UBC Wiki - User contributions [en]

Sandbox:North West Coast Salish

2010-09-29T19:04:51Z

AprilHung:

==Archaeological perspective==

'''Development''' laurengreen@shaw.ca

'''beliefs''' Jessica Plumpton. j_plumpton@hotmail.com

'''Subsistence'''April hung. Aprilweihung@gmail.com

'''Settlement''' Kymberlee Stogan kymberleestogan@hotmail.com

'''Social structure''' goneesaini@hotmail.com

'''Warfare''' Abby- aettelman@gmail.com

'''Problems of knowledge''' Juliette Funck FunckJU@gmail.com

''The items listed under the topics are only suggested starting points.''

=='''Development'''==
Lauren

===Periods Back to first ice age at least===

===General trends===

===Map===
[http://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/hna17.html]
[http://home.istar.ca/~bthom/nwc-tribes.pdf]

=='''Beliefs'''==
Jessica Plumpton

===Ceremonial===

===Mortuary===

'''Characteristics
'''

*Human bones rarely preserved due to acidic environments
*Scowlitz: 42 mounds and cairns on main residential terrace (Most small size, 5 with sides 9m+)
*Examples of offerings: disc shaped copper pendants, copper ring, disc shaped shell pendants, shell beads
*mounds contain rock construction of some form, either linear alignments, cairns, or capstones
*considerable variation from a few large, elaborate earthen mounds to a larger number of small burial mounds and cairns
*shifting of site use from residential occupation to mortuary use
*mounds and cairns on the hillsides and adjacent terraces may contain the deceased of other communities in the Harrison-Fraser River region

'''Interpretation
'''

*timing, variation, and spatial distribution of the mounds and cairns relevant to the social standing of the interred individuals
:: social stratification
*burials in the mounds and cairns may represent a relatively high status group and most in the society did not merit large visible monuments. If so, the variation may represent rank within the highest stratum of society
*Site use shifted: the descendants of the Scowlitz villages maintained their connection to the spot by interring their dead in highly visible mortuary features on the terrace

===World view===

Offerings left with the dead suggest belief in afterlife.

'''Problems'''

Because the Coast Salish were not a literate people, it is difficult to determine worldview from a solely archaeological perspective. In order to interpret what burial remains might indicate about ancient Coast Salish worldview, ethnography may be employed.

=='''Subsistence'''==
April

===Old condilleran/Pebble tool tradition(9000-4500 BP)===
first known occupation of strait of georgia+lower fraser river region

Glenrose Cannery site(delta)
-land mammal(elk,deer)
-samll quantities of salmon, shellfish,eulachon,birds

Milliken site(fraser river canyon/inland)
-salmon

-coastal+inland lithic assemblages are similar(shared technology)
-leaf-shaped points+cobble tools
-bone+antler tools
-abrading stones
-intersite faunal remain diversity
-groups visited various sites for many years to gather local resources.

===Salmon===

===Fishing===

===Hunting===

===Gathering===

===Resources===

=='''Settlement'''==
Kymberlee

===Long houses===

===Villages===

===Infrastructure (e.g. look out points)===

=='''Social Structure'''==

===Goneesaini===

===Distribution of wealth===

===Resources===

===Status===

=='''Warfare'''==
Abby

===Defensive structures===

(Increase in defensive structures means increase in warfare!)

'''WHEN?
'''

The Middle Period (specifically Locarno/Marpole Period)
to Late Period (900 CE to contact)

The first evidence of defensive structures are found in the far north-
Examples:
1. traditional Tlingit areas
*began in from 400-700
*became common from 900-1400
2. Aleutian Islands
*became common from 300-1100
(Miller 264)

'''WHAT?
'''

*fortifications around village (~stockades)
*house depressions (Moss 75)
*trench embankments
**unique to Coast Salish areas
:: A raised area; one side trenched, the opposing side facing water and blocked by palisade (cedar planks and trench soil)
:: A flat area; three sides trenched in a semicircle, the fourth side a steep cliff face
(Hitchcock 169)

'''PROBLEM:
'''

There is more war-focused archaeological investigation in Northern NWC than the Southern NWC! Thus, there is a slant to our evidence and thus our theorizing.

“A dominant colonial perspective suggesting the passivity of Northwest Coast-Coast Salish peoples and alluding to a failure to protect lands in combat erodes the concept of Aboriginal land title and promotes the Aboriginal concession of land to colonial occupancy. I suggest that the archaeological data-gap of the Coast Salish area, apart from the North Coast, reflects lingering colonial and anthropological misrepresentation of Coast Salish peoples as passively “fighting with food” rather than weapons (Suttles 1989:253; see a related discussion of the Interior Salish in Suttles 1987a).
(Schaepe 2006)

===Burial Analyses===

Again, we find a North v. South dichotomy!

While '''both''' show evidence of violence leading to death, (such as skull fractures and parry fractures (on radial/ulnar remains)...

Cybulski (1992) found '''20% more indications''' of violence in burials in the northern NWC (Nass River, Greenville, BC) than in the southern (Gulf of Georgia region)

However:

94% of analyzed southern burials were from Locarno/Marpole period!
::We already discussed how the Middle Period saw less southern warfare.

Only 19 burials were from Late Period due to change in mortuary practices, but when Cybulski analyzed the southern Late Period burials alone, '''27.6% were violent''', (a comparative province high).

===Summary===

'''General Themes:
'''

There was gradual increase in warfare in ''both'' north and south as seen through burial and site analyses, seemingly starting earlier in the north than the south.

'''General Problems:
'''

We do not get the entire picture!
*Did warfare truly increase in/nearing the Late Period or do we just lack earlier evidence?
*If we had as many later southern burials as northern, what picture would form? Is sample sizes (or the lack of equal such) influencing the findings?
*How much do earlier interpretations (the stereotype of the violent north and the passive south) inform later interpretations?

As usual with archaeology, we are left with many questions left to investigate.

==Problems of knowledge==
Juliette

===Preservation===

The central challenge to archeology in the NW coast according to Chazan is the rotting and destruction of the material culture which is primarily made from wood and bark. (Chazan 13) The Coast Salish among the other nations of the NW coast used wood and bark to make the majority of their possessions ranging from houses to nets. Ozette Site of the Makah people located in the northern Olympic peninsula in Washington is evocative of this problem. Three houses were buried beneath a mud slide in the 1700s creating anaerobic conditions that allowed for the preservation of organic materials. As a result there were a thousand of wooden artifacts that were excavated from this site (Chazan 313). Basketry for example can only be found in waterlogged contexts due to the anaerobic conditions favorable to preserving organic material. In these conditions the shape is often distorted or flattened and colors do not endure. (Bernick 140)

The sites in the Northwest Coast are large and complex making them hard to excavate. Due to the rarity of artifacts that contain pertinent information and relative frequency of small organic remains that require sampling and analysis Coast Salish sites require large tedious excavation. In the past this has discouraged archeologists and so not many sites have been excavated (Stein 14).

In addition to the natural destruction of perishable good Western development of the Pacific North West had disturbed and destroyed archeological sites and ancestral burial grounds. Development occurred regardless of archeological remains in the past but remains a problem despite the Island Trust Act of 1974 and the Heritage Conservation Act 1996 which are meant to protect and preserve archeological sites. One grave infringement of this was the construction of Poet’s Cove Spa and resort on South Pender Island which occurred despite having been recognizing as an archeological preserve. During construction of their swimming pool an archaic burial ground was dug to the bedrock and then spread over the tennis courts and parking lot (Mclay 2). Since then they have found dozens of individuals In the salvage dig.

===Coast Salish Perspective on Archeology===

Based on a variety of different perspectives it has been demonstrated that the Coast Salish people in both the past and present had close ties to their dead. Bones were treated with respect and great effort would be put into getting them back to the village cemetery. In some cases they were buried and retrieved later (Duff). The dead play a continual role in the world of the living (McKay). This is why the treatment of their ancestors as mere artifacts is disrespectful and sometimes resisted. Recently there have been efforts made to return the ancestral remains in which case they are reburied according to tradition

===Oral Traditions===

=='''Resources'''==
''Google Books''

1. Archaeology of San Juan Island: [link[http://books.google.com/books?id=ADGV7j-hZSwC&lpg=PP1&dq=coast%20salish%20archaeology&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]]

2. Regarding basketry: [link[http://books.google.com/books?id=8UI7imt7-dIC&lpg=PA139&dq=coast%20salish%20archeology&pg=PA139#v=onepage&q&f=false]]

Chazan, Michael.
2009. World Prehistory and Archeology: Pathways Though Time. Pearson: Toronto.

Mclay, Eric
2004. To Preserve and Protect the Archeological Heritage of the Southern Gulf Islands. The Midden:

Sandbox:North West Coast Salish

2010-09-19T03:50:01Z

AprilHung:

==Archaeological perspective==

==evidences==
===warfare===
North Salish
Defensive site

Sandbox:North West Coast Salish

2010-09-19T03:15:49Z

AprilHung:

==Archaeological perspective==
===evidences===
===warfare===

Sandbox:North West Coast Salish

2010-09-19T03:13:42Z

AprilHung:

==Archaeological evidence==
==Warfare==

Sandbox:North West Coast Salish

2010-09-19T03:12:31Z

AprilHung: Created page with '=Archaeology Perspective= ==Warfare=='

=Archaeology Perspective=
==Warfare==

Course:HIST104/BIC Ball Point Pen

2010-07-26T05:56:38Z

AprilHung:

[[Image:1cristal0.jpg|thumb|right|Bic Cristal. Picture courtesy of [http://www.bicworld.com/en/products/details/12/round-stic here]]] A '''ballpoint pen''' is a modern writing instrument.The pen has a tiny ball made of brass, steel or tungsten carbide at its tip to disperse ink. Like fountain pen, ball point pens have liquid ink reservoirs in them so that they do not need to be dipped into ink externally. Ball point pen is more convenient than pens invented earlier such as reed, quill pen, and fountain pen. Unlike other earlier pens, ball point pen draws evener lines, its ink dries quickly, and does not require cleansing after use. Because Ball point pens are convenient, and low in price, they are not only one of the most commonly used modern writing instrument, but also are frequently been given out as free gift for advertising.

==History==

===Early Writing Implements===

[[Image:Prolific-english-novelist-charles-dickens-seated-writing-with-a-quill-pen.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Picture courtesy of [http://askawomanwhoknows.wordpress.com/2009/12/ here]]] Rock drawings dating back to 35,000 years B.C. were mostly done by dipping '''fingers''' and '''palms''' in "[...] natural dyes made from clays mixed with animal fat" unless the events being recorded were monumental, in which case flintstones were used to make engravings.<ref>Giovanna D'Amia, Giorgio Dragoni, Giuseppe Fichera, Alessandra Ferretti, Hazel Juvenal-Smith, Armando Petrucci, Augusto Piccinini and Anna Ronchi, ''Fountain Pens: History and Design'', ed. Giorgio Dragoni and Giuseppe Fichera (Milan: Illustrated Books, 1997), 9 </ref>

The first true handwriting emerged in Mesopotamia during the convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, or the era of the Civilisation of the Great Rivers, where the writing style referred to as cuneiform was developed by the Sumerians circa 3,000 B.C.<ref>D'Amia, 9</ref><ref> Alexander Crum Ewing, ''The Fountain Pen: A Collector's Companion'' (London: The Apple Press, 1997), 8</ref> This form of writing, which required tablets of wet clay and a '''split reed''' that "[...] gave the strokes a characteristic cuneiform (wedge-shaped) appearance," spread to societies within the Ancient Near East and the Middle East and formed the basis of their languages.<ref> Ewing, 8-9</ref> During the same period, hieroglyphics emerged in the Nile valley, which introduced the use of a '''reed brush''' and dyes made from soot, cinnabar, or minium on papyrus.<ref> D'Amia, 10</ref><ref>Ewing, 10-11</ref> Findings by archaeologists suggest that these reed brushes resemble modern fountain pens: ink was poured in from the top and into a reservoir, allowing for it to seep down towards the sharp tip of the reed brush.<ref>D'Amia, 10</ref>

===Quill and Metal pens===

The first evidence of the '''quill pen''' was found in Ravenna, Italy, where a mosaic dedicated to the San Vitale church prior to 547 A.D. shows St Matthew with both quill and reed pens writing his Gospel.<ref>Ewing, 12</ref> During the Dark Ages to the nineteenth century, almost every record written on the growth of European civilization was written using quill pens made out of goose, swan, crow, turkey or duck feather.<ref>Ewing, 11-12</ref><ref>Jim Marshall, ''Miller's Pens & Writing Equipment: A Collector's Guide'' (Great Britain: Octopus Publishing Group Ltd, 1999), 8</ref> Quill pens were much easier to cut to obtain a finer point and were more flexible, thus lasting longer than reed pens.<ref>D'Amia, 12 </ref><ref> Marshall, 8</ref> By the end of the nineteenth century, quill pens were in such high demand in England that "[...] millions of geese were farmed exclusively for their feathers" and were imported to North America by Hudson's Bay Company.<ref>Ewing, 13 </ref>

John Fust and Peter Schoeiffer wrote in their book published in 1465 of a reed-styled pen made out of metal, giving the first evidence of '''metal pens'''.<ref>Ewing, 16</ref> However, because they were inflexible and easily corroded by the acidity of the ink, ''steel nib pens'' only replaced the quill pens by the nineteenth century when flexible steel was produced and ink was less acidic.<ref>Ewing, 16</ref><ref>Marshall, 10</ref> The emergence of the '''dip pen''' followed in 1840, where its use was favored in Britain until the early 1950's.<ref>Marshall, 12</ref>

===Reservoir Pens===

While quill pens became the most dominant writing equipment in many parts of the world, Arab countries were not allowed to use animal parts for practical purposes and therefore during the tenth century Caliph Al-Múizz presented the first concept of a '''reservoir pen''', as described in the book known as ''Kitab al-Majalis wa'l Musa'irat''.<ref>D'Amia, 12</ref><ref>Ewing, 19</ref> The earliest English reference to a '''fountain pen''' is found in Samuel Pepys' ''Diary'' written on August 5, 1663, where he wrote of a silver pen which carried ink.<ref>Ewing, 20</ref> The earliest fountain pens were made by Louis XIV's instrument maker named Nicholas Bion around the year 1690, where the pen was made of a tubular metal reservoir that leads to a quill nib.<ref>Marshall, 16</ref> However, the first functioning fountain pen - ink was be regularly supplied to the nib - was made by Waterman, an American company, in 1883 and patented in 1884.<ref>Marshall, 16</ref> To see the patent click [http://www.google.ca/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT293545&id=CU1gAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=waterman+pen+patent+1884&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=waterman%20pen%20patent%201884&f=false here].

===Ballpoint Pens: The Beginning of BIC===

The first concept of a pen that contained a rotating ball held in a socket, which relied on gravity for supplying the ink to flow down to the point came from a leather worker John J. Loud, who then patented this '''ballpoint pen''' in 1888.<ref>Edward Kiersh, ''Collecting Pens'' (USA: House of Collectibles, 2006), 74</ref> These pens featured ink that did not smudge or skip, and dries quickly.<ref>Kiersh, 74</ref> However, ballpoint pens became widely used after the introduction of the Biro pens, created by the Biro brothers in 1944.<ref>Ewing, 34</ref>

In 1945, Marcel Bich, who had been manufacturing parts for fountain pens near Paris with Edouard Buffard, were committed to improving the production of ballpoint pens.<ref>"BIC World - History," BIC, http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf (accessed 23 July 2010)</ref> In December 1950, Bich launched the '''BIC''' ballpoint pens, which were of high quality and affordable to the public.<ref>"BIC World - History," http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf</ref> Subsequently, BIC expanded and continues to expand to other parts of the world:

:: 1953 - 1957 : Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland
:: 1954 : Italy
:: 1956 : Brazil
:: 1957 : England, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa
:: 1958 : North America
:: 1959 : Scandinavia
:: 1960 : Middle East and Africa
:: 1965 : Japan and Mexico
:: 1995 : Eastern and Central Europe
:: 1997 : Asia
:: 2006 : Turkey
:: 2009 : India (through Cello Group)<ref>"BIC World - History," http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf</ref>

==BIC Ballpoint Pens==

===Description===

====Ink in Ballpoint Pens====
The earliest ink appeared in 2500 BC in Egypt and China. Ink were made with soot, gelatin from animal skins, and lamp oil to develop a black coloring. Later, in medieval Europe, scribes invented new ink by mixing tannins from plants with iron salts. The new ink is called iron gall ink.<ref>"A Short History of Ink," Tinkyink.com, [ http://www.stinkyinkshop.co.uk/blog/a-short-history-of-ink/]</ref>

==Applications==

===Art===

[[Image:Photorealistic-drawings-bic-ballpoint-pen-7.jpg|thumb|upright=2.0|left|Hand drawn picture with a BIC ballpoint pen by Juan Francisco Casas. Picture courtesy of [http://www.boredpanda.com/25-photorealistic-pictures-drawn-with-a-bic-pen/ here]]]

===Advertisements===

Many businesses often give out Bic ball point pens as a form of advertising. Printed with a company name, they provide an inexpensive way of getting noticed by customers. By offering free disposable pens, customers will take them and use them, each time noticing the logo on the side of the pen. When the pen is lent or borrowed, the person who borrows the pen is exposed to the message as well, making this a very effective means of advertising.

[[File:Hotelpens.JPG|thumb|left|200px|upright=2.0|An assortment of pens taken from Hotels across North America]]

==References==

<references/>

Fischer, Steven R. 2001 [http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Ywo0M9OpbXoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=history+of+writing+pens&ots=0HzQ8JHOlb&sig=X8AlhRQQi39qeaTZCj6vMVCj-Ls#v=onepage&q&f=false]

==See also==
==External Links==
* [http://www.bicworld.com/inter_en/bdd/product_writing.asp?product_id=41 Bic Cristal] web page
* [http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?object_id=82141 Bic Cristal] at MoMA and from [http://www.bicworld.com/inter_en/art_gallery/index.asp# Bic's web site]

Course:HIST104/BIC Ball Point Pen

2010-07-26T05:54:48Z

AprilHung:

[[Image:1cristal0.jpg|thumb|right|Bic Cristal. Picture courtesy of [http://www.bicworld.com/en/products/details/12/round-stic here]]] A '''ballpoint pen''' is a modern writing instrument.The pen has a tiny ball made of brass, steel or tungsten carbide at its tip to disperse ink. Like fountain pen, ball point pens have liquid ink reservoirs in them so that they do not need to be dipped into ink externally. Ball point pen is more convenient than pens invented earlier such as reed, quill pen, and fountain pen. Unlike other earlier pens, ball point pen draws evener lines, its ink dries quickly, and does not require cleansing after use. Because Ball point pens are convenient, and low in price, they are not only one of the most commonly used modern writing instrument, but also are frequently been given out as free gift for advertising.

==History==

===Early Writing Implements===

[[Image:Prolific-english-novelist-charles-dickens-seated-writing-with-a-quill-pen.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Picture courtesy of [http://askawomanwhoknows.wordpress.com/2009/12/ here]]] Rock drawings dating back to 35,000 years B.C. were mostly done by dipping '''fingers''' and '''palms''' in "[...] natural dyes made from clays mixed with animal fat" unless the events being recorded were monumental, in which case flintstones were used to make engravings.<ref>Giovanna D'Amia, Giorgio Dragoni, Giuseppe Fichera, Alessandra Ferretti, Hazel Juvenal-Smith, Armando Petrucci, Augusto Piccinini and Anna Ronchi, ''Fountain Pens: History and Design'', ed. Giorgio Dragoni and Giuseppe Fichera (Milan: Illustrated Books, 1997), 9 </ref>

The first true handwriting emerged in Mesopotamia during the convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, or the era of the Civilisation of the Great Rivers, where the writing style referred to as cuneiform was developed by the Sumerians circa 3,000 B.C.<ref>D'Amia, 9</ref><ref> Alexander Crum Ewing, ''The Fountain Pen: A Collector's Companion'' (London: The Apple Press, 1997), 8</ref> This form of writing, which required tablets of wet clay and a '''split reed''' that "[...] gave the strokes a characteristic cuneiform (wedge-shaped) appearance," spread to societies within the Ancient Near East and the Middle East and formed the basis of their languages.<ref> Ewing, 8-9</ref> During the same period, hieroglyphics emerged in the Nile valley, which introduced the use of a '''reed brush''' and dyes made from soot, cinnabar, or minium on papyrus.<ref> D'Amia, 10</ref><ref>Ewing, 10-11</ref> Findings by archaeologists suggest that these reed brushes resemble modern fountain pens: ink was poured in from the top and into a reservoir, allowing for it to seep down towards the sharp tip of the reed brush.<ref>D'Amia, 10</ref>

===Quill and Metal pens===

The first evidence of the '''quill pen''' was found in Ravenna, Italy, where a mosaic dedicated to the San Vitale church prior to 547 A.D. shows St Matthew with both quill and reed pens writing his Gospel.<ref>Ewing, 12</ref> During the Dark Ages to the nineteenth century, almost every record written on the growth of European civilization was written using quill pens made out of goose, swan, crow, turkey or duck feather.<ref>Ewing, 11-12</ref><ref>Jim Marshall, ''Miller's Pens & Writing Equipment: A Collector's Guide'' (Great Britain: Octopus Publishing Group Ltd, 1999), 8</ref> Quill pens were much easier to cut to obtain a finer point and were more flexible, thus lasting longer than reed pens.<ref>D'Amia, 12 </ref><ref> Marshall, 8</ref> By the end of the nineteenth century, quill pens were in such high demand in England that "[...] millions of geese were farmed exclusively for their feathers" and were imported to North America by Hudson's Bay Company.<ref>Ewing, 13 </ref>

John Fust and Peter Schoeiffer wrote in their book published in 1465 of a reed-styled pen made out of metal, giving the first evidence of '''metal pens'''.<ref>Ewing, 16</ref> However, because they were inflexible and easily corroded by the acidity of the ink, ''steel nib pens'' only replaced the quill pens by the nineteenth century when flexible steel was produced and ink was less acidic.<ref>Ewing, 16</ref><ref>Marshall, 10</ref> The emergence of the '''dip pen''' followed in 1840, where its use was favored in Britain until the early 1950's.<ref>Marshall, 12</ref>

===Reservoir Pens===

While quill pens became the most dominant writing equipment in many parts of the world, Arab countries were not allowed to use animal parts for practical purposes and therefore during the tenth century Caliph Al-Múizz presented the first concept of a '''reservoir pen''', as described in the book known as ''Kitab al-Majalis wa'l Musa'irat''.<ref>D'Amia, 12</ref><ref>Ewing, 19</ref> The earliest English reference to a '''fountain pen''' is found in Samuel Pepys' ''Diary'' written on August 5, 1663, where he wrote of a silver pen which carried ink.<ref>Ewing, 20</ref> The earliest fountain pens were made by Louis XIV's instrument maker named Nicholas Bion around the year 1690, where the pen was made of a tubular metal reservoir that leads to a quill nib.<ref>Marshall, 16</ref> However, the first functioning fountain pen - ink was be regularly supplied to the nib - was made by Waterman, an American company, in 1883 and patented in 1884.<ref>Marshall, 16</ref> To see the patent click [http://www.google.ca/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT293545&id=CU1gAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=waterman+pen+patent+1884&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=waterman%20pen%20patent%201884&f=false here].

===Ballpoint Pens: The Beginning of BIC===

The first concept of a pen that contained a rotating ball held in a socket, which relied on gravity for supplying the ink to flow down to the point came from a leather worker John J. Loud, who then patented this '''ballpoint pen''' in 1888.<ref>Edward Kiersh, ''Collecting Pens'' (USA: House of Collectibles, 2006), 74</ref> These pens featured ink that did not smudge or skip, and dries quickly.<ref>Kiersh, 74</ref> However, ballpoint pens became widely used after the introduction of the Biro pens, created by the Biro brothers in 1944.<ref>Ewing, 34</ref>

In 1945, Marcel Bich, who had been manufacturing parts for fountain pens near Paris with Edouard Buffard, were committed to improving the production of ballpoint pens.<ref>"BIC World - History," BIC, http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf (accessed 23 July 2010)</ref> In December 1950, Bich launched the '''BIC''' ballpoint pens, which were of high quality and affordable to the public.<ref>"BIC World - History," http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf</ref> Subsequently, BIC expanded and continues to expand to other parts of the world:

:: 1953 - 1957 : Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland
:: 1954 : Italy
:: 1956 : Brazil
:: 1957 : England, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa
:: 1958 : North America
:: 1959 : Scandinavia
:: 1960 : Middle East and Africa
:: 1965 : Japan and Mexico
:: 1995 : Eastern and Central Europe
:: 1997 : Asia
:: 2006 : Turkey
:: 2009 : India (through Cello Group)<ref>"BIC World - History," http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf</ref>

==BIC Ballpoint Pens==

===Description===

====Ink in Ballpoint Pens====
The earliest ink appeared in 2500 BC in Egypt and China. Ink were made with soot, gelatin from animal skins, and lamp oil to develop a black coloring. Later, in medieval Europe, scribes invented new ink by mixing tannins from plants with iron salts. The new ink is called iron gall ink.<ref>[ http://www.stinkyinkshop.co.uk/blog/a-short-history-of-ink/]</ref>

==Applications==

===Art===

[[Image:Photorealistic-drawings-bic-ballpoint-pen-7.jpg|thumb|upright=2.0|left|Hand drawn picture with a BIC ballpoint pen by Juan Francisco Casas. Picture courtesy of [http://www.boredpanda.com/25-photorealistic-pictures-drawn-with-a-bic-pen/ here]]]

===Advertisements===

Many businesses often give out Bic ball point pens as a form of advertising. Printed with a company name, they provide an inexpensive way of getting noticed by customers. By offering free disposable pens, customers will take them and use them, each time noticing the logo on the side of the pen. When the pen is lent or borrowed, the person who borrows the pen is exposed to the message as well, making this a very effective means of advertising.

[[File:Hotelpens.JPG|thumb|left|200px|upright=2.0|An assortment of pens taken from Hotels across North America]]

==References==

<references/>

Fischer, Steven R. 2001 [http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Ywo0M9OpbXoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=history+of+writing+pens&ots=0HzQ8JHOlb&sig=X8AlhRQQi39qeaTZCj6vMVCj-Ls#v=onepage&q&f=false]

==See also==
==External Links==
* [http://www.bicworld.com/inter_en/bdd/product_writing.asp?product_id=41 Bic Cristal] web page
* [http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?object_id=82141 Bic Cristal] at MoMA and from [http://www.bicworld.com/inter_en/art_gallery/index.asp# Bic's web site]

Course:HIST104/BIC Ball Point Pen

2010-07-26T05:45:43Z

AprilHung:

[[Image:1cristal0.jpg|thumb|right|Bic Cristal. Picture courtesy of [http://www.bicworld.com/en/products/details/12/round-stic here]]] A '''ballpoint pen''' is a modern writing instrument.The pen has a tiny ball made of brass, steel or tungsten carbide at its tip to disperse ink. Like fountain pen, ball point pens have liquid ink reservoirs in them so that they do not need to be dipped into ink externally. Ball point pen is more convenient than pens invented earlier such as reed, quill pen, and fountain pen. Unlike other earlier pens, ball point pen draws evener lines, its ink dries quickly, and does not require cleansing after use. Because Ball point pens are convenient, and low in price, they are not only one of the most commonly used modern writing instrument, but also are frequently been given out as free gift for advertising.

==History==

===Early Writing Implements===

[[Image:Prolific-english-novelist-charles-dickens-seated-writing-with-a-quill-pen.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Picture courtesy of [http://askawomanwhoknows.wordpress.com/2009/12/ here]]] Rock drawings dating back to 35,000 years B.C. were mostly done by dipping '''fingers''' and '''palms''' in "[...] natural dyes made from clays mixed with animal fat" unless the events being recorded were monumental, in which case flintstones were used to make engravings.<ref>Giovanna D'Amia, Giorgio Dragoni, Giuseppe Fichera, Alessandra Ferretti, Hazel Juvenal-Smith, Armando Petrucci, Augusto Piccinini and Anna Ronchi, ''Fountain Pens: History and Design'', ed. Giorgio Dragoni and Giuseppe Fichera (Milan: Illustrated Books, 1997), 9 </ref>

The first true handwriting emerged in Mesopotamia during the convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, or the era of the Civilisation of the Great Rivers, where the writing style referred to as cuneiform was developed by the Sumerians circa 3,000 B.C.<ref>D'Amia, 9</ref><ref> Alexander Crum Ewing, ''The Fountain Pen: A Collector's Companion'' (London: The Apple Press, 1997), 8</ref> This form of writing, which required tablets of wet clay and a '''split reed''' that "[...] gave the strokes a characteristic cuneiform (wedge-shaped) appearance," spread to societies within the Ancient Near East and the Middle East and formed the basis of their languages.<ref> Ewing, 8-9</ref> During the same period, hieroglyphics emerged in the Nile valley, which introduced the use of a '''reed brush''' and dyes made from soot, cinnabar, or minium on papyrus.<ref> D'Amia, 10</ref><ref>Ewing, 10-11</ref> Findings by archaeologists suggest that these reed brushes resemble modern fountain pens: ink was poured in from the top and into a reservoir, allowing for it to seep down towards the sharp tip of the reed brush.<ref>D'Amia, 10</ref>

===Quill and Metal pens===

The first evidence of the '''quill pen''' was found in Ravenna, Italy, where a mosaic dedicated to the San Vitale church prior to 547 A.D. shows St Matthew with both quill and reed pens writing his Gospel.<ref>Ewing, 12</ref> During the Dark Ages to the nineteenth century, almost every record written on the growth of European civilization was written using quill pens made out of goose, swan, crow, turkey or duck feather.<ref>Ewing, 11-12</ref><ref>Jim Marshall, ''Miller's Pens & Writing Equipment: A Collector's Guide'' (Great Britain: Octopus Publishing Group Ltd, 1999), 8</ref> Quill pens were much easier to cut to obtain a finer point and were more flexible, thus lasting longer than reed pens.<ref>D'Amia, 12 </ref><ref> Marshall, 8</ref> By the end of the nineteenth century, quill pens were in such high demand in England that "[...] millions of geese were farmed exclusively for their feathers" and were imported to North America by Hudson's Bay Company.<ref>Ewing, 13 </ref>

John Fust and Peter Schoeiffer wrote in their book published in 1465 of a reed-styled pen made out of metal, giving the first evidence of '''metal pens'''.<ref>Ewing, 16</ref> However, because they were inflexible and easily corroded by the acidity of the ink, ''steel nib pens'' only replaced the quill pens by the nineteenth century when flexible steel was produced and ink was less acidic.<ref>Ewing, 16</ref><ref>Marshall, 10</ref> The emergence of the '''dip pen''' followed in 1840, where its use was favored in Britain until the early 1950's.<ref>Marshall, 12</ref>

===Reservoir Pens===

While quill pens became the most dominant writing equipment in many parts of the world, Arab countries were not allowed to use animal parts for practical purposes and therefore during the tenth century Caliph Al-Múizz presented the first concept of a '''reservoir pen''', as described in the book known as ''Kitab al-Majalis wa'l Musa'irat''.<ref>D'Amia, 12</ref><ref>Ewing, 19</ref> The earliest English reference to a '''fountain pen''' is found in Samuel Pepys' ''Diary'' written on August 5, 1663, where he wrote of a silver pen which carried ink.<ref>Ewing, 20</ref> The earliest fountain pens were made by Louis XIV's instrument maker named Nicholas Bion around the year 1690, where the pen was made of a tubular metal reservoir that leads to a quill nib.<ref>Marshall, 16</ref> However, the first functioning fountain pen - ink was be regularly supplied to the nib - was made by Waterman, an American company, in 1883 and patented in 1884.<ref>Marshall, 16</ref> To see the patent click [http://www.google.ca/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT293545&id=CU1gAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=waterman+pen+patent+1884&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=waterman%20pen%20patent%201884&f=false here].

===Ballpoint Pens: The Beginning of BIC===

The first concept of a pen that contained a rotating ball held in a socket, which relied on gravity for supplying the ink to flow down to the point came from a leather worker John J. Loud, who then patented this '''ballpoint pen''' in 1888.<ref>Edward Kiersh, ''Collecting Pens'' (USA: House of Collectibles, 2006), 74</ref> These pens featured ink that did not smudge or skip, and dries quickly.<ref>Kiersh, 74</ref> However, ballpoint pens became widely used after the introduction of the Biro pens, created by the Biro brothers in 1944.<ref>Ewing, 34</ref>

In 1945, Marcel Bich, who had been manufacturing parts for fountain pens near Paris with Edouard Buffard, were committed to improving the production of ballpoint pens.<ref>"BIC World - History," BIC, http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf (accessed 23 July 2010)</ref> In December 1950, Bich launched the '''BIC''' ballpoint pens, which were of high quality and affordable to the public.<ref>"BIC World - History," http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf</ref> Subsequently, BIC expanded and continues to expand to other parts of the world:

:: 1953 - 1957 : Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland
:: 1954 : Italy
:: 1956 : Brazil
:: 1957 : England, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa
:: 1958 : North America
:: 1959 : Scandinavia
:: 1960 : Middle East and Africa
:: 1965 : Japan and Mexico
:: 1995 : Eastern and Central Europe
:: 1997 : Asia
:: 2006 : Turkey
:: 2009 : India (through Cello Group)<ref>"BIC World - History," http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf</ref>

==BIC Ballpoint Pens==

===Description===

====Ink in Ballpoint Pens====
The earliest ink appeared in 2500 BC in Egypt and China. Ink were made with soot, gelatin from animal skins, and lamp oil to develop a black coloring. Later, in medieval Europe, scribes invented new ink by mixing tannins from plants with iron salts. The new ink is called iron gall ink.

==Applications==

===Art===

[[Image:Photorealistic-drawings-bic-ballpoint-pen-7.jpg|thumb|upright=2.0|left|Hand drawn picture with a BIC ballpoint pen by Juan Francisco Casas. Picture courtesy of [http://www.boredpanda.com/25-photorealistic-pictures-drawn-with-a-bic-pen/ here]]]

===Advertisements===

Many businesses often give out Bic ball point pens as a form of advertising. Printed with a company name, they provide an inexpensive way of getting noticed by customers. By offering free disposable pens, customers will take them and use them, each time noticing the logo on the side of the pen. When the pen is lent or borrowed, the person who borrows the pen is exposed to the message as well, making this a very effective means of advertising.

[[File:Hotelpens.JPG|thumb|left|200px|upright=2.0|An assortment of pens taken from Hotels across North America]]

==References==

<references/>

Fischer, Steven R. 2001 [http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Ywo0M9OpbXoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=history+of+writing+pens&ots=0HzQ8JHOlb&sig=X8AlhRQQi39qeaTZCj6vMVCj-Ls#v=onepage&q&f=false]

==See also==
==External Links==
* [http://www.bicworld.com/inter_en/bdd/product_writing.asp?product_id=41 Bic Cristal] web page
* [http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?object_id=82141 Bic Cristal] at MoMA and from [http://www.bicworld.com/inter_en/art_gallery/index.asp# Bic's web site]

Course:HIST104/BIC Ball Point Pen

2010-07-26T05:32:41Z

AprilHung:

[[Image:1cristal0.jpg|thumb|right|Bic Cristal. Picture courtesy of [http://www.bicworld.com/en/products/details/12/round-stic here]]] A '''ballpoint pen''' is a modern writing instrument.The pen has a tiny ball made of brass, steel or tungsten carbide at its tip to disperse ink. Like fountain pen, ball point pens have liquid ink reservoirs in them so that they do not need to be dipped into ink externally. Ball point pen is more convenient than pens invented earlier such as reed, quill pen, and fountain pen. Unlike other earlier pens, ball point pen draws evener lines, its ink dries quickly, and does not require cleansing after use. Because Ball point pens are convenient, and low in price, they are not only one of the most commonly used modern writing instrument, but also are frequently been given out as free gift for advertising.

==History==

===Early Writing Implements===

[[Image:Prolific-english-novelist-charles-dickens-seated-writing-with-a-quill-pen.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Picture courtesy of [http://askawomanwhoknows.wordpress.com/2009/12/ here]]] Rock drawings dating back to 35,000 years B.C. were mostly done by dipping '''fingers''' and '''palms''' in "[...] natural dyes made from clays mixed with animal fat" unless the events being recorded were monumental, in which case flintstones were used to make engravings.<ref>Giovanna D'Amia, Giorgio Dragoni, Giuseppe Fichera, Alessandra Ferretti, Hazel Juvenal-Smith, Armando Petrucci, Augusto Piccinini and Anna Ronchi, ''Fountain Pens: History and Design'', ed. Giorgio Dragoni and Giuseppe Fichera (Milan: Illustrated Books, 1997), 9 </ref>

The first true handwriting emerged in Mesopotamia during the convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, or the era of the Civilisation of the Great Rivers, where the writing style referred to as cuneiform was developed by the Sumerians circa 3,000 B.C.<ref>D'Amia, 9</ref><ref> Alexander Crum Ewing, ''The Fountain Pen: A Collector's Companion'' (London: The Apple Press, 1997), 8</ref> This form of writing, which required tablets of wet clay and a '''split reed''' that "[...] gave the strokes a characteristic cuneiform (wedge-shaped) appearance," spread to societies within the Ancient Near East and the Middle East and formed the basis of their languages.<ref> Ewing, 8-9</ref> During the same period, hieroglyphics emerged in the Nile valley, which introduced the use of a '''reed brush''' and dyes made from soot, cinnabar, or minium on papyrus.<ref> D'Amia, 10</ref><ref>Ewing, 10-11</ref> Findings by archaeologists suggest that these reed brushes resemble modern fountain pens: ink was poured in from the top and into a reservoir, allowing for it to seep down towards the sharp tip of the reed brush.<ref>D'Amia, 10</ref>

===Quill and Metal pens===

The first evidence of the '''quill pen''' was found in Ravenna, Italy, where a mosaic dedicated to the San Vitale church prior to 547 A.D. shows St Matthew with both quill and reed pens writing his Gospel.<ref>Ewing, 12</ref> During the Dark Ages to the nineteenth century, almost every record written on the growth of European civilization was written using quill pens made out of goose, swan, crow, turkey or duck feather.<ref>Ewing, 11-12</ref><ref>Jim Marshall, ''Miller's Pens & Writing Equipment: A Collector's Guide'' (Great Britain: Octopus Publishing Group Ltd, 1999), 8</ref> Quill pens were much easier to cut to obtain a finer point and were more flexible, thus lasting longer than reed pens.<ref>D'Amia, 12 </ref><ref> Marshall, 8</ref> By the end of the nineteenth century, quill pens were in such high demand in England that "[...] millions of geese were farmed exclusively for their feathers" and were imported to North America by Hudson's Bay Company.<ref>Ewing, 13 </ref>

John Fust and Peter Schoeiffer wrote in their book published in 1465 of a reed-styled pen made out of metal, giving the first evidence of '''metal pens'''.<ref>Ewing, 16</ref> However, because they were inflexible and easily corroded by the acidity of the ink, ''steel nib pens'' only replaced the quill pens by the nineteenth century when flexible steel was produced and ink was less acidic.<ref>Ewing, 16</ref><ref>Marshall, 10</ref> The emergence of the '''dip pen''' followed in 1840, where its use was favored in Britain until the early 1950's.<ref>Marshall, 12</ref>

===Reservoir Pens===

While quill pens became the most dominant writing equipment in many parts of the world, Arab countries were not allowed to use animal parts for practical purposes and therefore during the tenth century Caliph Al-Múizz presented the first concept of a '''reservoir pen''', as described in the book known as ''Kitab al-Majalis wa'l Musa'irat''.<ref>D'Amia, 12</ref><ref>Ewing, 19</ref> The earliest English reference to a '''fountain pen''' is found in Samuel Pepys' ''Diary'' written on August 5, 1663, where he wrote of a silver pen which carried ink.<ref>Ewing, 20</ref> The earliest fountain pens were made by Louis XIV's instrument maker named Nicholas Bion around the year 1690, where the pen was made of a tubular metal reservoir that leads to a quill nib.<ref>Marshall, 16</ref> However, the first functioning fountain pen - ink was be regularly supplied to the nib - was made by Waterman, an American company, in 1883 and patented in 1884.<ref>Marshall, 16</ref> To see the patent click [http://www.google.ca/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT293545&id=CU1gAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=waterman+pen+patent+1884&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=waterman%20pen%20patent%201884&f=false here].

===Ballpoint Pens: The Beginning of BIC===

The first concept of a pen that contained a rotating ball held in a socket, which relied on gravity for supplying the ink to flow down to the point came from a leather worker John J. Loud, who then patented this '''ballpoint pen''' in 1888.<ref>Edward Kiersh, ''Collecting Pens'' (USA: House of Collectibles, 2006), 74</ref> These pens featured ink that did not smudge or skip, and dries quickly.<ref>Kiersh, 74</ref> However, ballpoint pens became widely used after the introduction of the Biro pens, created by the Biro brothers in 1944.<ref>Ewing, 34</ref>

In 1945, Marcel Bich, who had been manufacturing parts for fountain pens near Paris with Edouard Buffard, were committed to improving the production of ballpoint pens.<ref>"BIC World - History," BIC, http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf (accessed 23 July 2010)</ref> In December 1950, Bich launched the '''BIC''' ballpoint pens, which were of high quality and affordable to the public.<ref>"BIC World - History," http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf</ref> Subsequently, BIC expanded and continues to expand to other parts of the world:

:: 1953 - 1957 : Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland
:: 1954 : Italy
:: 1956 : Brazil
:: 1957 : England, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa
:: 1958 : North America
:: 1959 : Scandinavia
:: 1960 : Middle East and Africa
:: 1965 : Japan and Mexico
:: 1995 : Eastern and Central Europe
:: 1997 : Asia
:: 2006 : Turkey
:: 2009 : India (through Cello Group)<ref>"BIC World - History," http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf</ref>

==BIC Ballpoint Pens==

===Description===

==Applications==

===Art===

[[Image:Photorealistic-drawings-bic-ballpoint-pen-7.jpg|thumb|upright=2.0|left|Hand drawn picture with a BIC ballpoint pen by Juan Francisco Casas. Picture courtesy of [http://www.boredpanda.com/25-photorealistic-pictures-drawn-with-a-bic-pen/ here]]]

===Advertisements===

Many businesses often give out Bic ball point pens as a form of advertising. Printed with a company name, they provide an inexpensive way of getting noticed by customers. By offering free disposable pens, customers will take them and use them, each time noticing the logo on the side of the pen. When the pen is lent or borrowed, the person who borrows the pen is exposed to the message as well, making this a very effective means of advertising.

[[File:Hotelpens.JPG|thumb|left|200px|upright=2.0|An assortment of pens taken from Hotels across North America]]

==References==

<references/>

Fischer, Steven R. 2001 [http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Ywo0M9OpbXoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=history+of+writing+pens&ots=0HzQ8JHOlb&sig=X8AlhRQQi39qeaTZCj6vMVCj-Ls#v=onepage&q&f=false]

==See also==
==External Links==
* [http://www.bicworld.com/inter_en/bdd/product_writing.asp?product_id=41 Bic Cristal] web page
* [http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?object_id=82141 Bic Cristal] at MoMA and from [http://www.bicworld.com/inter_en/art_gallery/index.asp# Bic's web site]

Course:HIST104/BIC Ball Point Pen

2010-07-26T05:20:51Z

AprilHung:

[[Image:1cristal0.jpg|thumb|right|Bic Cristal. Picture courtesy of [http://www.bicworld.com/en/products/details/12/round-stic here]]] A '''ballpoint pen''' is a modern writing instrument.The pen has a tiny ball made of brass, steel or tungsten carbide at its tip to disperse ink. Like fountain pen, ball point pens have liquid ink reservoirs in them so that they do not need to dip ink externally. Ball point pen is more convenient than pens invented earlier such as reed, quill pen, and fountain pen. Unlike other earlier pens, ball point pen draws evener lines, its ink dries quickly, and does not require cleansing after use. Because Ball point pens are convenient, and low in price, they are not only one of the most commonly used modern writing instrument, but also are frequently been given out as free gift for advertising.

==History==

===Early Writing Implements===

[[Image:Prolific-english-novelist-charles-dickens-seated-writing-with-a-quill-pen.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Picture courtesy of [http://askawomanwhoknows.wordpress.com/2009/12/ here]]] Rock drawings dating back to 35,000 years B.C. were mostly done by dipping '''fingers''' and '''palms''' in "[...] natural dyes made from clays mixed with animal fat" unless the events being recorded were monumental, in which case flintstones were used to make engravings.<ref>Giovanna D'Amia, Giorgio Dragoni, Giuseppe Fichera, Alessandra Ferretti, Hazel Juvenal-Smith, Armando Petrucci, Augusto Piccinini and Anna Ronchi, ''Fountain Pens: History and Design'', ed. Giorgio Dragoni and Giuseppe Fichera (Milan: Illustrated Books, 1997), 9 </ref>

The first true handwriting emerged in Mesopotamia during the convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, or the era of the Civilisation of the Great Rivers, where the writing style referred to as cuneiform was developed by the Sumerians circa 3,000 B.C.<ref>D'Amia, 9</ref><ref> Alexander Crum Ewing, ''The Fountain Pen: A Collector's Companion'' (London: The Apple Press, 1997), 8</ref> This form of writing, which required tablets of wet clay and a '''split reed''' that "[...] gave the strokes a characteristic cuneiform (wedge-shaped) appearance," spread to societies within the Ancient Near East and the Middle East and formed the basis of their languages.<ref> Ewing, 8-9</ref> During the same period, hieroglyphics emerged in the Nile valley, which introduced the use of a '''reed brush''' and dyes made from soot, cinnabar, or minium on papyrus.<ref> D'Amia, 10</ref><ref>Ewing, 10-11</ref> Findings by archaeologists suggest that these reed brushes resemble modern fountain pens: ink was poured in from the top and into a reservoir, allowing for it to seep down towards the sharp tip of the reed brush.<ref>D'Amia, 10</ref>

===Quill and Metal pens===

The first evidence of the '''quill pen''' was found in Ravenna, Italy, where a mosaic dedicated to the San Vitale church prior to 547 A.D. shows St Matthew with both quill and reed pens writing his Gospel.<ref>Ewing, 12</ref> During the Dark Ages to the nineteenth century, almost every record written on the growth of European civilization was written using quill pens made out of goose, swan, crow, turkey or duck feather.<ref>Ewing, 11-12</ref><ref>Jim Marshall, ''Miller's Pens & Writing Equipment: A Collector's Guide'' (Great Britain: Octopus Publishing Group Ltd, 1999), 8</ref> Quill pens were much easier to cut to obtain a finer point and were more flexible, thus lasting longer than reed pens.<ref>D'Amia, 12 </ref><ref> Marshall, 8</ref> By the end of the nineteenth century, quill pens were in such high demand in England that "[...] millions of geese were farmed exclusively for their feathers" and were imported to North America by Hudson's Bay Company.<ref>Ewing, 13 </ref>

John Fust and Peter Schoeiffer wrote in their book published in 1465 of a reed-styled pen made out of metal, giving the first evidence of '''metal pens'''.<ref>Ewing, 16</ref> However, because they were inflexible and easily corroded by the acidity of the ink, ''steel nib pens'' only replaced the quill pens by the nineteenth century when flexible steel was produced and ink was less acidic.<ref>Ewing, 16</ref><ref>Marshall, 10</ref> The emergence of the '''dip pen''' followed in 1840, where its use was favored in Britain until the early 1950's.<ref>Marshall, 12</ref>

===Reservoir Pens===

While quill pens became the most dominant writing equipment in many parts of the world, Arab countries were not allowed to use animal parts for practical purposes and therefore during the tenth century Caliph Al-Múizz presented the first concept of a '''reservoir pen''', as described in the book known as ''Kitab al-Majalis wa'l Musa'irat''.<ref>D'Amia, 12</ref><ref>Ewing, 19</ref> The earliest English reference to a '''fountain pen''' is found in Samuel Pepys' ''Diary'' written on August 5, 1663, where he wrote of a silver pen which carried ink.<ref>Ewing, 20</ref> The earliest fountain pens were made by Louis XIV's instrument maker named Nicholas Bion around the year 1690, where the pen was made of a tubular metal reservoir that leads to a quill nib.<ref>Marshall, 16</ref> However, the first functioning fountain pen - ink was be regularly supplied to the nib - was made by Waterman, an American company, in 1883 and patented in 1884.<ref>Marshall, 16</ref> To see the patent click [http://www.google.ca/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT293545&id=CU1gAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=waterman+pen+patent+1884&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=waterman%20pen%20patent%201884&f=false here].

===Ballpoint Pens: The Beginning of BIC===

The first concept of a pen that contained a rotating ball held in a socket, which relied on gravity for supplying the ink to flow down to the point came from a leather worker John J. Loud, who then patented this '''ballpoint pen''' in 1888.<ref>Edward Kiersh, ''Collecting Pens'' (USA: House of Collectibles, 2006), 74</ref> These pens featured ink that did not smudge or skip, and dries quickly.<ref>Kiersh, 74</ref> However, ballpoint pens became widely used after the introduction of the Biro pens, created by the Biro brothers in 1944.<ref>Ewing, 34</ref>

In 1945, Marcel Bich, who had been manufacturing parts for fountain pens near Paris with Edouard Buffard, were committed to improving the production of ballpoint pens.<ref>"BIC World - History," BIC, http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf (accessed 23 July 2010)</ref> In December 1950, Bich launched the '''BIC''' ballpoint pens, which were of high quality and affordable to the public.<ref>"BIC World - History," http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf</ref> Subsequently, BIC expanded and continues to expand to other parts of the world:

:: 1953 - 1957 : Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland
:: 1954 : Italy
:: 1956 : Brazil
:: 1957 : England, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa
:: 1958 : North America
:: 1959 : Scandinavia
:: 1960 : Middle East and Africa
:: 1965 : Japan and Mexico
:: 1995 : Eastern and Central Europe
:: 1997 : Asia
:: 2006 : Turkey
:: 2009 : India (through Cello Group)<ref>"BIC World - History," http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf</ref>

==BIC Ballpoint Pens==

===Description===

==Applications==

===Art===

[[Image:Photorealistic-drawings-bic-ballpoint-pen-7.jpg|thumb|upright=2.0|left|Hand drawn picture with a BIC ballpoint pen by Juan Francisco Casas. Picture courtesy of [http://www.boredpanda.com/25-photorealistic-pictures-drawn-with-a-bic-pen/ here]]]

===Advertisements===

Many businesses often give out Bic ball point pens as a form of advertising. Printed with a company name, they provide an inexpensive way of getting noticed by customers. By offering free disposable pens, customers will take them and use them, each time noticing the logo on the side of the pen. When the pen is lent or borrowed, the person who borrows the pen is exposed to the message as well, making this a very effective means of advertising.

[[File:Hotelpens.JPG|thumb|left|200px|upright=2.0|An assortment of pens taken from Hotels across North America]]

==References==

<references/>

Fischer, Steven R. 2001 [http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Ywo0M9OpbXoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=history+of+writing+pens&ots=0HzQ8JHOlb&sig=X8AlhRQQi39qeaTZCj6vMVCj-Ls#v=onepage&q&f=false]

==See also==
==External Links==

Course:HIST104/BIC Ball Point Pen

2010-07-26T05:14:08Z

AprilHung:

[[Image:1cristal0.jpg|thumb|right|Bic Cristal. Picture courtesy of [http://www.bicworld.com/en/products/details/12/round-stic here]]] A '''ballpoint pen''' is a modern writing instrument.The pen has a tiny ball made of brass, steel or tungsten carbide to disperse ink. Ball point pen is more convenient than pens invented earlier such as reed, quill pen, and fountain pen. Unlike other earlier pens, ball point pen draws evener lines, its ink dries quickly, and does not require cleansing after use. Because Ball point pens are convenient, and low in price, they are not only one of the most commonly used modern writing instrument, but also are frequently been given out as free gift for advertising.

==History==

===Early Writing Implements===

[[Image:Prolific-english-novelist-charles-dickens-seated-writing-with-a-quill-pen.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Picture courtesy of [http://askawomanwhoknows.wordpress.com/2009/12/ here]]] Rock drawings dating back to 35,000 years B.C. were mostly done by dipping '''fingers''' and '''palms''' in "[...] natural dyes made from clays mixed with animal fat" unless the events being recorded were monumental, in which case flintstones were used to make engravings.<ref>Giovanna D'Amia, Giorgio Dragoni, Giuseppe Fichera, Alessandra Ferretti, Hazel Juvenal-Smith, Armando Petrucci, Augusto Piccinini and Anna Ronchi, ''Fountain Pens: History and Design'', ed. Giorgio Dragoni and Giuseppe Fichera (Milan: Illustrated Books, 1997), 9 </ref>

The first true handwriting emerged in Mesopotamia during the convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, or the era of the Civilisation of the Great Rivers, where the writing style referred to as cuneiform was developed by the Sumerians circa 3,000 B.C.<ref>D'Amia, 9</ref><ref> Alexander Crum Ewing, ''The Fountain Pen: A Collector's Companion'' (London: The Apple Press, 1997), 8</ref> This form of writing, which required tablets of wet clay and a '''split reed''' that "[...] gave the strokes a characteristic cuneiform (wedge-shaped) appearance," spread to societies within the Ancient Near East and the Middle East and formed the basis of their languages.<ref> Ewing, 8-9</ref> During the same period, hieroglyphics emerged in the Nile valley, which introduced the use of a '''reed brush''' and dyes made from soot, cinnabar, or minium on papyrus.<ref> D'Amia, 10</ref><ref>Ewing, 10-11</ref> Findings by archaeologists suggest that these reed brushes resemble modern fountain pens: ink was poured in from the top and into a reservoir, allowing for it to seep down towards the sharp tip of the reed brush.<ref>D'Amia, 10</ref>

===Quill and Metal pens===

The first evidence of the '''quill pen''' was found in Ravenna, Italy, where a mosaic dedicated to the San Vitale church prior to 547 A.D. shows St Matthew with both quill and reed pens writing his Gospel.<ref>Ewing, 12</ref> During the Dark Ages to the nineteenth century, almost every record written on the growth of European civilization was written using quill pens made out of goose, swan, crow, turkey or duck feather.<ref>Ewing, 11-12</ref><ref>Jim Marshall, ''Miller's Pens & Writing Equipment: A Collector's Guide'' (Great Britain: Octopus Publishing Group Ltd, 1999), 8</ref> Quill pens were much easier to cut to obtain a finer point and were more flexible, thus lasting longer than reed pens.<ref>D'Amia, 12 </ref><ref> Marshall, 8</ref> By the end of the nineteenth century, quill pens were in such high demand in England that "[...] millions of geese were farmed exclusively for their feathers" and were imported to North America by Hudson's Bay Company.<ref>Ewing, 13 </ref>

John Fust and Peter Schoeiffer wrote in their book published in 1465 of a reed-styled pen made out of metal, giving the first evidence of '''metal pens'''.<ref>Ewing, 16</ref> However, because they were inflexible and easily corroded by the acidity of the ink, ''steel nib pens'' only replaced the quill pens by the nineteenth century when flexible steel was produced and ink was less acidic.<ref>Ewing, 16</ref><ref>Marshall, 10</ref> The emergence of the '''dip pen''' followed in 1840, where its use was favored in Britain until the early 1950's.<ref>Marshall, 12</ref>

===Reservoir Pens===

While quill pens became the most dominant writing equipment in many parts of the world, Arab countries were not allowed to use animal parts for practical purposes and therefore during the tenth century Caliph Al-Múizz presented the first concept of a '''reservoir pen''', as described in the book known as ''Kitab al-Majalis wa'l Musa'irat''.<ref>D'Amia, 12</ref><ref>Ewing, 19</ref> The earliest English reference to a '''fountain pen''' is found in Samuel Pepys' ''Diary'' written on August 5, 1663, where he wrote of a silver pen which carried ink.<ref>Ewing, 20</ref> The earliest fountain pens were made by Louis XIV's instrument maker named Nicholas Bion around the year 1690, where the pen was made of a tubular metal reservoir that leads to a quill nib.<ref>Marshall, 16</ref> However, the first functioning fountain pen - ink was be regularly supplied to the nib - was made by Waterman, an American company, in 1883 and patented in 1884.<ref>Marshall, 16</ref> To see the patent click [http://www.google.ca/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT293545&id=CU1gAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=waterman+pen+patent+1884&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=waterman%20pen%20patent%201884&f=false here].

===Ballpoint Pens: The Beginning of BIC===

The first concept of a pen that contained a rotating ball held in a socket, which relied on gravity for supplying the ink to flow down to the point came from a leather worker John J. Loud, who then patented this '''ballpoint pen''' in 1888.<ref>Edward Kiersh, ''Collecting Pens'' (USA: House of Collectibles, 2006), 74</ref> These pens featured ink that did not smudge or skip, and dries quickly.<ref>Kiersh, 74</ref> However, ballpoint pens became widely used after the introduction of the Biro pens, created by the Biro brothers in 1944.<ref>Ewing, 34</ref>

In 1945, Marcel Bich, who had been manufacturing parts for fountain pens near Paris with Edouard Buffard, were committed to improving the production of ballpoint pens.<ref>"BIC World - History," BIC, http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf (accessed 23 July 2010)</ref> In December 1950, Bich launched the '''BIC''' ballpoint pens, which were of high quality and affordable to the public.<ref>"BIC World - History," http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf</ref> Subsequently, BIC expanded and continues to expand to other parts of the world:

:: 1953 - 1957 : Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland
:: 1954 : Italy
:: 1956 : Brazil
:: 1957 : England, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa
:: 1958 : North America
:: 1959 : Scandinavia
:: 1960 : Middle East and Africa
:: 1965 : Japan and Mexico
:: 1995 : Eastern and Central Europe
:: 1997 : Asia
:: 2006 : Turkey
:: 2009 : India (through Cello Group)<ref>"BIC World - History," http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/print_bic_history_en.pdf</ref>

==BIC Ballpoint Pens==

===Description===

==Applications==

===Art===

[[Image:Photorealistic-drawings-bic-ballpoint-pen-7.jpg|thumb|upright=2.0|left|Hand drawn picture with a BIC ballpoint pen by Juan Francisco Casas. Picture courtesy of [http://www.boredpanda.com/25-photorealistic-pictures-drawn-with-a-bic-pen/ here]]]

===Advertisements===

Many businesses often give out Bic ball point pens as a form of advertising. Printed with a company name, they provide an inexpensive way of getting noticed by customers. By offering free disposable pens, customers will take them and use them, each time noticing the logo on the side of the pen. When the pen is lent or borrowed, the person who borrows the pen is exposed to the message as well, making this a very effective means of advertising.

[[File:Hotelpens.JPG|thumb|left|200px|upright=2.0|An assortment of pens taken from Hotels across North America]]

==References==

<references/>

Fischer, Steven R. 2001 [http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Ywo0M9OpbXoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=history+of+writing+pens&ots=0HzQ8JHOlb&sig=X8AlhRQQi39qeaTZCj6vMVCj-Ls#v=onepage&q&f=false]

==See also==
==External Links==

Course:HIST104/BIC Ball Point Pen

2010-07-12T22:13:24Z

AprilHung:

A '''ballpoint pen''' is a modern writing instrument.The pen works

==History==

==Description==
==References==
==See also==
==External Links==

Course:HIST104/BIC Ball Point Pen

2010-07-12T22:12:59Z

AprilHung:

A '''ballpoint pen''' is a modern writing instrument.The pen works
[[File:http://lh5.ggpht.com/_2iKUGaYgQqQ/TDuSh-lKQQI/AAAAAAAAARU/t0yePgN2w8k/s640/DSC_0710.JPG]]
==History==

==Description==
==References==
==See also==
==External Links==

Course:HIST104/BIC Ball Point Pen

2010-07-12T21:42:13Z

AprilHung: Created page with 'A '''ballpoint pen''' is a modern writing instrument.The pen works ==History== ==Description== ==References== ==See also== ==External Links=='

A '''ballpoint pen''' is a modern writing instrument.The pen works
==History==

==Description==
==References==
==See also==
==External Links==