== Religion ==

Church of England

== County ==

Nottinghamshire

Purchased gardens.

== First Generation Longstrides ==

William Longstride is an avid outdoorsman who has attempted to raise his family’s status within gentry circles. He has also attempted to gain wealth through diversification of investments. He loves his children very much, and is not a fan of the Sheriff of Nottingham, but hides it well. William is highly regarded among the poor population of Nottinghamshire, but is generally disliked among the well-off. He has managed to keep the family out of the Civil War.

Jane Longstride (nee Gisbourne, daughter of Guy Gisbourne) was at first welcomed into the family with trepidation. During the early years of the marriage, she devoted herself to the gardens, but after saving Williams life through her knowledge of flora, she became an integral member of the family.

Robin Longstride, the eldest son, has always been the serious son. He has studied to be a lawyer, and has utilised the connection of local lawyers that his brother brought to the family with marriage. Robin is not happy married to a wife that he largely seems to ignore, instead preferring to go riding with his many gentlemen friends or work, in particular his neighbour, Little John. However, they have managed to have children born in 1625 (boy), 1626 (boy) and 1628 (girl).

Robin has gone into horse trading, importing Arabians and cross breeding them. By the end of the First Civil war this was progressing well, with quality horses sold to both sides.

John Longstride, the second son, has always been a romantic fool so when he fell in love and married the daughter of a local lawyer, there were no surprises when a child was born 5 months after the wedding. John is very involved in breeding racehorses and is well known as a wicked Pall Mall player.

Marianne Longstride is married with dowry of £525 to Joseph Steele. She was known as a lovely girl who enjoyed exploring the Forest, much to her Mother’s concern.

== Second Generation Longstrides ==
Boy, born 1625. Grammar school and university.

Boy, born 1626. Staying at home, learning to be a sportsman with his uncle.

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 3.

'''Claim to fame''': The longstrides are well known for their social events and general horse sense.

'''House and Garden''': Improved gardens with stables and a fashionable hedge maze.

'''Estate''': Besides the ancestral estate, Jane Gisbourne brought in land equal to another half estate in dowry. The second son has gone into horse trading.

'''Investments''': Massachussets Bay Company, £2000.

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
4000

== Points Spent ==
75 out of 78

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Worberforth Family

2012-04-02T18:26:26Z

BenNilson: /* Status */

'''<big>Rank 2</big>'''

== Family Members==

Eldest Son - Piran Worberforth. Head of family, county gentleman.

Raised sheep for the Parliamentary army with moderate success, until royalists stole and ate a flock of sheep. The family was compensated by Parliament after the war with a parcel of land nearby.

Second Son - Tyrone Worberforth, finished a University BA and received employment as a rector in the household of an aristocratic family in the neighboring parish through the recommendation of Piran's father-in-law, a well respected lawyer.

In 1642 he left England for the new world as an Anglican missionary. Not sure where.

Eldest Daughter - Cathrine Kickwick (née Worberforth), married in 1610.

== Family Members==

Father - Timmothy Worberforth, father of Piran and Tyrone.

Mother - Elizabeth Worberforth, Timothy's wife.

== Religion ==
Church of England

== County ==
Cornwall

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 2.

'''Means of rising to next rank''': Marriage of daughter.

'''House and Garden''': A notable private library.

'''Estate''': Normal, plus additional tract of land in Cornish uplands for raising sheep.

'''Investments''':

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
4000 pounds.

== Points Spent ==
65 out of 65

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Winchester Family

2012-04-02T18:13:25Z

BenNilson:

== Family Members==

'''Eldest Son''' - Charles Winchester: Trained and working as physician, although just starting out in field. Married to respectable physician's daughter. Had a son in 1640, and a daughter in the 1642.

Paid to become a baronet and raised a regiment for the Parliamentarians. This regiment performed well at the Battle of Newbury. Unfortunately, Colonel Winchester's brother Oliver accompanied him and died from wounds received in glorious action against the cavalier cavalry.

Has a son and daughter.

'''Nephews''' - Twin boys born 1641, being raised by mother, nee Rochester.

'''Sister''' - Abigail Winchester, Married to respectable rank 2 gentleman.

== Deceased Members ==

'''Pater familias''' - Thomas Winchester

'''Mater familias''' - Molly Winchester

'''Youngest Son''' - Oliver Winchester, married into Rochester family.

== Religion ==
Church of England

== County ==
Staffordshire

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 3.

'''Means of rising to latest rank''': Military command including brave death.

'''House and Garden''': Improved gardens with stables.

'''Estate''': £550 invested in sheep and enclosure.

'''Investments''': Undisclosed Joint stock company, £1500.

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
3000

== Points Spent ==
80 out of 97

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Worberforth Family

2012-04-02T17:56:33Z

BenNilson:

'''<big>Rank 2</big>'''

== Family Members==

Eldest Son - Piran Worberforth. Head of family, county gentleman.

Raised sheep for the Parliamentary army with moderate success, until royalists stole and ate a flock of sheep. The family was compensated by Parliament after the war with a parcel of land nearby.

Second Son - Tyrone Worberforth, finished a University BA and received employment as a rector in the household of an aristocratic family in the neighboring parish through the recommendation of Piran's father-in-law, a well respected lawyer.

In 1642 he left England for the new world as an Anglican missionary. Not sure where.

Eldest Daughter - Cathrine Kickwick (née Worberforth), married in 1610.

== Family Members==

Father - Timmothy Worberforth, father of Piran and Tyrone.

Mother - Elizabeth Worberforth, Timothy's wife.

== Religion ==
Church of England

== County ==
Cornwall

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 2.

'''Means of rising to next rank''': Marriage of daughter.

'''House and Garden''':

'''Estate''': Normal, plus additional tract of land in Cornish uplands for raising sheep.

'''Investments''':

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
4000 pounds.

== Points Spent ==
65 out of 65

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Worberforth Family

2012-04-02T17:52:02Z

BenNilson: /* Family Members */

'''<big>Rank 2</big>'''

== Family Members==

Eldest Son - Piran Worberforth. Head of family, county gentleman.

Raised sheep for the Parliamentary army with moderate success, until royalists stole and ate a flock of sheep.

Second Son - Tyrone Worberforth, finished a University BA and received employment as a rector in the household of an aristocratic family in the neighboring parish through the recommendation of Piran's father-in-law, a well respected lawyer.

In 1642 he left England for the new world as an Anglican missionary. Not sure where.

Eldest Daughter - Cathrine Kickwick (née Worberforth), married in 1610.

== Family Members==

Father - Timmothy Worberforth, father of Piran and Tyrone.

Mother - Elizabeth Worberforth, Timothy's wife.

== Religion ==
Church of England

== County ==
Cornwall

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 2.

'''Means of rising to next rank''': Marriage of daughter.

'''House and Garden''':

'''Estate''':

'''Investments''':

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
4000 pounds.

== Points Spent ==
30 out of 64

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Worberforth Family

2012-04-02T17:43:15Z

BenNilson:

'''<big>Rank 2</big>'''

== Family Members==
Father - Timmothy Worberforth

Mother - Elizabeth Worberforth

Eldest Son - Piran Worberforth

Second Son - Tyrone Worberforth, finished a University BA and received employment as a rector in the household of an aristocratic family in the neighboring parish through the recommendation of Piran's father-in-law, a well respected lawyer.

In 1642 he left England for the new world as an Anglican missionary.

Eldest Daughter - Cathrine Kickwick (née Worberforth), married in 1610.

== Religion ==
Church of England

== County ==
Cornwall

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 2.

'''Means of rising to next rank''': Marriage of daughter.

'''House and Garden''':

'''Estate''':

'''Investments''':

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
4000 pounds.

== Points Spent ==
30 out of 64

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Rochester Family

2012-03-29T20:15:17Z

BenNilson: /* Points Spent */

== Family Members==
Thomas Rochester, Father.

Agnes Rochester, Mother. Recovered from the plague.

:William. Married to a London girl. Three sons, born 1625, 1627, 1629.
:Nathanial. Hoping to get into shipping. Confirmed bachelor. Lawyer.
:Claire. Married to youngest son of Winchesters.

== Religion ==
Church of England

== County ==

East Riding of Yorkshire

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 2.

'''Means of rising to next rank''': Marriage of daughter mostly.

'''House and Garden''': Looking for more land.

'''Estate''': Basic.

'''Investments''': Shipping, unknown amount invested or details, but assuming at least £2000.

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
10,000, before investments.

== Points Spent ==
31 out of 78

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Steele Family

2012-03-29T20:14:50Z

BenNilson: /* Points Spent */

==First Generation Family Members==

''Joseph Steele'': The patriarch of the Steele family, a right inherited from his father. He is educated in both the management of his estate, as well as the culture of the higher class. He has made sure to instill a strict discipline into his children, so that they may have all that their forefathers have given them and more, so that they may live a good life. A realist at heart he tries to see the bright side of life through faith and will of his wife, sweet Catherine (the only woman he has loved more would be his darling daughter, Anne). He has encouraged his sons so long as their strives are fortuitous, and conducive to their status. He has been noted as having a "protestant work ethic" by his friends as a good natured ribbing. While having a staunch attitude towards working for a better life, he is a light hearted an kind man to all who are near him.

''Catherine Steele'': The Matriarch, Catherine has the beauty of an angel. Her father had been a lower gentry man, who married his daughter to the Steele's in part for the closeness of their now merged estates, and the other part being the legitimate love between her and Joseph. She is responsible for breaking through much of the hard outer shell that had consumed her husband, and has even been successful at bringing his vices to heel. She has always minded her duty as a wife and mother, trusting her husbands guidance. She has never been without opinion however, as her husband will always open an ear for her, especially in matters concerning the children. A happy woman who has done all she could to raise her family. A well liked woman in the county she is very respectable.

''Anne Steele'': Born with a beauty to rival her mothers Anne was a curt and polite young woman who is a proud and caring. She has been raised in a proper fashion, and was ready for and excepted the burden of what being a good wife and mother was at a good age. At this time, her father wished his daughter to have the best she could have, and raised her dowry. The family that approached him about her marriage was the Palmer family. Her father had met with the Palmer's before, and found them suitable. Anne was delighted when she met the suitor and the two immediately became smitten and this blossomed into love. Now in Devon Anne is as happy as anyone could be in her marriage, and still keeps her personal dignity high, a trait which her husband admires and respects.

== The Second Generation Steele Family ==
''Joseph Steele'':

The eldest son, named after his father, has been charged with taking over the estate from his father. Not one to be idle he has pursued education to help further his knowledge of the world, as well as his business sense. This has led Joseph to a law degree which has helped him understand how the world is working around him, and has made him a more respectable man on top of this. He is good natured but studious, but has a good amount of charisma behind him - as seems to be a legacy of the Steele family - and makes friends easily. He has taken Robert under his wing, and encouraged the boy to pursue a prosperous and constructive future.

Married to Marianne Longstride.

Has one son, Eric, born 1620.

== Cadet Branches ==

''Arthur Steele'': Arthur has always had an eye on the future. An optimist like his mother, and the inventive member of the family he has always had great promise. This has led him towards the pursuit of works of intricacies, and the marvels of science an art. His eyes were caught by the eyes of firearms. through a life of experience his father had met a man who may have been able to help his son, especially due to to the lack of quality - or at least the quality he could find - in England. In France not only did Arthur find his craft, but he found his love. Soon Artur found himself betrothed to Marie Chevalier. He has since become a well respected gentleman of a superb craft. He now resides across the Channel.

Sons Henry and Richard, Daughter Katrina.

''Robert Steele'': Robert is the third son of Joseph, and as with his other sons, he has not let the boy get away with sloth. Instead Robert became a enamored with the word, from religious to legal documents, and so much more. Educated in the law.

Married to Hollie Monck in 1625.

== Religion ==
Catholicism

Church of England (not sure which one this is)

== County ==
Lancashire

Devon

Normandy

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 2. Have coat of arms.

'''Means of rising to next rank''': Marriage of daughter plus various other things.

'''House and Garden''': Improved gardens with stables.

'''Estate''': Planning enclosure.

'''Investments''': Undisclosed stock company, £1700.

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
3200

== Points Spent ==
65+ out of 155

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Winchester Family

2012-03-29T20:13:34Z

BenNilson: /* Points Spent */

== Family Members==
'''Pater familias''' - Thomas Winchester

'''Mater familias''' - Molly Winchester

'''Eldest Son''' - Charles Winchester: Trained and working as physician, although just starting out in field. Married to respectable physician's daughter.

'''Youngest Son''' - Oliver Winchester, married into Rochester family.

'''Daughter''' - Abigail Winchester, Married to respectable rank 2 gentleman.

== Religion ==
Church of England

== County ==
Staffordshire

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 2.

'''Means of rising to next rank''': Marriage of daughter plus improved gardens.

'''House and Garden''': Improved gardens with stables.

'''Estate''': £550 invested in sheep and enclosure. Currently not profitable because of toxic weed infestation.

'''Investments''': Undisclosed Joint stock company, £1500.

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
3200

== Points Spent ==
25+ out of 97

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Cousins

2012-03-29T17:39:12Z

BenNilson:

In the seventeenth century the term “Cousin” was used much more loosely in comparison to contemporary times. There was little regard for whether people were first or second cousins, or if they were once or twice removed. 'Cousin' also developed into a term of reference or address for people among the same generation. It became interchangeable with the all-purpose word kinsmen. <ref> David Cressy "Kinship and Kin Interactions in Early Modern England" ''Past and Present' 113 (1986): 69 </ref> These groups intermarried for so many generations that the web of cross-cousinhood became dense and universal to the point that the word lost its meaning entirely.<ref> Lawrence Stone, ''The family, Sex, and Marriage in England 1500-1800'' (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1977), 96 </ref>

During the 17th Century the genrty were well known for taking an interest in their kinship lines. Considerable stress was put upon these ties for social, political and economic purposes. <ref> Ibid., 98 </ref> These family relationships were beneficial as they gave links and leverage beyond their local community structure. <ref> Cressy, 49 </ref>. More over, kinship lines created and contributed to a great sense of belonging among the gentry. <ref> Ibid., 40 </ref>

To some, the importance of kinship ties eventually diminished as society modernized from its traditional 17th and 18th Century ways. Economic and urban growth, industrialization, developing individualism, and social and geographical mobility were some of the main factors contributing to the decline of kinship importance <ref> Naomi Tadmor, "Early Modern Kinship in the Long Run: Reflections on Continuity and Change." ''Continuity and Change'' 23 (2010): 30 </ref> . However, some historians have argued that during these times the importance of kinship actually increased as these connections became more important, which contributed to an increase in migration. <ref> Cressy, 40 </ref>

<references />

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Warfare/Forming a Regiment

2012-03-29T17:30:03Z

BenNilson: /* Equipping a Regiment */

==Regiments==
Unlike in the modern military of today, armies of the English Civil War were composed of individual regiments funded and commanded by a member of the gentry. Commanding soldiers had long been a role for upper class men in English society, and as the war broke out in England, gentlemen would use their own personal fortunes to equip and lead a regiment into battle. Each regiment would have it's own standard, organization, and whatever could pass for 'uniforms.' Because these armies were composed of individually funded units, there was no sense of uniformity, for the equipment of a particular regiment depended on the funds of the gentleman who raised it. It wasn't until the creation of the New Model Army that regiments all dressed and were equipped the same. <ref> Keith Roberts, Cromwell's War Machine (Pen and Sword Military, 2005), 50. </ref> There were two different types of units on the battlefield: horse (heavy and dragoons) and foot. [BN: What about artillery?]
 

==Equipping a Regiment==
Infantry regiments were units of ten companies of one hundred men led by a colonel, who was generally the same man that paid to form the regiment. <ref> Peter Gaunt, The English Civil Wars 1642-1651 (Osprey Publishing Limited , 2003), 32. </ref> In theory then, a regiment of foot would consist of one thousand armed men. To equip these soldiers with a musket, buff coat and all of the necessary accoutrements of war would cost ₤1 19s. 6d. per soldier. <ref> Charles Carlton, Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil Wars, 1638-1651 (Routledge, 1992), 99. </ref> Therefore the cost of equipping a full regiment of foot would be roughly ₤2000. Although this was quite a sum of money, being the colonel of a regiment of soldiers was a way to climb the social ladder in England. The regiment would bear the name of the gentleman who funded it, and any gallant or important action undertaken by the regiment would reflect well on him.

<references/>

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Warfare/Forming a Regiment

2012-03-29T17:28:15Z

BenNilson: /* Regiments */

==Regiments==
Unlike in the modern military of today, armies of the English Civil War were composed of individual regiments funded and commanded by a member of the gentry. Commanding soldiers had long been a role for upper class men in English society, and as the war broke out in England, gentlemen would use their own personal fortunes to equip and lead a regiment into battle. Each regiment would have it's own standard, organization, and whatever could pass for 'uniforms.' Because these armies were composed of individually funded units, there was no sense of uniformity, for the equipment of a particular regiment depended on the funds of the gentleman who raised it. It wasn't until the creation of the New Model Army that regiments all dressed and were equipped the same. <ref> Keith Roberts, Cromwell's War Machine (Pen and Sword Military, 2005), 50. </ref> There were two different types of units on the battlefield: horse (heavy and dragoons) and foot. [BN: What about artillery?]
 

==Equipping a Regiment==
Infantry regiments were units of ten companies of one hundred men that were lead by a colonel, who was generally the same man that paid to form the regiment. <ref> Peter Gaunt, The English Civil Wars 1642-1651 (Osprey Publishing Limited , 2003), 32. </ref> In theory then, a regiment of foot would consist of one thousand armed men. To equip these soldiers with a musket, buff coat and all of the necessary accoutrements of war would cost ₤1 19s. 6d. per soldier. <ref> Charles Carlton, Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil Wars, 1638-1651 (Routledge, 1992), 99. </ref> Therefore the cost of equipping a full regiment of foot would be roughly ₤2000. Although this was quite a sum of money, being the colonel of a regiment of soldiers was a way to climb the social ladder in England. The regiment would bear the name of the gentleman who funded it, and any gallant or important action undertaken by the regiment would reflect well on him.

<references/>

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Warfare/Forming a Regiment

2012-03-29T17:27:24Z

BenNilson: /* Regiments */

==Regiments==
Unlike in the modern military of today, armies of the English Civil War were composed of individual regiments funded and commanded by a member of the gentry. Commanding soldiers had long been a role for upper class men in English society, and as the war broke out in England, gentlemen would use their own personal fortunes to equip and lead a regiment into battle. Each regiment would have it's own standard, organization, and whatever could pass for 'uniforms.' Because these armies were composed of individually funded units, there was no sense of uniformity, for the equipment of a particular regiment depended on the funds of the gentleman who raised it. It wasn't until the creation of the New Model Army that regiments all dressed and were equipped the same. <ref> Keith Roberts, Cromwell's War Machine (Pen and Sword Military, 2005), 50. </ref> There were two different types of units on the battlefield: horse (heavy and dragoons) and foot.
 

==Equipping a Regiment==
Infantry regiments were units of ten companies of one hundred men that were lead by a colonel, who was generally the same man that paid to form the regiment. <ref> Peter Gaunt, The English Civil Wars 1642-1651 (Osprey Publishing Limited , 2003), 32. </ref> In theory then, a regiment of foot would consist of one thousand armed men. To equip these soldiers with a musket, buff coat and all of the necessary accoutrements of war would cost ₤1 19s. 6d. per soldier. <ref> Charles Carlton, Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil Wars, 1638-1651 (Routledge, 1992), 99. </ref> Therefore the cost of equipping a full regiment of foot would be roughly ₤2000. Although this was quite a sum of money, being the colonel of a regiment of soldiers was a way to climb the social ladder in England. The regiment would bear the name of the gentleman who funded it, and any gallant or important action undertaken by the regiment would reflect well on him.

<references/>

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Cultural Topics/Coffee House

2012-03-29T17:25:47Z

BenNilson:

In the 17th and 18th century, coffee houses were social houses, which patrons would converse and interact with one another.<ref>Cowan, Brian. The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse, (Yale University Press, 2005), 80.</ref> It was in these coffee houses that people would discuss an assortment of topics from politics down to fashion.<ref>Cowan, 79.</ref> New ideas were tossed around and educational debates were sparked, and the coffee seemed to be a bonus. However, coffee houses had structures and rules. These rules were printed in 1674, the main rule being that equality was supposed to be offered to all men.<ref>Ellis, Markman.The Coffee House: a cultural history. (Weidenfeld & Nicolson: 2004), 33.</ref> This meant that no man would have to give up his seat at the coffee house to another man of higher rank.<ref>Ibid., 33.</ref> There were other rules that kept order in these establishments. If a patron swore he would have to give up 12 pence, and if there was a fight a coffee would have to be bought by the instigator.<ref>Ibid., 33.</ref>

Coffee was first heard about by exotic travels to the empires of Asia. There were rumors of native men consuming a dark liquid, which gave them energy to work all day and even into the night.<ref>Ibid., 6</ref> Daniel Edwards created the first coffee house in London in 1652.<ref>Ibid., 16</ref> Eventually this trend spread throughout London, until there were over 2,000 coffee houses.<ref>Suter, Keith 2005. “The Rise and Fall of English Coffee Houses.” Contemporary Review 286, no. 1669 107-110. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed March 17, 2012)</ref> These coffee houses were an reflection of the middle class that was starting to come out of the wood work. These establishments allowed for safe places to discuss important topics going on in London. A customer could buy one cup of coffee and stay the whole day.<ref>Suter, 2005.</ref> However, not everyone liked these coffee houses. Charles II suspended coffee houses because the idea of free flow of ideas intimidated him.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Other critics included Christians who saw this as a plot by Islam to poison the world.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Eventually, Pope Clem VIII lifted the ban when he had his first taste of coffee and instantly loved it.<ref>Ibid.</ref><references/>

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/The First English Civil War/ First Battle of Newbury

2012-03-29T17:21:13Z

BenNilson:

The First Battle of Newbury was a battle between the Royalists and the Parliamentarians on September 20, 1943 at Glouster. <ref> James Scott Wheeler ''The Irish and British Wars: Triumph Tragedy, and Failure'' (London: Routledge, 2002),86 </ref> Charles and his troops had just won a swift victory at Bristol and hoped that the same could be accomplished here. <ref> Tristram Hunt ''The English Civil War. At First Hand'' (London: The Orion Publishing Group LTD, 2002), 106 </ref> However, Charles and his commanders failed to secure Round Hill, the key terrain feature. This allowed for the parliamentarians, Commanded by the Earl of Essex, to advance some infantry and cannons to a compromising position <ref> Wheeler, 86 </ref> and forced the royalists to launch an attack which resulted in the royalists suffering heavy losses as they tried to move the men from Round hill. <ref> Ibid.</ref>

While the battle initially went well for the roundheads, however, the nature of the battle changed when they could not break through the formations of the London trained infantry and only succeeded in driving them back to more defensible terrain. <ref>Wheeler, 87</ref> After twelve hours of fighting neither side had been able to achieve a decisive advantage yet by the next morning the king’s army had abandoned the field and marched north. The Cavaliers withdrew mainly because their supply of gunpowder was nearly exhausted. <ref> Wheeler, 87</ref> Shortages of equipment and troops was a common issue during the civil war and some have argued if Charles had enough gunpowder at Newbury he might have won the war. <ref> Blair Worden ''The English Civil Wars 1640-1660'' (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2009), 69 </ref>

Instead the Battle of Newbury was a strategic victory for the Parliamentarians as it showed that a disciplined infantry could beat royalist cavalry. <ref> Wheeler, 87 </ref> As well, they were able to march to London which not only allowed the parliamentarians to rebuild their forces rebuild but the victory allowed John Pym to gather the necessary votes to pass the Solemn League and Covenant. <ref> Ibid.</ref> A Scottish alliance was critical to the survival of the parliamentarians because, while the Battle of Newbury had resulted in a Roundhead victory it did not solve any of the underlying problems within their political and military organization. <ref> Ibid. </ref>

<references/>

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Longstride Family

2012-03-28T17:29:55Z

BenNilson: /* Status */

==History==
The Longstride family has long been settled in Nottinghamshire, and in particular within Sherwood Forest. The Longstrides’ have always been accomplished outdoors people, preferring the wind and sun on their faces. They are skilled archers and swordsmen which has been passed down generation to generation, despite the fact that it has gone out of style. The family also has a book of ballads, pertaining to their family history. The Longstrides’ have long kept the neighbourhood merry, and continue to spread their giving nature.

The family motto is officially “aufer a divitibus da pauperibus.” Green has always been a favourite and unofficial colour of the family.

== Family Members ==

Father - Robin Longstride

Wife - Violetta Ivy Wood

== Religion ==

Church of England

== County ==

Nottinghamshire

Purchased gardens.

== First Generation Longstrides ==

William Longstride is an avid outdoorsman who has attempted to raise his family’s status within gentry circles. He has also attempted to gain wealth through diversification of investments. He loves his children very much, and is not a fan of the Sheriff of Nottingham, but hides it well. William is highly regarded among the poor population of Nottinghamshire, but is generally disliked among the well-off.

Jane Longstride (nee Gisbourne, daughter of Guy Gisbourne) was at first welcomed into the family with trepidation. During the early years of the marriage, she devoted herself to the gardens, but after saving Williams life through her knowledge of flora, she became an integral member of the family.

Robin Longstride, the eldest son, has always been the serious son. He has studied to be a lawyer, and has utilised the connection of local lawyers that his brother brought to the family with marriage. Robin is not happy married to a wife that he largely seems to ignore, instead preferring to go riding with his many gentlemen friends or work, in particular his neighbour, Little John. However, they have managed to have children born in 1625 (boy), 1626 (boy) and 1628 (girl).

John Longstride, the second son, has always been a romantic fool so when he fell in love and married the daughter of a local lawyer, there were no surprises when a child was born 5 months after the wedding. John is very involved in breeding racehorses and is well known as a wicked Pall Mall player.

Marianne Longstride is married with dowry of £525 to Joseph Steele. She was known as a lovely girl who enjoyed exploring the Forest, much to her Mother’s concern.

== Second Generation Longstrides ==
Boy, born 1625. Grammar school and university.

Boy, born 1626. Staying at home, learning to be a sportsman with his uncle.

'''Longstride 'Secret' Three Point Plan:'''

1. Continue with the dinner/garden parties.

2. Horses

3. Try to stay as neutral as possible during the war and generally going with the flow. We will be hoping to rely on the many friends we have made through our generous parties (we may have seen some things that cannot be unseen) to keep our lands safe.

a. If things start to get dangerous near Nottinghamshire, we will take to Sherwood Forest. This will include all the servants and family members who will make up a band of merry men, and hopefully become a militia based in the general region of ‘Knot-Here’ in the Forest.

== Status ==

'''Rank''': 3.

'''Claim to fame''': The longstrides are well known for their social events.

'''House and Garden''': Improved gardens with stables and a fashionable hedge maze.

'''Estate''': Besides the ancestral estate, Jane Gisbourne brought in land equal to another half estate in dowry.

'''Investments''': Massachussets Bay Company, £2000.

==Cash on hand for the current phase==
4000

== Points Spent ==
45 out of 78

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Rules of the Game/Things to spend points on

2012-03-28T17:28:19Z

BenNilson: /* Ventures */

== The Life Cycle of Family Members ==

'''Having Children''': Any woman of fertile age can have a child. For the direct line of the family tree this costs 4 points for a boy, 3 for a girl (I know it's not fair, but that is probably an over estimation of popular seventeenth-century thought on the relative worth of the genders). For junior branches of the tree (e.g. children of a daughter or second son) this costs 3 for a boy and 2 for a girl. An extra point will be added for children born outside of the normal fertility range for seventeenth-century people.

Additional Family members increase the costs of maintaining the family by 5% each.

'''Finding a Good Husband''': If the gamemaster has said that a girl has found a suitor, you may be given the opportunity to have it be a good match with social connections. This is not certain, since other factors like the size of the dowry etc. come in to play. When your family is at rank 1 then it costs 5 points.

'''Dowry''': We have now established that £1000 is a large dowry for parish gentry, and £500 is OK.

==Marriage of Men==

Families should choose between a good dowry, rank, and connections. If rank or connections are good, dowry will be low.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Bride's Rank!! Dowry!! Connections!! Points
|-
| 2|| 1000|| Modest|| 5
|-
| 2|| 3000|| Modest|| 10
|-
| 2|| 1000|| Father in profession|| 10
|-
| 2|| 100 plus some land|| Modest|| 10
|-
| 2|| Heiress|| Modest|| 30
|-
| 2|| 1000|| Political connections|| 15
|}

Second sons are less likely to marry well. Add five points to any marriage for them. Note that an heiress will bring an estate equal to the one your family started with, plus will be rank 2.

== Education ==

'''Grammar School''': £200 plus 2 points.

'''Boarding school''': For boys, £300 plus 4 points for a good school like Winchester or Eton. They can then use this experience as a source (once) for possible connections later. For girls, £200 plus 2 points for a 'finishing school', which will improve their marriage prospects.

'''Inns of Court''': Entry is £50 plus £50 for bribes (if you have no connection in the legal profession). Per year £50. Points are 1 per year plus 2 to graduate.

'''University''': Similar to Inns of Court for now, plus £100. BA thus = £400 plus 8 points.

'''Package Deal''': Grammar school through university = £600 plus 8 points. If it is a good boarding school like Eton, then £700 plus 10 points.

'''Grand Tour''': Send a young man to see Europe's sights for £600, no points needed.

== Careers ==

'''Medicine''': BA plus license, however we do not yet know how hard a license is to get or what it entails.

== Titles ==

'''Baronet''': The cost varies according the the exact year, but will be about £500. However, it also assumes that your family has 'suitable state and lineage', so families will have to make that case to me.

==Home Improvement==

'''Lawn, Garden and Stable''': £1500

'''Mazes''': £200. This is an upgrade to the 'lawn and garden' package.

==Estate Improvement==

'''Enclosure''':

== Investments ==

'''Publishing''': A maximum of two families may invest £1000, and receive £50 per annum thereafter in returns.

'''Stock''': Stock companies are more complicated. Families may invest any amount in companies that they have done research on. However, they also need to spend points. The number of points spent will impact the luck that these ventures have.

== Ventures ==
The points required for businesses or other projects can be approximated by the following table. How plausible a project is can be modified by how much work a family has done for it already, through wikis or otherwise. It also is determined by past activities. Thus, it is more plausible for a family to move into an activity involving ships if they are already involved in a shipping business of some sort. The game also emphasizes gradual movement up the social ladder, so great changes are less probable than small ones. The cost of a project in money is unrelated to its plausibility.

''Moderate Success'' means that the project succeeds in a minimal way. If it is an economic venture then it makes no money but does not fail and can be ongoing. It still may be very useful for a family in other ways, like connections, providing a job for a family member, or making a second venture more plausible. ''Profitability'' means that an economic venture will add modestly to a family's wealth in future stages, and non-economic ventures have comparable success. ''Great success'' is needed for windfalls or any other large increase to a family's fortune. Points must be spent in this category for any great stroke of luck.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Plausibility!! Moderate Success !! Profitability !! Great Success
|-
| Easily Achievable|| 5|| 10 ||15
|-
| Average|| 10|| 15 ||30
|-
| Ambitious|| 20|| 30 ||50
|-
| Longshot|| 40|| 60 ||100
|-
| Wildly improbable|| 100|| 200 || 300
|}

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Rules of the Game/Things to spend points on

2012-03-28T17:20:00Z

BenNilson: /* Ventures */

== The Life Cycle of Family Members ==

'''Having Children''': Any woman of fertile age can have a child. For the direct line of the family tree this costs 4 points for a boy, 3 for a girl (I know it's not fair, but that is probably an over estimation of popular seventeenth-century thought on the relative worth of the genders). For junior branches of the tree (e.g. children of a daughter or second son) this costs 3 for a boy and 2 for a girl. An extra point will be added for children born outside of the normal fertility range for seventeenth-century people.

Additional Family members increase the costs of maintaining the family by 5% each.

'''Finding a Good Husband''': If the gamemaster has said that a girl has found a suitor, you may be given the opportunity to have it be a good match with social connections. This is not certain, since other factors like the size of the dowry etc. come in to play. When your family is at rank 1 then it costs 5 points.

'''Dowry''': We have now established that £1000 is a large dowry for parish gentry, and £500 is OK.

==Marriage of Men==

Families should choose between a good dowry, rank, and connections. If rank or connections are good, dowry will be low.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Bride's Rank!! Dowry!! Connections!! Points
|-
| 2|| 1000|| Modest|| 5
|-
| 2|| 3000|| Modest|| 10
|-
| 2|| 1000|| Father in profession|| 10
|-
| 2|| 100 plus some land|| Modest|| 10
|-
| 2|| Heiress|| Modest|| 30
|-
| 2|| 1000|| Political connections|| 15
|}

Second sons are less likely to marry well. Add five points to any marriage for them. Note that an heiress will bring an estate equal to the one your family started with, plus will be rank 2.

== Education ==

'''Grammar School''': £200 plus 2 points.

'''Boarding school''': For boys, £300 plus 4 points for a good school like Winchester or Eton. They can then use this experience as a source (once) for possible connections later. For girls, £200 plus 2 points for a 'finishing school', which will improve their marriage prospects.

'''Inns of Court''': Entry is £50 plus £50 for bribes (if you have no connection in the legal profession). Per year £50. Points are 1 per year plus 2 to graduate.

'''University''': Similar to Inns of Court for now, plus £100. BA thus = £400 plus 8 points.

'''Package Deal''': Grammar school through university = £600 plus 8 points. If it is a good boarding school like Eton, then £700 plus 10 points.

'''Grand Tour''': Send a young man to see Europe's sights for £600, no points needed.

== Careers ==

'''Medicine''': BA plus license, however we do not yet know how hard a license is to get or what it entails.

== Titles ==

'''Baronet''': The cost varies according the the exact year, but will be about £500. However, it also assumes that your family has 'suitable state and lineage', so families will have to make that case to me.

==Home Improvement==

'''Lawn, Garden and Stable''': £1500

'''Mazes''': £200. This is an upgrade to the 'lawn and garden' package.

==Estate Improvement==

'''Enclosure''':

== Investments ==

'''Publishing''': A maximum of two families may invest £1000, and receive £50 per annum thereafter in returns.

'''Stock''': Stock companies are more complicated. Families may invest any amount in companies that they have done research on. However, they also need to spend points. The number of points spent will impact the luck that these ventures have.

== Ventures ==
The points required for businesses or other projects can be approximated by the following table. How plausible a project is can be modified by how much work a family has done for it already, through wikis or otherwise. It also is determined by past activities. Thus, it is more plausible for a family to move into an activity involving ships if they are already involved in a shipping business of some sort. The game also emphasizes gradual movement up the social ladder, so great changes are less probable than small ones. The cost of a project in money is unrelated to its plausibility.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Plausibility!! Moderate Success !! Great Success
|-
| Easily Achievable|| 5|| 10
|-
| Average|| 10|| 25
|-
| Ambitious|| 20|| 50
|-
| Longshot|| 40|| 100
|-
| Wildly improbable|| 100|| 250
|}

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Rules of the Game/Things to spend points on

2012-03-28T17:18:45Z

BenNilson: /* Ventures */

== The Life Cycle of Family Members ==

'''Having Children''': Any woman of fertile age can have a child. For the direct line of the family tree this costs 4 points for a boy, 3 for a girl (I know it's not fair, but that is probably an over estimation of popular seventeenth-century thought on the relative worth of the genders). For junior branches of the tree (e.g. children of a daughter or second son) this costs 3 for a boy and 2 for a girl. An extra point will be added for children born outside of the normal fertility range for seventeenth-century people.

Additional Family members increase the costs of maintaining the family by 5% each.

'''Finding a Good Husband''': If the gamemaster has said that a girl has found a suitor, you may be given the opportunity to have it be a good match with social connections. This is not certain, since other factors like the size of the dowry etc. come in to play. When your family is at rank 1 then it costs 5 points.

'''Dowry''': We have now established that £1000 is a large dowry for parish gentry, and £500 is OK.

==Marriage of Men==

Families should choose between a good dowry, rank, and connections. If rank or connections are good, dowry will be low.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Bride's Rank!! Dowry!! Connections!! Points
|-
| 2|| 1000|| Modest|| 5
|-
| 2|| 3000|| Modest|| 10
|-
| 2|| 1000|| Father in profession|| 10
|-
| 2|| 100 plus some land|| Modest|| 10
|-
| 2|| Heiress|| Modest|| 30
|-
| 2|| 1000|| Political connections|| 15
|}

Second sons are less likely to marry well. Add five points to any marriage for them. Note that an heiress will bring an estate equal to the one your family started with, plus will be rank 2.

== Education ==

'''Grammar School''': £200 plus 2 points.

'''Boarding school''': For boys, £300 plus 4 points for a good school like Winchester or Eton. They can then use this experience as a source (once) for possible connections later. For girls, £200 plus 2 points for a 'finishing school', which will improve their marriage prospects.

'''Inns of Court''': Entry is £50 plus £50 for bribes (if you have no connection in the legal profession). Per year £50. Points are 1 per year plus 2 to graduate.

'''University''': Similar to Inns of Court for now, plus £100. BA thus = £400 plus 8 points.

'''Package Deal''': Grammar school through university = £600 plus 8 points. If it is a good boarding school like Eton, then £700 plus 10 points.

'''Grand Tour''': Send a young man to see Europe's sights for £600, no points needed.

== Careers ==

'''Medicine''': BA plus license, however we do not yet know how hard a license is to get or what it entails.

== Titles ==

'''Baronet''': The cost varies according the the exact year, but will be about £500. However, it also assumes that your family has 'suitable state and lineage', so families will have to make that case to me.

==Home Improvement==

'''Lawn, Garden and Stable''': £1500

'''Mazes''': £200. This is an upgrade to the 'lawn and garden' package.

==Estate Improvement==

'''Enclosure''':

== Investments ==

'''Publishing''': A maximum of two families may invest £1000, and receive £50 per annum thereafter in returns.

'''Stock''': Stock companies are more complicated. Families may invest any amount in companies that they have done research on. However, they also need to spend points. The number of points spent will impact the luck that these ventures have.

== Ventures ==
The points required for businesses or other projects can be approximated by the following table. How plausible a project is can be modified by how much work a family has done for it already, through wikis or otherwise. It also is determined by past activities. Thus, it is more plausible for a family to move into an activity involving ships if they are already involved in a shipping business of some sort. The cost of a project in money is unrelated to its plausibility.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Plausibility!! Moderate Success !! Great Success
|-
| Easily Achievable|| 5|| 10
|-
| Average|| 10|| 25
|-
| Ambitious|| 20|| 50
|-
| Longshot|| 40|| 100
|-
| Wildly improbable|| 100|| 250
|}

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Rules of the Game/Things to spend points on

2012-03-28T17:14:25Z

BenNilson:

== The Life Cycle of Family Members ==

'''Having Children''': Any woman of fertile age can have a child. For the direct line of the family tree this costs 4 points for a boy, 3 for a girl (I know it's not fair, but that is probably an over estimation of popular seventeenth-century thought on the relative worth of the genders). For junior branches of the tree (e.g. children of a daughter or second son) this costs 3 for a boy and 2 for a girl. An extra point will be added for children born outside of the normal fertility range for seventeenth-century people.

Additional Family members increase the costs of maintaining the family by 5% each.

'''Finding a Good Husband''': If the gamemaster has said that a girl has found a suitor, you may be given the opportunity to have it be a good match with social connections. This is not certain, since other factors like the size of the dowry etc. come in to play. When your family is at rank 1 then it costs 5 points.

'''Dowry''': We have now established that £1000 is a large dowry for parish gentry, and £500 is OK.

==Marriage of Men==

Families should choose between a good dowry, rank, and connections. If rank or connections are good, dowry will be low.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Bride's Rank!! Dowry!! Connections!! Points
|-
| 2|| 1000|| Modest|| 5
|-
| 2|| 3000|| Modest|| 10
|-
| 2|| 1000|| Father in profession|| 10
|-
| 2|| 100 plus some land|| Modest|| 10
|-
| 2|| Heiress|| Modest|| 30
|-
| 2|| 1000|| Political connections|| 15
|}

Second sons are less likely to marry well. Add five points to any marriage for them. Note that an heiress will bring an estate equal to the one your family started with, plus will be rank 2.

== Education ==

'''Grammar School''': £200 plus 2 points.

'''Boarding school''': For boys, £300 plus 4 points for a good school like Winchester or Eton. They can then use this experience as a source (once) for possible connections later. For girls, £200 plus 2 points for a 'finishing school', which will improve their marriage prospects.

'''Inns of Court''': Entry is £50 plus £50 for bribes (if you have no connection in the legal profession). Per year £50. Points are 1 per year plus 2 to graduate.

'''University''': Similar to Inns of Court for now, plus £100. BA thus = £400 plus 8 points.

'''Package Deal''': Grammar school through university = £600 plus 8 points. If it is a good boarding school like Eton, then £700 plus 10 points.

'''Grand Tour''': Send a young man to see Europe's sights for £600, no points needed.

== Careers ==

'''Medicine''': BA plus license, however we do not yet know how hard a license is to get or what it entails.

== Titles ==

'''Baronet''': The cost varies according the the exact year, but will be about £500. However, it also assumes that your family has 'suitable state and lineage', so families will have to make that case to me.

==Home Improvement==

'''Lawn, Garden and Stable''': £1500

'''Mazes''': £200. This is an upgrade to the 'lawn and garden' package.

==Estate Improvement==

'''Enclosure''':

== Investments ==

'''Publishing''': A maximum of two families may invest £1000, and receive £50 per annum thereafter in returns.

'''Stock''': Stock companies are more complicated. Families may invest any amount in companies that they have done research on. However, they also need to spend points. The number of points spent will impact the luck that these ventures have.

== Ventures ==
Businesses or other projects can be approximated by the following table.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Plausibility!! Moderate Success Points!! Great Success Points
|-
| Easily Achievable|| 5|| 10
|-
| Average|| 10|| 25
|-
| Ambitious|| 20|| 50
|-
| Longshot|| 40|| 100
|-
| Wildly improbable|| 100|| 250
|}

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Pastimes/Tobacco

2012-03-28T16:38:48Z

BenNilson:

Tobacco was originally discovered by those exploring the Americas, and eventually was brought back to Europe with the explorers upon their voyage home. However England did not start using tobacco until the late sixteenth century, when captains arrived back from exploring the West Indies (1). Similarly to many other countries, once tobacco was made available its popularity greatly grew. Unfortunately, not all were impressed by the popularity of tobacco smoking; one who was very much against it was King James I. King James I may be the first person of authority to speak against smoking and recognize the health hazard (2).

Another problem that occurred with the continuing use of tobacco was the need to import more, which at the time was being imported by Spain (3). This would change in the early to mid-seventeenth century when the English colonies would begin to grow tobacco. The colony of Virginia was the first colony that was found to be suitable for growing tobacco that was as high of quality as that being imported from Spain (4). Tobacco would be a very profitable market to be in as when it first arrived to England prices were quite high due to its growing demand and difficulty to supply. One could get involved in the marketing of tobacco if they were involved in charter companies and lived near a port. An example to show the popularity of tobacco in the later part of the Seventeenth century is that in the late 1680s approximately 36, 350, 000 pounds were imported in a year (5).

(1) William A. McKim. Drugs and Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioural Pharmacology. (New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2007), 199.
(2) McKim, 200.
(3) McKim, 200.
(4) McKim, 200.
(5) Robert C. Nash. “The English and Scottish Tobacco Trades in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Legal and Illegal Trade”, Economic History Review 35, no. 3 (1982): 355. Accessed on March 26, 2012. URL: http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ehost/detail?vid=7&hid=18&sid=0dc64da1-0234-40bb-bdb8-aa530cabe408%40sessionmgr4&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=bth&AN=10147852.

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Religion

2012-03-28T16:36:37Z

BenNilson:

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Catholics|Catholics]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Crypto-Catholicism|Crypto-Catholicism]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Church_of_England|Church of England]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Arminianism|Arminianism]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Laudianism|Laudianism]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Calvinism|Calvinism]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Puritans|Puritans]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Fear of Catholicism and the Revolution|Fear of Catholicism and the Revolution]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Quakers|Quakers]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Fifth Monarchists|Fifth Monarchists]]

[[Course:History_344_Nasty_Families/Religion/Catholics and the Government|Catholics and the Government]]

All of the Catholic wikis could be organized together in some way.

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Religion/Catholics and the Government

2012-03-28T16:35:35Z

BenNilson:

The recusancy laws against Catholics in England are well documented. What isn’t as well documented is the frequency that these laws were actually enforced. Most people assume Stuart Governments enforced these laws when they were on the books, and yet they were actually enforced rather infrequently.(1) Often times there were actually private arrangements between the local governments and known Catholics to pay a smaller fee to them, in exchange for not being taxed/persecuted under the recusancy laws.(2) Central Governments were not concerned with making recusancy laws a prime money-maker, nor were they particularly worried about the Catholics, and the idea that they were violent or trying to upset the country.
Especially when it came to the Catholics battled with the Jesuits, they gained major support from the Government. They maintained an alliance with the government into the restoration period that included Government printing of propaganda against the Jesuits.(3) Catholic Bishops were given much more toleration than Jesuit priests were afforded.(4) The English government and particularly Charles I did not seem to have an issue with the “rudimentary hierarchy” over English Catholics (5) The fear of Catholics was mostly a state of mind, and did not actually result in much violence against them. Even when Catholics were attacked more often than not it was not their religion but something of more value that was at stake, as opposed to being about their religious beliefs.

1. Hibbard, Caroline M. "Early Stuart Catholicism: Revisions and Re-Revisions." The Journal of Modern History 52 (March 1980): 4
2. (Hibbard March 1980, 4)
3. (Hibbard March 1980, 25)
4. (Hibbard March 1980, 26)
5. (Hibbard March 1980, 27)

Course:History 344 Nasty Families/Inventions/Sparkling Wine

2012-03-28T16:25:26Z

BenNilson:

Christopher Merret was an English scientist and physician who has been credited with, among other things, the creation of sparkling wine. He was the first to document and write a paper on the production of sparkling wine through a reproducible process.<ref> Jeroen van Craaikamp, “The History of ‘le’ Champagne,” accessed March 25th, 2012, http://www.champagneinfo.net/Productie/ChampagneHistorie/tabid/174/Default.aspx.</ref> The process included intentionally using sugar and molasses which was used to make them “brisk and sparkling”.<ref>Johnson, Hugh, A life Uncorked (California: University of California press, 2006) 81. Accessed March 26th 2012, http://books.google.ca/books?id=y4udotMkzxgC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> This was described in his 8 page paper presented by the Royal Society “Some observations concerning the ordering of wines.”<ref>Craaikamp, "The History of"le" Champagne."</ref> There have been disputes as to whether the French monk Dom Pierre Perignon actually should be given credit for its discovery, however, Christopher Merret described the method of fermentation and the production of Champagne in 1662.This was decades before Pierre Perignon made his advancements in the field. The process of secondary fermentation had been around for hundreds of years but it was not until Merret, who was also an expert in glass making, was able to achieve this fermentation without the bottle exploding. Thanks to Merret’s paper, those nobles and gentry folk who could afford it could now make and enjoy their own sparkling wine without fear of losing an eye to an exploding glass bottle.

<references/>