UBC Wiki - User contributions [en]

Thread:Talk:GRSJ224/Sexual Harassment on Japanese Subways/Interesting contents!

2019-03-02T06:34:18Z

AnhHoang2: New thread: Interesting contents!

"Men thinking that they are dominant, and women are supposed to be submissive"can be explained by Confucianism when it was brought to Japan in 17th Century. Even though many families do not value patriarchal practices anymore, I agree with your that it has rooted deeply in Japanese society. It is evident that many Japanese women nowadays still stay at home and taking care of their kids, while their husbands are working. Confucianism still practices in sense that men are the head of a family, so they are supposed to protect and make money. Instead, women are supposed to stay home and raise kids. However, I believe the situation has changed, due to the aging problems and shortage in the work force. Hence, many women are out and working as well.

Despite these, gender equality in Japan is really worth mentioning. I love your point on how it is disturbing seeing that high school girls are considered sexy by many Japanese men. I think the reason why many pornography promote this, is because of Japan's low fertility rate as well as the overwhelming stress that Japanese people face in society. I remember when I was in Harajuku, a large entertainment district in Japan, I came across this really young girl who was wearing sexy clothes, playing guitar and singing. Around her was 5 - 6 men wearing suits of age 30 to 50, videoing her with their phones. Now, when reading your page about sexual harassment in Japan, I somehow found it disturbing, since the girl was obviously really young looking, probably 17-18 years old.

Though we acknowledge this, it is still hard for Japan to change, since I believe many female do not aware that they are discriminated. Since they have been taught that women are supposed to stay home and taking care of kids, while men go out and work for many generations; many young female don't think that there is a problem with this.

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T03:44:53Z

AnhHoang2: /* Gender Inequality Indexes: */

== '''<big>Introduction</big>''' ==
When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.
[[File:Inside-a-temple-confucianism-in-Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Inside of a temple in Hanoi known as the Temple of Literature, which dedicated to Confucius.]]
Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are three main key relationships: minister serving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itself; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son.<ref name=":5" /> The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do patriarchal practices on women. The practice can distort the true purpose of this teachings to have a stabilize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among genders.

== '''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in East Asia</big>''' ==
Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref>. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosophy still has not died out.

== '''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Vietnam</big>''' ==
Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years. Hence, the consequence can be seen in nowadays through the datas below:

====== '''<big>Gender Inequality Indexes</big>''' ======
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_Inequality_Index Gender Inequality Index Rank] ''' reflected inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and labour market participation.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/en/countries/asia/viet-nam?typeofmeasure=3ebd6d85ae4d4dfcab5553635944cfc9|title=Global Database on Violence against Women|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
* '''Vietnam Rank:''' 116<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/data|title=Gender Inequality Index (GII)|last=|first=|date=2017|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report Global Gender Gap Index Rank] ''' was designed to measure gender inequality within a country, according to health, education, politics, resources, and economy<ref name=":3" />.
* '''Vietnam Rank:''' 77 with 69.8%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=World Economic Forum|first=|date=Dec 2018|title=The Global Gender Gap Report 2018|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2018.pdf|journal=World Economic Forum|volume=|pages=11|via=}}</ref> This explains that Vietnam has closed over 69.8% of their gender gap. Hence, there is still 30% that needed to be considered.

====== <big>'''Violence Against Women'''</big> <big>'''Data'''</big> ======
According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010<ref name=":3" />:

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime: 34%.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=General Statistics Office [Viet Nam], 2010|first=|date=2010|title=“Keeping silent is dying”|url=http://www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20eseasia/docs/publications/2015/05/dv_study_executive_summary_eng.pdf?la=en&vs=3050|journal=NATIONAL STUDY ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN VIET NAM|volume=|pages=17|via=}}</ref>

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9%<ref name=":4" />

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2%<ref>{{Cite journal|last=General Statistics Office [Viet Nam], 2010|first=|date=2010|title=“Keeping silent is dying”|url=http://www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20eseasia/docs/publications/2015/05/dv_study_executive_summary_eng.pdf?la=en&vs=3050|journal=THE NATIONAL STUDY ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN VIET NAM|volume=|pages=19|via=}}</ref>

According to UNICEF global databases in 2018<ref name=":3" />:

· Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11%

=== '''<big>Education</big>''' ===
[[File:Literacy_rate_among_the_Vietnamese_population.png|thumb|500x500px|Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality.[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb|332x332px|
Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO
]]

According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dtinews.vn/en/news/020/43462/vietnam-s-literacy-rate-reaches-97-3-percent.html|title=Vietnam's literacy rate reaches 97.3 percent|last=dtinews.vn|first=|date=January 15, 2016|website=dtinews.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== '''<big>Abortion</big>''' ===
Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/teenagers-account-for-70-percent-of-secret-abortions-in-vietnam-3428414.html|title=Teenagers account for 70 percent of secret abortions in Vietnam|last=Bui|first=Hong Nhung|date=July 1, 2016|website=vnexpress.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data'''''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-health/7365-teenagers-account-for-70-of-vietnam-s-secret-abortions|title=Teenagers Account for 70% of Vietnam's 'Secret Abortions'|last=Saigoneer|first=|date=July 2016|website=Saigoneer.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2848236/Sky-high-abortions-Vietnam-family-planning-excludes-youth.html|title=Sky-high abortions in Vietnam as family planning excludes youth|last=AFP|first=|date=25 November 2014|website=dailymail.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henshaw, Stanley K., et al|first=|date=Jan 1999|title=The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/1999/01/incidence-abortion-worldwide.|journal=Guttmacher Institution|volume=25|pages=30-38|via=}}</ref>

Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”.<ref name=":1" /> Hence, young people can only know about it by secretly searching on the internet.
[[File:Vendors_sit_outside_a_private_clinic_that_offers_4D_foetus_imaging_service,_in_central_Hanoi,.jpg|thumb|In front of a private clinic that offers 4D foetus imaging service, in central Hanoi, on October 22, 2014 ©Hoang Dinh Nam (AFP/File)]]
It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to discuss or think about sex before marriage. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Go VF|first=|date=Aug 2002|title=Gender gaps, gender traps: sexual identity and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases among women in Vietnam.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12144153|journal=U.S. National Library of Medicine|volume=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|pages=|via=}}</ref>However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how Confucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao, representative of family planning organization Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."<ref name=":2" /> This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism.

=== '''<big>Bride Buying</big>''' ===
In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that their husband can care for their family<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/special-reports/49812/mekong-delta-girls--eager--in-learning-to-become-wives-of-korean-men.html|title=Mekong Delta girls “eager” in learning to become wives of Korean men|last=VietNamNet Bridge|first=|date=Sep 2012|website=Vietnamnet|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.''' However, many women were tricked into false marriage, which they crossed the border and then realize they were trapped in trafficking. From 2012 to 2017, there were more than 3000 cases of human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/world/mothers-of-the-missing-anguished-search-for-vietnam-s-kidnapped-brides-3853126.html|title=Mothers of the Missing: Anguished search for Vietnam's kidnapped brides|last=AFP|first=Dec 2018|date=|website=vnexpress.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/sep/28/my-parents-say-hurry-up-and-find-a-girl-chinas-millions-of-lonely-leftover-men|title='My parents say hurry up and find a girl': China's millions of lonely 'leftover men'|last=Sun|first=Wanning|date=Sep 2017|website=TheGuardian.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper. These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, and are matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/mate-vietnam-marriages|title=Mate-in-Vietnam Marriages|last=Chong|first=Chee Kin|date=July 2002|website=YaleGlobal Online|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''

According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, a man (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tyglobalist.org/in-the-magazine/theme/the-wife-market|title=The Wife Market|last=Wray|first=Caroline|date=Dec 2014|website=The Yale Globalist|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*

== '''<big>References</big>''' ==
<references />
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T03:41:22Z

AnhHoang2: /* Introduction */

== '''<big>Introduction</big>''' ==
When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.
[[File:Inside-a-temple-confucianism-in-Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Inside of a temple in Hanoi known as the Temple of Literature, which dedicated to Confucius.]]
Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are three main key relationships: minister serving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itself; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son.<ref name=":5" /> The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do patriarchal practices on women. The practice can distort the true purpose of this teachings to have a stabilize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among genders.

== '''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in East Asia</big>''' ==
Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref>. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosophy still has not died out.

== '''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Vietnam</big>''' ==
Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years. Hence, the consequence can be seen in nowadays through the datas below:

====== '''<big>Gender Inequality Indexes:</big>''' ======
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_Inequality_Index Gender Inequality Index Rank] ''' reflected inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and labour market participation.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/en/countries/asia/viet-nam?typeofmeasure=3ebd6d85ae4d4dfcab5553635944cfc9|title=Global Database on Violence against Women|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
* '''Vietnam Rank:''' 116<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/data|title=Gender Inequality Index (GII)|last=|first=|date=2017|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report Global Gender Gap Index Rank] ''' was designed to measure gender inequality within a country, according to health, education, politics, resources, and economy<ref name=":3" />.
* '''Vietnam Rank:''' 77 with 69.8%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=World Economic Forum|first=|date=Dec 2018|title=The Global Gender Gap Report 2018|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2018.pdf|journal=World Economic Forum|volume=|pages=11|via=}}</ref> This explains that Vietnam has closed over 69.8% of their gender gap. Hence, there is still 30% that needed to be considered.

====== <big>'''Violence Against Women'''</big> <big>'''Data'''</big> ======
According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010<ref name=":3" />:

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime: 34%.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=General Statistics Office [Viet Nam], 2010|first=|date=2010|title=“Keeping silent is dying”|url=http://www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20eseasia/docs/publications/2015/05/dv_study_executive_summary_eng.pdf?la=en&vs=3050|journal=NATIONAL STUDY ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN VIET NAM|volume=|pages=17|via=}}</ref>

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9%<ref name=":4" />

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2%<ref>{{Cite journal|last=General Statistics Office [Viet Nam], 2010|first=|date=2010|title=“Keeping silent is dying”|url=http://www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20eseasia/docs/publications/2015/05/dv_study_executive_summary_eng.pdf?la=en&vs=3050|journal=THE NATIONAL STUDY ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN VIET NAM|volume=|pages=19|via=}}</ref>

According to UNICEF global databases in 2018<ref name=":3" />:

· Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11%

=== '''<big>Education</big>''' ===
[[File:Literacy_rate_among_the_Vietnamese_population.png|thumb|500x500px|Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality.[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb|332x332px|
Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO
]]

According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dtinews.vn/en/news/020/43462/vietnam-s-literacy-rate-reaches-97-3-percent.html|title=Vietnam's literacy rate reaches 97.3 percent|last=dtinews.vn|first=|date=January 15, 2016|website=dtinews.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== '''<big>Abortion</big>''' ===
Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/teenagers-account-for-70-percent-of-secret-abortions-in-vietnam-3428414.html|title=Teenagers account for 70 percent of secret abortions in Vietnam|last=Bui|first=Hong Nhung|date=July 1, 2016|website=vnexpress.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data'''''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-health/7365-teenagers-account-for-70-of-vietnam-s-secret-abortions|title=Teenagers Account for 70% of Vietnam's 'Secret Abortions'|last=Saigoneer|first=|date=July 2016|website=Saigoneer.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2848236/Sky-high-abortions-Vietnam-family-planning-excludes-youth.html|title=Sky-high abortions in Vietnam as family planning excludes youth|last=AFP|first=|date=25 November 2014|website=dailymail.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henshaw, Stanley K., et al|first=|date=Jan 1999|title=The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/1999/01/incidence-abortion-worldwide.|journal=Guttmacher Institution|volume=25|pages=30-38|via=}}</ref>

Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”.<ref name=":1" /> Hence, young people can only know about it by secretly searching on the internet.
[[File:Vendors_sit_outside_a_private_clinic_that_offers_4D_foetus_imaging_service,_in_central_Hanoi,.jpg|thumb|In front of a private clinic that offers 4D foetus imaging service, in central Hanoi, on October 22, 2014 ©Hoang Dinh Nam (AFP/File)]]
It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to discuss or think about sex before marriage. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Go VF|first=|date=Aug 2002|title=Gender gaps, gender traps: sexual identity and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases among women in Vietnam.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12144153|journal=U.S. National Library of Medicine|volume=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|pages=|via=}}</ref>However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how Confucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao, representative of family planning organization Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."<ref name=":2" /> This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism.

=== '''<big>Bride Buying</big>''' ===
In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that their husband can care for their family<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/special-reports/49812/mekong-delta-girls--eager--in-learning-to-become-wives-of-korean-men.html|title=Mekong Delta girls “eager” in learning to become wives of Korean men|last=VietNamNet Bridge|first=|date=Sep 2012|website=Vietnamnet|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.''' However, many women were tricked into false marriage, which they crossed the border and then realize they were trapped in trafficking. From 2012 to 2017, there were more than 3000 cases of human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/world/mothers-of-the-missing-anguished-search-for-vietnam-s-kidnapped-brides-3853126.html|title=Mothers of the Missing: Anguished search for Vietnam's kidnapped brides|last=AFP|first=Dec 2018|date=|website=vnexpress.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/sep/28/my-parents-say-hurry-up-and-find-a-girl-chinas-millions-of-lonely-leftover-men|title='My parents say hurry up and find a girl': China's millions of lonely 'leftover men'|last=Sun|first=Wanning|date=Sep 2017|website=TheGuardian.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper. These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, and are matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/mate-vietnam-marriages|title=Mate-in-Vietnam Marriages|last=Chong|first=Chee Kin|date=July 2002|website=YaleGlobal Online|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''

According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, a man (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tyglobalist.org/in-the-magazine/theme/the-wife-market|title=The Wife Market|last=Wray|first=Caroline|date=Dec 2014|website=The Yale Globalist|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*

== '''<big>References</big>''' ==
<references />
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T03:33:58Z

AnhHoang2: /* Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia */

== '''<big>Introduction</big>''' ==
When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.
[[File:Inside-a-temple-confucianism-in-Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Inside of a temple in Hanoi known as the Temple of Literature, which dedicated to Confucius.]]
Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:minister serving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

== '''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in East Asia</big>''' ==
Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref> , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosophy still has not died out.

== '''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Vietnam</big>''' ==
Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

'''Gender Inequality Indexes:'''

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_Inequality_Index Gender Inequality Index Rank] ''' reflected inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and labour market participation.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/en/countries/asia/viet-nam?typeofmeasure=3ebd6d85ae4d4dfcab5553635944cfc9|title=Global Database on Violence against Women|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
* '''Vietnam Rank:''' 116<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/data|title=Gender Inequality Index (GII)|last=|first=|date=2017|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report Global Gender Gap Index Rank] ''' was designed to measure gender inequality within a country, according to health, education, politics, resources, and economy<ref name=":3" />.
* '''Vietnam Rank:''' 77 with 69.8%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=World Economic Forum|first=|date=Dec 2018|title=The Global Gender Gap Report 2018|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2018.pdf|journal=World Economic Forum|volume=|pages=11|via=}}</ref> This explains that Vietnam has closed over 69.8% of their gender gap. Hence, there is still 30% that needed to be considered.

====== <big>'''Violence Against Women'''</big> <big>'''Data'''</big> ======
According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010<ref name=":3" />:

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime: 34%.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=General Statistics Office [Viet Nam], 2010|first=|date=2010|title=“Keeping silent is dying”|url=http://www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20eseasia/docs/publications/2015/05/dv_study_executive_summary_eng.pdf?la=en&vs=3050|journal=NATIONAL STUDY ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN VIET NAM|volume=|pages=17|via=}}</ref>

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9%<ref name=":4" />

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2%<ref>{{Cite journal|last=General Statistics Office [Viet Nam], 2010|first=|date=2010|title=“Keeping silent is dying”|url=http://www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20eseasia/docs/publications/2015/05/dv_study_executive_summary_eng.pdf?la=en&vs=3050|journal=THE NATIONAL STUDY ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN VIET NAM|volume=|pages=19|via=}}</ref>

According to UNICEF global databases in 2018<ref name=":3" />:

· Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11%

=== '''<big>Education</big>''' ===
[[File:Literacy_rate_among_the_Vietnamese_population.png|thumb|500x500px|Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality.[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb|332x332px|
Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO
]]

According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dtinews.vn/en/news/020/43462/vietnam-s-literacy-rate-reaches-97-3-percent.html|title=Vietnam's literacy rate reaches 97.3 percent|last=dtinews.vn|first=|date=January 15, 2016|website=dtinews.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== '''<big>Abortion</big>''' ===
Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/teenagers-account-for-70-percent-of-secret-abortions-in-vietnam-3428414.html|title=Teenagers account for 70 percent of secret abortions in Vietnam|last=Bui|first=Hong Nhung|date=July 1, 2016|website=vnexpress.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data'''''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-health/7365-teenagers-account-for-70-of-vietnam-s-secret-abortions|title=Teenagers Account for 70% of Vietnam's 'Secret Abortions'|last=Saigoneer|first=|date=July 2016|website=Saigoneer.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2848236/Sky-high-abortions-Vietnam-family-planning-excludes-youth.html|title=Sky-high abortions in Vietnam as family planning excludes youth|last=AFP|first=|date=25 November 2014|website=dailymail.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henshaw, Stanley K., et al|first=|date=Jan 1999|title=The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/1999/01/incidence-abortion-worldwide.|journal=Guttmacher Institution|volume=25|pages=30-38|via=}}</ref>

Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”.<ref name=":1" /> Hence, young people can only know about it by secretly searching on the internet.
[[File:Vendors_sit_outside_a_private_clinic_that_offers_4D_foetus_imaging_service,_in_central_Hanoi,.jpg|thumb|In front of a private clinic that offers 4D foetus imaging service, in central Hanoi, on October 22, 2014 ©Hoang Dinh Nam (AFP/File)]]
It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to discuss or think about sex before marriage. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Go VF|first=|date=Aug 2002|title=Gender gaps, gender traps: sexual identity and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases among women in Vietnam.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12144153|journal=U.S. National Library of Medicine|volume=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|pages=|via=}}</ref>However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how Confucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao, representative of family planning organization Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."<ref name=":2" /> This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism.

=== '''<big>Bride Buying</big>''' ===
In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that their husband can care for their family<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/special-reports/49812/mekong-delta-girls--eager--in-learning-to-become-wives-of-korean-men.html|title=Mekong Delta girls “eager” in learning to become wives of Korean men|last=VietNamNet Bridge|first=|date=Sep 2012|website=Vietnamnet|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.''' However, many women were tricked into false marriage, which they crossed the border and then realize they were trapped in trafficking. From 2012 to 2017, there were more than 3000 cases of human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/world/mothers-of-the-missing-anguished-search-for-vietnam-s-kidnapped-brides-3853126.html|title=Mothers of the Missing: Anguished search for Vietnam's kidnapped brides|last=AFP|first=Dec 2018|date=|website=vnexpress.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/sep/28/my-parents-say-hurry-up-and-find-a-girl-chinas-millions-of-lonely-leftover-men|title='My parents say hurry up and find a girl': China's millions of lonely 'leftover men'|last=Sun|first=Wanning|date=Sep 2017|website=TheGuardian.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper. These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, and are matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/mate-vietnam-marriages|title=Mate-in-Vietnam Marriages|last=Chong|first=Chee Kin|date=July 2002|website=YaleGlobal Online|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''

According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, a man (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tyglobalist.org/in-the-magazine/theme/the-wife-market|title=The Wife Market|last=Wray|first=Caroline|date=Dec 2014|website=The Yale Globalist|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*

== '''<big>References</big>''' ==
<references />
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T02:52:15Z

AnhHoang2: /* Abortion */

== '''<big>Introduction</big>''' ==
When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.
[[File:Inside-a-temple-confucianism-in-Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Inside of a temple in Hanoi known as the Temple of Literature, which dedicated to Confucius.]]
Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:minister serving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

== '''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia</big>''' ==
Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref> , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosophy still has not died out.

== '''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Vietnam</big>''' ==
Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

Gender Inequality Indexes: The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2016.

The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria. Source: World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Report 2016.

Gender Inequality Index Rank :71 (5)

Global Gender Gap Index Rank :65 (6)

====== <big>'''Violence Against Women'''</big> <big>'''Data'''</big> ======
According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010:

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime:34 %.

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9%

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2% According to UNICEF global databases in 2018:

· Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11%

=== '''<big>Education</big>''' ===
[[File:Literacy_rate_among_the_Vietnamese_population.png|thumb|500x500px|Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality.[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb|332x332px|
Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO
]]

According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dtinews.vn/en/news/020/43462/vietnam-s-literacy-rate-reaches-97-3-percent.html|title=Vietnam's literacy rate reaches 97.3 percent|last=dtinews.vn|first=|date=January 15, 2016|website=dtinews.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== '''<big>Abortion</big>''' ===
Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/teenagers-account-for-70-percent-of-secret-abortions-in-vietnam-3428414.html|title=Teenagers account for 70 percent of secret abortions in Vietnam|last=Bui|first=Hong Nhung|date=July 1, 2016|website=vnexpress.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data'''''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-health/7365-teenagers-account-for-70-of-vietnam-s-secret-abortions|title=Teenagers Account for 70% of Vietnam's 'Secret Abortions'|last=Saigoneer|first=|date=July 2016|website=Saigoneer.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2848236/Sky-high-abortions-Vietnam-family-planning-excludes-youth.html|title=Sky-high abortions in Vietnam as family planning excludes youth|last=AFP|first=|date=25 November 2014|website=dailymail.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henshaw, Stanley K., et al|first=|date=Jan 1999|title=The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/1999/01/incidence-abortion-worldwide.|journal=Guttmacher Institution|volume=25|pages=30-38|via=}}</ref>

Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”.<ref name=":1" /> Hence, young people can only know about it by secretly searching on the internet.
[[File:Vendors_sit_outside_a_private_clinic_that_offers_4D_foetus_imaging_service,_in_central_Hanoi,.jpg|thumb|In front of a private clinic that offers 4D foetus imaging service, in central Hanoi, on October 22, 2014 ©Hoang Dinh Nam (AFP/File)]]
It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to discuss or think about sex before marriage. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Go VF|first=|date=Aug 2002|title=Gender gaps, gender traps: sexual identity and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases among women in Vietnam.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12144153|journal=U.S. National Library of Medicine|volume=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|pages=|via=}}</ref>However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how Confucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao, representative of family planning organization Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."<ref name=":2" /> This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism.

=== '''<big>Bride Buying</big>''' ===
In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that their husband can care for their family<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/special-reports/49812/mekong-delta-girls--eager--in-learning-to-become-wives-of-korean-men.html|title=Mekong Delta girls “eager” in learning to become wives of Korean men|last=VietNamNet Bridge|first=|date=Sep 2012|website=Vietnamnet|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.''' However, many women were tricked into false marriage, which they crossed the border and then realize they were trapped in trafficking. From 2012 to 2017, there were more than 3000 cases of human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/world/mothers-of-the-missing-anguished-search-for-vietnam-s-kidnapped-brides-3853126.html|title=Mothers of the Missing: Anguished search for Vietnam's kidnapped brides|last=AFP|first=Dec 2018|date=|website=vnexpress.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/sep/28/my-parents-say-hurry-up-and-find-a-girl-chinas-millions-of-lonely-leftover-men|title='My parents say hurry up and find a girl': China's millions of lonely 'leftover men'|last=Sun|first=Wanning|date=Sep 2017|website=TheGuardian.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper. These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, and are matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/mate-vietnam-marriages|title=Mate-in-Vietnam Marriages|last=Chong|first=Chee Kin|date=July 2002|website=YaleGlobal Online|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''

According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, a man (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tyglobalist.org/in-the-magazine/theme/the-wife-market|title=The Wife Market|last=Wray|first=Caroline|date=Dec 2014|website=The Yale Globalist|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*

== '''<big>References</big>''' ==
<references />
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T02:51:18Z

AnhHoang2:

== '''<big>Introduction</big>''' ==
When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.
[[File:Inside-a-temple-confucianism-in-Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Inside of a temple in Hanoi known as the Temple of Literature, which dedicated to Confucius.]]
Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:minister serving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

== '''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia</big>''' ==
Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref> , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

== '''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Vietnam</big>''' ==
Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

Gender Inequality Indexes: The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2016.

The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria. Source: World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Report 2016.

Gender Inequality Index Rank :71 (5)

Global Gender Gap Index Rank :65 (6)

====== <big>'''Violence Against Women'''</big> <big>'''Data'''</big> ======
According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010:

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime:34 %.

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9%

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2% According to UNICEF global databases in 2018:

· Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11%

=== '''<big>Education</big>''' ===
[[File:Literacy_rate_among_the_Vietnamese_population.png|thumb|500x500px|Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality.[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb|332x332px|
Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO
]]

According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dtinews.vn/en/news/020/43462/vietnam-s-literacy-rate-reaches-97-3-percent.html|title=Vietnam's literacy rate reaches 97.3 percent|last=dtinews.vn|first=|date=January 15, 2016|website=dtinews.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== '''<big>Abortion</big>''' ===
Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/teenagers-account-for-70-percent-of-secret-abortions-in-vietnam-3428414.html|title=Teenagers account for 70 percent of secret abortions in Vietnam|last=Bui|first=Hong Nhung|date=July 1, 2016|website=vnexpress.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data'''''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-health/7365-teenagers-account-for-70-of-vietnam-s-secret-abortions|title=Teenagers Account for 70% of Vietnam's 'Secret Abortions'|last=Saigoneer|first=|date=July 2016|website=Saigoneer.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2848236/Sky-high-abortions-Vietnam-family-planning-excludes-youth.html|title=Sky-high abortions in Vietnam as family planning excludes youth|last=AFP|first=|date=25 November 2014|website=dailymail.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henshaw, Stanley K., et al|first=|date=Jan 1999|title=The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/1999/01/incidence-abortion-worldwide.|journal=Guttmacher Institution|volume=25|pages=30-38|via=}}</ref>

Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”.<ref name=":1" /> Hence, young people can only know about it by secretly searching on the internet.
[[File:Vendors_sit_outside_a_private_clinic_that_offers_4D_foetus_imaging_service,_in_central_Hanoi,.jpg|thumb|In front of a private clinic that offers 4D foetus imaging service, in central Hanoi, on October 22, 2014 ©Hoang Dinh Nam (AFP/File)]]
It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to discuss or think about sex before marriage. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Go VF|first=|date=Aug 2002|title=Gender gaps, gender traps: sexual identity and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases among women in Vietnam.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12144153|journal=U.S. National Library of Medicine|volume=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|pages=|via=}}</ref>However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how Confucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao, representative of family planning organization Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."<ref name=":2" /> This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism.

=== '''<big>Bride Buying</big>''' ===
In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that their husband can care for their family<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/special-reports/49812/mekong-delta-girls--eager--in-learning-to-become-wives-of-korean-men.html|title=Mekong Delta girls “eager” in learning to become wives of Korean men|last=VietNamNet Bridge|first=|date=Sep 2012|website=Vietnamnet|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.''' However, many women were tricked into false marriage, which they crossed the border and then realize they were trapped in trafficking. From 2012 to 2017, there were more than 3000 cases of human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/world/mothers-of-the-missing-anguished-search-for-vietnam-s-kidnapped-brides-3853126.html|title=Mothers of the Missing: Anguished search for Vietnam's kidnapped brides|last=AFP|first=Dec 2018|date=|website=vnexpress.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/sep/28/my-parents-say-hurry-up-and-find-a-girl-chinas-millions-of-lonely-leftover-men|title='My parents say hurry up and find a girl': China's millions of lonely 'leftover men'|last=Sun|first=Wanning|date=Sep 2017|website=TheGuardian.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper. These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, and are matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/mate-vietnam-marriages|title=Mate-in-Vietnam Marriages|last=Chong|first=Chee Kin|date=July 2002|website=YaleGlobal Online|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''

According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, a man (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tyglobalist.org/in-the-magazine/theme/the-wife-market|title=The Wife Market|last=Wray|first=Caroline|date=Dec 2014|website=The Yale Globalist|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*

== '''<big>References</big>''' ==
<references />
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T02:50:44Z

AnhHoang2:

== '''<big>Introduction</big>''' ==
When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.
[[File:Inside-a-temple-confucianism-in-Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Inside of a temple in Hanoi known as the Temple of Literature, which dedicated to Confucius.]]
Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:minister serving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

== '''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia</big>''' ==
Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref> , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

== '''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Vietnam</big>''' ==
Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

Gender Inequality Indexes: The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2016.

The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria. Source: World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Report 2016.

Gender Inequality Index Rank :71 (5)

Global Gender Gap Index Rank :65 (6)

====== <big>'''Violence Against Women'''</big> <big>'''Data'''</big> ======
According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010:

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime:34 %.

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9%

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2% According to UNICEF global databases in 2018:

· Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11%

'''<big>Education</big>'''
[[File:Literacy_rate_among_the_Vietnamese_population.png|thumb|500x500px|Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality.[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb|332x332px|
Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO
]]

According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dtinews.vn/en/news/020/43462/vietnam-s-literacy-rate-reaches-97-3-percent.html|title=Vietnam's literacy rate reaches 97.3 percent|last=dtinews.vn|first=|date=January 15, 2016|website=dtinews.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

'''<big>Abortion</big>'''

Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/teenagers-account-for-70-percent-of-secret-abortions-in-vietnam-3428414.html|title=Teenagers account for 70 percent of secret abortions in Vietnam|last=Bui|first=Hong Nhung|date=July 1, 2016|website=vnexpress.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data'''''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-health/7365-teenagers-account-for-70-of-vietnam-s-secret-abortions|title=Teenagers Account for 70% of Vietnam's 'Secret Abortions'|last=Saigoneer|first=|date=July 2016|website=Saigoneer.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2848236/Sky-high-abortions-Vietnam-family-planning-excludes-youth.html|title=Sky-high abortions in Vietnam as family planning excludes youth|last=AFP|first=|date=25 November 2014|website=dailymail.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henshaw, Stanley K., et al|first=|date=Jan 1999|title=The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/1999/01/incidence-abortion-worldwide.|journal=Guttmacher Institution|volume=25|pages=30-38|via=}}</ref>

Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”.<ref name=":1" /> Hence, young people can only know about it by secretly searching on the internet.
[[File:Vendors_sit_outside_a_private_clinic_that_offers_4D_foetus_imaging_service,_in_central_Hanoi,.jpg|thumb|In front of a private clinic that offers 4D foetus imaging service, in central Hanoi, on October 22, 2014 ©Hoang Dinh Nam (AFP/File)]]
It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to discuss or think about sex before marriage. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Go VF|first=|date=Aug 2002|title=Gender gaps, gender traps: sexual identity and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases among women in Vietnam.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12144153|journal=U.S. National Library of Medicine|volume=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|pages=|via=}}</ref>However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how Confucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao, representative of family planning organization Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."<ref name=":2" /> This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism.

'''<big>Bride Buying</big>'''

In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that their husband can care for their family<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/special-reports/49812/mekong-delta-girls--eager--in-learning-to-become-wives-of-korean-men.html|title=Mekong Delta girls “eager” in learning to become wives of Korean men|last=VietNamNet Bridge|first=|date=Sep 2012|website=Vietnamnet|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.''' However, many women were tricked into false marriage, which they crossed the border and then realize they were trapped in trafficking. From 2012 to 2017, there were more than 3000 cases of human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/world/mothers-of-the-missing-anguished-search-for-vietnam-s-kidnapped-brides-3853126.html|title=Mothers of the Missing: Anguished search for Vietnam's kidnapped brides|last=AFP|first=Dec 2018|date=|website=vnexpress.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/sep/28/my-parents-say-hurry-up-and-find-a-girl-chinas-millions-of-lonely-leftover-men|title='My parents say hurry up and find a girl': China's millions of lonely 'leftover men'|last=Sun|first=Wanning|date=Sep 2017|website=TheGuardian.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper. These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, and are matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/mate-vietnam-marriages|title=Mate-in-Vietnam Marriages|last=Chong|first=Chee Kin|date=July 2002|website=YaleGlobal Online|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''

According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, a man (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tyglobalist.org/in-the-magazine/theme/the-wife-market|title=The Wife Market|last=Wray|first=Caroline|date=Dec 2014|website=The Yale Globalist|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*
'''<big>References</big>'''
<references />
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T02:48:49Z

AnhHoang2:

'''<big>Introduction</big>'''

When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.
[[File:Inside-a-temple-confucianism-in-Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Inside of a temple in Hanoi known as the Temple of Literature, which dedicated to Confucius.]]
Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:minister serving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia</big>'''

Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref> , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Vietnam</big>'''

Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

Gender Inequality Indexes: The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2016.

The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria. Source: World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Report 2016.

Gender Inequality Index Rank :71 (5)

Global Gender Gap Index Rank :65 (6)

<big>'''Violence Against Women'''</big> <big>'''Data'''</big>

According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010:

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime:34 %.

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9%

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2% According to UNICEF global databases in 2018:

· Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11%

'''<big>Education</big>'''
[[File:Literacy_rate_among_the_Vietnamese_population.png|thumb|500x500px|Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality.[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb|332x332px|
Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO
]]

According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dtinews.vn/en/news/020/43462/vietnam-s-literacy-rate-reaches-97-3-percent.html|title=Vietnam's literacy rate reaches 97.3 percent|last=dtinews.vn|first=|date=January 15, 2016|website=dtinews.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

'''<big>Abortion</big>'''

Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/teenagers-account-for-70-percent-of-secret-abortions-in-vietnam-3428414.html|title=Teenagers account for 70 percent of secret abortions in Vietnam|last=Bui|first=Hong Nhung|date=July 1, 2016|website=vnexpress.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data'''''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-health/7365-teenagers-account-for-70-of-vietnam-s-secret-abortions|title=Teenagers Account for 70% of Vietnam's 'Secret Abortions'|last=Saigoneer|first=|date=July 2016|website=Saigoneer.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2848236/Sky-high-abortions-Vietnam-family-planning-excludes-youth.html|title=Sky-high abortions in Vietnam as family planning excludes youth|last=AFP|first=|date=25 November 2014|website=dailymail.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henshaw, Stanley K., et al|first=|date=Jan 1999|title=The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/1999/01/incidence-abortion-worldwide.|journal=Guttmacher Institution|volume=25|pages=30-38|via=}}</ref>

Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”.<ref name=":1" /> Hence, young people can only know about it by secretly searching on the internet.
[[File:Vendors_sit_outside_a_private_clinic_that_offers_4D_foetus_imaging_service,_in_central_Hanoi,.jpg|thumb|In front of a private clinic that offers 4D foetus imaging service, in central Hanoi, on October 22, 2014 ©Hoang Dinh Nam (AFP/File)]]
It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to discuss or think about sex before marriage. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Go VF|first=|date=Aug 2002|title=Gender gaps, gender traps: sexual identity and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases among women in Vietnam.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12144153|journal=U.S. National Library of Medicine|volume=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|pages=|via=}}</ref>However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how Confucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao, representative of family planning organization Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."<ref name=":2" /> This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism.

'''<big>Bride Buying</big>'''

In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that their husband can care for their family<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/special-reports/49812/mekong-delta-girls--eager--in-learning-to-become-wives-of-korean-men.html|title=Mekong Delta girls “eager” in learning to become wives of Korean men|last=VietNamNet Bridge|first=|date=Sep 2012|website=Vietnamnet|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.''' However, many women were tricked into false marriage, which they crossed the border and then realize they were trapped in trafficking. From 2012 to 2017, there were more than 3000 cases of human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/world/mothers-of-the-missing-anguished-search-for-vietnam-s-kidnapped-brides-3853126.html|title=Mothers of the Missing: Anguished search for Vietnam's kidnapped brides|last=AFP|first=Dec 2018|date=|website=vnexpress.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/sep/28/my-parents-say-hurry-up-and-find-a-girl-chinas-millions-of-lonely-leftover-men|title='My parents say hurry up and find a girl': China's millions of lonely 'leftover men'|last=Sun|first=Wanning|date=Sep 2017|website=TheGuardian.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper. These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, and are matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/mate-vietnam-marriages|title=Mate-in-Vietnam Marriages|last=Chong|first=Chee Kin|date=July 2002|website=YaleGlobal Online|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''

According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, a man (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tyglobalist.org/in-the-magazine/theme/the-wife-market|title=The Wife Market|last=Wray|first=Caroline|date=Dec 2014|website=The Yale Globalist|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*
'''<big>References</big>'''
<references />
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T02:47:56Z

AnhHoang2:

'''<big>Introduction == whatever heading ==</big>'''

When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.
[[File:Inside-a-temple-confucianism-in-Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Inside of a temple in Hanoi known as the Temple of Literature, which dedicated to Confucius.]]
Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:minister serving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia</big>'''

Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref> , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Vietnam</big>'''

Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

Gender Inequality Indexes: The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2016.

The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria. Source: World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Report 2016.

Gender Inequality Index Rank :71 (5)

Global Gender Gap Index Rank :65 (6)

<big>'''Violence Against Women'''</big> <big>'''Data'''</big>

According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010:

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime:34 %.

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9%

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2% According to UNICEF global databases in 2018:

· Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11%

'''<big>Education</big>'''
[[File:Literacy_rate_among_the_Vietnamese_population.png|thumb|500x500px|Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality.[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb|332x332px|
Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO
]]

According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dtinews.vn/en/news/020/43462/vietnam-s-literacy-rate-reaches-97-3-percent.html|title=Vietnam's literacy rate reaches 97.3 percent|last=dtinews.vn|first=|date=January 15, 2016|website=dtinews.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

'''<big>Abortion</big>'''

Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/teenagers-account-for-70-percent-of-secret-abortions-in-vietnam-3428414.html|title=Teenagers account for 70 percent of secret abortions in Vietnam|last=Bui|first=Hong Nhung|date=July 1, 2016|website=vnexpress.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data'''''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-health/7365-teenagers-account-for-70-of-vietnam-s-secret-abortions|title=Teenagers Account for 70% of Vietnam's 'Secret Abortions'|last=Saigoneer|first=|date=July 2016|website=Saigoneer.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2848236/Sky-high-abortions-Vietnam-family-planning-excludes-youth.html|title=Sky-high abortions in Vietnam as family planning excludes youth|last=AFP|first=|date=25 November 2014|website=dailymail.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henshaw, Stanley K., et al|first=|date=Jan 1999|title=The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/1999/01/incidence-abortion-worldwide.|journal=Guttmacher Institution|volume=25|pages=30-38|via=}}</ref>

Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”.<ref name=":1" /> Hence, young people can only know about it by secretly searching on the internet.
[[File:Vendors_sit_outside_a_private_clinic_that_offers_4D_foetus_imaging_service,_in_central_Hanoi,.jpg|thumb|In front of a private clinic that offers 4D foetus imaging service, in central Hanoi, on October 22, 2014 ©Hoang Dinh Nam (AFP/File)]]
It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to discuss or think about sex before marriage. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Go VF|first=|date=Aug 2002|title=Gender gaps, gender traps: sexual identity and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases among women in Vietnam.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12144153|journal=U.S. National Library of Medicine|volume=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|pages=|via=}}</ref>However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how Confucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao, representative of family planning organization Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."<ref name=":2" /> This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism.

'''<big>Bride Buying</big>'''

In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that their husband can care for their family<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/special-reports/49812/mekong-delta-girls--eager--in-learning-to-become-wives-of-korean-men.html|title=Mekong Delta girls “eager” in learning to become wives of Korean men|last=VietNamNet Bridge|first=|date=Sep 2012|website=Vietnamnet|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.''' However, many women were tricked into false marriage, which they crossed the border and then realize they were trapped in trafficking. From 2012 to 2017, there were more than 3000 cases of human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/world/mothers-of-the-missing-anguished-search-for-vietnam-s-kidnapped-brides-3853126.html|title=Mothers of the Missing: Anguished search for Vietnam's kidnapped brides|last=AFP|first=Dec 2018|date=|website=vnexpress.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/sep/28/my-parents-say-hurry-up-and-find-a-girl-chinas-millions-of-lonely-leftover-men|title='My parents say hurry up and find a girl': China's millions of lonely 'leftover men'|last=Sun|first=Wanning|date=Sep 2017|website=TheGuardian.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper. These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, and are matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/mate-vietnam-marriages|title=Mate-in-Vietnam Marriages|last=Chong|first=Chee Kin|date=July 2002|website=YaleGlobal Online|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''

According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, a man (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tyglobalist.org/in-the-magazine/theme/the-wife-market|title=The Wife Market|last=Wray|first=Caroline|date=Dec 2014|website=The Yale Globalist|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*
'''<big>References</big>'''
<references />

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T02:45:31Z

AnhHoang2:

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T02:44:47Z

AnhHoang2:

<nowiki>== whatever heading ==</nowiki>

'''<big>Introduction</big>'''

When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.
[[File:Inside-a-temple-confucianism-in-Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Inside of a temple in Hanoi known as the Temple of Literature, which dedicated to Confucius.]]
Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:minister serving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

<nowiki>== whatever heading ==</nowiki>

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia</big>'''

Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref> , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

<nowiki>== whatever heading ==</nowiki>

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Vietnam</big>'''

Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

Gender Inequality Indexes: The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2016.

The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria. Source: World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Report 2016.

Gender Inequality Index Rank :71 (5)

Global Gender Gap Index Rank :65 (6)

<nowiki>=== whatever subheading ===</nowiki>

<big>'''Violence Against Women'''</big> <big>'''Data'''</big>

According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010:

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime:34 %.

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9%

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2% According to UNICEF global databases in 2018:

· Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11%

<nowiki>=== whatever subheading ===</nowiki>

'''<big>Education</big>'''
[[File:Literacy_rate_among_the_Vietnamese_population.png|thumb|500x500px|Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality.[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb|332x332px|
Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO
]]

According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dtinews.vn/en/news/020/43462/vietnam-s-literacy-rate-reaches-97-3-percent.html|title=Vietnam's literacy rate reaches 97.3 percent|last=dtinews.vn|first=|date=January 15, 2016|website=dtinews.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

<nowiki>=== whatever subheading ===</nowiki>

'''<big>Abortion</big>'''

Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/teenagers-account-for-70-percent-of-secret-abortions-in-vietnam-3428414.html|title=Teenagers account for 70 percent of secret abortions in Vietnam|last=Bui|first=Hong Nhung|date=July 1, 2016|website=vnexpress.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data'''''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-health/7365-teenagers-account-for-70-of-vietnam-s-secret-abortions|title=Teenagers Account for 70% of Vietnam's 'Secret Abortions'|last=Saigoneer|first=|date=July 2016|website=Saigoneer.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2848236/Sky-high-abortions-Vietnam-family-planning-excludes-youth.html|title=Sky-high abortions in Vietnam as family planning excludes youth|last=AFP|first=|date=25 November 2014|website=dailymail.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henshaw, Stanley K., et al|first=|date=Jan 1999|title=The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/1999/01/incidence-abortion-worldwide.|journal=Guttmacher Institution|volume=25|pages=30-38|via=}}</ref>

Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”.<ref name=":1" /> Hence, young people can only know about it by secretly searching on the internet.
[[File:Vendors_sit_outside_a_private_clinic_that_offers_4D_foetus_imaging_service,_in_central_Hanoi,.jpg|thumb|In front of a private clinic that offers 4D foetus imaging service, in central Hanoi, on October 22, 2014 ©Hoang Dinh Nam (AFP/File)]]
It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to discuss or think about sex before marriage. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Go VF|first=|date=Aug 2002|title=Gender gaps, gender traps: sexual identity and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases among women in Vietnam.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12144153|journal=U.S. National Library of Medicine|volume=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|pages=|via=}}</ref>However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how Confucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao, representative of family planning organization Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."<ref name=":2" /> This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism.

<nowiki>=== whatever subheading ===</nowiki>

'''<big>Bride Buying</big>'''

In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that their husband can care for their family<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/special-reports/49812/mekong-delta-girls--eager--in-learning-to-become-wives-of-korean-men.html|title=Mekong Delta girls “eager” in learning to become wives of Korean men|last=VietNamNet Bridge|first=|date=Sep 2012|website=Vietnamnet|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.''' However, many women were tricked into false marriage, which they crossed the border and then realize they were trapped in trafficking. From 2012 to 2017, there were more than 3000 cases of human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/world/mothers-of-the-missing-anguished-search-for-vietnam-s-kidnapped-brides-3853126.html|title=Mothers of the Missing: Anguished search for Vietnam's kidnapped brides|last=AFP|first=Dec 2018|date=|website=vnexpress.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/sep/28/my-parents-say-hurry-up-and-find-a-girl-chinas-millions-of-lonely-leftover-men|title='My parents say hurry up and find a girl': China's millions of lonely 'leftover men'|last=Sun|first=Wanning|date=Sep 2017|website=TheGuardian.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper. These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, and are matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/mate-vietnam-marriages|title=Mate-in-Vietnam Marriages|last=Chong|first=Chee Kin|date=July 2002|website=YaleGlobal Online|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''

According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, a man (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tyglobalist.org/in-the-magazine/theme/the-wife-market|title=The Wife Market|last=Wray|first=Caroline|date=Dec 2014|website=The Yale Globalist|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

<nowiki>== whatever heading ==</nowiki>
*
'''<big>References</big>'''
<references />

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T02:43:43Z

AnhHoang2:

== '''<big>Introduction</big>'''<nowiki> heading ==</nowiki>

When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.
[[File:Inside-a-temple-confucianism-in-Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Inside of a temple in Hanoi known as the Temple of Literature, which dedicated to Confucius.]]
Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:minister serving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia</big>'''

Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref> , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Vietnam</big>'''

Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

Gender Inequality Indexes: The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2016.

The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria. Source: World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Report 2016.

Gender Inequality Index Rank :71 (5)

Global Gender Gap Index Rank :65 (6)

<big>'''Violence Against Women'''</big> <big>'''Data'''</big>

According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010:

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime:34 %.

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9%

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2% According to UNICEF global databases in 2018:

· Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11%

'''<big>Education</big>'''
[[File:Literacy_rate_among_the_Vietnamese_population.png|thumb|500x500px|Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality.[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb|332x332px|
Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO
]]

According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dtinews.vn/en/news/020/43462/vietnam-s-literacy-rate-reaches-97-3-percent.html|title=Vietnam's literacy rate reaches 97.3 percent|last=dtinews.vn|first=|date=January 15, 2016|website=dtinews.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

'''<big>Abortion</big>'''

Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/teenagers-account-for-70-percent-of-secret-abortions-in-vietnam-3428414.html|title=Teenagers account for 70 percent of secret abortions in Vietnam|last=Bui|first=Hong Nhung|date=July 1, 2016|website=vnexpress.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data'''''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-health/7365-teenagers-account-for-70-of-vietnam-s-secret-abortions|title=Teenagers Account for 70% of Vietnam's 'Secret Abortions'|last=Saigoneer|first=|date=July 2016|website=Saigoneer.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2848236/Sky-high-abortions-Vietnam-family-planning-excludes-youth.html|title=Sky-high abortions in Vietnam as family planning excludes youth|last=AFP|first=|date=25 November 2014|website=dailymail.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henshaw, Stanley K., et al|first=|date=Jan 1999|title=The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/1999/01/incidence-abortion-worldwide.|journal=Guttmacher Institution|volume=25|pages=30-38|via=}}</ref>

Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”.<ref name=":1" /> Hence, young people can only know about it by secretly searching on the internet.
[[File:Vendors_sit_outside_a_private_clinic_that_offers_4D_foetus_imaging_service,_in_central_Hanoi,.jpg|thumb|In front of a private clinic that offers 4D foetus imaging service, in central Hanoi, on October 22, 2014 ©Hoang Dinh Nam (AFP/File)]]
It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to discuss or think about sex before marriage. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Go VF|first=|date=Aug 2002|title=Gender gaps, gender traps: sexual identity and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases among women in Vietnam.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12144153|journal=U.S. National Library of Medicine|volume=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|pages=|via=}}</ref>However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how Confucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao, representative of family planning organization Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."<ref name=":2" /> This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism.

'''<big>Bride Buying</big>'''

In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that their husband can care for their family<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/special-reports/49812/mekong-delta-girls--eager--in-learning-to-become-wives-of-korean-men.html|title=Mekong Delta girls “eager” in learning to become wives of Korean men|last=VietNamNet Bridge|first=|date=Sep 2012|website=Vietnamnet|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.''' However, many women were tricked into false marriage, which they crossed the border and then realize they were trapped in trafficking. From 2012 to 2017, there were more than 3000 cases of human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/world/mothers-of-the-missing-anguished-search-for-vietnam-s-kidnapped-brides-3853126.html|title=Mothers of the Missing: Anguished search for Vietnam's kidnapped brides|last=AFP|first=Dec 2018|date=|website=vnexpress.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/sep/28/my-parents-say-hurry-up-and-find-a-girl-chinas-millions-of-lonely-leftover-men|title='My parents say hurry up and find a girl': China's millions of lonely 'leftover men'|last=Sun|first=Wanning|date=Sep 2017|website=TheGuardian.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper. These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, and are matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/mate-vietnam-marriages|title=Mate-in-Vietnam Marriages|last=Chong|first=Chee Kin|date=July 2002|website=YaleGlobal Online|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''

According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, a man (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tyglobalist.org/in-the-magazine/theme/the-wife-market|title=The Wife Market|last=Wray|first=Caroline|date=Dec 2014|website=The Yale Globalist|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*
'''<big>References</big>'''
<references />

File:Inside-a-temple-confucianism-in-Vietnam.jpg

2019-03-02T02:41:50Z

AnhHoang2: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Inside of a temple in Hanoi known as the Temple of Literature, which dedicated to Confucius.}}
|date=2019-03-01 04:27:13
|source=https://www.vietnam-tour.biz/confucianism-in-vietnam/
|author=Viet Vision Travel Guide
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{cc-by-sa-4.0}}

File:Vendors sit outside a private clinic that offers 4D foetus imaging service, in central Hanoi,.jpg

2019-03-02T02:36:12Z

AnhHoang2: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=on October 22, 2014 ©Hoang Dinh Nam (AFP/File)}}
|date=2014-10-22
|source=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2848236/Sky-high-abortions-Vietnam-family-planning-excludes-youth.html
|author=Hoang Dinh Nam (AFP/File)
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{cc-by-sa-4.0}}

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T02:29:55Z

AnhHoang2:

'''<big>Introduction</big>'''

When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.

Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:minister serving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia</big>'''

Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref> , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Vietnam</big>'''

Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

Gender Inequality Indexes: The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2016.

The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria. Source: World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Report 2016.

Gender Inequality Index Rank :71 (5)

Global Gender Gap Index Rank :65 (6)

<big>'''Violence Against Women'''</big> <big>'''Data'''</big>

According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010:

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime:34 %.

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9%

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2% According to UNICEF global databases in 2018:

· Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11%

'''<big>Education</big>'''
[[File:Literacy_rate_among_the_Vietnamese_population.png|thumb|500x500px|Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO]]
[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb|350x350px|
Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO
]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality.

According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dtinews.vn/en/news/020/43462/vietnam-s-literacy-rate-reaches-97-3-percent.html|title=Vietnam's literacy rate reaches 97.3 percent|last=dtinews.vn|first=|date=January 15, 2016|website=dtinews.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

'''<big>Abortion</big>'''

Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/teenagers-account-for-70-percent-of-secret-abortions-in-vietnam-3428414.html|title=Teenagers account for 70 percent of secret abortions in Vietnam|last=Bui|first=Hong Nhung|date=July 1, 2016|website=vnexpress.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data'''''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-health/7365-teenagers-account-for-70-of-vietnam-s-secret-abortions|title=Teenagers Account for 70% of Vietnam's 'Secret Abortions'|last=Saigoneer|first=|date=July 2016|website=Saigoneer.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2848236/Sky-high-abortions-Vietnam-family-planning-excludes-youth.html|title=Sky-high abortions in Vietnam as family planning excludes youth|last=AFP|first=|date=25 November 2014|website=dailymail.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henshaw, Stanley K., et al|first=|date=Jan 1999|title=The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/1999/01/incidence-abortion-worldwide.|journal=Guttmacher Institution|volume=25|pages=30-38|via=}}</ref>

Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”.<ref name=":1" /> Hence, young people can only know aboutit by secrectly searching on the internet.

It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to discuss or think about sex before marriage. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Go VF|first=|date=Aug 2002|title=Gender gaps, gender traps: sexual identity and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases among women in Vietnam.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12144153|journal=U.S. National Library of Medicine|volume=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|pages=|via=}}</ref>However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how Confucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao, representative of family planning organization Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."<ref name=":2" /> This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism.

'''<big>Bride Buying</big>'''

In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that their husband can care for their family<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/special-reports/49812/mekong-delta-girls--eager--in-learning-to-become-wives-of-korean-men.html|title=Mekong Delta girls “eager” in learning to become wives of Korean men|last=VietNamNet Bridge|first=|date=Sep 2012|website=Vietnamnet|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.''' However, many women were tricked into false marriage, which they crossed the border and then realize they were trapped in trafficking. From 2012 to 2017, there were more than 3000 cases of human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/world/mothers-of-the-missing-anguished-search-for-vietnam-s-kidnapped-brides-3853126.html|title=Mothers of the Missing: Anguished search for Vietnam's kidnapped brides|last=AFP|first=Dec 2018|date=|website=vnexpress.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/sep/28/my-parents-say-hurry-up-and-find-a-girl-chinas-millions-of-lonely-leftover-men|title='My parents say hurry up and find a girl': China's millions of lonely 'leftover men'|last=Sun|first=Wanning|date=Sep 2017|website=TheGuardian.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper. These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, and are matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/mate-vietnam-marriages|title=Mate-in-Vietnam Marriages|last=Chong|first=Chee Kin|date=July 2002|website=YaleGlobal Online|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''

According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, a man (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tyglobalist.org/in-the-magazine/theme/the-wife-market|title=The Wife Market|last=Wray|first=Caroline|date=Dec 2014|website=The Yale Globalist|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*
'''<big>References</big>'''
<references />

File:Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population.png

2019-03-02T02:27:49Z

AnhHoang2: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Literacy rate among the Vietnamese population according to UNESCO}}
|date=2019-02-04
|source=http://uis.unesco.org/country/VN
|author=Unesco
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{cc-by-sa-4.0}}

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T02:05:24Z

AnhHoang2:

'''<big>Introduction</big>'''

When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.

Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:ministerserving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia</big>'''

Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref> , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Vietnam</big>'''

Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

Gender Inequality Indexes: The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2016.

The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria. Source: World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Report 2016.

Gender Inequality Index Rank :71 (5)

Global Gender Gap Index Rank :65 (6)

<big>'''Violence Against Women'''</big> <big>'''Data'''</big>

According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010:

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime :34 %.

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9%

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2% According to UNICEF global databases in 2018:

· Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11%

'''<big>Education</big>'''[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb|350x350px]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality.

According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dtinews.vn/en/news/020/43462/vietnam-s-literacy-rate-reaches-97-3-percent.html|title=Vietnam's literacy rate reaches 97.3 percent|last=dtinews.vn|first=|date=January 15, 2016|website=dtinews.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

'''<big>Abortion</big>'''

Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/teenagers-account-for-70-percent-of-secret-abortions-in-vietnam-3428414.html|title=Teenagers account for 70 percent of secret abortions in Vietnam|last=Bui|first=Hong Nhung|date=July 1, 2016|website=vnexpress.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data'''''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-health/7365-teenagers-account-for-70-of-vietnam-s-secret-abortions|title=Teenagers Account for 70% of Vietnam's 'Secret Abortions'|last=Saigoneer|first=|date=July 2016|website=Saigoneer.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2848236/Sky-high-abortions-Vietnam-family-planning-excludes-youth.html|title=Sky-high abortions in Vietnam as family planning excludes youth|last=AFP|first=|date=25 November 2014|website=dailymail.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henshaw, Stanley K., et al|first=|date=Jan 1999|title=The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/1999/01/incidence-abortion-worldwide.|journal=Guttmacher Institution|volume=25|pages=30-38|via=}}</ref>

Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”.<ref name=":1" /> Hence, young people can only know aboutit by secrectly searching on the internet.

It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to discuss or think about sex before marriage. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Go VF|first=|date=Aug 2002|title=Gender gaps, gender traps: sexual identity and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases among women in Vietnam.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12144153|journal=U.S. National Library of Medicine|volume=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|pages=|via=}}</ref>However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how Confucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao, representative of family planning organization Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."<ref name=":2" /> This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism.

'''<big>Bride Buying</big>'''

In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that their husband can care for their family<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/special-reports/49812/mekong-delta-girls--eager--in-learning-to-become-wives-of-korean-men.html|title=Mekong Delta girls “eager” in learning to become wives of Korean men|last=VietNamNet Bridge|first=|date=Sep 2012|website=Vietnamnet|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.''' However, many women were tricked into false marriage, which they crossed the border and then realize they were trapped in trafficking. From 2012 to 2017, there were more than 3000 cases of human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/world/mothers-of-the-missing-anguished-search-for-vietnam-s-kidnapped-brides-3853126.html|title=Mothers of the Missing: Anguished search for Vietnam's kidnapped brides|last=AFP|first=Dec 2018|date=|website=vnexpress.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/sep/28/my-parents-say-hurry-up-and-find-a-girl-chinas-millions-of-lonely-leftover-men|title='My parents say hurry up and find a girl': China's millions of lonely 'leftover men'|last=Sun|first=Wanning|date=Sep 2017|website=TheGuardian.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper. These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, and are matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/mate-vietnam-marriages|title=Mate-in-Vietnam Marriages|last=Chong|first=Chee Kin|date=July 2002|website=YaleGlobal Online|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''

According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, aman (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tyglobalist.org/in-the-magazine/theme/the-wife-market|title=The Wife Market|last=Wray|first=Caroline|date=Dec 2014|website=The Yale Globalist|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*
'''<big>References</big>'''
<references />

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T02:03:42Z

AnhHoang2:

'''<big>Introduction</big>'''

When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.

Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:ministerserving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia</big>'''

Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref> , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Vietnam</big>'''

Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

Gender Inequality Indexes: The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2016.

The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria. Source: World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Report 2016.

Gender Inequality Index Rank :71 (5)

Global Gender Gap Index Rank :65 (6)

<big>'''Violence Against Women'''</big> <big>'''Data'''</big>

According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010:

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime :34 %.

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9%

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2% According to UNICEF global databases in 2018:

· Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11%

'''<big>Education</big>'''[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality.

According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dtinews.vn/en/news/020/43462/vietnam-s-literacy-rate-reaches-97-3-percent.html|title=Vietnam's literacy rate reaches 97.3 percent|last=dtinews.vn|first=|date=January 15, 2016|website=dtinews.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

'''<big>Abortion</big>'''

Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/teenagers-account-for-70-percent-of-secret-abortions-in-vietnam-3428414.html|title=Teenagers account for 70 percent of secret abortions in Vietnam|last=Bui|first=Hong Nhung|date=July 1, 2016|website=vnexpress.vn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data'''''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-health/7365-teenagers-account-for-70-of-vietnam-s-secret-abortions|title=Teenagers Account for 70% of Vietnam's 'Secret Abortions'|last=Saigoneer|first=|date=July 2016|website=Saigoneer.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2848236/Sky-high-abortions-Vietnam-family-planning-excludes-youth.html|title=Sky-high abortions in Vietnam as family planning excludes youth|last=AFP|first=|date=25 November 2014|website=dailymail.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henshaw, Stanley K., et al|first=|date=Jan 1999|title=The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/1999/01/incidence-abortion-worldwide.|journal=Guttmacher Institution|volume=25|pages=30-38|via=}}</ref>

Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”.<ref name=":1" /> Hence, young people can only know aboutit by secrectly searching on the internet.

It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to discuss or think about sex before marriage. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Go VF|first=|date=Aug 2002|title=Gender gaps, gender traps: sexual identity and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases among women in Vietnam.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12144153|journal=U.S. National Library of Medicine|volume=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|pages=|via=}}</ref>However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how Confucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao, representative of family planning organization Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."<ref name=":2" /> This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism.

'''<big>Bride Buying</big>'''

In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that their husband can care for their family<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/special-reports/49812/mekong-delta-girls--eager--in-learning-to-become-wives-of-korean-men.html|title=Mekong Delta girls “eager” in learning to become wives of Korean men|last=VietNamNet Bridge|first=|date=Sep 2012|website=Vietnamnet|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.''' However, many women were tricked into false marriage, which they crossed the border and then realize they were trapped in trafficking. From 2012 to 2017, there were more than 3000 cases of human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/world/mothers-of-the-missing-anguished-search-for-vietnam-s-kidnapped-brides-3853126.html|title=Mothers of the Missing: Anguished search for Vietnam's kidnapped brides|last=AFP|first=Dec 2018|date=|website=vnexpress.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/sep/28/my-parents-say-hurry-up-and-find-a-girl-chinas-millions-of-lonely-leftover-men|title='My parents say hurry up and find a girl': China's millions of lonely 'leftover men'|last=Sun|first=Wanning|date=Sep 2017|website=TheGuardian.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper. These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, and are matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/mate-vietnam-marriages|title=Mate-in-Vietnam Marriages|last=Chong|first=Chee Kin|date=July 2002|website=YaleGlobal Online|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''.'''

According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, aman (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tyglobalist.org/in-the-magazine/theme/the-wife-market|title=The Wife Market|last=Wray|first=Caroline|date=Dec 2014|website=The Yale Globalist|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*
'''<big>References</big>'''

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T01:25:03Z

AnhHoang2:

'''<big>Introduction</big>'''

When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.

Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:ministerserving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia</big>'''

Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref> , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Vietnam</big>'''

Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

Gender Inequality Indexes: The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2016.

The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria. Source: World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Report 2016.

Gender Inequality Index Rank :71 (5)

Global Gender Gap Index Rank :65 (6)

<big>'''Violence Against Women'''</big> <big>'''Data'''</big>

According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010:

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime :34 %.

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9%

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2% According to UNICEF global databases in 2018:

· Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11%

'''<big>Education</big>'''
*[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality. According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50 '''''(dtinews)'''''
'''<big>Abortion</big>'''

Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion'''''(Vnexpress).''''' It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data '''''(Saigoneer).'''''

A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion(. Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US” '''''(Henshaw).'''''

Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”'''''(Vnexpress).''''' Hence, young people can only know aboutit by secrectly searching on the internet.

It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to dicuss or think about sex before marriage '''''(Go VF).'''''However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how cofucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao,representative of family planning organisation Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."'''''(dailymail)''''' This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism.

'''<big>Bride Buying</big>'''

In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that the brides can send money back home to their family '''(Vietnamnet).'''

Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age '''(Sun).'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper.These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, andare matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents” '''(Bélanger).'''

According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, aman (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her '''(Rubin)'''.
*

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T01:23:55Z

AnhHoang2:

'''<big>Introduction</big>'''

When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.

Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:ministerserving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia</big>'''

Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref> , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Vietnam</big>'''

Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

Gender Inequality Indexes: The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2016.

The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria. Source: World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Report 2016.

Gender Inequality Index Rank :71 (5)

Global Gender Gap Index Rank :65 (6)

'''<big>Education</big>'''
*[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality. According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50 '''''(dtinews)'''''
<big>'''Violence Against Women'''</big> <big>'''Data'''</big>

According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010:

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime :34 %.

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9%

· Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2% According to UNICEF global databases in 2018:

· Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11%

'''<big>Abortion</big>'''

Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion'''''(Vnexpress).''''' It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data '''''(Saigoneer).'''''

A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion(. Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US” '''''(Henshaw).'''''

Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”'''''(Vnexpress).''''' Hence, young people can only know aboutit by secrectly searching on the internet.

It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to dicuss or think about sex before marriage '''''(Go VF).'''''However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how cofucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao,representative of family planning organisation Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."'''''(dailymail)''''' This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism.

'''<big>Bride Buying</big>'''

In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that the brides can send money back home to their family '''(Vietnamnet).'''

Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age '''(Sun).'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper.These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, andare matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents” '''(Bélanger).'''

According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, aman (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her '''(Rubin)'''.
*

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T01:20:48Z

AnhHoang2:

'''<big>Introduction</big>'''

When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.

Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:ministerserving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia</big>'''

Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref> , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

'''<big>Overview of Gender Discrimination in Vietnam</big>'''

Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

Gender Inequality Indexes: The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2016.

The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria. Source: World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Report 2016.

Gender Inequality Index Rank :71 (5)

Global Gender Gap Index Rank :65 (6)

'''<big>Education</big>'''
*[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality. According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50 '''''(dtinews)'''''
*
'''Family''' '''Violence against women''' According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010: · Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime :34 %. · Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9% · Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2% According to UNICEF global databases in 2018: · Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11% '''Abortion:''' Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion'''''(Vnexpress).'''''It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data '''''(Saigoneer).''''' A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion(. Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US” '''''(Henshaw).''''' Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”'''''(Vnexpress).''''' Hence, young people can only know aboutit by secrectly searching on the internet. It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to dicuss or think about sex before marriage '''''(Go VF).'''''However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how cofucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao,representative of family planning organisation Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."'''''(dailymail)''''' This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism. '''Bride Buying''' In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that the brides can send money back home to their family '''(Vietnamnet).''' Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age '''(Sun).'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper.These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, andare matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents” '''(Bélanger).''' According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, aman (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her '''(Rubin)'''.
*

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T01:19:46Z

AnhHoang2:

'''Introduction'''

When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.

Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:ministerserving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

'''Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia'''

Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref> , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

'''Overview of Gender Discrimination in Vietnam'''

Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

Gender Inequality Indexes: The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2016.

The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria. Source: World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Report 2016.

Gender Inequality Index Rank :71 (5)

Global Gender Gap Index Rank :65 (6)

'''Education'''
*[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality. According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50 '''''(dtinews).'''''
*

* '''Family''' '''Violence againstwomen''' According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010: · Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime :34 %. · Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9% · Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2% According to UNICEF global databases in 2018: · Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11% '''Abortion:''' Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion'''''(Vnexpress).'''''It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data '''''(Saigoneer).''''' A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion(. Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US” '''''(Henshaw).''''' Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”'''''(Vnexpress).''''' Hence, young people can only know aboutit by secrectly searching on the internet. It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to dicuss or think about sex before marriage '''''(Go VF).'''''However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how cofucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao,representative of family planning organisation Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."'''''(dailymail)''''' This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism. '''Bride Buying''' In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that the brides can send money back home to their family '''(Vietnamnet).''' Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age '''(Sun).'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper.These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, andare matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents” '''(Bélanger).''' According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, aman (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her '''(Rubin)'''.
**

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T01:19:15Z

AnhHoang2:

'''Introduction'''

When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.

Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:ministerserving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

'''Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia'''

Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref> , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

'''Overviewof Gender Discrimination in Vietnam'''

Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

Gender Inequality Indexes: The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2016.

The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria. Source: World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Report 2016.

Gender Inequality Index Rank :71 (5)

Global Gender Gap Index Rank :65 (6)
* '''Education'''[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality. According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50 '''''(dtinews).'''''
*

* '''Family''' '''Violence againstwomen''' According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010: · Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime :34 %. · Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9% · Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2% According to UNICEF global databases in 2018: · Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11% '''Abortion:''' Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion'''''(Vnexpress).'''''It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data '''''(Saigoneer).''''' A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion(. Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US” '''''(Henshaw).''''' Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”'''''(Vnexpress).''''' Hence, young people can only know aboutit by secrectly searching on the internet. It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to dicuss or think about sex before marriage '''''(Go VF).'''''However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how cofucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao,representative of family planning organisation Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."'''''(dailymail)''''' This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism. '''Bride Buying''' In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that the brides can send money back home to their family '''(Vietnamnet).''' Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age '''(Sun).'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper.These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, andare matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents” '''(Bélanger).''' According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, aman (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her '''(Rubin)'''.
**

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T01:13:37Z

AnhHoang2:

'''Introduction'''

When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.

Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|date=2000|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-introduction-to-confucianism/23905CF8F1A2EAF0160AF18B1D8A8DD5|journal=Cambridge University Press.|volume=|pages=44|via=}}</ref>'''.'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:ministerserving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Vol. II.|last=Liao|first=Wen-Kuei|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=312}}</ref> .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sancong Side 三从四德 [Threefold Obedience and Four Virtues]|last=Knapp|first=Keith|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-Volume Set, ed. Xinzhong Yao|year=2003|isbn=|location=Oxon: Routledge|pages=524-525}}</ref>'''.'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/gender-c/|title=Gender in Chinese Philosophy|last=Shen, Lijuan, Paul D' Ambrosio|first=|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>'''''.'''''

Consequently, people took advantage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

'''Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia'''

Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7|last=Craig|first=Edward|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-07310-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>, Korea (Around 372 CE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/969/confucianism-in-ancient-korea/|title=Confucianism in Ancient Korea|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|date=|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>''''',''''' Vietnam(111 BC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Vietnam|last=Jones|first=John R.|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; 2nd edition|year=September 15, 1994|isbn=978-1898323112|location=|pages=29}}</ref> , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

'''Overviewof Gender Discrimination in Vietnam'''

Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC<ref name=":0" />. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

Gender Inequality Indexes: The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2016.

The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria. Source: World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Report 2016.

Gender Inequality Index Rank :71 (5)

Global Gender Gap Index Rank :65 (6)
* '''Education'''[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality. According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50'''''(dtinews).'''''
*

* '''Family''' '''Violence againstwomen''' According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010: · Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime :34 %. · Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9% · Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2% According to UNICEF global databases in 2018: · Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11% '''Abortion:''' Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion'''''(Vnexpress).'''''It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data '''''(Saigoneer).''''' A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion(. Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US” '''''(Henshaw).''''' Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”'''''(Vnexpress).''''' Hence, young people can only know aboutit by secrectly searching on the internet. It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to dicuss or think about sex before marriage '''''(Go VF).'''''However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how cofucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao,representative of family planning organisation Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."'''''(dailymail)''''' This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism. '''Bride Buying''' In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that the brides can send money back home to their family '''(Vietnamnet).''' Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age '''(Sun).'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper.These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, andare matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents” '''(Bélanger).''' According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, aman (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her '''(Rubin)'''.
**

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-02T00:34:52Z

AnhHoang2:

'''Introduction'''

When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was orginated from.

Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity '''(Yao, Xinzhong, 2000: 44).'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:ministerserving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship '''(W. K. Lao’s translation)''' .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: bedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son. The Four Virtues are: wifely virtue, wifely speech,wifely demeanour,and wifely work'''(Keith, 2015: 524-525).'''

Moreover, women are not supposed to have sex before marriage, but men can have concubines: “ Men could take on concubines to produce heirs or simply for pleasure,…Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it”. '''''(Shen).'''''

Consequently, people took adventage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

'''Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia'''

Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299) '''''(Craig)''''', Korea ( Around 372 CE) '''''(Mark),''''' Vietnam( 111 BC) , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

'''Overviewof Gender Discrimination in Vietnam'''

Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC. Even though many people do not accept the gender role concept anymore, it has rooted in Vietnamese culture for over 2500 years.

Gender Inequality Indexes: The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2016.

The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria. Source: World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Report 2016.

Gender Inequality Index Rank :71 (5)

Global Gender Gap Index Rank :65 (6)
* '''Education'''[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb]]It is evident that the overall literacy rate in Vietnam is high. Moreover, the difference bettween female and male literacy rate is also getting smaller over time. When consicered literacy rate in 2009, from 15 years and older, there is 95,79 percent of male population and 91.38 percent of female population. However, there is still a 4 percent difference in literacy rate in 2009, proving that there is still improvement that needed to be done to bring the two gender literacy rate to equality. According to Dtinews, a popular newspaper based in Vietnam, in Jan 2016 the literacy rate reached 97.3 percent for those aged 15-50'''''(dtinews).'''''
*

* '''Family''' '''Violence againstwomen''' According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2010: · Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime :34 %. · Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months: 9% · Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18-60 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner since age 15: 2% According to UNICEF global databases in 2018: · Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18: 11% '''Abortion:''' Abortion is legal in Vietnam. However, sex education is not working the way it is supposed to. A survey conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2016 revealed that 70% of abortion was teenage (age 13 to 19) abortion. Furthermore, the survey also revealed that at least 8.4 percent of females from 15 to 24 have had at least one abortion'''''(Vnexpress).'''''It’s worth noting that this number is only accounted for those is public health facilities. Those that were done in private clinics were not accounted in official data '''''(Saigoneer).''''' A report by doctors from Hanoi's Central Obstetrics Hospitalshowed that 40% of pregnancies to Vietnam end in abortion(. Furthermore, according to Alan Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health non profit research organization based in the US, “Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate is recorded in Vietnam, with 83 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age, compared to between 10 and 23 abortions per 1000 women in much of western Europe and the US” '''''(Henshaw).''''' Many parents and teachers do not want to talk about sex with children and students, because it is awkward and they are “shy” about it. Vnexpress, a Vietnamese newspaper, quoted the principal Tran Quoc Hai of Cat Linh High School in Hanoi, “In my school, some teachers responsible for sex education are not married, so how can they provide detailed information to students. Just showing images of human bodies to children makes them shy”'''''(Vnexpress).''''' Hence, young people can only know aboutit by secrectly searching on the internet. It is evident that sex education is clearly not really well practiced in Vietnam. The reason behind it is the philosphy of Cofucianism. Confucianism sees sexuality as taboo, and people are fobid to dicuss or think about sex before marriage '''''(Go VF).'''''However, as male take advantage of partriachal practices, the virtue of chasity is practiced mostly by female; and this still exists even nowaday. Hence, this is evident of how cofucianism has rooted so deep in Vietnam society, that even now peole still refuse to talk about it publicly because it is considered shameful and unatural. Le Ngoc Bao,representative of family planning organisation Pathfinder International, also said that "If they get (an) unwanted pregnancy... the only way (out) is to get an abortion."'''''(dailymail)''''' This is because women have always been taught to keep their virginity until marriage for her husband. Hence, getting pregnant before marriage is unacceptable according to Confucianism. '''Bride Buying''' In Vietnam, the two problems have been popular for the past years, because of the needs of cash from Vietnamese women and shortage of wifes in countries like China and Korea. This problem has arised severely in Vietnam, escpecially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the north border between China and Vietnam. Many Vietnamese women agree to do so, because they believe that foreigners husbands can provide them with better wealth; so that the brides can send money back home to their family '''(Vietnamnet).''' Due to the Confucian preference for male children over female children in China due to one child policy, in 2020, there is an estimate of 30 million more Chinese men than women of marrying age '''(Sun).'''Therefore, due to the advantage in ratio, many Chinese women make it clear that in order to get marriage, male have to have house, car, etc. Hence, many Chinese or Korean men from poor areas decided to buy foreign brides, especially Vietnam, as it is cheaper.These brides are normally from 18 to 25 years old, andare matched up with Chinese/Korean/Japanese grooms via “third party agents” '''(Bélanger).''' According to “The Wife Market” published on The Yale Globalist, aman (who paid a package between $7,000 USD and $10,000 USD that includes trip to Vietnam to select a bride) can select a few woman that he likes, examine them naked, and have the doctors perform a virgin check on her. Moreover, he can also have sex with the girl to check her purity. If he does not like her, he can claim that she is not a virgin and discard her '''(Rubin)'''.
**

GRSJ224

2019-03-01T20:27:04Z

AnhHoang2: /* Post-coloniality */

=== INTRODUCTION ===

This '''Wikispace''' is a peer-produced shared resource that will evolve as students post content relating to GRSJ224. You are responsible for creating dynamic and informative wiki pages. As you add and update information throughout the semester, originality, resourcefulness, and creativity is encouraged. The wiki will be sustained for successive semesters so that the work you contribute will be available to future students.

=== ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION ===

To download and view full details of the assignment, click [https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/xid-16358571_1 here].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_preparation.gif ||
* Read: [https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2005/7/eli7004-pdf.pdf 7 Things you should know about Wikis]
* Choose a term from the table of contents
* Confirm your selection of topic with your instructor by the '''SECOND WEEK OF CLASSES'''
* Set up your wiki page.
* Instructions on how to use the Visual Editor on UBC Wikis: [https://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Visual_Editor Help:Visual Editor]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_finalizing.png ||
* Continue to work towards improving and finalizing your Wiki.
* Consider the wiki as a whole and the usefulness of adding images and links.
* Check your Talk page to see if your peers provided you with any useful feedback
* Ensure your Wiki is properly cited
* Proofread your Wiki

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_research.gif ||
* Gather resources in relevance of your discoveries to class materials.
* Familiarize yourself with the wiki-authoring tools of [[GRSJ224/wikibasics|Wiki Basics]]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_submit.gif ||
* Submit "Wikipedia Report" to your instructor in Connect

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_drafting.gif ||
* Read: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia's guide to Writing Better Articles]
* Write content relevant to class material.
* Tailor your page to your audience.
* Check out your peers’ draft Wikis below and provide feedback using the [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Talk_pages Talk pages]
* The intellectual rules of property DO apply: provide [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink links], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism plagiarisms].
|}

'''Helpful Links:'''

== [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d2u58vo0/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_kmj3r79h Embed an Image] ==
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination Embed a Video]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d478y7sn/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_sg3scx28 Link to an external website]

=== TABLE OF CONTENTS ===

{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="background:aliceblue; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #AEDCF6;" border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2"
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Democracy</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Neoliberalism</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Post-coloniality</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Reproduction</span></h2>
*

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====#MeToo as Democratic Struggle ====
[[GRSJ224FeminismandMeToo]]<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">[[Feminism]]</span></h2>
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
[[GRSJ224/colourism in south america|Colourism in South America]]

[[Indigenous Lead Climate Action in BC|Indigenous Climate Justice in Post-Colonial Canada]]<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Discrimination</span></h2>[[Disability in Workplace]]

[[GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam|Gender Discrimination in Vietnam]]

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |[[GRSJ224/Surrogacy in Canada|Surrogacy in Canada]]

[[Surrogacy in Japan]]

|-
|[https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Immigrant_and_refugee_mental_health_in_Canada Immigrant and refugee mental health in Canada]
|[[disproportionate representation of females in the sports industry]]
|[[discrimination based on sexual orientation|Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation]]
|[[GRSJ224/AbortionInPoland|Abortion in Poland]]
|-
|[[Implications of Post-Nationalism for Canada]]
|[[South Asian Female Representation in Hollywood]]
|[[Discrimination of LGBTQ+ in the Workforce]]
|[[GRSJ224/Midwifery|Midwifery]]
|-
|[[Course:GRSJ224/Nivedha Raveinthiranathan/Assignments|Migrant sex work in Canada]]
|[[K-Pop and Feminism]]
|[[GRSJ224/Representation of North American Asians in Television & Film.]]
|[[Stigmatization of Women's Reproductive Health|Stigmatization of Women's Reproductive Health in North America]]
|-
|
|[https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Sexual_Harassment_on_Japanese_Subways Sexual Harassment on Japanese Subways]
|[https://wiki.ubc.ca/Discrimination_in_Police_Brutality_and_Race?veswitched=1#Police_brutality_and_race Discrimination in Police Brutality and Race]
|[[GRSJ224/Reality TV's Effect on Teenage Pregnancy|Reality TV's Effect on Teenage Pregnancy]]
|-
|
|Sexualization of Sorority Women
[[Representational Intersectionality]]
|[https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Criminalization_of_Indigenous_People?venotify=created#Residential_schools Criminalization of Indigenous People in Canada]
|<nowiki>[[Menstruation: Perspectives In India]]</nowiki>
|-
|
|[https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/feminism/feminisminnorthamericansororities The History of Feminism in North American Sororities]
|[[Spatialize Justice and Bodies of Violence]]
|[[GRSJ224/Abortions in America]]
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Masculinity</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====- Sexism in Bollywood====

[[GRSJ224/doinggenderathome]]

Housework as Doing Gender<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Medicalization</span></h2>
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">LGBT Families</span></h2>
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" | [[Sexism Surrounding Birth Control]]
|-
|[https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Differences_in_Parental_Leave_During_Pregnancy?veaction=edit Differences Between Paternal & Maternal Leave During Pregnancy]
|
|[[GRSJ224/LGBTQ in Taiwan]]
|[[GRSJ224/femalegenitalmutilation|Female Genital Mutilation]]
|-
|Toxic Masculinity
|[[Medicalization of Deviance and Minority Groups|Medicalization of Deviance and Minority Groups]]

|[[LGBTQIA+ Adoption in Canada]]
|[[GRSJ/Teen Pregnancy in Canada|Teen Pregnancy in Canada]]
|-
|
|
|[[GRSJ224TransOnline]] - Trans Online Communities }

|[[GRSJ224/chinachildpolicy#The Two-Child Policy: Before and After|China Child Policy]]
|-
|
|
|[https://wiki.ubc.ca/LGBT_Youth_Suicides LGBT Youth Suicides]
|
|}

===ARCHIVE===
Here is an archive of the Wiki pages created by previous students: [[GRSJ224/archive|Archive of Wiki pages]]

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-01T11:14:38Z

AnhHoang2:

'''Introduction'''

When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was originated from.

Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity '''(Yao, Xinzhong, 2000: 44).'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:ministerserving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship '''(W. K. Lao’s translation)''' .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: Obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son The Four Virtues are “ ‘wifely virtue,’ ‘wifely speech,’ ‘wifely demeanour,’ and ‘wifely work’”'''(Keith, 2015: 524-525).'''

Consequently, people took adventage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

'''Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia'''

Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)'''''(Craig)''''', Korea ( Around 372 CE) '''''(Mark),''''' Vietnam , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

'''Overviewof Gender Discrimination in Vietnam'''

Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC.
* '''Education'''[[File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png|thumb]]
*

* Family
** Domestic Violence
** Abortion
** Bride Buying
* Economy
** Workplace
*** Gender pay gap

* Politics
* Successful Women in Vietnam
* Vietnamese Women Organizations
**

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-01T11:09:56Z

AnhHoang2:

'''Introduction'''

When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was originated from.

Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politican named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity '''(Yao, Xinzhong, 2000: 44).'''

In Confucianism, there are threemain (key relationships:ministerserving ruler, son serving father, wife serving husband.Because family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itselfs; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role in a relationship '''(W. K. Lao’s translation)''' .

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: Obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son The Four Virtues are “ ‘wifely virtue,’ ‘wifely speech,’ ‘wifely demeanour,’ and ‘wifely work’”'''(Keith, 2015: 524-525).'''

Consequently, people took adventage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

'''Overview of Gender Discrimination in Asia'''

Confucianism spread to East Asian countries, and had strong influences on Japan (Edo-Neoconfucianism in 1299)'''''(Craig)''''', Korea ( Around 372 CE) '''''(Mark),''''' Vietnam , etc over 2500 years. It has shaped these societies and rooted so deep that even now, after thousand years, the philosphy still has not died out.

'''Overviewof Gender Discrimination in Vietnam'''

Confucianism entered Vietnam in the period of Chinese domination in 111 BC.
* '''Education'''
*

* Family
** Domestic Violence
** Abortion
** Bride Buying
* Economy
** Workplace
*** Gender pay gap

* Politics
* Successful Women in Vietnam
* Vietnamese Women Organizations
**

File:Literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.png

2019-03-01T11:09:38Z

AnhHoang2: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Literacy rate among the
population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam.}}
|date=2019-02-25
|source=http://uis.unesco.org/country/VN
|author=UNESCO
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{cc-by-sa-4.0}}

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-01T10:06:58Z

AnhHoang2:

'''Introduction'''

When looking at gender discrimination in Asia, particularly Vietnam, one has to look deeper into history to finds out where the idea was originated from.

Confucianism (儒教– ru jiao), is a philosophy that was fully formed and organized by a Chinese teacher/philosopher/politician named Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), and was spread and developed by his disciples aiming to build a society with peace, harmony and prosperity (Yao, Xinzhong, 2000: 44).

In Confucianism, there are five key relationships:ruler to subject, father to son, husband to wife, elder to younger and friend to friend.Since family is one of the most important vital cell in society, and each individuals in one family represent the society itself; A stable society only happens when one fulfill his/her role.

Accordingly, the head of a family (mostly male) has the duty to protect his family. There is a strict order hierarchy that people have to follow. Starting from the Han period, Confucianism began to teach “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”, which stated that a virtous woman suppose to follow the males in her family: Obedience to her father before marriage, obedience to her husband after marriage, and when her husband died, she has to obedient her eldest son The Four Virtues are “ ‘wifely virtue,’ ‘wifely speech,’ ‘wifely demeanour,’ and ‘wifely work’”(Keith, 2015: 524-525).

Consequently, people took adventage of these teachings to do partriarchal practices on women. People can distort the true purpose of this teachings, that is to have a stablize society if each individuals fulfill his/her role, and force women in submission; thereby discriminate among gender.

'''Gender Discrimination in Asia'''

'''Gender Discrimination in Vietnam'''

Overview
* Education

* Family
** Domestic Violence
** Abortion
** Bride Buying
* Economy
** Workplace
*** Gender pay gap

* Politics
* Successful Women in Vietnam
* Vietnamese Women Organizations
**

GRSJ224/GenderDiscriminationinVietnam

2019-03-01T07:02:25Z

AnhHoang2: Created page with "Introduction Gender Discrimination in Asia Gender Discrimination in Vietnam * Education * Family ** Domestic Violence ** Abortion ** Bride Buying * Economy ** Workpl..."

Introduction

Gender Discrimination in Asia

Gender Discrimination in Vietnam
* Education

* Family
** Domestic Violence
** Abortion
** Bride Buying
* Economy
** Workplace
*** Gender pay gap

* Politics
* Successful Women in Vietnam
* Vietnamese Women Organizations
**

GRSJ224

2019-03-01T06:05:44Z

AnhHoang2: /* Post-coloniality */

=== INTRODUCTION ===

This '''Wikispace''' is a peer-produced shared resource that will evolve as students post content relating to GRSJ224. You are responsible for creating dynamic and informative wiki pages. As you add and update information throughout the semester, originality, resourcefulness, and creativity is encouraged. The wiki will be sustained for successive semesters so that the work you contribute will be available to future students.

=== ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION ===

To download and view full details of the assignment, click [https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/xid-16358571_1 here].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_preparation.gif ||
* Read: [https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2005/7/eli7004-pdf.pdf 7 Things you should know about Wikis]
* Choose a term from the table of contents
* Confirm your selection of topic with your instructor by the '''SECOND WEEK OF CLASSES'''
* Set up your wiki page.
* Instructions on how to use the Visual Editor on UBC Wikis: [https://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Visual_Editor Help:Visual Editor]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_finalizing.png ||
* Continue to work towards improving and finalizing your Wiki.
* Consider the wiki as a whole and the usefulness of adding images and links.
* Check your Talk page to see if your peers provided you with any useful feedback
* Ensure your Wiki is properly cited
* Proofread your Wiki

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_research.gif ||
* Gather resources in relevance of your discoveries to class materials.
* Familiarize yourself with the wiki-authoring tools of [[GRSJ224/wikibasics|Wiki Basics]]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_submit.gif ||
* Submit "Wikipedia Report" to your instructor in Connect

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_drafting.gif ||
* Read: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia's guide to Writing Better Articles]
* Write content relevant to class material.
* Tailor your page to your audience.
* Check out your peers’ draft Wikis below and provide feedback using the [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Talk_pages Talk pages]
* The intellectual rules of property DO apply: provide [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink links], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism plagiarisms].
|}

'''Helpful Links:'''

== [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d2u58vo0/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_kmj3r79h Embed an Image] ==
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination Embed a Video]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d478y7sn/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_sg3scx28 Link to an external website]

=== TABLE OF CONTENTS ===

{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="background:aliceblue; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #AEDCF6;" border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2"
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Democracy</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Neoliberalism</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Post-coloniality</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Reproduction</span></h2>
*

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====#MeToo as Democratic Struggle ====
[[GRSJ224FeminismandMeToo]]<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Feminism</span></h2>
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
[[GRSJ224/colourism in south america|Colourism in South America]]

[[Indigenous Lead Climate Action in BC|Indigenous Climate Justice in Post-Colonial Canada]]<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Discrimination</span></h2>[[Disability in Workplace]]

Gender Discrimination in Vietnam

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |[[GRSJ224/Reproduction Crisis in Japan]]
[[GRSJ224/Surrogacy in Canada|Surrogacy in Canada]]

|-
|[https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Immigrant_and_refugee_mental_health_in_Canada Immigrant and refugee mental health in Canada]
|[[disproportionate representation of females in the sports industry]]
|[[discrimination based on sexual orientation|Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation]]
|[[GRSJ224/AbortionInPoland|Abortion in Poland]]
|-
|[[Implications of Post-Nationalism for Canada]]
|[[South Asian Female Representation in Hollywood]]
|[[Discrimination of LGBTQ+ in the Workforce]]
|[[GRSJ224/Midwifery|Midwifery]]
|-
|[[Course:GRSJ224/Nivedha Raveinthiranathan/Assignments|Migrant sex work in Canada]]
|[[K-Pop and Feminism]]
|[[GRSJ224/Representation of North American Asians in Television & Film.]]
|[[Stigmatization of Women's Reproductive Health|Stigmatization of Women's Reproductive Health in North America]]
|-
|
|[https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Sexual_Harassment_on_Japanese_Subways Sexual Harassment on Japanese Subways]
|[https://wiki.ubc.ca/Discrimination_in_Police_Brutality_and_Race?veswitched=1#Police_brutality_and_race Discrimination in Police Brutality and Race]
|[[GRSJ224/Reality TV's Effect on Teenage Pregnancy|Reality TV's Effect on Teenage Pregnancy]]
|-
|
|Sexualization of Sorority Women
|[https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/Criminalization_of_Indigenous_People?venotify=created#Residential_schools Criminalization of Indigenous People in Canada]
|<nowiki>[[Menstruation: Perspectives In India]]</nowiki>
|-
|
|[https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/feminism/feminisminnorthamericansororities The History of Feminism in North American Sororities]
|[[Spatialize Justice and Bodies of Violence]]
|[[GRSJ224/Abortions in America]]
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Masculinity</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====- Sexism in Bollywood====

[[GRSJ224/doinggenderathome]]

Housework as Doing Gender<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Medicalization</span></h2>
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">LGBT Families</span></h2>
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" | [[Sexism Surrounding Birth Control]]
|-
|Toxic Masculinity
|[[Medicalization of Deviance and Minority Groups|Medicalization of Deviance and Minority Groups]]

|[[LGBTQIA+ Adoption in Canada]]
|[[GRSJ/Teen Pregnancy in Canada|Teen Pregnancy in Canada]]
|-
|
|
|[[GRSJ224TransOnline]] - Trans Online Communities }

|[[GRSJ224/chinachildpolicy#The Two-Child Policy: Before and After|China Child Policy]]
|-
|
|
|[https://wiki.ubc.ca/LGBT_Youth_Suicides LGBT Youth Suicides]
|
|}

===ARCHIVE===
Here is an archive of the Wiki pages created by previous students: [[GRSJ224/archive|Archive of Wiki pages]]

User:AnhHoang2

2019-02-13T05:49:04Z

AnhHoang2:

Vietnamese Women's Position in Modern Society

'''Introduction'''

'''History'''

'''Role of Vietnamese Women'''
# Politics
# Economy
# Family

User:AnhHoang2

2019-02-13T05:47:09Z

AnhHoang2: Created page with "Vietnamese Women's Position in Modern Society"

Vietnamese Women's Position in Modern Society

GRSJ224

2019-02-13T05:30:49Z

AnhHoang2: /* TABLE OF CONTENTS */

=== INTRODUCTION ===

This '''Wikispace''' is a peer-produced shared resource that will evolve as students post content relating to GRSJ224. You are responsible for creating dynamic and informative wiki pages. As you add and update information throughout the semester, originality, resourcefulness, and creativity is encouraged. The wiki will be sustained for successive semesters so that the work you contribute will be available to future students.

=== ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION ===

To download and view full details of the assignment, click [https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/xid-16358571_1 here].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_preparation.gif ||
* Read: [https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2005/7/eli7004-pdf.pdf 7 Things you should know about Wikis]
* Choose a term from the table of contents
* Confirm your selection of topic with your instructor by the '''SECOND WEEK OF CLASSES'''
* Set up your wiki page.
* Instructions on how to use the Visual Editor on UBC Wikis: [https://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Visual_Editor Help:Visual Editor]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_finalizing.png ||
* Continue to work towards improving and finalizing your Wiki.
* Consider the wiki as a whole and the usefulness of adding images and links.
* Check your Talk page to see if your peers provided you with any useful feedback
* Ensure your Wiki is properly cited
* Proofread your Wiki

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_research.gif ||
* Gather resources in relevance of your discoveries to class materials.
* Familiarize yourself with the wiki-authoring tools of [[GRSJ224/wikibasics|Wiki Basics]]
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_submit.gif ||
* Submit "Wikipedia Report" to your instructor in Connect

|-
| https://connect.ubc.ca/bbcswebdav/courses/WS.UBC.FL.GRSJ.224.COURSECONTENT.2014S/Files%20for%20UBC%20Wiki/wiki_drafting.gif ||
* Read: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles Wikipedia's guide to Writing Better Articles]
* Write content relevant to class material.
* Tailor your page to your audience.
* Check out your peers’ draft Wikis below and provide feedback using the [http://wiki.ubc.ca/Help:Talk_pages Talk pages]
* The intellectual rules of property DO apply: provide [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink links], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism plagiarisms].
|}

'''Helpful Links:'''

== [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d2u58vo0/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_kmj3r79h Embed an Image] ==
* [https://wiki.ubc.ca/GRSJ224/racialdiscrimination Embed a Video]
* [https://admin.video.ubc.ca/index.php/kwidget/wid/0_d478y7sn/uiconf_id/11170637/entry_id/0_sg3scx28 Link to an external website]

=== TABLE OF CONTENTS ===

{| width="100%" class="wikitable" style="background:aliceblue; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #AEDCF6;" border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="2"
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Democracy</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Neoliberalism</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Post-coloniality</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Reproduction</span></h2>
*

|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====#MeToo as Democratic Struggle ====
[[GRSJ224FeminismandMeToo]]

<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Immigration</span></h2>
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Feminism</span></h2>[[Media portrayal of women's body image|Media Portrayal of Women's Body Image]]
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
[[GRSJ224/colourism in south america|Colourism in South America]]<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Discrimination</span></h2>Disability in Workplace

Vietnamese Women in The Workplace

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
|-
|
|[[South Asian Female Representation in Hollywood]]
|
|
|-
| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |

====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Masculinity</span></h2>====
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
====- Sexism in Bollywood====<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">Medicalization</span></h2>
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B3087; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color:white">LGBT Families</span></h2>
*

| valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;width:25%" |
|-
|
|
|[[GRSJ224TransOnline]] - Trans Online Communities
|
|-
|
|
|[[LGBTQ2I+ Adoption in Canada]]
|
|}

===ARCHIVE===
Here is an archive of the Wiki pages created by previous students: [[GRSJ224/archive|Archive of Wiki pages]]