UBC Wiki - User contributions [en]

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-03T07:34:31Z

AprilGrant: /* Where does the United States stand, world wide? */

[[File:Symbol-des-Tages TransGender 2006-03-28.png|thumb]]
Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who are intersex, do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States. While strict, binary gender identities serves as a general foundation for societal expectations spanning across a diverse group of cultures (i.e. not just the United States), violence stemming from gender identity appears more prevalent in the United States in comparison to similar cultures (such as Canada) due, in part, to a general tendency for perpetrators to perceive gender and sexuality as not mutually exclusive and how cultural norms and legal systems prompt individuals to act on these misconceptions. Studies based off of United States data have revealed incidents of compounding factors of perceived gender incongruities, sexuality and other social constructs such as race or socioeconomic factors which served to motivate violent perpetrators. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=May 2009|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1359178909000202/1-s2.0-S1359178909000202-main.pdf?_tid=50ed0b0b-a22a-4c97-b1bd-7d8aae503b31&acdnat=1533244728_46483177ad514bc2b4999b06bee33184|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|pages=170-179|via=Elsevier}}</ref> Negative connotations which are attached to the LGBT community result from a bidirectional relationship of an individual's attitudes and a culture's institutional social dimensions, such as religion and legal systems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Social Context of Hate Crimes: Notes on Cultural Heterosexism|last=Herek|first=Gregory M.|publisher=Sage Publications Inc.|year=1992|isbn=0-8039-4541-8|location=|pages=89-101}}</ref>
== U.S. Legislation ==
[[File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg|thumb|National Trans-Equality Map|600x600px]]An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates the degree of these institutional shortcomings by state as it varies depending on federal legislature. While some states have made strides in creating legal precedents for transgender rights and safety there is still some aspect of ambiguity to the practical application of some of these laws. For instance, government recognition of gender identity and the ability to change that aspect on government issued identification serves as a barrier to medical treatment/access as well as multiple other institutions that require an ID.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> These holes in the safety nets that do exist open up the transgender community to discrimination which helps to conceptualize why there is such a disproportionate amount of violent crime committed against transgender individuals in comparison to their comparably small representation in the general population.
== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2009, the FBI has been required to track and report hate crime statistics motivated by gender identity. It is estimated that reported values are grossly under reported due to a multitude of factors affecting a transgender individual's ability to report criminal offences as well as their access to safe, non stigmatized methods of reporting.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+FBI Hate Crime Statistics from 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/tables/table-1|title=Incidents, Offences, Victims and Known Offenders by Motivation Bias, 2016|last=|first=|date=2016|website=FBI: UCR|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref>
!Motivation Bias
!Incidents
!Offences
!Victims
!Known Offenders
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Total'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,121
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,321
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,615
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,770
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Single-Bias Incidents'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,063
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,227
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,509
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,727
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Gender Identity:
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |124
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |130
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |131
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |165
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Transgender</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |105
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |149
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Gender Non-Conforming</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |20
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |16
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Multiple-Bias Incidents3'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |58
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |94
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |106
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |43
|}

[[File:US-LGBT.png|thumb]]

== Where does the United States stand, world wide? ==
Currently, the United States sits just below Brazil and Mexico in a world wide review of transgender murders, encompassing 141 of a total 2115 documented cases of transgender individuals murdered between January 2008 and April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transrespect.org/en/idahot-2016-tmm-update/|title=IDAHOT 2016 – Trans Murder Monitoring Update|last=|first=|date=May 2016|website=Transrespect Versus Transphobia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 3 2018}}</ref> While variations in reporting methodology by country as well as transgender representation within each country certainly influences these numbers and should be taken in to account in considering the safety of the transgender community within a given country, such a high murder rate remains disconcerting, especially in comparison to similar, North American populations (Canada) which reported 5 transgender murders within the given time frame.

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around the nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources for Transgender People in Crisis ==
[[File:GLAAD.jpg|thumb|left]]

[https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources GLAAD] , a non-government organization geared towards fostering LGBT community and protecting the rights of these individuals provides the following resources for transgender people in crisis: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources|title=Transgender Resources|last=|first=|date=|website=GLAAD|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 2 2018}}</ref>

* The Trevor Project's 24/7/365 Lifeline at 866-4-U-TREVOR (866-488-7386) or TrevorChat, their online instant messaging option, or TrevorText, a text-based support option
* The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK (8255)
* Trans Lifeline at 877-565-8860

== Summary ==

Violence against transgender individuals living in the United States exists in elevated rates, as reflected by a combination of statistical analysis and reports of documented criminal activity and fatalities stemming from gender-identity based motivations. This data is collected and reported both on a national and world-wide level and while reporting methodology influences the ability to effectively compare the results and implications of the findings, reports and anecdotal accounts of victimization serve as evidence of a pervasive, discriminatory-based prevalence of violence within the United States. While the attitudes and motivations fueling this violence is not necessarily unique to the U.S. (negative LGBT attitudes exist world wide as a function of religion, social norms, etc.), the lack of explicit legislation addressing gender-identity based discrimination aid in further stigmatization and the manifestation of negative attitudes through physical violence. Additional social dimensions such as race, socioeconomic status, sexuality, etc. serves as compounding factors which magnifies the violence experienced by transgender individuals of multiple intersecting social constructs. The effects of this violence is insidious and can have lasting, detrimental effects on an individual, and the community as whole, including high risk for suicidal behaviors, substance use, and homelessness.<ref name=":3" /> While society can always work to deconstruct the misconceptions and heteronormative social scripts which serve to stigmatize the LGBT community, legislators in the United States should also strive to validate the community by better representing them in laws which aid and protect their rights - particularity those which grant transgender individuals the ability to change government issued identification without the need for expensive or unwanted surgical intervention. Additionally, improvements and standardization could be made to reporting methodology of criminal acts to more accurately account for LGBT transgressions - more reliable data can help serve as a basis in the necessity for more legal interventions.

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-03T07:31:28Z

AprilGrant: /* Resources for Transgender People in Crisis */

[[File:Symbol-des-Tages TransGender 2006-03-28.png|thumb]]
Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who are intersex, do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States. While strict, binary gender identities serves as a general foundation for societal expectations spanning across a diverse group of cultures (i.e. not just the United States), violence stemming from gender identity appears more prevalent in the United States in comparison to similar cultures (such as Canada) due, in part, to a general tendency for perpetrators to perceive gender and sexuality as not mutually exclusive and how cultural norms and legal systems prompt individuals to act on these misconceptions. Studies based off of United States data have revealed incidents of compounding factors of perceived gender incongruities, sexuality and other social constructs such as race or socioeconomic factors which served to motivate violent perpetrators. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=May 2009|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1359178909000202/1-s2.0-S1359178909000202-main.pdf?_tid=50ed0b0b-a22a-4c97-b1bd-7d8aae503b31&acdnat=1533244728_46483177ad514bc2b4999b06bee33184|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|pages=170-179|via=Elsevier}}</ref> Negative connotations which are attached to the LGBT community result from a bidirectional relationship of an individual's attitudes and a culture's institutional social dimensions, such as religion and legal systems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Social Context of Hate Crimes: Notes on Cultural Heterosexism|last=Herek|first=Gregory M.|publisher=Sage Publications Inc.|year=1992|isbn=0-8039-4541-8|location=|pages=89-101}}</ref>
== U.S. Legislation ==
[[File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg|thumb|National Trans-Equality Map|600x600px]]An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates the degree of these institutional shortcomings by state as it varies depending on federal legislature. While some states have made strides in creating legal precedents for transgender rights and safety there is still some aspect of ambiguity to the practical application of some of these laws. For instance, government recognition of gender identity and the ability to change that aspect on government issued identification serves as a barrier to medical treatment/access as well as multiple other institutions that require an ID.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> These holes in the safety nets that do exist open up the transgender community to discrimination which helps to conceptualize why there is such a disproportionate amount of violent crime committed against transgender individuals in comparison to their comparably small representation in the general population.
== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2009, the FBI has been required to track and report hate crime statistics motivated by gender identity. It is estimated that reported values are grossly under reported due to a multitude of factors affecting a transgender individual's ability to report criminal offences as well as their access to safe, non stigmatized methods of reporting.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+FBI Hate Crime Statistics from 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/tables/table-1|title=Incidents, Offences, Victims and Known Offenders by Motivation Bias, 2016|last=|first=|date=2016|website=FBI: UCR|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref>
!Motivation Bias
!Incidents
!Offences
!Victims
!Known Offenders
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Total'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,121
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,321
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,615
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,770
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Single-Bias Incidents'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,063
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,227
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,509
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,727
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Gender Identity:
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |124
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |130
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |131
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |165
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Transgender</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |105
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |149
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Gender Non-Conforming</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |20
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |16
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Multiple-Bias Incidents3'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |58
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |94
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |106
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |43
|}

== Where does the United States stand, world wide? ==
Currently, the United States sits just below Brazil and Mexico in a world wide review of transgender murders, encompassing 141 of a total 2115 documented cases of transgender individuals murdered between January 2008 and April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transrespect.org/en/idahot-2016-tmm-update/|title=IDAHOT 2016 – Trans Murder Monitoring Update|last=|first=|date=May 2016|website=Transrespect Versus Transphobia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 3 2018}}</ref> While variations in reporting methodology by country as well as transgender representation within each country certainly influences these numbers and should be taken in to account in considering the safety of the transgender community within a given country, such a high murder rate remains disconcerting, especially in comparison to similar, North American populations (Canada) which reported 5 transgender murders within the given time frame.

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around the nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources for Transgender People in Crisis ==
[[File:GLAAD.jpg|thumb|left]]

[https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources GLAAD] , a non-government organization geared towards fostering LGBT community and protecting the rights of these individuals provides the following resources for transgender people in crisis: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources|title=Transgender Resources|last=|first=|date=|website=GLAAD|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 2 2018}}</ref>

* The Trevor Project's 24/7/365 Lifeline at 866-4-U-TREVOR (866-488-7386) or TrevorChat, their online instant messaging option, or TrevorText, a text-based support option
* The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK (8255)
* Trans Lifeline at 877-565-8860

== Summary ==

Violence against transgender individuals living in the United States exists in elevated rates, as reflected by a combination of statistical analysis and reports of documented criminal activity and fatalities stemming from gender-identity based motivations. This data is collected and reported both on a national and world-wide level and while reporting methodology influences the ability to effectively compare the results and implications of the findings, reports and anecdotal accounts of victimization serve as evidence of a pervasive, discriminatory-based prevalence of violence within the United States. While the attitudes and motivations fueling this violence is not necessarily unique to the U.S. (negative LGBT attitudes exist world wide as a function of religion, social norms, etc.), the lack of explicit legislation addressing gender-identity based discrimination aid in further stigmatization and the manifestation of negative attitudes through physical violence. Additional social dimensions such as race, socioeconomic status, sexuality, etc. serves as compounding factors which magnifies the violence experienced by transgender individuals of multiple intersecting social constructs. The effects of this violence is insidious and can have lasting, detrimental effects on an individual, and the community as whole, including high risk for suicidal behaviors, substance use, and homelessness.<ref name=":3" /> While society can always work to deconstruct the misconceptions and heteronormative social scripts which serve to stigmatize the LGBT community, legislators in the United States should also strive to validate the community by better representing them in laws which aid and protect their rights - particularity those which grant transgender individuals the ability to change government issued identification without the need for expensive or unwanted surgical intervention. Additionally, improvements and standardization could be made to reporting methodology of criminal acts to more accurately account for LGBT transgressions - more reliable data can help serve as a basis in the necessity for more legal interventions.

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-03T07:26:58Z

AprilGrant: /* Conclusion */

[[File:Symbol-des-Tages TransGender 2006-03-28.png|thumb]]
Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who are intersex, do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States. While strict, binary gender identities serves as a general foundation for societal expectations spanning across a diverse group of cultures (i.e. not just the United States), violence stemming from gender identity appears more prevalent in the United States in comparison to similar cultures (such as Canada) due, in part, to a general tendency for perpetrators to perceive gender and sexuality as not mutually exclusive and how cultural norms and legal systems prompt individuals to act on these misconceptions. Studies based off of United States data have revealed incidents of compounding factors of perceived gender incongruities, sexuality and other social constructs such as race or socioeconomic factors which served to motivate violent perpetrators. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=May 2009|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1359178909000202/1-s2.0-S1359178909000202-main.pdf?_tid=50ed0b0b-a22a-4c97-b1bd-7d8aae503b31&acdnat=1533244728_46483177ad514bc2b4999b06bee33184|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|pages=170-179|via=Elsevier}}</ref> Negative connotations which are attached to the LGBT community result from a bidirectional relationship of an individual's attitudes and a culture's institutional social dimensions, such as religion and legal systems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Social Context of Hate Crimes: Notes on Cultural Heterosexism|last=Herek|first=Gregory M.|publisher=Sage Publications Inc.|year=1992|isbn=0-8039-4541-8|location=|pages=89-101}}</ref>
== U.S. Legislation ==
[[File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg|thumb|National Trans-Equality Map|600x600px]]An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates the degree of these institutional shortcomings by state as it varies depending on federal legislature. While some states have made strides in creating legal precedents for transgender rights and safety there is still some aspect of ambiguity to the practical application of some of these laws. For instance, government recognition of gender identity and the ability to change that aspect on government issued identification serves as a barrier to medical treatment/access as well as multiple other institutions that require an ID.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> These holes in the safety nets that do exist open up the transgender community to discrimination which helps to conceptualize why there is such a disproportionate amount of violent crime committed against transgender individuals in comparison to their comparably small representation in the general population.
== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2009, the FBI has been required to track and report hate crime statistics motivated by gender identity. It is estimated that reported values are grossly under reported due to a multitude of factors affecting a transgender individual's ability to report criminal offences as well as their access to safe, non stigmatized methods of reporting.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+FBI Hate Crime Statistics from 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/tables/table-1|title=Incidents, Offences, Victims and Known Offenders by Motivation Bias, 2016|last=|first=|date=2016|website=FBI: UCR|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref>
!Motivation Bias
!Incidents
!Offences
!Victims
!Known Offenders
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Total'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,121
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,321
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,615
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,770
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Single-Bias Incidents'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,063
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,227
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,509
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,727
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Gender Identity:
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |124
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |130
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |131
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |165
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Transgender</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |105
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |149
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Gender Non-Conforming</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |20
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |16
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Multiple-Bias Incidents3'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |58
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |94
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |106
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |43
|}

== Where does the United States stand, world wide? ==
Currently, the United States sits just below Brazil and Mexico in a world wide review of transgender murders, encompassing 141 of a total 2115 documented cases of transgender individuals murdered between January 2008 and April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transrespect.org/en/idahot-2016-tmm-update/|title=IDAHOT 2016 – Trans Murder Monitoring Update|last=|first=|date=May 2016|website=Transrespect Versus Transphobia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 3 2018}}</ref> While variations in reporting methodology by country as well as transgender representation within each country certainly influences these numbers and should be taken in to account in considering the safety of the transgender community within a given country, such a high murder rate remains disconcerting, especially in comparison to similar, North American populations (Canada) which reported 5 transgender murders within the given time frame.

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around the nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources for Transgender People in Crisis ==
[[File:GLAAD.jpg|thumb]]
[https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources GLAAD] , a non-government organization geared towards fostering LGBT community and protecting the rights of these individuals provides the following resources for transgender people in crisis: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources|title=Transgender Resources|last=|first=|date=|website=GLAAD|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 2 2018}}</ref>

* The Trevor Project's 24/7/365 Lifeline at 866-4-U-TREVOR (866-488-7386) or TrevorChat, their online instant messaging option, or TrevorText, a text-based support option
* The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK (8255)
* Trans Lifeline at 877-565-8860

== Summary ==

Violence against transgender individuals living in the United States exists in elevated rates, as reflected by a combination of statistical analysis and reports of documented criminal activity and fatalities stemming from gender-identity based motivations. This data is collected and reported both on a national and world-wide level and while reporting methodology influences the ability to effectively compare the results and implications of the findings, reports and anecdotal accounts of victimization serve as evidence of a pervasive, discriminatory-based prevalence of violence within the United States. While the attitudes and motivations fueling this violence is not necessarily unique to the U.S. (negative LGBT attitudes exist world wide as a function of religion, social norms, etc.), the lack of explicit legislation addressing gender-identity based discrimination aid in further stigmatization and the manifestation of negative attitudes through physical violence. Additional social dimensions such as race, socioeconomic status, sexuality, etc. serves as compounding factors which magnifies the violence experienced by transgender individuals of multiple intersecting social constructs. The effects of this violence is insidious and can have lasting, detrimental effects on an individual, and the community as whole, including high risk for suicidal behaviors, substance use, and homelessness.<ref name=":3" /> While society can always work to deconstruct the misconceptions and heteronormative social scripts which serve to stigmatize the LGBT community, legislators in the United States should also strive to validate the community by better representing them in laws which aid and protect their rights - particularity those which grant transgender individuals the ability to change government issued identification without the need for expensive or unwanted surgical intervention. Additionally, improvements and standardization could be made to reporting methodology of criminal acts to more accurately account for LGBT transgressions - more reliable data can help serve as a basis in the necessity for more legal interventions.

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-03T07:26:33Z

AprilGrant: Undo revision 523710 by AprilGrant (talk)

[[File:Symbol-des-Tages TransGender 2006-03-28.png|thumb]]
Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who are intersex, do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States. While strict, binary gender identities serves as a general foundation for societal expectations spanning across a diverse group of cultures (i.e. not just the United States), violence stemming from gender identity appears more prevalent in the United States in comparison to similar cultures (such as Canada) due, in part, to a general tendency for perpetrators to perceive gender and sexuality as not mutually exclusive and how cultural norms and legal systems prompt individuals to act on these misconceptions. Studies based off of United States data have revealed incidents of compounding factors of perceived gender incongruities, sexuality and other social constructs such as race or socioeconomic factors which served to motivate violent perpetrators. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=May 2009|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1359178909000202/1-s2.0-S1359178909000202-main.pdf?_tid=50ed0b0b-a22a-4c97-b1bd-7d8aae503b31&acdnat=1533244728_46483177ad514bc2b4999b06bee33184|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|pages=170-179|via=Elsevier}}</ref> Negative connotations which are attached to the LGBT community result from a bidirectional relationship of an individual's attitudes and a culture's institutional social dimensions, such as religion and legal systems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Social Context of Hate Crimes: Notes on Cultural Heterosexism|last=Herek|first=Gregory M.|publisher=Sage Publications Inc.|year=1992|isbn=0-8039-4541-8|location=|pages=89-101}}</ref>
== U.S. Legislation ==
[[File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg|thumb|National Trans-Equality Map|600x600px]]An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates the degree of these institutional shortcomings by state as it varies depending on federal legislature. While some states have made strides in creating legal precedents for transgender rights and safety there is still some aspect of ambiguity to the practical application of some of these laws. For instance, government recognition of gender identity and the ability to change that aspect on government issued identification serves as a barrier to medical treatment/access as well as multiple other institutions that require an ID.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> These holes in the safety nets that do exist open up the transgender community to discrimination which helps to conceptualize why there is such a disproportionate amount of violent crime committed against transgender individuals in comparison to their comparably small representation in the general population.
== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2009, the FBI has been required to track and report hate crime statistics motivated by gender identity. It is estimated that reported values are grossly under reported due to a multitude of factors affecting a transgender individual's ability to report criminal offences as well as their access to safe, non stigmatized methods of reporting.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+FBI Hate Crime Statistics from 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/tables/table-1|title=Incidents, Offences, Victims and Known Offenders by Motivation Bias, 2016|last=|first=|date=2016|website=FBI: UCR|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref>
!Motivation Bias
!Incidents
!Offences
!Victims
!Known Offenders
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Total'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,121
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,321
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,615
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,770
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Single-Bias Incidents'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,063
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,227
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,509
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,727
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Gender Identity:
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |124
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |130
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |131
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |165
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Transgender</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |105
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |149
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Gender Non-Conforming</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |20
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |16
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Multiple-Bias Incidents3'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |58
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |94
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |106
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |43
|}

== Where does the United States stand, world wide? ==
Currently, the United States sits just below Brazil and Mexico in a world wide review of transgender murders, encompassing 141 of a total 2115 documented cases of transgender individuals murdered between January 2008 and April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transrespect.org/en/idahot-2016-tmm-update/|title=IDAHOT 2016 – Trans Murder Monitoring Update|last=|first=|date=May 2016|website=Transrespect Versus Transphobia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 3 2018}}</ref> While variations in reporting methodology by country as well as transgender representation within each country certainly influences these numbers and should be taken in to account in considering the safety of the transgender community within a given country, such a high murder rate remains disconcerting, especially in comparison to similar, North American populations (Canada) which reported 5 transgender murders within the given time frame.

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around the nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources for Transgender People in Crisis ==
[[File:GLAAD.jpg|thumb]]
[https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources GLAAD] , a non-government organization geared towards fostering LGBT community and protecting the rights of these individuals provides the following resources for transgender people in crisis: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources|title=Transgender Resources|last=|first=|date=|website=GLAAD|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 2 2018}}</ref>

* The Trevor Project's 24/7/365 Lifeline at 866-4-U-TREVOR (866-488-7386) or TrevorChat, their online instant messaging option, or TrevorText, a text-based support option
* The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK (8255)
* Trans Lifeline at 877-565-8860

== Conclusion ==

Violence against transgender individuals living in the United States exists in elevated rates, as reflected by a combination of statistical analysis and reports of documented criminal activity and fatalities stemming from gender-identity based motivations. This data is collected and reported both on a national and world-wide level and while reporting methodology influences the ability to effectively compare the results and implications of the findings, reports and anecdotal accounts of victimization serve as evidence of a pervasive, discriminatory-based prevalence of violence within the United States. While the attitudes and motivations fueling this violence is not necessarily unique to the U.S. (negative LGBT attitudes exist world wide as a function of religion, social norms, etc.), the lack of explicit legislation addressing gender-identity based discrimination aid in further stigmatization and the manifestation of negative attitudes through physical violence. Additional social dimensions such as race, socioeconomic status, sexuality, etc. serves as compounding factors which magnifies the violence experienced by transgender individuals of multiple intersecting social constructs. The effects of this violence is insidious and can have lasting, detrimental effects on an individual, and the community as whole, including high risk for suicidal behaviors, substance use, and homelessness.<ref name=":3" /> While society can always work to deconstruct the misconceptions and heteronormative social scripts which serve to stigmatize the LGBT community, legislators in the United States should also strive to validate the community by better representing them in laws which aid and protect their rights - particularity those which grant transgender individuals the ability to change government issued identification without the need for expensive or unwanted surgical intervention. Additionally, improvements and standardization could be made to reporting methodology of criminal acts to more accurately account for LGBT transgressions - more reliable data can help serve as a basis in the necessity for more legal interventions.

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-03T07:25:49Z

AprilGrant:

[[File:Symbol-des-Tages TransGender 2006-03-28.png|thumb]]__FORCETOC__

== Summary ==
Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who are intersex, do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States. While strict, binary gender identities serves as a general foundation for societal expectations spanning across a diverse group of cultures (i.e. not just the United States), violence stemming from gender identity appears more prevalent in the United States in comparison to similar cultures (such as Canada) due, in part, to a general tendency for perpetrators to perceive gender and sexuality as not mutually exclusive and how cultural norms and legal systems prompt individuals to act on these misconceptions. Studies based off of United States data have revealed incidents of compounding factors of perceived gender incongruities, sexuality and other social constructs such as race or socioeconomic factors which served to motivate violent perpetrators. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=May 2009|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1359178909000202/1-s2.0-S1359178909000202-main.pdf?_tid=50ed0b0b-a22a-4c97-b1bd-7d8aae503b31&acdnat=1533244728_46483177ad514bc2b4999b06bee33184|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|pages=170-179|via=Elsevier}}</ref> Negative connotations which are attached to the LGBT community result from a bidirectional relationship of an individual's attitudes and a culture's institutional social dimensions, such as religion and legal systems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Social Context of Hate Crimes: Notes on Cultural Heterosexism|last=Herek|first=Gregory M.|publisher=Sage Publications Inc.|year=1992|isbn=0-8039-4541-8|location=|pages=89-101}}</ref>
== U.S. Legislation ==
[[File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg|thumb|National Trans-Equality Map|600x600px]]An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates the degree of these institutional shortcomings by state as it varies depending on federal legislature. While some states have made strides in creating legal precedents for transgender rights and safety there is still some aspect of ambiguity to the practical application of some of these laws. For instance, government recognition of gender identity and the ability to change that aspect on government issued identification serves as a barrier to medical treatment/access as well as multiple other institutions that require an ID.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> These holes in the safety nets that do exist open up the transgender community to discrimination which helps to conceptualize why there is such a disproportionate amount of violent crime committed against transgender individuals in comparison to their comparably small representation in the general population.
== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2009, the FBI has been required to track and report hate crime statistics motivated by gender identity. It is estimated that reported values are grossly under reported due to a multitude of factors affecting a transgender individual's ability to report criminal offences as well as their access to safe, non stigmatized methods of reporting.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+FBI Hate Crime Statistics from 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/tables/table-1|title=Incidents, Offences, Victims and Known Offenders by Motivation Bias, 2016|last=|first=|date=2016|website=FBI: UCR|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref>
!Motivation Bias
!Incidents
!Offences
!Victims
!Known Offenders
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Total'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,121
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,321
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,615
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,770
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Single-Bias Incidents'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,063
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,227
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,509
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,727
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Gender Identity:
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |124
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |130
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |131
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |165
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Transgender</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |105
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |149
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Gender Non-Conforming</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |20
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |16
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Multiple-Bias Incidents3'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |58
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |94
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |106
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |43
|}

== Where does the United States stand, world wide? ==
Currently, the United States sits just below Brazil and Mexico in a world wide review of transgender murders, encompassing 141 of a total 2115 documented cases of transgender individuals murdered between January 2008 and April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transrespect.org/en/idahot-2016-tmm-update/|title=IDAHOT 2016 – Trans Murder Monitoring Update|last=|first=|date=May 2016|website=Transrespect Versus Transphobia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 3 2018}}</ref> While variations in reporting methodology by country as well as transgender representation within each country certainly influences these numbers and should be taken in to account in considering the safety of the transgender community within a given country, such a high murder rate remains disconcerting, especially in comparison to similar, North American populations (Canada) which reported 5 transgender murders within the given time frame.

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around the nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources for Transgender People in Crisis ==
[[File:GLAAD.jpg|thumb]]
[https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources GLAAD] , a non-government organization geared towards fostering LGBT community and protecting the rights of these individuals provides the following resources for transgender people in crisis: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources|title=Transgender Resources|last=|first=|date=|website=GLAAD|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 2 2018}}</ref>

* The Trevor Project's 24/7/365 Lifeline at 866-4-U-TREVOR (866-488-7386) or TrevorChat, their online instant messaging option, or TrevorText, a text-based support option
* The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK (8255)
* Trans Lifeline at 877-565-8860

== Conclusion ==

Violence against transgender individuals living in the United States exists in elevated rates, as reflected by a combination of statistical analysis and reports of documented criminal activity and fatalities stemming from gender-identity based motivations. This data is collected and reported both on a national and world-wide level and while reporting methodology influences the ability to effectively compare the results and implications of the findings, reports and anecdotal accounts of victimization serve as evidence of a pervasive, discriminatory-based prevalence of violence within the United States. While the attitudes and motivations fueling this violence is not necessarily unique to the U.S. (negative LGBT attitudes exist world wide as a function of religion, social norms, etc.), the lack of explicit legislation addressing gender-identity based discrimination aid in further stigmatization and the manifestation of negative attitudes through physical violence. Additional social dimensions such as race, socioeconomic status, sexuality, etc. serves as compounding factors which magnifies the violence experienced by transgender individuals of multiple intersecting social constructs. The effects of this violence is insidious and can have lasting, detrimental effects on an individual, and the community as whole, including high risk for suicidal behaviors, substance use, and homelessness.<ref name=":3" /> While society can always work to deconstruct the misconceptions and heteronormative social scripts which serve to stigmatize the LGBT community, legislators in the United States should also strive to validate the community by better representing them in laws which aid and protect their rights - particularity those which grant transgender individuals the ability to change government issued identification without the need for expensive or unwanted surgical intervention. Additionally, improvements and standardization could be made to reporting methodology of criminal acts to more accurately account for LGBT transgressions - more reliable data can help serve as a basis in the necessity for more legal interventions.

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-03T06:57:28Z

AprilGrant: /* Conclusion */

[[File:Symbol-des-Tages TransGender 2006-03-28.png|thumb]]
Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who are intersex, do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States. While strict, binary gender identities serves as a general foundation for societal expectations spanning across a diverse group of cultures (i.e. not just the United States), violence stemming from gender identity appears more prevalent in the United States in comparison to similar cultures (such as Canada) due, in part, to a general tendency for perpetrators to perceive gender and sexuality as not mutually exclusive and how cultural norms and legal systems prompt individuals to act on these misconceptions. Studies based off of United States data have revealed incidents of compounding factors of perceived gender incongruities, sexuality and other social constructs such as race or socioeconomic factors which served to motivate violent perpetrators. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=May 2009|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1359178909000202/1-s2.0-S1359178909000202-main.pdf?_tid=50ed0b0b-a22a-4c97-b1bd-7d8aae503b31&acdnat=1533244728_46483177ad514bc2b4999b06bee33184|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|pages=170-179|via=Elsevier}}</ref> Negative connotations which are attached to the LGBT community result from a bidirectional relationship of an individual's attitudes and a culture's institutional social dimensions, such as religion and legal systems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Social Context of Hate Crimes: Notes on Cultural Heterosexism|last=Herek|first=Gregory M.|publisher=Sage Publications Inc.|year=1992|isbn=0-8039-4541-8|location=|pages=89-101}}</ref>
== U.S. Legislation ==
[[File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg|thumb|National Trans-Equality Map|600x600px]]An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates the degree of these institutional shortcomings by state as it varies depending on federal legislature. While some states have made strides in creating legal precedents for transgender rights and safety there is still some aspect of ambiguity to the practical application of some of these laws. For instance, government recognition of gender identity and the ability to change that aspect on government issued identification serves as a barrier to medical treatment/access as well as multiple other institutions that require an ID.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> These holes in the safety nets that do exist open up the transgender community to discrimination which helps to conceptualize why there is such a disproportionate amount of violent crime committed against transgender individuals in comparison to their comparably small representation in the general population.
== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2009, the FBI has been required to track and report hate crime statistics motivated by gender identity. It is estimated that reported values are grossly under reported due to a multitude of factors affecting a transgender individual's ability to report criminal offences as well as their access to safe, non stigmatized methods of reporting.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+FBI Hate Crime Statistics from 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/tables/table-1|title=Incidents, Offences, Victims and Known Offenders by Motivation Bias, 2016|last=|first=|date=2016|website=FBI: UCR|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref>
!Motivation Bias
!Incidents
!Offences
!Victims
!Known Offenders
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Total'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,121
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,321
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,615
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,770
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Single-Bias Incidents'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,063
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,227
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,509
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,727
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Gender Identity:
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |124
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |130
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |131
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |165
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Transgender</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |105
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |149
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Gender Non-Conforming</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |20
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |16
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Multiple-Bias Incidents3'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |58
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |94
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |106
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |43
|}

== Where does the United States stand, world wide? ==
Currently, the United States sits just below Brazil and Mexico in a world wide review of transgender murders, encompassing 141 of a total 2115 documented cases of transgender individuals murdered between January 2008 and April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transrespect.org/en/idahot-2016-tmm-update/|title=IDAHOT 2016 – Trans Murder Monitoring Update|last=|first=|date=May 2016|website=Transrespect Versus Transphobia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 3 2018}}</ref> While variations in reporting methodology by country as well as transgender representation within each country certainly influences these numbers and should be taken in to account in considering the safety of the transgender community within a given country, such a high murder rate remains disconcerting, especially in comparison to similar, North American populations (Canada) which reported 5 transgender murders within the given time frame.

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around the nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources for Transgender People in Crisis ==
[[File:GLAAD.jpg|thumb]]
[https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources GLAAD] , a non-government organization geared towards fostering LGBT community and protecting the rights of these individuals provides the following resources for transgender people in crisis: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources|title=Transgender Resources|last=|first=|date=|website=GLAAD|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 2 2018}}</ref>

* The Trevor Project's 24/7/365 Lifeline at 866-4-U-TREVOR (866-488-7386) or TrevorChat, their online instant messaging option, or TrevorText, a text-based support option
* The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK (8255)
* Trans Lifeline at 877-565-8860

== Conclusion ==

Violence against transgender individuals living in the United States exists in elevated rates, as reflected by a combination of statistical analysis and reports of documented criminal activity and fatalities stemming from gender-identity based motivations. This data is collected and reported both on a national and world-wide level and while reporting methodology influences the ability to effectively compare the results and implications of the findings, reports and anecdotal accounts of victimization serve as evidence of a pervasive, discriminatory-based prevalence of violence within the United States. While the attitudes and motivations fueling this violence is not necessarily unique to the U.S. (negative LGBT attitudes exist world wide as a function of religion, social norms, etc.), the lack of explicit legislation addressing gender-identity based discrimination aid in further stigmatization and the manifestation of negative attitudes through physical violence. Additional social dimensions such as race, socioeconomic status, sexuality, etc. serves as compounding factors which magnifies the violence experienced by transgender individuals of multiple intersecting social constructs. The effects of this violence is insidious and can have lasting, detrimental effects on an individual, and the community as whole, including high risk for suicidal behaviors, substance use, and homelessness.<ref name=":3" /> While society can always work to deconstruct the misconceptions and heteronormative social scripts which serve to stigmatize the LGBT community, legislators in the United States should also strive to validate the community by better representing them in laws which aid and protect their rights - particularity those which grant transgender individuals the ability to change government issued identification without the need for expensive or unwanted surgical intervention. Additionally, improvements and standardization could be made to reporting methodology of criminal acts to more accurately account for LGBT transgressions - more reliable data can help serve as a basis in the necessity for more legal interventions.

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-03T06:56:23Z

AprilGrant: /* Conclusion */

[[File:Symbol-des-Tages TransGender 2006-03-28.png|thumb]]
Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who are intersex, do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States. While strict, binary gender identities serves as a general foundation for societal expectations spanning across a diverse group of cultures (i.e. not just the United States), violence stemming from gender identity appears more prevalent in the United States in comparison to similar cultures (such as Canada) due, in part, to a general tendency for perpetrators to perceive gender and sexuality as not mutually exclusive and how cultural norms and legal systems prompt individuals to act on these misconceptions. Studies based off of United States data have revealed incidents of compounding factors of perceived gender incongruities, sexuality and other social constructs such as race or socioeconomic factors which served to motivate violent perpetrators. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=May 2009|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1359178909000202/1-s2.0-S1359178909000202-main.pdf?_tid=50ed0b0b-a22a-4c97-b1bd-7d8aae503b31&acdnat=1533244728_46483177ad514bc2b4999b06bee33184|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|pages=170-179|via=Elsevier}}</ref> Negative connotations which are attached to the LGBT community result from a bidirectional relationship of an individual's attitudes and a culture's institutional social dimensions, such as religion and legal systems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Social Context of Hate Crimes: Notes on Cultural Heterosexism|last=Herek|first=Gregory M.|publisher=Sage Publications Inc.|year=1992|isbn=0-8039-4541-8|location=|pages=89-101}}</ref>
== U.S. Legislation ==
[[File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg|thumb|National Trans-Equality Map|600x600px]]An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates the degree of these institutional shortcomings by state as it varies depending on federal legislature. While some states have made strides in creating legal precedents for transgender rights and safety there is still some aspect of ambiguity to the practical application of some of these laws. For instance, government recognition of gender identity and the ability to change that aspect on government issued identification serves as a barrier to medical treatment/access as well as multiple other institutions that require an ID.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> These holes in the safety nets that do exist open up the transgender community to discrimination which helps to conceptualize why there is such a disproportionate amount of violent crime committed against transgender individuals in comparison to their comparably small representation in the general population.
== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2009, the FBI has been required to track and report hate crime statistics motivated by gender identity. It is estimated that reported values are grossly under reported due to a multitude of factors affecting a transgender individual's ability to report criminal offences as well as their access to safe, non stigmatized methods of reporting.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+FBI Hate Crime Statistics from 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/tables/table-1|title=Incidents, Offences, Victims and Known Offenders by Motivation Bias, 2016|last=|first=|date=2016|website=FBI: UCR|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref>
!Motivation Bias
!Incidents
!Offences
!Victims
!Known Offenders
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Total'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,121
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,321
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,615
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,770
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Single-Bias Incidents'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,063
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,227
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,509
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,727
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Gender Identity:
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |124
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |130
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |131
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |165
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Transgender</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |105
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |149
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Gender Non-Conforming</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |20
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |16
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Multiple-Bias Incidents3'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |58
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |94
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |106
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |43
|}

== Where does the United States stand, world wide? ==
Currently, the United States sits just below Brazil and Mexico in a world wide review of transgender murders, encompassing 141 of a total 2115 documented cases of transgender individuals murdered between January 2008 and April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transrespect.org/en/idahot-2016-tmm-update/|title=IDAHOT 2016 – Trans Murder Monitoring Update|last=|first=|date=May 2016|website=Transrespect Versus Transphobia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 3 2018}}</ref> While variations in reporting methodology by country as well as transgender representation within each country certainly influences these numbers and should be taken in to account in considering the safety of the transgender community within a given country, such a high murder rate remains disconcerting, especially in comparison to similar, North American populations (Canada) which reported 5 transgender murders within the given time frame.

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around the nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources for Transgender People in Crisis ==
[[File:GLAAD.jpg|thumb]]
[https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources GLAAD] , a non-government organization geared towards fostering LGBT community and protecting the rights of these individuals provides the following resources for transgender people in crisis: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources|title=Transgender Resources|last=|first=|date=|website=GLAAD|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 2 2018}}</ref>

* The Trevor Project's 24/7/365 Lifeline at 866-4-U-TREVOR (866-488-7386) or TrevorChat, their online instant messaging option, or TrevorText, a text-based support option
* The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK (8255)
* Trans Lifeline at 877-565-8860

== Conclusion ==

Violence against transgender individuals living in the United States exists in elevated rates, as reflected by a combination of statistical analysis and reports of documented criminal activity and fatalities stemming from gender-identity based motivations. This data is collected and reported both on a national and world-wide level and while reporting methodology influences the ability to effectively compare the results and implications of the findings, reports and anecdotal accounts of victimization serve as evidence of a pervasive, discriminatory-based prevalence of violence within the United States. While the attitudes and motivations fueling this violence is not necessarily unique to the U.S. (negative LGBT attitudes exist world wide as a function of religion, social norms, etc.), the lack of explicit legislation addressing gender-identity based discrimination aid in further stigmatization and the manifestation of negative attitudes through physical violence. Additional social dimensions such as race, socioeconomic status, sexuality, etc. serves as compounding factors which magnifies the violence experienced by transgender individuals of multiple intersecting social constructs. The effects of this violence is insidious and can have lasting, detrimental effects on an individual, and the community as whole, including high risk for suicidal behaviors, substance use, and homelessness.<ref name=":3" /> While society can always work to deconstruct the misconceptions and heteronormative social scripts which serve to stigmatize the LGBT community, legislators in the United States should also strive to validate the community by better representing them in laws which aid and protect their rights - particularity those which grant transgender individuals the ability to change government issued identification without the need for expensive or unwanted surgical intervention. Additionally, improvements and standardization could be made to reporting methodology of criminal acts to more accurately account for LGBT transgressions - more reliable data can help serve a basis for the necessity for more legal interventions.

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-03T06:46:25Z

AprilGrant: /* Where does the United States stand, world wide? */

[[File:Symbol-des-Tages TransGender 2006-03-28.png|thumb]]
Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who are intersex, do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States. While strict, binary gender identities serves as a general foundation for societal expectations spanning across a diverse group of cultures (i.e. not just the United States), violence stemming from gender identity appears more prevalent in the United States in comparison to similar cultures (such as Canada) due, in part, to a general tendency for perpetrators to perceive gender and sexuality as not mutually exclusive and how cultural norms and legal systems prompt individuals to act on these misconceptions. Studies based off of United States data have revealed incidents of compounding factors of perceived gender incongruities, sexuality and other social constructs such as race or socioeconomic factors which served to motivate violent perpetrators. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=May 2009|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1359178909000202/1-s2.0-S1359178909000202-main.pdf?_tid=50ed0b0b-a22a-4c97-b1bd-7d8aae503b31&acdnat=1533244728_46483177ad514bc2b4999b06bee33184|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|pages=170-179|via=Elsevier}}</ref> Negative connotations which are attached to the LGBT community result from a bidirectional relationship of an individual's attitudes and a culture's institutional social dimensions, such as religion and legal systems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Social Context of Hate Crimes: Notes on Cultural Heterosexism|last=Herek|first=Gregory M.|publisher=Sage Publications Inc.|year=1992|isbn=0-8039-4541-8|location=|pages=89-101}}</ref>
== U.S. Legislation ==
[[File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg|thumb|National Trans-Equality Map|600x600px]]An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates the degree of these institutional shortcomings by state as it varies depending on federal legislature. While some states have made strides in creating legal precedents for transgender rights and safety there is still some aspect of ambiguity to the practical application of some of these laws. For instance, government recognition of gender identity and the ability to change that aspect on government issued identification serves as a barrier to medical treatment/access as well as multiple other institutions that require an ID.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> These holes in the safety nets that do exist open up the transgender community to discrimination which helps to conceptualize why there is such a disproportionate amount of violent crime committed against transgender individuals in comparison to their comparably small representation in the general population.
== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2009, the FBI has been required to track and report hate crime statistics motivated by gender identity. It is estimated that reported values are grossly under reported due to a multitude of factors affecting a transgender individual's ability to report criminal offences as well as their access to safe, non stigmatized methods of reporting.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+FBI Hate Crime Statistics from 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/tables/table-1|title=Incidents, Offences, Victims and Known Offenders by Motivation Bias, 2016|last=|first=|date=2016|website=FBI: UCR|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref>
!Motivation Bias
!Incidents
!Offences
!Victims
!Known Offenders
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Total'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,121
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,321
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,615
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,770
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Single-Bias Incidents'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,063
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,227
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,509
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,727
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Gender Identity:
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |124
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |130
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |131
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |165
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Transgender</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |105
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |149
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Gender Non-Conforming</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |20
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |16
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Multiple-Bias Incidents3'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |58
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |94
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |106
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |43
|}

== Where does the United States stand, world wide? ==
Currently, the United States sits just below Brazil and Mexico in a world wide review of transgender murders, encompassing 141 of a total 2115 documented cases of transgender individuals murdered between January 2008 and April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transrespect.org/en/idahot-2016-tmm-update/|title=IDAHOT 2016 – Trans Murder Monitoring Update|last=|first=|date=May 2016|website=Transrespect Versus Transphobia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 3 2018}}</ref> While variations in reporting methodology by country as well as transgender representation within each country certainly influences these numbers and should be taken in to account in considering the safety of the transgender community within a given country, such a high murder rate remains disconcerting, especially in comparison to similar, North American populations (Canada) which reported 5 transgender murders within the given time frame.

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around the nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources for Transgender People in Crisis ==
[[File:GLAAD.jpg|thumb]]
[https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources GLAAD] , a non-government organization geared towards fostering LGBT community and protecting the rights of these individuals provides the following resources for transgender people in crisis: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources|title=Transgender Resources|last=|first=|date=|website=GLAAD|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 2 2018}}</ref>

* The Trevor Project's 24/7/365 Lifeline at 866-4-U-TREVOR (866-488-7386) or TrevorChat, their online instant messaging option, or TrevorText, a text-based support option
* The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK (8255)
* Trans Lifeline at 877-565-8860

== Conclusion ==

Violence against transgender individuals living in the United States exists in elevated rates, as reflected by a combination of statistical analysis and reports of documented criminal activity and fatalities stemming from gender-identity based motivations. This data is collected and reported both on a national and world-wide level and while reporting methodology influences the ability to effectively compare the results and implications of the findings, reports and anecdotal accounts of victimization serve as evidence of a pervasive, discriminatory-based prevalence of violence within the United States. While the attitudes and motivations fueling this violence is not necessarily unique to the U.S. (negative LGBT attitudes exist world wide as a function of religion, social norms, etc.), the lack of explicit legislation addressing gender-identity based discrimination aid in further stigmatization and the manifestation of negative attitudes through physical violence. Additional social dimensions such as race, socioeconomic status, sexuality, etc. serves as compounding factors which magnifies the violence experienced by transgender individuals of multiple intersecting social constructs. The effects of this violence is insidious and can have lasting, detrimental effects on an individual, and the community as whole, including high risk for suicidal behaviors, substance use, and homelessness.<ref name=":3" /> While society as whole can always work to deconstruct the misconceptions and heteronormative social scripts which serve to stigmatize the LGBT community as a whole, legislators in the United States should also strive to validate the community by better representing them in laws which aid and protect their rights - particularity those which grant transgender individuals the ability to change government issued identification without the need for expensive or unwanted surgical intervention. Additionally, improvements and standardization could be made to reporting methodology of criminal acts to more accurately account for LGBT transgressions - more reliable data can help serve a basis for the necessity for more legal interventions.

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-03T06:06:04Z

AprilGrant: /* Effects on Mental Health */

[[File:Symbol-des-Tages TransGender 2006-03-28.png|thumb]]
Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who are intersex, do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States. While strict, binary gender identities serves as a general foundation for societal expectations spanning across a diverse group of cultures (i.e. not just the United States), violence stemming from gender identity appears more prevalent in the United States in comparison to similar cultures (such as Canada) due, in part, to a general tendency for perpetrators to perceive gender and sexuality as not mutually exclusive and how cultural norms and legal systems prompt individuals to act on these misconceptions. Studies based off of United States data have revealed incidents of compounding factors of perceived gender incongruities, sexuality and other social constructs such as race or socioeconomic factors which served to motivate violent perpetrators. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=May 2009|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1359178909000202/1-s2.0-S1359178909000202-main.pdf?_tid=50ed0b0b-a22a-4c97-b1bd-7d8aae503b31&acdnat=1533244728_46483177ad514bc2b4999b06bee33184|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|pages=170-179|via=Elsevier}}</ref> Negative connotations which are attached to the LGBT community result from a bidirectional relationship of an individual's attitudes and a culture's institutional social dimensions, such as religion and legal systems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Social Context of Hate Crimes: Notes on Cultural Heterosexism|last=Herek|first=Gregory M.|publisher=Sage Publications Inc.|year=1992|isbn=0-8039-4541-8|location=|pages=89-101}}</ref>
== U.S. Legislation ==
[[File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg|thumb|National Trans-Equality Map|600x600px]]An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates the degree of these institutional shortcomings by state as it varies depending on federal legislature. While some states have made strides in creating legal precedents for transgender rights and safety there is still some aspect of ambiguity to the practical application of some of these laws. For instance, government recognition of gender identity and the ability to change that aspect on government issued identification serves as a barrier to medical treatment/access as well as multiple other institutions that require an ID.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> These holes in the safety nets that do exist open up the transgender community to discrimination which helps to conceptualize why there is such a disproportionate amount of violent crime committed against transgender individuals in comparison to their comparably small representation in the general population.
== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2009, the FBI has been required to track and report hate crime statistics motivated by gender identity. It is estimated that reported values are grossly under reported due to a multitude of factors affecting a transgender individual's ability to report criminal offences as well as their access to safe, non stigmatized methods of reporting.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+FBI Hate Crime Statistics from 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/tables/table-1|title=Incidents, Offences, Victims and Known Offenders by Motivation Bias, 2016|last=|first=|date=2016|website=FBI: UCR|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref>
!Motivation Bias
!Incidents
!Offences
!Victims
!Known Offenders
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Total'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,121
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,321
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,615
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,770
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Single-Bias Incidents'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,063
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,227
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,509
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,727
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Gender Identity:
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |124
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |130
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |131
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |165
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Transgender</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |105
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |149
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Gender Non-Conforming</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |20
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |16
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Multiple-Bias Incidents3'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |58
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |94
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |106
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |43
|}

== Where does the United States stand, world wide? ==
Currently, the United States sits just below Brazil and Mexico in a world wide review of transgender murders, encompassing 141 of a total 2115 documented cases of transgender individuals murdered between January 2008 and April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transrespect.org/en/idahot-2016-tmm-update/|title=IDAHOT 2016 – Trans Murder Monitoring Update|last=|first=|date=May 2016|website=Transrespect Versus Transphobia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 3 2018}}</ref> While variations in reporting methodology by country as well as transgender representation within each country certainly influences these numbers and should be taken in to account in considering the safety of the transgender community within a given country, such a high murder rate remains disconcerting, especially in comparison to similar, North American populations (Canada) which reported 5 transgender murders.

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources for Transgender People in Crisis ==
[[File:GLAAD.jpg|thumb]]
[https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources GLAAD] , a non-government organization geared towards fostering LGBT community and protecting the rights of these individuals provides the following resources for transgender people in crisis: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources|title=Transgender Resources|last=|first=|date=|website=GLAAD|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 2 2018}}</ref>
* The Trevor Project's 24/7/365 Lifeline at 866-4-U-TREVOR (866-488-7386) or TrevorChat, their online instant messaging option, or TrevorText, a text-based support option
* The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK (8255)
* Trans Lifeline at 877-565-8860

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-03T05:39:23Z

AprilGrant: Undo revision 523685 by AprilGrant (talk)

Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who are intersex, do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States. While strict, binary gender identities serves as a general foundation for societal expectations spanning across a diverse group of cultures (i.e. not just the United States), violence stemming from gender identity appears more prevalent in the United States in comparison to similar cultures (such as Canada) due, in part, to a general tendency for perpetrators to perceive gender and sexuality as not mutually exclusive and how cultural norms and legal systems prompt individuals to act on these misconceptions. Studies based off of United States data have revealed incidents of compounding factors of perceived gender incongruities, sexuality and other social constructs such as race or socioeconomic factors which served to motivate violent perpetrators. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=May 2009|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1359178909000202/1-s2.0-S1359178909000202-main.pdf?_tid=50ed0b0b-a22a-4c97-b1bd-7d8aae503b31&acdnat=1533244728_46483177ad514bc2b4999b06bee33184|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|pages=170-179|via=Elsevier}}</ref> Negative connotations which are attached to the LGBT community result from a bidirectional relationship of an individual's attitudes and a culture's institutional social dimensions, such as religion and legal systems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Social Context of Hate Crimes: Notes on Cultural Heterosexism|last=Herek|first=Gregory M.|publisher=Sage Publications Inc.|year=1992|isbn=0-8039-4541-8|location=|pages=89-101}}</ref>
== U.S. Legislation ==
[[File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg|thumb|National Trans-Equality Map|600x600px]]An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates the degree of these institutional shortcomings by state as it varies depending on federal legislature. While some states have made strides in creating legal precedents for transgender rights and safety there is still some aspect of ambiguity to the practical application of some of these laws. For instance, government recognition of gender identity and the ability to change that aspect on government issued identification serves as a barrier to medical treatment/access as well as multiple other institutions that require an ID.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> These holes in the safety nets that do exist open up the transgender community to discrimination which helps to conceptualize why there is such a disproportionate amount of violent crime committed against transgender individuals in comparison to their comparably small representation in the general population.
== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2009, the FBI has been required to track and report hate crime statistics motivated by gender identity. It is estimated that reported values are grossly under reported due to a multitude of factors affecting a transgender individual's ability to report criminal offences as well as their access to safe, non stigmatized methods of reporting.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+FBI Hate Crime Statistics from 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/tables/table-1|title=Incidents, Offences, Victims and Known Offenders by Motivation Bias, 2016|last=|first=|date=2016|website=FBI: UCR|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref>
!Motivation Bias
!Incidents
!Offences
!Victims
!Known Offenders
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Total'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,121
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,321
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,615
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,770
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Single-Bias Incidents'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,063
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,227
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,509
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,727
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Gender Identity:
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |124
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |130
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |131
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |165
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Transgender</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |105
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |149
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Gender Non-Conforming</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |20
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |16
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Multiple-Bias Incidents3'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |58
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |94
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |106
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |43
|}

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources for Transgender People in Crisis ==
[[File:GLAAD.jpg|thumb]]
[https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources GLAAD] , a non-government organization geared towards fostering LGBT community and protecting the rights of these individuals provides the following resources for transgender people in crisis: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources|title=Transgender Resources|last=|first=|date=|website=GLAAD|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 2 2018}}</ref>
* The Trevor Project's 24/7/365 Lifeline at 866-4-U-TREVOR (866-488-7386) or TrevorChat, their online instant messaging option, or TrevorText, a text-based support option
* The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK (8255)
* Trans Lifeline at 877-565-8860

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-03T05:37:27Z

AprilGrant: /* Risk Factors */

Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who are intersex, do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States. While strict, binary gender identities serves as a general foundation for societal expectations spanning across a diverse group of cultures (i.e. not just the United States), violence stemming from gender identity appears more prevalent in the United States in comparison to similar cultures (such as Canada) due, in part, to a general tendency for perpetrators to perceive gender and sexuality as not mutually exclusive and how cultural norms and legal systems prompt individuals to act on these misconceptions. Studies based off of United States data have revealed incidents of compounding factors of perceived gender incongruities, sexuality and other social constructs such as race or socioeconomic factors which served to motivate violent perpetrators. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=May 2009|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1359178909000202/1-s2.0-S1359178909000202-main.pdf?_tid=50ed0b0b-a22a-4c97-b1bd-7d8aae503b31&acdnat=1533244728_46483177ad514bc2b4999b06bee33184|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|pages=170-179|via=Elsevier}}</ref> Negative connotations which are attached to the LGBT community result from a bidirectional relationship of an individual's attitudes and a culture's institutional social dimensions, such as religion and legal systems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Social Context of Hate Crimes: Notes on Cultural Heterosexism|last=Herek|first=Gregory M.|publisher=Sage Publications Inc.|year=1992|isbn=0-8039-4541-8|location=|pages=89-101}}</ref>
== U.S. Legislation ==
[[File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg|thumb|National Trans-Equality Map|600x600px]]An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates the degree of these institutional shortcomings by state as it varies depending on federal legislature. While some states have made strides in creating legal precedents for transgender rights and safety there is still some aspect of ambiguity to the practical application of some of these laws. For instance, government recognition of gender identity and the ability to change that aspect on government issued identification serves as a barrier to medical treatment/access as well as multiple other institutions that require an ID.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> These holes in the safety nets that do exist open up the transgender community to discrimination which helps to conceptualize why there is such a disproportionate amount of violent crime committed against transgender individuals in comparison to their comparably small representation in the general population.
== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2009, the FBI has been required to track and report hate crime statistics motivated by gender identity. It is estimated that reported values are grossly under reported due to a multitude of factors affecting a transgender individual's ability to report criminal offences as well as their access to safe, non stigmatized methods of reporting.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+FBI Hate Crime Statistics from 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/tables/table-1|title=Incidents, Offences, Victims and Known Offenders by Motivation Bias, 2016|last=|first=|date=2016|website=FBI: UCR|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref>
!Motivation Bias
!Incidents
!Offences
!Victims
!Known Offenders
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Total'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,121
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,321
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,615
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,770
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Single-Bias Incidents'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,063
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,227
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,509
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,727
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Gender Identity:
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |124
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |130
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |131
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |165
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Transgender</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |105
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |149
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Gender Non-Conforming</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |20
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |16
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Multiple-Bias Incidents3'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |58
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |94
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |106
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |43
|}

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Where does the United States stand, world wide? ==

== Resources for Transgender People in Crisis ==
[[File:GLAAD.jpg|thumb]]
[https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources GLAAD] , a non-government organization geared towards fostering LGBT community and protecting the rights of these individuals provides the following resources for transgender people in crisis: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources|title=Transgender Resources|last=|first=|date=|website=GLAAD|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 2 2018}}</ref>
* The Trevor Project's 24/7/365 Lifeline at 866-4-U-TREVOR (866-488-7386) or TrevorChat, their online instant messaging option, or TrevorText, a text-based support option
* The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK (8255)
* Trans Lifeline at 877-565-8860

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-03T05:35:35Z

AprilGrant: /* Societal Context */

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-03T05:28:38Z

AprilGrant:

Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who are intersex, do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States. While strict, binary gender identities serves as a general foundation for societal expectations spanning across a diverse group of cultures (i.e. not just the United States), violence stemming from gender identity appears more prevalent in the United States in comparison to similar cultures (such as Canada) due, in part, to a general tendency for perpetrators to perceive gender and sexuality as not mutually exclusive and how cultural norms and legal systems prompt individuals to act on these misconceptions. Studies based off of United States data have revealed incidents of compounding factors of perceived gender incongruities, sexuality and other social constructs such as race or socioeconomic factors which served to motivate violent perpetrators. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=May 2009|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1359178909000202/1-s2.0-S1359178909000202-main.pdf?_tid=50ed0b0b-a22a-4c97-b1bd-7d8aae503b31&acdnat=1533244728_46483177ad514bc2b4999b06bee33184|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|pages=170-179|via=Elsevier}}</ref> Negative connotations which are attached to the LGBT community result from institutional social dimensions, such as religion and legal systems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Social Context of Hate Crimes: Notes on Cultural Heterosexism|last=Herek|first=Gregory M.|publisher=Sage Publications Inc.|year=1992|isbn=0-8039-4541-8|location=|pages=89-101}}</ref>
== U.S. Legislation ==
An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates the degree of these institutional shortcomings by state as it varies depending on federal legislature. While some states have made strides in creating legal precedents for transgender rights and safety there is still some aspect of ambiguity to the practical application of some of these laws. For instance, government recognition of gender identity and the ability to change that aspect on government issued identification serves as a barrier to medical treatment/access as well as multiple other institutions that require an ID.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> These holes in the safety nets that do exist open up the transgender community to discrimination which helps to conceptualize why there is such a disproportionate amount of violent crime committed against transgender individuals in comparison to their comparably small representation in the general population.

[[File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg|thumb|National Trans-Equality Map]]

== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2009, the FBI has been required to track and report hate crime statistics motivated by gender identity. It is estimated that reported values are grossly under reported due to a multitude of factors affecting a transgender individual's ability to report criminal offences as well as their access to safe, non stigmatized methods of reporting.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+FBI Hate Crime Statistics from 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/tables/table-1|title=Incidents, Offences, Victims and Known Offenders by Motivation Bias, 2016|last=|first=|date=2016|website=FBI: UCR|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref>
!Motivation Bias
!Incidents
!Offences
!Victims
!Known Offenders
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Total'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,121
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,321
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,615
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,770
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Single-Bias Incidents'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,063
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,227
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,509
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,727
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Gender Identity:
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |124
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |130
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |131
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |165
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Transgender</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |105
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |149
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Gender Non-Conforming</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |20
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |16
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Multiple-Bias Incidents3'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |58
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |94
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |106
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |43
|}

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources for Transgender People in Crisis ==
[[File:GLAAD.jpg|thumb]]
[https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources GLAAD] , a non-government organization geared towards fostering LGBT community and protecting the rights of these individuals provides the following resources for transgender people in crisis: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources|title=Transgender Resources|last=|first=|date=|website=GLAAD|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 2 2018}}</ref>
* The Trevor Project's 24/7/365 Lifeline at 866-4-U-TREVOR (866-488-7386) or TrevorChat, their online instant messaging option, or TrevorText, a text-based support option
* The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK (8255)
* Trans Lifeline at 877-565-8860

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-03T05:03:01Z

AprilGrant: /* Risk Factors */

Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who are intersex, do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States. While strict, binary gender identities serves as a general foundation for societal expectations spanning across a diverse group of cultures (i.e. not just the United States), violence stemming from gender identity appears more prevalent in the United States in comparison to similar cultures (such as Canada) due, in part, to a general tendency for perpetrators to perceive gender and sexuality as not mutually exclusive and how cultural norms and legal systems prompt individuals to act on these misconceptions. Studies based off of United States data have revealed incidents of compounding factors of perceived gender incongruities, sexuality and other social constructs such as race or socioeconomic factors which served to motivate violent perpetrators. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=May 2009|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1359178909000202/1-s2.0-S1359178909000202-main.pdf?_tid=50ed0b0b-a22a-4c97-b1bd-7d8aae503b31&acdnat=1533244728_46483177ad514bc2b4999b06bee33184|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|pages=170-179|via=Elsevier}}</ref>

- Religious motivators

- Lack of distinction between sexual orientation and gender identity results in compounding forms of discrimination

- ^^ Challenges both gender binary and heteronormative social scripts

== U.S. Legislation ==
An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates the degree of these institutional shortcomings by state as it varies depending on federal legislature. While some states have made strides in creating legal precedents for transgender rights and safety there is still some aspect of ambiguity to the practical application of some of these laws. For instance, government recognition of gender identity and the ability to change that aspect on government issued identification serves as a barrier to medical treatment/access as well as multiple other institutions that require an ID.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> These holes in the safety nets that do exist open up the transgender community to discrimination which helps to conceptualize why there is such a disproportionate amount of violent crime committed against transgender individuals in comparison to their comparably small representation in the general population.

[[File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg|thumb|National Trans-Equality Map]]

== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2009, the FBI has been required to track and report hate crime statistics motivated by gender identity. It is estimated that reported values are grossly under reported due to a multitude of factors affecting a transgender individual's ability to report criminal offences as well as their access to safe, non stigmatized methods of reporting.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+FBI Hate Crime Statistics from 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/tables/table-1|title=Incidents, Offences, Victims and Known Offenders by Motivation Bias, 2016|last=|first=|date=2016|website=FBI: UCR|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref>
!Motivation Bias
!Incidents
!Offences
!Victims
!Known Offenders
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Total'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,121
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,321
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,615
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,770
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Single-Bias Incidents'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,063
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,227
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,509
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,727
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Gender Identity:
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |124
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |130
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |131
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |165
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Transgender</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |105
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |149
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Gender Non-Conforming</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |20
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |16
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Multiple-Bias Incidents3'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |58
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |94
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |106
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |43
|}

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources for Transgender People in Crisis ==
[[File:GLAAD.jpg|thumb]]
[https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources GLAAD] , a non-government organization geared towards fostering LGBT community and protecting the rights of these individuals provides the following resources for transgender people in crisis: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/transgender/resources|title=Transgender Resources|last=|first=|date=|website=GLAAD|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 2 2018}}</ref>
* The Trevor Project's 24/7/365 Lifeline at 866-4-U-TREVOR (866-488-7386) or TrevorChat, their online instant messaging option, or TrevorText, a text-based support option
* The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK (8255)
* Trans Lifeline at 877-565-8860

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-03T04:23:42Z

AprilGrant: /* Risk Factors */

Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who are intersex, do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States. While strict, binary gender identities serves as a general foundation for societal expectations spanning across a diverse group of cultures (i.e. not just the United States), violence stemming from gender identity appears more prevalent in the United States in comparison to similar cultures (such as Canada) due, in part, to a general tendency for perpetrators to perceive gender and sexuality as not mutually exclusive and how cultural norms and legal systems prompt individuals to act on these misconceptions. Studies based off of United States data have revealed incidents of compounding factors of perceived gender incongruities, sexuality and other social constructs such as race or socioeconomic factors which served to motivate violent perpetrators. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=May 2009|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1359178909000202/1-s2.0-S1359178909000202-main.pdf?_tid=50ed0b0b-a22a-4c97-b1bd-7d8aae503b31&acdnat=1533244728_46483177ad514bc2b4999b06bee33184|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|pages=170-179|via=Elsevier}}</ref>

- Religious motivators

- Lack of distinction between sexual orientation and gender identity results in compounding forms of discrimination

- ^^ Challenges both gender binary and heteronormative social scripts

== U.S. Legislation ==
An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates the degree of these institutional shortcomings by state as it varies depending on federal legislature. While some states have made strides in creating legal precedents for transgender rights and safety there is still some aspect of ambiguity to the practical application of laws. For instance, government recognition of gender identity and the ability to change that aspect on government issued identification serves as a barrier to medical treatment/access as well as multiple other institutions that require an ID. These holes in the safety nets that do exist open up the transgender community to discrimination which helps to conceptualize why there is such a disproportionate amount of violent crime committed against transgender individuals in comparison to their comparably small representation in the general population. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg|thumb|National Trans-Equality Map]]

== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2009, the FBI has been required to track and report hate crime statistics motivated by gender identity. It is estimated that reported values are grossly under reported due to a multitude of factors affecting a transgender individual's ability to report criminal offences as well as their access to safe, non stigmatized methods of reporting.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+FBI Hate Crime Statistics from 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/tables/table-1|title=Incidents, Offences, Victims and Known Offenders by Motivation Bias, 2016|last=|first=|date=2016|website=FBI: UCR|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref>
!Motivation Bias
!Incidents
!Offences
!Victims
!Known Offenders
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Total'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,121
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,321
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,615
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,770
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Single-Bias Incidents'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,063
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,227
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,509
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,727
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Gender Identity:
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |124
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |130
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |131
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |165
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Transgender</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |105
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |149
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Gender Non-Conforming</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |20
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |16
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Multiple-Bias Incidents3'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |58
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |94
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |106
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |43
|}

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources ==

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-03T03:49:43Z

AprilGrant: /* Risk Factors */

Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who are intersex, do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States. While strict, binary gender identities serves as a general foundation for societal expectations spanning across a diverse group of cultures (i.e. not just the United States), violence stemming from gender identity appears more prevalent in the United States in comparison to similar cultures (such as Canada) due, in part, to a general tendency for perpetrators to perceive gender and sexuality as not mutually exclusive and how cultural norms and legal systems prompt individuals to act on these misconceptions. Studies based off of United States data have revealed incidents of compounding factors of perceived gender incongruities, sexuality and other social constructs such as race or socioeconomic factors which served to motivate violent perpetrators. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=May 2009|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1359178909000202/1-s2.0-S1359178909000202-main.pdf?_tid=50ed0b0b-a22a-4c97-b1bd-7d8aae503b31&acdnat=1533244728_46483177ad514bc2b4999b06bee33184|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|pages=170-179|via=Elsevier}}</ref>

- Religious motivators

- Lack of distinction between sexual orientation and gender identity results in compounding forms of discrimination

- ^^ Challenges both gender binary and heteronormative social scripts

== U.S. Legislation ==
An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates the degree of these institutional shortcomings by state as it varies depending on federal legislature. While some states have made strides in creating legal precedents for transgender rights and safety there is still some aspect of ambiguity to the practical application of laws. For instance, government recognition of gender identity and the ability to change that aspect on government issued identification serves as a barrier to medical treatment/access and as well as multiple other institutions that require an ID. These holes in the safety nets that do exist open up the transgender community to discrimination which helps to conceptualize why there is such a disproportionate amount of violent crime committed against transgender individuals in comparison to their comparably small representation in the general population. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg|thumb|National Trans-Equality Map]]

== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2009, the FBI has been required to track and report hate crime statistics motivated by gender identity. It is estimated that reported values are grossly under reported due to a multitude of factors affecting a transgender individual's ability to report criminal offences as well as their access to safe
{| class="wikitable"
|+FBI Hate Crime Statistics from 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/tables/table-1|title=Incidents, Offences, Victims and Known Offenders by Motivation Bias, 2016|last=|first=|date=2016|website=FBI: UCR|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref>
!Motivation Bias
!Incidents
!Offences
!Victims
!Known Offenders
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Total'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,121
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,321
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,615
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,770
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Single-Bias Incidents'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6,063
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,227
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7,509
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5,727
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Gender Identity:
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |124
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |130
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |131
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |165
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Transgender</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |105
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |111
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |149
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<small>Anti-Gender Non-Conforming</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |19
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |20
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |16
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Multiple-Bias Incidents3'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |58
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |94
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |106
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |43
|}

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources ==

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-03T03:19:02Z

AprilGrant: /* Conclusion */

Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who are intersex, do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States. While strict, binary gender identities serves as a general foundation for societal expectations spanning across a diverse group of cultures (i.e. not just the United States), violence stemming from gender identity appears more prevalent in the United States in comparison to similar cultures (such as Canada) due, in part, to a general tendency for perpetrators to perceive gender and sexuality as not mutually exclusive and how cultural norms and legal systems prompt individuals to act on these misconceptions. Studies based off of United States data have revealed incidents of compounding factors of perceived gender incongruities, sexuality and other social constructs such as race or socioeconomic factors which served to motivate violent perpetrators. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=May 2009|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1359178909000202/1-s2.0-S1359178909000202-main.pdf?_tid=50ed0b0b-a22a-4c97-b1bd-7d8aae503b31&acdnat=1533244728_46483177ad514bc2b4999b06bee33184|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|pages=170-179|via=Elsevier}}</ref>

- Religious motivators

- Lack of distinction between sexual orientation and gender identity results in compounding forms of discrimination

- ^^ Challenges both gender binary and heteronormative social scripts

== U.S. Legislation ==
An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates the degree of these institutional shortcomings by state as it varies depending on federal legislature. While some states have made strides in creating legal precedents for transgender rights and safety there is still some aspect of ambiguity to the practical application of laws. For instance, government recognition of gender identity and the ability to change that aspect on government issued identification serves as a barrier to medical treatment/access and as well as multiple other institutions that require an ID. These holes in the safety nets that do exist open up the transgender community to discrimination which helps to conceptualize why there is such a disproportionate amount of violent crime committed against transgender individuals in comparison to their comparably small representation in the general population. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg|thumb|National Trans-Equality Map]]

== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources ==

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-02T21:30:01Z

AprilGrant: /* U.S. Legislation */

Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who are intersex, do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States. While strict, binary gender identities serves as a general foundation for societal expectations spanning across a diverse group of cultures (i.e. not just the United States), violence stemming from gender identity appears more prevalent in the United States in comparison to similar cultures (such as Canada) due, in part, to a general tendency for perpetrators to perceive gender and sexuality as not mutually exclusive and how cultural norms and legal systems prompt individuals to act on these misconceptions. Studies based off of United States data have revealed incidents of compounding factors of perceived gender incongruities, sexuality and other social constructs such as race or socioeconomic factors which served to motivate violent perpetrators. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=May 2009|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1359178909000202/1-s2.0-S1359178909000202-main.pdf?_tid=50ed0b0b-a22a-4c97-b1bd-7d8aae503b31&acdnat=1533244728_46483177ad514bc2b4999b06bee33184|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|pages=170-179|via=Elsevier}}</ref>

- Religious motivators

- Lack of distinction between sexual orientation and gender identity results in compounding forms of discrimination

- ^^ Challenges both gender binary and heteronormative social scripts

== U.S. Legislation ==
An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates the degree of these institutional shortcomings by state as it varies depending on federal legislature. While some states have made strides in creating legal precedents for transgender rights and safety there is still some aspect of ambiguity to the practical application of laws. For instance, government recognition of gender identity and the ability to change that aspect on government issued identification serves as a barrier to medical treatment/access and as well as multiple other institutions that require an ID. These holes in the safety nets that do exist open up the transgender community to discrimination which helps to conceptualize why there is such a disproportionate amount of violent crime committed against transgender individuals in comparison to their comparably small representation in the general population. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg|thumb|National Trans-Equality Map]]

== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources ==

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-02T20:30:15Z

AprilGrant:

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-02T20:21:43Z

AprilGrant:

File:Screen-Shot-2015-07-10-at-6.35.56-AM.jpg

2018-08-02T07:10:18Z

AprilGrant: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=National Trans-Equality Map}}
|date=2018-08-02
|source=https://purpleunions.com/blog/2015/07/marriage-equality-round-up-july-10th.html
|author=Scott
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{subst:uwl}}

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-08-02T07:01:05Z

AprilGrant:

Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Societal Context ==
Societal expectations regarding gender, and appropriate forms of expression, work to influence how discrimination, violence in particular, manifests so pervasively in the United States

- Religious motivators

- Lack of distinction between sexual orientation and gender identity results in compounding forms of discrimination

- ^^ Challenges both gender binary and heteronormative social scripts

== U.S. Legislation ==
An overall lack of legislative safeguards for transgender rights within the United States works to perpetuate discrimination stemming from the social expectations previously discussed.

[https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap The National Equality Map] illustrates

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/equalitymap|title=National Equality Map|last=|first=|date=February, 2017|website=Transgender Law Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref>

== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources ==

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references />

Thread:Talk:GRSJ224/Discrimination of Muslim Women in the Workplace/Suggestion

2018-07-28T07:01:26Z

AprilGrant:

Hey! Definitely a great topic to explore and I'm sure there's more you're planning on expanding on so this might be irrelevant, but I think it would be interesting or helpful in narrowing your topic by specifying the demographics of these workplaces - are they relevant to Canadian workplaces? And how does cultural context then affect the discrimination of Muslim women in the workplace based off what demographic you're looking at? I see you've touched on Canadian workplaces a bit but I'm not sure if that's your primary focus.

Talk:GRSJ224/Discrimination of Muslim Women in the Workplace

2018-07-28T06:55:55Z

AprilGrant: Talk page autocreated when first thread was posted

Thread:Talk:GRSJ224/Discrimination of Muslim Women in the Workplace/Suggestion

2018-07-28T06:55:55Z

AprilGrant: New thread: Suggestion

Thread:User talk:AprilGrant/Recommendations for April Grant/reply

2018-07-28T02:52:24Z

AprilGrant: Reply to Recommendations for April Grant

Thanks for the feedback Grace! Your last suggestion is definitely something I'm planning on addressing in my 'Resources' section, but I see how elaborating on motivating factors behind the violence in the US can definitely help viewer conceptualize the issue. It's context I have through the research, but didn't realize I had't conveyed explicitly in my wiki.

Thanks again!

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-07-27T07:10:34Z

AprilGrant:

Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Hate Crimes ==

== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources ==

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references />

Thread:Talk:GRSJ224/Depiction of Immigrants in Western films/Impact

2018-07-27T07:01:47Z

AprilGrant: New thread: Impact

You've touched on some on the consequences that depictions of immigrants might have on the viewers, however I think it would help to really conceptualize the full range of implications (at least for myself) if your impact section also addressed the influence that inaccurate portrayals of immigrants in offline media might have on individuals who identify as immigrants to a western culture outside of the ramifications of just how they are perceived by western natives. For instance, does this tendency towards stereotypical depictions effect the representation of immigrant actors and actresses in films? Or their wages compared to their non-immigrant counterparts? Definitely a great topic with lots of room for creativity! Excited to see what else you expand on.

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-07-27T06:43:46Z

AprilGrant:

Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources ==

== Conclusion ==

== References ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-07-27T05:58:57Z

AprilGrant: /* Risk Factors */

== Introduction ==
Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Data collected relating to fatal violent crimes against transgender individuals revealed the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

Of the 53 transgender victims identified from 2013-2015 in the United States,
* At least 46 were transgender either African American (39) or Latin American (6).
* At least 46 identified as trans-woman, one trans-man and the remained gender nonconforming or unidentified.
* At least 39 were under the age of 31
Further studies conducted in Los Angeles County have yielded similar findings in disproportionately high rates of violence against transgender individuals of color, identified as female and an additional revelation of perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=March 2008|title=Gender Identity and Hate Crimes: Violence Against Transgender People in Los Angeles County|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/docview/858941937?pq-origsite=360link&accountid=14656|journal=Sexuality Research & Social Policy|volume=5|pages=43-52|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Analysis of perpetrator's verbiage implied a nebulous grasp of the distinction between sexuality and gender which only served to add to the possibility of dimensions which perpetuate violence against the transgender community.<ref name=":1" />

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources ==

== Conclusion ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-07-27T05:23:05Z

AprilGrant:

== Introduction ==
Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Studies done on statistical data relating to violent crimes against transgender individuals have found the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources ==

== Conclusion ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-07-27T04:11:22Z

AprilGrant: /* Effects on Mental Health */

== Introduction ==
Transgender refers to an umbrella term that encompasses individuals who do not identify with their biological sex, do not conform to the heteronormative, binary forms of gender expression or individuals who express gender fluidity. Members of this community are often the targets of hate crimes which are typically violent in nature (physical and/or sexual assault) as opposed to hates crimes against property (vandalism, theft, etc.). Documented cases of murders of transgender individuals in the United States are also on the rise, with at least 21 deaths due to fatal violence in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2016|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2016|last=|first=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 23 in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>, 28 in 2017, and currently at least 16 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018|title=Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

__FORCETOC__

== Risk Factors ==
The prevalence of violent crimes committed against transgender men and women are not strictly limited to gender identity. The intersection of gender identity and additional dimensions such as race, sexuality, socioeconomic status and whether the individual identifies as a woman have been found to play compounding roles in increasing the correlation between violence and transgender individuals. Studies done on statistical data relating to violent crimes against transgender individuals have found the following: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf|title=Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence|last=|first=|date=January 2015|website=Human Rights Campaign|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

== Effects on Mental Health ==
Statistical analysis has revealed a disconcertingly high prevalence of suicidal tendencies within the transgender community compared to the general population. Members of the transgender community were found to be more at risk than out groups due to stigmas that stem from misconceptions and stereotypes revolving around nature of gender dysphoria as well as the resulting environmental conditions that transpire as a result of stigma including lack of resources in terms of health care and family support, high prevalence of homelessness, gender-based discrimination and victimization.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the nature of many of these circumstances, the probability individuals will be victims of violent crimes is, again, elevated when compared to the general population. Studies have found that the added facet of experience with violence - specifically gender-motivated violence - only serves to increase an already high risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barboza|first=Gia Elise|date=August 2016|title=Physical victimization, gender identity and suicide risk among transgender men and women|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/S2211335516300882|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|volume=4|pages=385-390|via=Science Direct}}</ref>

== Resources ==

== Conclusion ==
<references />

GRSJ224

2018-07-27T03:03:00Z

AprilGrant:

=== INTRODUCTION ===

This '''Wikispace''' is a peer-produced shared resource that will evolve as students post content relating to GRSJ224. You are responsible for creating dynamic and informative wiki pages. As you add and update information throughout the semester, originality, resourcefulness, and creativity is encouraged. The wiki will be sustained for successive semesters so that the work you contribute will be available to future students.

=== ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION ===

To download and view full details of the assignment, click [https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/xid-16358571_1 here].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_preparation.gif ||
* Read: [http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ELI7004.pdf 7 Things you should know about Wikis]
* Choose a term from the table of contents
* Confirm your selection of topic with your instructor by the '''SECOND WEEK OF CLASSES'''
* Set up your wiki page.
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_finalizing.png ||
* Continue to work towards improving and finalizing your Wiki.
* Consider the wiki as a whole and the usefulness of adding images and links.
* Check your Talk page to see if your peers provided you with any useful feedback
* Ensure your Wiki is properly cited
* Proofread your Wiki

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_research.gif ||
* Gather resources in relevance of your discoveries to class materials.
* Familiarize yourself with the wiki-authoring tools of [[GRSJ224/wikibasics|Wiki Basics]]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_submit.gif ||
* Submit "Wikipedia Report" to your instructor in Connect

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_drafting.gif ||
* Read: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia's guide to Writing Better Articles]
* Write content relevant to class material.
* Tailor your page to your audience.
* Check out your peers’ draft Wikis below and provide feedback using the [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Talk_pages Talk pages]
* The intellectual rules of property DO apply: provide [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink links], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism plagiarisms].
|}

'''Helpful Links:'''
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d2u58vo0/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_kmj3r79h Embed an Image]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_nguojj8r/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_d9350hqg Embed a Video]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d478y7sn/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_sg3scx28 Link to an external website]

=== TABLE OF CONTENTS ===

{| width="100%" class="wikitable" style="background:aliceblue; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #AEDCF6;" border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2"
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Democracy</span></h2>

* [[Voting Rights in the United States]]
* [[GRSJ224/ElectoralReform|Electoral Reform in Canada]]
* [http://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/tribalism Political Tribalism in the United States]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Neoliberalism</span></h2>====

* [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Neoliberalism_and_the_Gentrification_of_Urban_Spaces# Neoliberalism and the Gentrification of Urban Spaces]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Post-coloniality</span></h2>

* [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Post-colonial_impact_on_indigenous_health Post-colonial impact on indigenous health]
* [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Indigenous_representation_in_film Indigenous representation in film]
* [[Indigenous Placemaking in Settler Colonial Cities|Indigenous Place-making in Settler Colonial Cities]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Reproduction</span></h2>
* [[GRSJ224/femalesterilization]]
* <nowiki/>[[Self Induced Abortion in the United States]]
* [[Sex Education in Schools]]
* [[Surrogacy in India]]
* [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Birth_Control_In_Canada Birth Control in Canada]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/RepealThe8th Repeal the 8th]
* [http://wiki.ubc.ca/HIVandBlackGayMeninAmerica# HIV and Black Gay Men in America]
* [[The Reproductive Politics of China]]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/BC_abortions Abortion in BC]

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

<nowiki>=</nowiki>===<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>
* [[Behind multiculturalism in British Columbia : The history of Japanese internment camp|Behind multiculturalism in British Columbia : The history of Japanese internment camp]]
* [[GRSJ224/Depiction of Immigrants in Western films|Depiction of Immigrants in Western films]]
* [[Statelessness|Statelessness]]
* [[Immigrant Women Fighting Globalization]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Feminism</span></h2>

* [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Fourth_Wave_Feminism_and_Social_Media Fourth Wave Feminism and Social Media]

* [[The Emergence of Intersectionality and Third Wave Feminism]]

* [[Rape Culture in India|Rape Culture]] in India
* [http://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/The_Sexuality_of_Black_Women# The Sexuality of Black Women]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Feminism_in_Disney Feminism In Disney]
* [[The Perpetuation of Rape Culture]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Discrimination</span></h2>

* [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Sexual_Violence_against_Jewish_Women_during_the_Third_Reich#Sexual Violence against Jewish Women during the Third Reich]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/South_Korean_Jeju_Island_Refugee_Crisis Jeju Island Refugees Crisis in South Korea]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Comfort_Women_during_the_Annexation_of_Korea Comfort Women during the Annexation of Korea]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/The_Prevalence_of_Violence_Against_Transgender_Individuals_In_the_United_States The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States]
* [[GRSJ224/MissingandMurderedIndigenouswomen]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Masculinity</span></h2>
* [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Portrayal_of_Asian_Men_in_Hollywood#Portrayal_of_Asian_Men_in_Hollywood Portrayal of Asian Men in Hollywood]
* [[Masculinity in Films]]
* [[Masculinity in the US Media]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Medicalization</span></h2>
* [[The Medicalization of Deafness]]
* [[Nonconsensual, Medically Unnecessary Surgeries on Intersex Children]]
* [[Neurodiversity and the Medicalization of Twice Exceptional People]]
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/The_Medicalization_Of_Depression Medicalization of Depression]
* [[Medicalization of Female attractiveness]]
[[Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women]]

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====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">LGBT Families</span></h2>

*[[The Phenomenon of Chosen Family in the LGBT Community]]

*[[Creating a Family in the LGBT Community]]

*[[Representation of LGBT Couples in Canadian Web Series]]

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|}

===ARCHIVE===
Here is an archive of the Wiki pages created by previous students: [[GRSJ224/archive|Archive of Wiki pages]]

Thread:Talk:Representation of LGBT Couples in Canadian Web Series/Implications

2018-07-27T02:59:00Z

AprilGrant:

This is a great topic - especially given how dismal the presence of the LGBT community is in both popular offline and online media. It's encouraging to find out that a subset of this media is making strides in a positive direction towards accurately/fairly portraying LGBT individuals in a subset of media available. I'd be interested in seeing what these strides could mean (/how they might impact) the more popular forms of offline media and the LGBT community as a whole. For instance - I'm aware that even within portrayals of LGBT representation in popular offline media, one controversial subject is that the actors in these roles are rarely part of the LGBT community, which ties in to not just quantitatively more portrayals of LGBT individuals, but also real life representation within a given media. Might the strides made within smaller forms of online media have a positive impact on largely more advertised forms of offline media by affecting the casting of LGBT actors & actresses?

Talk:Representation of LGBT Couples in Canadian Web Series

2018-07-27T02:57:17Z

AprilGrant: Talk page autocreated when first thread was posted

Thread:Talk:Representation of LGBT Couples in Canadian Web Series/Implications

2018-07-27T02:57:17Z

AprilGrant: New thread: Implications

This is a great topic - especially given how dismal the presence of the LGBT community is in both popular offline and online media. It's encouraging to find out that a subset of this media is making stride in a positive direction towards accurately/fairly portraying LGBT individuals in a subset of media available. I'd be interested in seeing what these strides could mean (/how they might impact) the more popular forms of offline media and the LGBT community as a whole. For instance - I'm aware that even within portrayals of LGBT representation in popular offline media, one controversial subject is that the actors in these roles are rarely part of the LGBT community, which ties in to not just quantitatively more portrayals of LGBT individuals, but also real life representation within a given media. Might the strides made within smaller forms of online media have a positive impact on largely more advertised forms of offline media?

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-07-27T02:40:23Z

AprilGrant: /* Risk Factors */

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-07-27T02:38:58Z

AprilGrant: /* Introduction */

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-07-27T02:26:31Z

AprilGrant: /* Introduction */

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-07-27T02:17:31Z

AprilGrant:

== Introduction ==
__FORCETOC__

== Risk Factors ==

== Effects on Mental Health ==

== Resources ==

== Conclusion ==
<references />

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-07-26T19:49:33Z

AprilGrant:

# Introduction
# Risk Factors
# Effects on Mental Health
# Resources
# Conclusion
<references />

__FORCETOC__

The Prevalence of Violence Against Transgender Individuals In the United States

2018-07-26T19:41:02Z

AprilGrant: Created page with "<!--Begin Infobox; Please add your parameters after the equal signs below. If you do not wish to use the infobox, you may remove it by deleting everything between the Begin a..."

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|title= Gender, Race, Sexuality and Social Justice in Literature

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|email= anikasta@mail.ubc.ca

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