UBC Wiki - User contributions [en]

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-30T06:36:01Z

AdrianChow:

<big><big><big>'''Transculturation of Tobacco and Marlboro Cigarettes'''</big></big></big>

==Introduction==

Ever since tobacco was first cultivated by natives of central America, this desirable commodity has undergone several transformations in society. Originally viewed as a mystical substance by tribes of the Americas, it eventually gained popularity among Europeans for its supposed medical properties and social benefits. In the 1850's entrepreneurs such as Philip Morris, the founder of Marlboro cigarettes, gained hold of this dangerously addictive product and began to market cigarettes as a glamorous lifestyle brand. Marlboro cigarettes transformed the face of cigarette smoking through advertising and marketing and continued to promote smoking as a healthy activity even after smoking gained notoriety for being linked to cancer.

==Origins of Tobacco and its Use by Amerindians==

Although Europeans were not introduced to tobacco until the late fifteenth century when Columbus was presented dried tobacco leaves by natives in Cuba, it was being cultivated by Amerindians from as early as 5000 BC (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). The tobacco plant is thought to have originated in the high Andes near Ecuador and Peru (Wexler, 2006) and belong to the genus Nicotiana. Of the more than 60 species that belong to Nicotiana, only 2 have ever been cultivated, Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica (Collings et al, 1977). At the time of Amerindian cultivation, tobacco leaves were cured by sun, air and fire to produce a dark, bitter tobacco that was then snuffed or put in cigars. It was not until much later on, that a synthetic curing technique was used to produce the light tobacco that is used in modern day cigarettes (Goodman, 1993).

Amerindians placed extremely high value on tobacco. It was considered to hold mystical powers that unlocked the deepest corners of the human mind and also possess the healing powers to cure sickness. Tobacco was usually grown in elaborate gardens, seperate from other crops, to represent its value to communities and was often used as currency during trades (Wexler, 2006). From ancient artefacts found in Mexico, it is apparent that the most common form of tobacco ingestion was snuffing, most likely because it gave the most immediate and pronounced effects (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). Tobacco was viewed as a hallucinogen and was often mixed with other sacred hallucogenic plants and snuffed during religious ceremonies to give the individual a sense of spiritual connection with their Creator (Goodman 1993). According to early reports, natives also held shamanistic practices in which they snuffed tobacco so that they “might see imaginary things and fantasies which it revealed to them" (Collings et al, 1977).

Along with the belief that tobacco was a way of communicating with their Creator, Amerindians were also convinced that tobacco possessed certain healing powers that could cure or prevent sickness (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). Tobacco was commonly chewed to provide anasthetic effects for decaying teeth and was also spread over the body to prevent invasion by parasites (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). It was this popular notion that tobacco was medicinal that caught the attention of European physicans, who demanded tobacco to give to their patients as medicine.

==Growing Demand For Tobacco Around The World==

In Europe, tobacco quickly gained popularity among physicians as the panacea of all panaceas and as well as with the public as energizers and appetite appeasers. Almost immediately traders realized they needed to produce their own tobacco to keep up with European demands. It was found to be economically feasible to produce tobacco in the New World because of sufficient land and natural resources. From there, it could be traded to the European state it was subjected to. African slaves were the prime cultivators, which contributed to the cheap cultivation of tobacco. This commodity heavily influenced the economies of both sides as tobacco (among other items) accounted for 74% and 85% of imports to Amsterdam and London (Shammas, Pg 60, Para 4).

At first elitists attempted to discourage the consumption of tobacco products as they were dismissed as “trivial”(Shammas, Pg 60, Para 5). Thus, merchants began to secure their place in the market by forming alliances with consumers. However, once the elitists saw the enormous revenues that were collected from the duties they quickly changed their tune and began to encourage shipments which created the trade system called the plantation complex (Shammas, Pg 60, Para 5). It was characterized by having imports from overseas colonies available for sale in the home world which was met with tariffs allowing the government to have more funds.

By the 19th century tobacco was gaining immense popularity. This was attributed to British officers who were seen smoking upon returning from the Crimean War (Doll, Pg 291, Para 4). By the beginning of the century cigarettes had replaced cigars as the commodity to smoke. Global demand increased rapidly after World War I and by the end of World War II cigarettes had replaced all tobacco products.

==A Brief History of Phillip Morris and Marlboro Cigarettes==

The beginning of Philip Morris (the company), producer of Marlboro cigarettes, can be traced back to one small shop in London in 1846 (Phillip Morris, 2011). A young entrepreneur named Philip Morris set up business on Bond Street and sold tobacco and ready-made cigarettes. Within a couple decades, the business had grown into a small enterprise called Philip Morris Co., Ltd and it was transplanted to New York City, where it would eventually become the number one tobacco company in the world (Flaherty and Minnick, 2000). The company first targeted females as their prime audience, by advertising a brand called Marlboro cigarettes that carried the slogan ‘Marlboro- Mild as May’ (Flaherty and Minnick, 2000). However, it was quickly recognized that this strategy was not going to win over the masses.

In 1955, Philip Morris USA began a new era in cigarette marketing that would sweep the nation, and the world for that matter, off its feet. The illusion of cigarettes was transformed with the re-invention of Marlboro cigarettes through the debut of the ‘Marlboro Man’ advertising campaign (Brown et al, 2006). Somehow overcoming the health controversies that now surrounded smoking, Marlboro remade the image of the cigarette into a rugged, masculine commodity. Smoking became an even bigger phenomenon under the influence of Marlboro and was widely accepted by society as being the cool thing to do. By 1983 Phillip Morris USA launched into the forefront becoming the largest cigarette company in the country. As of 2005, the 50th anniversary of the ‘Marlboro Man’, the company still holds over 40% of the US cigarette market share (Brown A, et al, 2006), perpetuating the icon’s infinite hold on the nation.

==The Advertising and Marketing of Marlboro Cigarettes==

At the time that Phillip Morris was re-launching Marlboro in the 1950's, American society believed that filter cigarettes safeguarded against lung cancer. Yet as they were ‘safer’, filter cigarettes were seen as a “woman’s smoke”. Although men would not smoke the cigarettes designed for the ‘delicate sex’, women were presumed to want to follow the men in their opinions and product choices (Bradley, 2010). Consequently, Marlboro began to produce filter cigarettes accompanied with images of ultra-masculine American ideals, such as cowboys. This advertising campaign was referred to as the "Marlboro Man". By addressing these cultural pre-conceptions (in the 1950’s), the Marlboro company succeeded in meeting the demands of all sides of the potential market.

Today, Marlboro advertises world wide – however, in doing so, the company has modified their marketing strategy to meet the desires of an international clientele. For example, in Germany and the Netherlands, people would not be able to identify with the Marlboro man, the cowboy, in the same way that Americans would; it simply is not in the historical collective conscience neither of Germany, nor the Netherlands. However, these countries do have a special pre-conceived notion of America. Compared to European countries, America is still very new; it is seen as the frontier of possibilities and opportunity. Marlboro thereby markets the idea of ‘America’ itself with their slogan “Come to Marlboro country”, causing European customers to associate the sensation of smoking with their wonderful idea of America. This is even reinforced in their 2002 Summer Job pitch, “In Marlboro Country, a land in which freedom and adventure are at home, hundreds of jobs wait for you” (Jones, Sandra C, 2002). It has been Marlboro’s prowess in effectively advertising to various cultures that has played a major role in Marlboro’s significant impact on the world market.

Marlboro first advertised light cigarettes for women.

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_h0SQqY8ocp4/SrABvk_otGI/AAAAAAAAMJQ/KAw21NCpFZE/s400/ADDICTED+18.jpg

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

http://vintage-original-ads.com/Pictures/albums/uploads/normal_1978-Marlboro-Cigarette-Come-to-where-the-flavor-is-ad.jpg http://vintage-original-ads.com/Pictures/albums/uploads/normal_1978-Marlboro-Cigarette-Old-Man-White-Hat-ad.jpg http://vintage-original-ads.com/Pictures/albums/uploads/normal_1978-Marlboro-Cigarette-horseback-river-Come-to-Marlboro-Country-ad.jpg

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented.

==Scientists Conclude That Cigarettes Are Toxic And Cause Cancer==

J.J. Holland, who is often credited to be the first to document a correlation between tobacco and cancer, noted the link between tobacco and cancer of the lip in 1739 (Doll, 1998). Before 1930, lung cancer was a rare disease, but by the end of the 1930’s, the number of deaths due to lung cancer rapidly increased (Klausner, 1996). In 1939, F.H. Muller conducted the first case-control study of smoking and lung cancer, concluding that tobacco was the “single most important cause of the rising incidence of lung cancer” (Witschi, 2001). Despite these studies and others like them, the evidence was largely ignored and did not reach the public.

In the 1950’s, things began to change, starting with the publication of four separate, retrospective studies in 1950 that provided more evidence of the link between cigarettes and lung cancer (Klausner, 1996). In 1951, two mortality studies were conducted, one set up by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill in Britain where 40,000 physicians were tested, and one set up by E. Cuyler Hammond and Daniel Horn in the U.S. where 187,783 Caucasian males were tested (Klausner, 1996). In Doll and Hill’s study, questionnaires were sent to British doctors, who had to answer questions about their smoking history; whether they smoked, quit smoking, or never smoked. Over fifty years, a significant amount of doctors had died and the causes of death were recorded and the results concluded that there was a higher mortality in smokers than in non-smokers and a clear relationship between the amount smoked and the death rate from lung cancer (Hutchinson, 2006). The results also showed that life-time smokers died on average of ten years earlier than life-time non-smokers, but smokers who quit at the age of fifty cut that number to half and those who quit at age thirty almost lived as long as the non-smokers (Hutchinson, 2006).

In 1952, Reader’s Digest published an article called “Cancer by the Carton,” which brought the dangers of smoking to public attention for the first time (A brief history, 2000). Fighting back, major American tobacco companies formed the Tobacco Industry Research Council and decided to market filtered cigarettes and cigarettes containing less tar, promoting a “healthier” smoke (A brief history, 2000). Cigarette sales continued to rise until the 1960’s, when two widely-publicized reports were published; one by the Royal College of Physicians in London in 1962 and one by the Advisory Committee to the US Surgeon General in 1964 (Doll, 1998). After these two reports, the notion that smoking was a major cause of lung cancer was finally accepted world-wide (Doll, 1998). Today, cigarettes are connected to nearly forty diseases or causes of death, including bladder cancer, hypertension, chronic bronchitis, and myocardial degeneration (Doll, 1998). In 1965, the U.S. became the first country to require health warnings on cigarette packages and in 1971, cigarette advertisements were banned from television and radio in the U.S. with other countries following suit (A brief history, 2000).

==Conclusion==

Cigarette smoking are a pure example of cultures in contact; its transformation over centuries turned it from religious act, to medicinal panacea, to social pastime . However, through research in the halfway mark of the 20th century the truth behind the health effects have begun to take away the prominence of cigarettes. With the advance of the 21st century cigarette companies made be heading near extinction.

<big>Authors</big>

Adrian Chow,
Samantha Bulmer,
Nikita Hostland,
Matthew Nakagawa

==Works Cited==

About Philip Morris USA. Philip Morris USA- an Altria Company. Accessed July 25, 2011 at http://www.philipmorrisusa.com/en/cms/Company/Corporate_Structure/default.aspx?src=top_nav

A brief history of tobacco. (2000). Retrieved July 27, 2011, from
http://edition.cnn.com/US/9705/tobacco/history/#cancer

Brown A, et al. (2006) Happy Birthday Marlboro: the cigarette who taste outlasts its customers. Tobacco Control. 15(2), 75-78

Collings et al, (1977). On the Use of Tagetes lucida and Nicotiana rustica as a Huichol Smoking Mixture: The Aztec “Yahutli” with Suggestive Hallucinogenic Effects. Economic Botany. 31(1),16-23

Doll, R. (1998). Uncovering the effects of smoking: Historical perspective. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 7(2). Retrieved July 27, 2011, from SAGE Journals Online.

Doll, R. (1999). Tobacco: a medical history. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 76(3), Retrieved from http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790

Goodman, Jordan, (1993). Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence. New York, NY. Routledge, 3-20

Flaherty, Stacy and Mimi Minnick. Marlboro Oral History and Documentation Project. Archives Center. Accessed July 25, 2011 at http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d7198.htm

Hutchinson, E. (2006). Smoking gun. Retrieved July 27, 2011, from
http://www.nature.com/milestones/milecancer/full/milecancer08.html

Johnson,Bradley (2010), Up in Smoke: Documents From the Annals of Tobacco Marketing. Advertising Age. Accessed July 22, 2011. http://adage.com/article/ad-age-graphics/smoke-documents-annals-tobacco-marketing/142928/

Jones, Sandra C. (2002), Marlboro’s marketing in Western Europe: Is it ethical? University of

Klausner, R. (1996). Smoking and tobacco control monograph no.8. Retrieved July 27, 2011, from
http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/8/m8_complete.pdf

Musk and De Clerk, (2003). History of tobacco and health. Respirology. 8(3), 286-290

Shammas, C. (2005). America, the atlantic, and global consumer demand. OAH Magazine of History, 19(1), Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/sici?sici=0882-228X%282005%2919%3A1%3C59%3AATAAGC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B&origin=serialsolutions&

Wexler, Thomas A, (2006). Tobacco: From Miracle Cure to Toxin. Yale Global Online. Retrieved July 21, 2011 from http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/tobacco.jsp

Witschi, H. (2001). A short history of lung cancer. Toxicological Sciences, 64(1). Retrieved July 27, 2011, from Oxford Journals.

Wollongong Research Online. 3434-3435. Accessed July 22, 2011. http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1526&context=hbspapers&sei-redir=1#search=%22marlboro%20marketing%20europe%22

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-23T06:23:50Z

AdrianChow:

Introduction

Ever since tobacco was first cultivated by natives of central America, this desirable commodity has undergone several transformations in society. Originally viewed as a mystical substance by tribes of the Americas, it eventually gained popularity among Europeans, for its supposed medical properties and social benefits. In the 1850's entrepeuners such as Phillip Morris, the founder of Marlboro cigarettes, gained hold of this dangerously addictive product and began to market cigarettes as a glamorous lifestyle brand. Marlboro cigarettes transformed the face of cigarette smoking through advertising and marketing and continued to promote smoking as a healthy activity even after smoking gained notority for being a major cause of lung cancer.

<big><big><big><big>1. Origins of Tobacco and its Use by Amerindians</big></big></big></big>

Although Europeans were not introduced to tobacco until the late fifteenth century when Columbus was presented dried tobacco leaves by natives in Cuba, it was being cultivated by Amerindians in most parts of the Americas as early as 5000 BC (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). The tobacco plant is indigenous to the Andes particularly around Ecuador and Peru, as well as parts of North America, Australia and the South Pacific (Wexler, 2006) and belong to the genus Nicotiana. Of the more than 60 species that belong to Nicotiana, only 2 have ever been cultivated, Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica (Collings et al, 1977). At the time of Amerindian cultivation, tobacco leaves were cured by sun, air and fire to produce a dark, bitter tobacco that was then snuffed or put in cigars. It was not until much later on, that a synthetic curing technique was used to produce the light tobacco that is used in modern day cigarettes (Goodman, 1993).

Amerindians placed extremely high value on tobacco. It was considered to hold mystical powers that unlocked the deepest corners of the human mind and also possess the healing powers to cure sickness. Tobacco was usually grown in elaborate gardens, seperate from other crops, to represent its value to communities and was often used as currency during trades (Wexler, 2006). From ancient artefacts found in Mexico, it is apparent that the most common form of tobacco ingestion was snuffing, most likely because it gave the most immediate and pronounced effects (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). Tobacco was viewed as a hallucinogen and was often mixed with other sacred hallucogenic plants and snuffed during religious ceremonies to give the individual a sense of spiritual connection with their Creator (Goodman 1993) by producing an out of body experience that resulted in self-revival. According to early reports, natives also held many shamanistic practices in which they snuffed tobacco so that they “might see imaginary things and fantasies which it reveals to them" (Collings et al, 1977).

Along with the belief that tobacco was a way of communicating with their Creator, Amerindians were also convinced that tobacco possessed certain healing powers that could cure or prevent sickness (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). Tobacco was commonly chewed to provide analgesic effects for decaying teeth and was also spread over the body to prevent invasion by parasites (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). It was this popular notion that tobacco was medicinal that caught the attention of European physicans, who demanded tobacco to give to their patients as medicine.
Works Cited

Musk and De Clerk, (2003). History of tobacco and health. Respirology. 8(3), 286-290

Goodman, Jordan, (1993). Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence. New York, NY. Routledge, 3-20

Collings et al, (1977). On the Use of Tagetes lucida and Nicotiana rustica as a Huichol Smoking Mixture: The Aztec “Yahutli” with Suggestive Hallucinogenic Effects. Economic Botany. 31(1),16-23

Wexler, Thomas A, (2006). Tobacco: From Miracle Cure to Toxin. Yale Global Online. Retrieved July 21, 2011 from <http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/tobacco.jsp >

<big><big><big><big>2. Growing demand for tobacco around the world</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Adrian</big></big>

In the New World it was economically feasible to produce tobacco because of the Land and Natural Resources. From there it was traded to the European state it was subjected to where it quickly gained a function as energizers and appetite appeaser. African slaves were the prime cultivators. This commodity heavily influences the economies of both sides as Tobacco (among other items) accounted for 74% and 85% of imports to Amsterdam and London (Shammas, Pg 60, Para 4).
At first elitists attempted to discourage the consumption of such products as they were dismissed as “trivial”. Thus, merchants began to secure their place in the market by forming alliances with consumers. However, once the elitists said the revenues that were collected from the duties they immediately began to encourage shipments which created the trade system called the plantation complex. It was characterized by having imports from overseas colonies available for sale in the home world which was met with tariffs allowing the government to have more funds.

By the 19th century tobacco gained popularity. This was attributed to British officers who were seen smoking upon returning from the Crimean War. (Doll, Pg 291, Para 4) By the beginning of the century cigarettes had replaced cigars as the commodity to smoke. Global demand increased rapidly after World War I and by the end of World War II cigarettes had replaced all tobacco products.

It was not until the 1950s that the effects of smoking were finally substantiated. A study committed by Wynder proved that “the burning of tobacco in pipes or as cigars or cigarettes, would lead to the formation of cancer-causing chemical compounds.” (Doll, Pg 299, para 2) By the 1960s the attitudes of the general population began to oppose the use of Tobacco

1. Doll, R. (1999). Tobacco: a medical history. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 76(3), Retrieved from http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790

2. Shammas, C. (2005). America, the atlantic, and global consumer demand. OAH Magazine of History, 19(1), Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/sici?sici=0882-228X%282005%2919%3A1%3C59%3AATAAGC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B&origin=serialsolutions&

If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>3. Emergence of mass producing cigarette companies</big></big> Matthew</big></big>

- Talk about the beginning of Marlboro

- WW1 and WW2- cigarettes were included in soldier’s C-rations- companies promoting their brand and creating life-time customer

source:

http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790 (Same as the last one above , but it still has relevant info)
If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>4. Advertisement/ Marketing of Cigarettes</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Sam</big></big>

American society at that time believed that filter cigarettes safeguarded against lung cancer, yet as they were ‘safer’, filter cigarettes were seen as a “woman’s smoke”. Although men would not smoke the cigarettes designed for the ‘delicate sex’, women were presumed to want to follow the men in their opinions and product choices. Leo Burnett, letter to Roger Green, 1955. Available in article: Bradley Johnson, “Up in Smoke: Documents From the Annals of Tobacco Marketing” “Advertising Age” (March 29, 2010), accessed July 22, 2011. http://adage.com/article/ad-age-graphics/smoke-documents-annals-tobacco-marketing/142928/ Consequently, Marlboro began to produce filter cigarettes accompanied with images of ultra-masculine American ideals, such cowboys. By addressing these cultural pre-conceptions (in the 1950’s), the Marlboro company succeeded in meeting the demands of all sides of the potential market. Today, Marlboro advertises world wide – however, in doing so, the company has modified their marketing strategy to meet the desires of an international clientele. For example, in Germany and the Netherlands, people would not be able to identify with the Marlboro man, the cowboy, in the same way that Americans would; it simply is not in the historical collective conscience neither of Germany, nor the Netherlands. However, these countries do have a special pre-conceived notion of America. Compared to European countries, America is still very new; it is seen as the frontier of possibilities and opportunity. Marlboro thereby markets the idea of ‘America’ itself with their slogan “Come to Marlboro country”, causing European customers to associate the sensation of smoking with their wonderful idea of America. This is even reinforced in their 2002 Summer Job pitch, “In Marlboro Country, a land in which freedom and adventure are at home, hundreds of jobs wait for you” Sandra C. Jones, “Marlboro’s marketing in Western Europe: Is it ethical?”, “University of Wollongong Research Online” (2002): 3434-3435, accessed July 22, 2011. http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1526&context=hbspapers&sei-redir=1#search=%22marlboro%20marketing%20europe%22
It has been Marlboro’s prowess in effectively advertising to various cultures that has played a major role in Marlboro’s significant impact on the world market.

http://adage.com/century/icon01.html- how this promoted a good image of cigarettes The Marlboro Man

- Very powerful brand image that featured an American cowboy to sell Marlboro brand cigarettes

- Transformed the image of smoking by promoting cigarette smoking as a lifestyle associated with being “cool”

- Same company also targeted women by promoting light cigarettes that were “as mild as may”

- 1972 Marlboro became the number one tobacco brand in the worl

<http://media.avclub.com/images/articles/article/28521/camelguy8_jpg_627x325_crop_upscale_q85.jpg>

by Keith Phipps May 28, 2009

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

<http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg>

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

<http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg>

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

<big><big><big><big>5. Scientists conclude that cigarettes are toxic and cause cancer</big></big> Matthew</big></big>

- US General’s report confirms that there is a link between smoking and lung cancer

- Cigarette boxes now must have a picture of a disease that smoking causes, cannot advertise on TV, have restrictions in magazines

- Now seen as a dangerous substance, although sales of cigarettes are still huge

<big><big><big><big>6. Conclusion</big></big></big></big>

Cigarettes a pure example of cultures in contact; its transformation over centuries turned it from a trivial pastime into a powerful drug. It gained popularity through its marketing strategies which were successful in displaying the value it provided along with the two World Wars where it gained word of mouth advertising. However, through research in the halfway mark of the 20th century the truth behind the health effects have begun to take away the prominence of cigarettes. With the advance of the 21st century cigarette companies made be heading near extinction.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-23T05:51:00Z

AdrianChow:

Introduction

Ever since tobacco was first cultivated by natives of central America, this desirable commodity has undergone several transformations in society. Originally viewed as a mystical substance by tribes of the Americas, it eventually gained popularity among Europeans, for its supposed medical properties and social benefits. In the 1850's entrepeuners such as Phillip Morris, the founder of Marlboro cigarettes, gained hold of this dangerously addictive product and began to market cigarettes as a glamorous lifestyle brand. Marlboro cigarettes transformed the face of cigarette smoking through advertising and marketing and continued to promote smoking as a healthy activity even after smoking gained notority for being a major cause of lung cancer.

<big><big><big><big>1. Origins of Tobacco and its Use by Amerindians</big></big></big></big>

Although Europeans were not introduced to tobacco until the late fifteenth century when Columbus was presented dried tobacco leaves by natives in Cuba, it was being cultivated by Amerindians in most parts of the Americas as early as 5000 BC (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). The tobacco plant is indigenous to the Andes particularly around Ecuador and Peru, as well as parts of North America, Australia and the South Pacific (Wexler, 2006) and belong to the genus Nicotiana. Of the more than 60 species that belong to Nicotiana, only 2 have ever been cultivated, Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica (Collings et al, 1977). At the time of Amerindian cultivation, tobacco leaves were cured by sun, air and fire to produce a dark, bitter tobacco that was then snuffed or put in cigars. It was not until much later on, that a synthetic curing technique was used to produce the light tobacco that is used in modern day cigarettes (Goodman, 1993).

Amerindians placed extremely high value on tobacco. It was considered to hold mystical powers that unlocked the deepest corners of the human mind and also possess the healing powers to cure sickness. Tobacco was usually grown in elaborate gardens, seperate from other crops, to represent its value to communities and was often used as currency during trades (Wexler, 2006). From ancient artefacts found in Mexico, it is apparent that the most common form of tobacco ingestion was snuffing, most likely because it gave the most immediate and pronounced effects (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). Tobacco was viewed as a hallucinogen and was often mixed with other sacred hallucogenic plants and snuffed during religious ceremonies to give the individual a sense of spiritual connection with their Creator (Goodman 1993) by producing an out of body experience that resulted in self-revival. According to early reports, natives also held many shamanistic practices in which they snuffed tobacco so that they “might see imaginary things and fantasies which it reveals to them" (Collings et al, 1977).

Along with the belief that tobacco was a way of communicating with their Creator, Amerindians were also convinced that tobacco possessed certain healing powers that could cure or prevent sickness (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). Tobacco was commonly chewed to provide analgesic effects for decaying teeth and was also spread over the body to prevent invasion by parasites (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). It was this popular notion that tobacco was medicinal that caught the attention of European physicans, who demanded tobacco to give to their patients as medicine.
Works Cited

Musk and De Clerk, (2003). History of tobacco and health. Respirology. 8(3), 286-290

Goodman, Jordan, (1993). Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence. New York, NY. Routledge, 3-20

Collings et al, (1977). On the Use of Tagetes lucida and Nicotiana rustica as a Huichol Smoking Mixture: The Aztec “Yahutli” with Suggestive Hallucinogenic Effects. Economic Botany. 31(1),16-23

Wexler, Thomas A, (2006). Tobacco: From Miracle Cure to Toxin. Yale Global Online. Retrieved July 21, 2011 from <http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/tobacco.jsp >

<big><big><big><big>2. Growing demand for tobacco around the world</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Adrian</big></big>

In the New World it was economically feasible to produce tobacco because of the Land and Natural Resources. From there it was traded to the European state it was subjected to where it quickly gained a function as energizers and appetite appeaser. African slaves were the prime cultivators. This commodity heavily influences the economies of both sides as Tobacco (among other items) accounted for 74% and 85% of imports to Amsterdam and London (Shammas, Pg 60, Para 4).
At first elitists attempted to discourage the consumption of such products as they were dismissed as “trivial”. Thus, merchants began to secure their place in the market by forming alliances with consumers. However, once the elitists said the revenues that were collected from the duties they immediately began to encourage shipments which created the trade system called the plantation complex. It was characterized by having imports from overseas colonies available for sale in the home world which was met with tariffs allowing the government to have more funds.

By the 19th century tobacco gained popularity. This was attributed to British officers who were seen smoking upon returning from the Crimean War. (Doll, Pg 291, Para 4) By the beginning of the century cigarettes had replaced cigars as the commodity to smoke. Global demand increased rapidly after World War I and by the end of World War II cigarettes had replaced all tobacco products.

It was not until the 1950s that the effects of smoking were finally substantiated. A study committed by Wynder proved that “the burning of tobacco in pipes or as cigars or cigarettes, would lead to the formation of cancer-causing chemical compounds.” (Doll, Pg 299, para 2) By the 1960s the attitudes of the general population began to oppose the use of Tobacco

1. Doll, R. (1999). Tobacco: a medical history. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 76(3), Retrieved from http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790

2. Shammas, C. (2005). America, the atlantic, and global consumer demand. OAH Magazine of History, 19(1), Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/sici?sici=0882-228X%282005%2919%3A1%3C59%3AATAAGC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B&origin=serialsolutions&

If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>3. Emergence of mass producing cigarette companies</big></big> Matthew</big></big>

- Talk about the beginning of Marlboro

- WW1 and WW2- cigarettes were included in soldier’s C-rations- companies promoting their brand and creating life-time customer

source:

http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790 (Same as the last one above , but it still has relevant info)
If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>4. Advertisement/ Marketing of Cigarettes</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Sam</big></big>

American society at that time believed that filter cigarettes safeguarded against lung cancer, yet as they were ‘safer’, filter cigarettes were seen as a “woman’s smoke”. Although men would not smoke the cigarettes designed for the ‘delicate sex’, women were presumed to want to follow the men in their opinions and product choices. Leo Burnett, letter to Roger Green, 1955. Available in article: Bradley Johnson, “Up in Smoke: Documents From the Annals of Tobacco Marketing” “Advertising Age” (March 29, 2010), accessed July 22, 2011. http://adage.com/article/ad-age-graphics/smoke-documents-annals-tobacco-marketing/142928/ Consequently, Marlboro began to produce filter cigarettes accompanied with images of ultra-masculine American ideals, such cowboys. By addressing these cultural pre-conceptions (in the 1950’s), the Marlboro company succeeded in meeting the demands of all sides of the potential market. Today, Marlboro advertises world wide – however, in doing so, the company has modified their marketing strategy to meet the desires of an international clientele. For example, in Germany and the Netherlands, people would not be able to identify with the Marlboro man, the cowboy, in the same way that Americans would; it simply is not in the historical collective conscience neither of Germany, nor the Netherlands. However, these countries do have a special pre-conceived notion of America. Compared to European countries, America is still very new; it is seen as the frontier of possibilities and opportunity. Marlboro thereby markets the idea of ‘America’ itself with their slogan “Come to Marlboro country”, causing European customers to associate the sensation of smoking with their wonderful idea of America. This is even reinforced in their 2002 Summer Job pitch, “In Marlboro Country, a land in which freedom and adventure are at home, hundreds of jobs wait for you” Sandra C. Jones, “Marlboro’s marketing in Western Europe: Is it ethical?”, “University of Wollongong Research Online” (2002): 3434-3435, accessed July 22, 2011. http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1526&context=hbspapers&sei-redir=1#search=%22marlboro%20marketing%20europe%22
It has been Marlboro’s prowess in effectively advertising to various cultures that has played a major role in Marlboro’s significant impact on the world market.

http://adage.com/century/icon01.html- how this promoted a good image of cigarettes The Marlboro Man

- Very powerful brand image that featured an American cowboy to sell Marlboro brand cigarettes

- Transformed the image of smoking by promoting cigarette smoking as a lifestyle associated with being “cool”

- Same company also targeted women by promoting light cigarettes that were “as mild as may”

- 1972 Marlboro became the number one tobacco brand in the worl

<http://media.avclub.com/images/articles/article/28521/camelguy8_jpg_627x325_crop_upscale_q85.jpg>

by Keith Phipps May 28, 2009

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

<http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg>

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

<http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg>

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

<big><big><big><big>5. Scientists conclude that cigarettes are toxic and cause cancer</big></big> Matthew</big></big>

- US General’s report confirms that there is a link between smoking and lung cancer

- Cigarette boxes now must have a picture of a disease that smoking causes, cannot advertise on TV, have restrictions in magazines

- Now seen as a dangerous substance, although sales of cigarettes are still huge

<big><big><big><big>6. Conclusion</big></big></big></big>

- Finish off by talking about how tobacco originally was used for medicinal purpose by Amerindians, was adopted by Europeans and was mass distributed throughout the colonies, became popular around the world during WW1 and WW2, and transformed into an object that promoted a glamorous lifestyle, and then into something that has been concluded to be toxic and lethal to human health.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-23T05:48:41Z

AdrianChow:

Introduction

Ever since tobacco was first cultivated by natives of central America, this desirable commodity has undergone several transformations in society. Originally viewed as a mystical substance by tribes of the Americas, it eventually gained popularity among Europeans, for its supposed medical properties and social benefits. In the 1850's entrepeuners such as Phillip Morris, the founder of Marlboro cigarettes, gained hold of this dangerously addictive product and began to market cigarettes as a glamorous lifestyle brand. Marlboro cigarettes transformed the face of cigarette smoking through advertising and marketing and continued to promote smoking as a healthy activity even after smoking gained notority for being a major cause of lung cancer.

<big><big><big><big>1. Origins of Tobacco and its Use by Amerindians</big></big></big></big>

Although Europeans were not introduced to tobacco until the late fifteenth century when Columbus was presented dried tobacco leaves by natives in Cuba, it was being cultivated by Amerindians in most parts of the Americas as early as 5000 BC (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). The tobacco plant is indigenous to the Andes particularly around Ecuador and Peru, as well as parts of North America, Australia and the South Pacific (Wexler, 2006) and belong to the genus Nicotiana. Of the more than 60 species that belong to Nicotiana, only 2 have ever been cultivated, Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica (Collings et al, 1977). At the time of Amerindian cultivation, tobacco leaves were cured by sun, air and fire to produce a dark, bitter tobacco that was then snuffed or put in cigars. It was not until much later on, that a synthetic curing technique was used to produce the light tobacco that is used in modern day cigarettes (Goodman, 1993).

Amerindians placed extremely high value on tobacco. It was considered to hold mystical powers that unlocked the deepest corners of the human mind and also possess the healing powers to cure sickness. Tobacco was usually grown in elaborate gardens, seperate from other crops, to represent its value to communities and was often used as currency during trades (Wexler, 2006). From ancient artefacts found in Mexico, it is apparent that the most common form of tobacco ingestion was snuffing, most likely because it gave the most immediate and pronounced effects (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). Tobacco was viewed as a hallucinogen and was often mixed with other sacred hallucogenic plants and snuffed during religious ceremonies to give the individual a sense of spiritual connection with their Creator (Goodman 1993) by producing an out of body experience that resulted in self-revival. According to early reports, natives also held many shamanistic practices in which they snuffed tobacco so that they “might see imaginary things and fantasies which it reveals to them" (Collings et al, 1977).

Along with the belief that tobacco was a way of communicating with their Creator, Amerindians were also convinced that tobacco possessed certain healing powers that could cure or prevent sickness (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). Tobacco was commonly chewed to provide analgesic effects for decaying teeth and was also spread over the body to prevent invasion by parasites (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). It was this popular notion that tobacco was medicinal that caught the attention of European physicans, who demanded tobacco to give to their patients as medicine.
Works Cited

Musk and De Clerk, (2003). History of tobacco and health. Respirology. 8(3), 286-290

Goodman, Jordan, (1993). Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence. New York, NY. Routledge, 3-20

Collings et al, (1977). On the Use of Tagetes lucida and Nicotiana rustica as a Huichol Smoking Mixture: The Aztec “Yahutli” with Suggestive Hallucinogenic Effects. Economic Botany. 31(1),16-23

Wexler, Thomas A, (2006). Tobacco: From Miracle Cure to Toxin. Yale Global Online. Retrieved July 21, 2011 from <http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/tobacco.jsp >

<big><big><big><big>2. Growing demand for tobacco around the world</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Adrian</big></big>

In the New World it was economically feasible to produce tobacco because of the Land and Natural Resources. From there it was traded to the European state it was subjected to where it quickly gained a function as energizers and appetite appeaser. African slaves were the prime cultivators. This commodity heavily influences the economies of both sides as Tobacco (among other items) accounted for 74% and 85% of imports to Amsterdam and London (Shammas, Pg 60, Para 4).
At first elitists attempted to discourage the consumption of such products as they were dismissed as “trivial”. Thus, merchants began to secure their place in the market by forming alliances with consumers. However, once the elitists said the revenues that were collected from the duties they immediately began to encourage shipments which created the trade system called the plantation complex. It was characterized by having imports from overseas colonies available for sale in the home world which was met with tariffs allowing the government to have more funds.

By the 19th century tobacco gained popularity. This was attributed to British officers who were seen smoking upon returning from the Crimean War. (Doll, Pg 291, Para 4) By the beginning of the century cigarettes had replaced cigars as the commodity to smoke. Global demand increased rapidly after World War I and by the end of World War II cigarettes had replaced all tobacco products.

It was not until the 1950s that the effects of smoking were finally substantiated. A study committed by Wynder proved that “the burning of tobacco in pipes or as cigars or cigarettes, would lead to the formation of cancer-causing chemical compounds.” (Doll, Pg 299, para 2) By the 1960s the attitudes of the general population began to oppose the use of Tobacco

1. Doll, R. (1999). Tobacco: a medical history. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 76(3), Retrieved from http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790

2. Shammas, C. (2005). America, the atlantic, and global consumer demand. OAH Magazine of History, 19(1), Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/sici?sici=0882-228X%282005%2919%3A1%3C59%3AATAAGC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B&origin=serialsolutions&

If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>3. Emergence of mass producing cigarette companies</big></big> Matthew</big></big>

- Talk about the beginning of Marlboro

- WW1 and WW2- cigarettes were included in soldier’s C-rations- companies promoting their brand and creating life-time customer

source:

http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790 (Same as the last one above , but it still has relevant info)
If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>4. Advertisement/ Marketing of Cigarettes</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Sam</big></big>

http://adage.com/century/icon01.html- how this promoted a good image of cigarettes The Marlboro Man

- Very powerful brand image that featured an American cowboy to sell Marlboro brand cigarettes

- Transformed the image of smoking by promoting cigarette smoking as a lifestyle associated with being “cool”

- Same company also targeted women by promoting light cigarettes that were “as mild as may”

- 1972 Marlboro became the number one tobacco brand in the worl

<http://media.avclub.com/images/articles/article/28521/camelguy8_jpg_627x325_crop_upscale_q85.jpg>

by Keith Phipps May 28, 2009

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

<http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg>

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

<http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg>

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

<big><big><big><big>5. Scientists conclude that cigarettes are toxic and cause cancer</big></big> Matthew</big></big>

- US General’s report confirms that there is a link between smoking and lung cancer

- Cigarette boxes now must have a picture of a disease that smoking causes, cannot advertise on TV, have restrictions in magazines

- Now seen as a dangerous substance, although sales of cigarettes are still huge

<big><big><big><big>6. Conclusion</big></big></big></big>

- Finish off by talking about how tobacco originally was used for medicinal purpose by Amerindians, was adopted by Europeans and was mass distributed throughout the colonies, became popular around the world during WW1 and WW2, and transformed into an object that promoted a glamorous lifestyle, and then into something that has been concluded to be toxic and lethal to human health.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-23T05:43:45Z

AdrianChow:

Introduction

Ever since tobacco was first cultivated by natives of central America, this desirable commodity has undergone several transformations in society. Originally viewed as a mystical substance by tribes of the Americas, it eventually gained popularity among Europeans, for its supposed medical properties and social benefits. In the 1850's entrepeuners such as Phillip Morris, the founder of Marlboro cigarettes, gained hold of this dangerously addictive product and began to market cigarettes as a glamorous lifestyle brand. Marlboro cigarettes transformed the face of cigarette smoking through advertising and marketing and continued to promote smoking as a healthy activity even after smoking gained notority for being a major cause of lung cancer.

<big><big><big><big>1. Origins of Tobacco and its Use by Amerindians</big></big></big></big>

Although Europeans were not introduced to tobacco until the late fifteenth century when Columbus was presented dried tobacco leaves by natives in Cuba, it was being cultivated by Amerindians in most parts of the Americas as early as 5000 BC (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). The tobacco plant is indigenous to the Andes particularly around Ecuador and Peru, as well as parts of North America, Australia and the South Pacific (Wexler, 2006) and belong to the genus Nicotiana. Of the more than 60 species that belong to Nicotiana, only 2 have ever been cultivated, Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica (Collings et al, 1977). At the time of Amerindian cultivation, tobacco leaves were cured by sun, air and fire to produce a dark, bitter tobacco that was then snuffed or put in cigars. It was not until much later on, that a synthetic curing technique was used to produce the light tobacco that is used in modern day cigarettes (Goodman, 1993).

Amerindians placed extremely high value on tobacco. It was considered to hold mystical powers that unlocked the deepest corners of the human mind and also possess the healing powers to cure sickness. Tobacco was usually grown in elaborate gardens, seperate from other crops, to represent its value to communities and was often used as currency during trades (Wexler, 2006). From ancient artefacts found in Mexico, it is apparent that the most common form of tobacco ingestion was snuffing, most likely because it gave the most immediate and pronounced effects (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). Tobacco was viewed as a hallucinogen and was often mixed with other sacred hallucogenic plants and snuffed during religious ceremonies to give the individual a sense of spiritual connection with their Creator (Goodman 1993) by producing an out of body experience that resulted in self-revival. According to early reports, natives also held many shamanistic practices in which they snuffed tobacco so that they “might see imaginary things and fantasies which it reveals to them" (Collings et al, 1977).

Along with the belief that tobacco was a way of communicating with their Creator, Amerindians were also convinced that tobacco possessed certain healing powers that could cure or prevent sickness (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). Tobacco was commonly chewed to provide analgesic effects for decaying teeth and was also spread over the body to prevent invasion by parasites (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). It was this popular notion that tobacco was medicinal that caught the attention of European physicans, who demanded tobacco to give to their patients as medicine.
Works Cited

Musk and De Clerk, (2003). History of tobacco and health. Respirology. 8(3), 286-290

Goodman, Jordan, (1993). Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence. New York, NY. Routledge, 3-20

Collings et al, (1977). On the Use of Tagetes lucida and Nicotiana rustica as a Huichol Smoking Mixture: The Aztec “Yahutli” with Suggestive Hallucinogenic Effects. Economic Botany. 31(1),16-23

Wexler, Thomas A, (2006). Tobacco: From Miracle Cure to Toxin. Yale Global Online. Retrieved July 21, 2011 from <http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/tobacco.jsp >

<big><big><big><big>2. Growing demand for tobacco around the world</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Adrian</big></big>

In the New World it was economically feasible to produce tobacco because of the Land and Natural Resources. From there it was traded to the European state it was subjected to where it quickly gained a function as energizers and appetite appeaser. African slaves were the prime cultivators. This commodity heavily influences the economies of both sides as Tobacco (among other items) accounted for 74% and 85% of imports to Amsterdam and London.
At first elitists attempted to discourage the consumption of such products as they were dismissed as “trivial”. Thus, merchants began to secure their place in the market by forming alliances with consumers. However, once the elitists said the revenues that were collected from the duties they immediately began to encourage shipments which created the trade system called the plantation complex. It was characterized by having imports from overseas colonies available for sale in the home world which was met with tariffs allowing the government to have more funds.

By the 19th century tobacco gained popularity. This was attributed to British officers who were seen smoking upon returning from the Crimean War. By the beginning of the century cigarettes had replaced cigars as the commodity to smoke. Global demand increased rapidly after World War I and by the end of World War II cigarettes had replaced all tobacco products.

It was not until the 1950s that the effects of smoking were finally substantiated. A study committed by Wynder proved that “the burning of tobacco in pipes or as cigars or cigarettes, would lead to the formation of cancer-causing chemical compounds.” By the 1960s the attitudes of the general population began to oppose the use of Tobacco

Doll, R. (1999). Tobacco: a medical history. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 76(3), Retrieved from http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790
Shammas, C. (2005). America, the atlantic, and global consumer demand. OAH Magazine of History, 19(1), Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/sici?sici=0882-228X%282005%2919%3A1%3C59%3AATAAGC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B&origin=serialsolutions&

If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>3. Emergence of mass producing cigarette companies</big></big> Matthew</big></big>

- Talk about the beginning of Marlboro

- WW1 and WW2- cigarettes were included in soldier’s C-rations- companies promoting their brand and creating life-time customer

source:

http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790 (Same as the last one above , but it still has relevant info)
If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>4. Advertisement/ Marketing of Cigarettes</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Sam</big></big>

http://adage.com/century/icon01.html- how this promoted a good image of cigarettes The Marlboro Man

- Very powerful brand image that featured an American cowboy to sell Marlboro brand cigarettes

- Transformed the image of smoking by promoting cigarette smoking as a lifestyle associated with being “cool”

- Same company also targeted women by promoting light cigarettes that were “as mild as may”

- 1972 Marlboro became the number one tobacco brand in the worl

<http://media.avclub.com/images/articles/article/28521/camelguy8_jpg_627x325_crop_upscale_q85.jpg>

by Keith Phipps May 28, 2009

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

<http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg>

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

<http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg>

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

<big><big><big><big>5. Scientists conclude that cigarettes are toxic and cause cancer</big></big> Matthew</big></big>

- US General’s report confirms that there is a link between smoking and lung cancer

- Cigarette boxes now must have a picture of a disease that smoking causes, cannot advertise on TV, have restrictions in magazines

- Now seen as a dangerous substance, although sales of cigarettes are still huge

<big><big><big><big>6. Conclusion</big></big></big></big>

- Finish off by talking about how tobacco originally was used for medicinal purpose by Amerindians, was adopted by Europeans and was mass distributed throughout the colonies, became popular around the world during WW1 and WW2, and transformed into an object that promoted a glamorous lifestyle, and then into something that has been concluded to be toxic and lethal to human health.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-23T05:33:38Z

AdrianChow:

Introduction

Ever since tobacco was first cultivated by natives of central America, this desirable commodity has undergone several transformations in society. Originally viewed as a mystical substance by tribes of the Americas, it eventually gained popularity among Europeans, for its supposed medical properties and social benefits. In the 1850's entrepeuners such as Phillip Morris, the founder of Marlboro cigarettes, gained hold of this dangerously addictive product and began to market cigarettes as a glamorous lifestyle brand. Marlboro cigarettes transformed the face of cigarette smoking through advertising and marketing and continued to promote smoking as a healthy activity even after smoking gained notority for being a major cause of lung cancer.

<big><big><big><big>1. Origins of Tobacco and its Use by Amerindians</big></big></big></big>

Although Europeans were not introduced to tobacco until the late fifteenth century when Columbus was presented dried tobacco leaves by natives in Cuba, it was being cultivated by Amerindians in most parts of the Americas as early as 5000 BC (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). The tobacco plant is indigenous to the Andes particularly around Ecuador and Peru, as well as parts of North America, Australia and the South Pacific (Wexler, 2006) and belong to the genus Nicotiana. Of the more than 60 species that belong to Nicotiana, only 2 have ever been cultivated, Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica (Collings et al, 1977). At the time of Amerindian cultivation, tobacco leaves were cured by sun, air and fire to produce a dark, bitter tobacco that was then snuffed or put in cigars. It was not until much later on, that a synthetic curing technique was used to produce the light tobacco that is used in modern day cigarettes (Goodman, 1993).

Amerindians placed extremely high value on tobacco. It was considered to hold mystical powers that unlocked the deepest corners of the human mind and also possess the healing powers to cure sickness. Tobacco was usually grown in elaborate gardens, seperate from other crops, to represent its value to communities and was often used as currency during trades (Wexler, 2006). From ancient artefacts found in Mexico, it is apparent that the most common form of tobacco ingestion was snuffing, most likely because it gave the most immediate and pronounced effects (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). Tobacco was viewed as a hallucinogen and was often mixed with other sacred hallucogenic plants and snuffed during religious ceremonies to give the individual a sense of spiritual connection with their Creator (Goodman 1993) by producing an out of body experience that resulted in self-revival. According to early reports, natives also held many shamanistic practices in which they snuffed tobacco so that they “might see imaginary things and fantasies which it reveals to them" (Collings et al, 1977).

Along with the belief that tobacco was a way of communicating with their Creator, Amerindians were also convinced that tobacco possessed certain healing powers that could cure or prevent sickness (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). Tobacco was commonly chewed to provide analgesic effects for decaying teeth and was also spread over the body to prevent invasion by parasites (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). It was this popular notion that tobacco was medicinal that caught the attention of European physicans, who demanded tobacco to give to their patients as medicine.
Works Cited

Musk and De Clerk, (2003). History of tobacco and health. Respirology. 8(3), 286-290

Goodman, Jordan, (1993). Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence. New York, NY. Routledge, 3-20

Collings et al, (1977). On the Use of Tagetes lucida and Nicotiana rustica as a Huichol Smoking Mixture: The Aztec “Yahutli” with Suggestive Hallucinogenic Effects. Economic Botany. 31(1),16-23

Wexler, Thomas A, (2006). Tobacco: From Miracle Cure to Toxin. Yale Global Online. Retrieved July 21, 2011 from <http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/tobacco.jsp >

<big><big><big><big>2. Growing demand for tobacco around the world</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Adrian</big></big>

In the New World it was economically feasible to produce tobacco because of the Land and Natural Resources. From there it was traded to the European state it was subjected to where it quickly gained a function as energizers and appetite appeaser. African slaves were the prime cultivators. This commodity heavily influences the economies of both sides as Tobacco (among other items) accounted for 74% and 85% of imports to Amsterdam and London.
At first elitists attempted to discourage the consumption of such products as they were dismissed as “trivial”. Thus, merchants began to secure their place in the market by forming alliances with consumers. However, once the elitists said the revenues that were collected from the duties they immediately began to encourage shipments which created the trade system called the plantation complex. It was characterized by having imports from overseas colonies available for sale in the home world which was met with tariffs allowing the government to have more funds.
By the 19th century tobacco gained popularity. This was attributed to British officers who were seen smoking upon returning from the Crimean War. By the beginning of the century cigarettes had replaced cigars as the commodity to smoke. Global demand increased rapidly after World War I and by the end of World War II cigarettes had replaced all tobacco products.
It was not until the 1950s that the effects of smoking were finally substantiated. A study committed by Wynder proved that “the burning of tobacco in pipes or as cigars or cigarettes, would lead to the formation of cancer-causing chemical compounds.” By the 1960s the attitudes of the general population began to oppose the use of Tobacco

Doll, R. (1999). Tobacco: a medical history. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 76(3), Retrieved from http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790
Shammas, C. (2005). America, the atlantic, and global consumer demand. OAH Magazine of History, 19(1), Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/sici?sici=0882-228X%282005%2919%3A1%3C59%3AATAAGC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B&origin=serialsolutions&

If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>3. Emergence of mass producing cigarette companies</big></big> Matthew</big></big>

- Talk about the beginning of Marlboro

- WW1 and WW2- cigarettes were included in soldier’s C-rations- companies promoting their brand and creating life-time customer

source:

http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790 (Same as the last one above , but it still has relevant info)
If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>4. Advertisement/ Marketing of Cigarettes</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Sam</big></big>

http://adage.com/century/icon01.html- how this promoted a good image of cigarettes The Marlboro Man

- Very powerful brand image that featured an American cowboy to sell Marlboro brand cigarettes

- Transformed the image of smoking by promoting cigarette smoking as a lifestyle associated with being “cool”

- Same company also targeted women by promoting light cigarettes that were “as mild as may”

- 1972 Marlboro became the number one tobacco brand in the worl

<http://media.avclub.com/images/articles/article/28521/camelguy8_jpg_627x325_crop_upscale_q85.jpg>

by Keith Phipps May 28, 2009

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

<http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg>

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

<http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg>

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

<big><big><big><big>5. Scientists conclude that cigarettes are toxic and cause cancer</big></big> Matthew</big></big>

- US General’s report confirms that there is a link between smoking and lung cancer

- Cigarette boxes now must have a picture of a disease that smoking causes, cannot advertise on TV, have restrictions in magazines

- Now seen as a dangerous substance, although sales of cigarettes are still huge

<big><big><big><big>6. Conclusion</big></big></big></big>

- Finish off by talking about how tobacco originally was used for medicinal purpose by Amerindians, was adopted by Europeans and was mass distributed throughout the colonies, became popular around the world during WW1 and WW2, and transformed into an object that promoted a glamorous lifestyle, and then into something that has been concluded to be toxic and lethal to human health.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-22T19:44:31Z

AdrianChow:

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-22T19:43:43Z

AdrianChow:

Introduction

Ever since tobacco was first cultivated by natives of central America, this desirable commodity has undergone several transformations in society. Originally viewed as a mystical substance by tribes of the Americas, it eventually gained popularity among Europeans, for its supposed medical properties and social benefits. In the 1850's entrepeuners such as Phillip Morris, the founder of Marlboro cigarettes, gained hold of this dangerously addictive product and began to market cigarettes as a glamorous lifestyle brand. Marlboro cigarettes transformed the face of cigarette smoking through advertising and marketing and continued to promote smoking as a healthy activity even after smoking gained notority for being a major cause of lung cancer.

<big><big><big><big>1. Origins of Tobacco and its Use by Amerindians</big></big></big></big>

Although Europeans were not introduced to tobacco until the late fifteenth century when Columbus was presented dried tobacco leaves by natives in Cuba, it was being cultivated by Amerindians in most parts of the Americas as early as 5000 BC (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). The tobacco plant is indigenous to the Andes particularly around Ecuador and Peru, as well as parts of North America, Australia and the South Pacific (Wexler, 2006) and belong to the genus Nicotiana. Of the more than 60 species that belong to Nicotiana, only 2 have ever been cultivated, Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica (Collings et al, 1977). At the time of Amerindian cultivation, tobacco leaves were cured by sun, air and fire to produce a dark, bitter tobacco that was then snuffed or put in cigars. It was not until much later on, that a synthetic curing technique was used to produce the light tobacco that is used in modern day cigarettes (Goodman, 1993).

Amerindians placed extremely high value on tobacco. It was considered to hold mystical powers that unlocked the deepest corners of the human mind and also possess the healing powers to cure sickness. Tobacco was usually grown in elaborate gardens, seperate from other crops, to represent its value to communities and was often used as currency during trades (Wexler, 2006). From ancient artefacts found in Mexico, it is apparent that the most common form of tobacco ingestion was snuffing, most likely because it gave the most immediate and pronounced effects (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). Tobacco was viewed as a hallucinogen and was often mixed with other sacred hallucogenic plants and snuffed during religious ceremonies to give the individual a sense of spiritual connection with their Creator (Goodman 1993) by producing an out of body experience that resulted in self-revival. According to early reports, natives also held many shamanistic practices in which they snuffed tobacco so that they “might see imaginary things and fantasies which it reveals to them (Collings et al, 1977).

Along with the belief that tobacco was a way of communicating with their Creator, Amerindians were also convinced that tobacco possessed certain healing powers that could cure or prevent sickness (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). Tobacco was commonly chewed to provide analgesic effects for decaying teeth and was also spread over the body to prevent invasion by parasites (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). It was this popular notion that tobacco was medicinal that caught the attention of European physicans, who demanded tobacco to give to their patients as medicine.
Works Cited

Musk and De Clerk, (2003). History of tobacco and health. Respirology. 8(3), 286-290

Goodman, Jordan, (1993). Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence. New York, NY. Routledge, 3-20

Collings et al, (1977). On the Use of Tagetes lucida and Nicotiana rustica as a Huichol Smoking Mixture: The Aztec “Yahutli” with Suggestive Hallucinogenic Effects. Economic Botany. 31(1),16-23

Wexler, Thomas A, (2006). Tobacco: From Miracle Cure to Toxin. Yale Global Online. Retrieved July 21, 2011 from <http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/tobacco.jsp >

<big><big><big><big>2. Growing demand for tobacco around the world</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Adrian</big></big>

In the New World it was economically feasible to produce tobacco because of the Land and Natural Resources. From there it was traded to the European state it was subjected to where it quickly gained a function as energizers and appetite appeaser. African slaves were the prime cultivators. This commodity heavily influences the economies of both sides as Tobacco (among other items) accounted for 74% and 85% of imports to Amsterdam and London.

At first elitists attempted to discourage the consumption of such products as they were dismissed as “trivial”. Thus, merchants began to secure their place in the market by forming alliances with consumers. However, once the elitists said the revenues that were collected from the duties they immediately began to encourage shipments which created the trade system called the plantation complex. It was characterized by having imports from overseas colonies available for sale in the home world which was met with tariffs allowing the government to have more funds.

By the 19th century tobacco gained popularity. This was attributed to British officers who were seen smoking upon returning from the Crimean War. By the beginning of the century cigarettes had replaced cigars as the commodity to smoke. Global demand increased rapidly after World War I and by the end of World War II cigarettes had replaced all tobacco products.

It was not until the 1950s that the effects of smoking were finally substantiated. A study committed by Wynder proved that “the burning of tobacco in pipes or as cigars or cigarettes, would lead to the formation of cancer-causing chemical compounds.” By the 1960s the attitudes of the general population began to oppose the use of Tobacco

- Talk about its popularity in Europe and subsequently in North America in the colonies

- Skeptism beginning to show about cigarette’s adverse affects

- but the majority of the population still believes it is good for your health

Here's a source on the growth of Tobacco:

http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/sici?sici=0882-228X%282005%2919%3A1%3C59%3AATAAGC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B&origin=serialsolutions
http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790

If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>3. Emergence of mass producing cigarette companies</big></big> Matthew</big></big>

- Talk about the beginning of Marlboro

- WW1 and WW2- cigarettes were included in soldier’s C-rations- companies promoting their brand and creating life-time customer

source:

http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790 (Same as the last one above , but it still has relevant info)
If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>4. Advertisement/ Marketing of Cigarettes</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Sam</big></big>

The concept behind any successful advertisement is that it must correspond well with the values and desires of the clientele in order for there to be sales. Marlboro did not find this success until the 1950’s, when the company changed their ad-campaign to market towards a larger American clientele.

American society at that time believed that filter cigarettes safeguarded against lung cancer, yet as they were ‘safer’, filter cigarettes were seen as a <nowiki>“woman’s smoke”<nowiki>. Although men would not smoke the cigarettes designed for the ‘delicate sex’, women were presumed to want to follow the men in their opinions and product choices.<ref> Leo Burnett, letter to Roger Green, 1955. Available in article: Bradley Johnson, <nowiki>“Up in Smoke: Documents From the Annals of Tobacco Marketing”<nowiki> “Advertising Age” (March 29, 2010), accessed July 22, 2011. http://adage.com/article/ad-age-graphics/smoke-documents-annals-tobacco-marketing/142928/ </ref> Consequently, Marlboro began to produce filter cigarettes accompanied with images of ultra-masculine American ideals, such cowboys. By addressing these cultural pre-conceptions (in the 1950’s), the Marlboro company succeeded in meeting the demands of all sides of the potential market.

Today, Marlboro advertises world wide – however, in doing so, the company has modified their marketing strategy to meet the desires of an international clientele. For example, in Germany and the Netherlands, people would not be able to identify with the Marlboro man, the cowboy, in the same way that Americans would; it simply is not in the historical collective conscience neither of Germany, nor the Netherlands. However, these countries do have a special pre-conceived notion of America. Compared to European countries, America is still very new; it is seen as the frontier of possibilities and opportunity. Marlboro thereby markets the idea of ‘America’ itself with their slogan <nowiki> “Come to Marlboro country”<nowiki>, causing European customers to associate the sensation of smoking with their wonderful idea of America. This is even reinforced in their 2002 Summer Job pitch, <nowiki>“In Marlboro Country, a land in which freedom and adventure are at home, hundreds of jobs wait for you” <nowiki> <ref> Sandra C. Jones, <nowiki>“Marlboro’s marketing in Western Europe: Is it ethical?”<nowiki>, “University of Wollongong Research Online” (2002): 3434-3435, accessed July 22, 2011. http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1526&context=hbspapers&sei-redir=1#search=%22marlboro%20marketing%20europe%22</ref>

It has been Marlboro’s prowess in effectively advertising to various cultures that has played a major role in Marlboro’s significant impact on the world market. References: <references/>

http://adage.com/century/icon01.html- how this promoted a good image of cigarettes The Marlboro Man

- Very powerful brand image that featured an American cowboy to sell Marlboro brand cigarettes

- Transformed the image of smoking by promoting cigarette smoking as a lifestyle associated with being “cool”

- Same company also targeted women by promoting light cigarettes that were “as mild as may”

- 1972 Marlboro became the number one tobacco brand in the worl

<http://media.avclub.com/images/articles/article/28521/camelguy8_jpg_627x325_crop_upscale_q85.jpg>

by Keith Phipps May 28, 2009

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

<http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg>

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

<http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg>

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

<big><big><big><big>5. Scientists conclude that cigarettes are toxic and cause cancer</big></big> Matthew</big></big>

- US General’s report confirms that there is a link between smoking and lung cancer

- Cigarette boxes now must have a picture of a disease that smoking causes, cannot advertise on TV, have restrictions in magazines

- Now seen as a dangerous substance, although sales of cigarettes are still huge

<big><big><big><big>6. Conclusion</big></big></big></big>

- Finish off by talking about how tobacco originally was used for medicinal purpose by Amerindians, was adopted by Europeans and was mass distributed throughout the colonies, became popular around the world during WW1 and WW2, and transformed into an object that promoted a glamorous lifestyle, and then into something that has been concluded to be toxic and lethal to human health.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-22T19:37:04Z

AdrianChow: Undo revision 104466 by AdrianChow (talk)

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-22T19:35:25Z

AdrianChow:

Introduction

Ever since tobacco was first cultivated by natives of central America, this desirable commodity has undergone several transformations in society. Originally viewed as a mystical substance by tribes of the Americas, it eventually gained popularity among Europeans, for its supposed medical properties and social benefits. In the 1850's entrepeuners such as Phillip Morris, the founder of Marlboro cigarettes, gained hold of this dangerously addictive product and began to market cigarettes as a glamorous lifestyle brand. Marlboro cigarettes transformed the face of cigarette smoking through advertising and marketing and continued to promote smoking as a healthy activity even after smoking gained notority for being a major cause of lung cancer.

<big><big><big><big>1. Origins of Tobacco and its Use by Amerindians</big></big></big></big>

Although Europeans were not introduced to tobacco until the late fifteenth century when Columbus was presented dried tobacco leaves by natives in Cuba, it was being cultivated by Amerindians in most parts of the Americas as early as 5000 BC (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). The tobacco plant is indigenous to the Andes particularly around Ecuador and Peru, as well as parts of North America, Australia and the South Pacific (Wexler, 2006) and belong to the genus Nicotiana. Of the more than 60 species that belong to Nicotiana, only 2 have ever been cultivated, Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica (Collings et al, 1977). At the time of Amerindian cultivation, tobacco leaves were cured by sun, air and fire to produce a dark, bitter tobacco that was then snuffed or put in cigars. It was not until much later on, that a synthetic curing technique was used to produce the light tobacco that is used in modern day cigarettes (Goodman, 1993).

Amerindians placed extremely high value on tobacco. It was considered to hold mystical powers that unlocked the deepest corners of the human mind and also possess the healing powers to cure sickness. Tobacco was usually grown in elaborate gardens, seperate from other crops, to represent its value to communities and was often used as currency during trades (Wexler, 2006). From ancient artefacts found in Mexico, it is apparent that the most common form of tobacco ingestion was snuffing, most likely because it gave the most immediate and pronounced effects (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). Tobacco was viewed as a hallucinogen and was often mixed with other sacred hallucogenic plants and snuffed during religious ceremonies to give the individual a sense of spiritual connection with their Creator (Goodman 1993) by producing an out of body experience that resulted in self-revival. According to early reports, natives also held many shamanistic practices in which they snuffed tobacco so that they “might see imaginary things and fantasies which it reveals to them (Collings et al, 1977).

Along with the belief that tobacco was a way of communicating with their Creator, Amerindians were also convinced that tobacco possessed certain healing powers that could cure or prevent sickness (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). Tobacco was commonly chewed to provide analgesic effects for decaying teeth and was also spread over the body to prevent invasion by parasites (Musk and De Clerk, 2003). It was this popular notion that tobacco was medicinal that caught the attention of European physicans, who demanded tobacco to give to their patients as medicine.
Works Cited

Musk and De Clerk, (2003). History of tobacco and health. Respirology. 8(3), 286-290

Goodman, Jordan, (1993). Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence. New York, NY. Routledge, 3-20

Collings et al, (1977). On the Use of Tagetes lucida and Nicotiana rustica as a Huichol Smoking Mixture: The Aztec “Yahutli” with Suggestive Hallucinogenic Effects. Economic Botany. 31(1),16-23

Wexler, Thomas A, (2006). Tobacco: From Miracle Cure to Toxin. Yale Global Online. Retrieved July 21, 2011 from <http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/tobacco.jsp >

<big><big><big><big>2. Growing demand for tobacco around the world</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Adrian</big></big>

- Talk about its popularity in Europe and subsequently in North America in the colonies

- Skeptism beginning to show about cigarette’s adverse affects

- but the majority of the population still believes it is good for your health

Here's a source on the growth of Tobacco:

http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/sici?sici=0882-228X%282005%2919%3A1%3C59%3AATAAGC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B&origin=serialsolutions
http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790

If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>3. Emergence of mass producing cigarette companies</big></big> Matthew</big></big>

- Talk about the beginning of Marlboro

- WW1 and WW2- cigarettes were included in soldier’s C-rations- companies promoting their brand and creating life-time customer

source:

http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790 (Same as the last one above , but it still has relevant info)
If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>4. Advertisement/ Marketing of Cigarettes</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Sam</big></big>

The concept behind any successful advertisement is that it must correspond well with the values and desires of the clientele in order for there to be sales. Marlboro did not find this success until the 1950’s, when the company changed their ad-campaign to market towards a larger American clientele. American society at that time believed that filter cigarettes safeguarded against lung cancer, yet as they were ‘safer’, filter cigarettes were seen as a <nowiki>“woman’s smoke”<nowiki>. Although men would not smoke the cigarettes designed for the ‘delicate sex’, women were presumed to want to follow the men in their opinions and product choices.<ref> Leo Burnett, letter to Roger Green, 1955. Available in article: Bradley Johnson, <nowiki>“Up in Smoke: Documents From the Annals of Tobacco Marketing”<nowiki> “Advertising Age” (March 29, 2010), accessed July 22, 2011. http://adage.com/article/ad-age-graphics/smoke-documents-annals-tobacco-marketing/142928/ </ref> Consequently, Marlboro began to produce filter cigarettes accompanied with images of ultra-masculine American ideals, such cowboys. By addressing these cultural pre-conceptions (in the 1950’s), the Marlboro company succeeded in meeting the demands of all sides of the potential market. Today, Marlboro advertises world wide – however, in doing so, the company has modified their marketing strategy to meet the desires of an international clientele. For example, in Germany and the Netherlands, people would not be able to identify with the Marlboro man, the cowboy, in the same way that Americans would; it simply is not in the historical collective conscience neither of Germany, nor the Netherlands. However, these countries do have a special pre-conceived notion of America. Compared to European countries, America is still very new; it is seen as the frontier of possibilities and opportunity. Marlboro thereby markets the idea of ‘America’ itself with their slogan <nowiki> “Come to Marlboro country”<nowiki>, causing European customers to associate the sensation of smoking with their wonderful idea of America. This is even reinforced in their 2002 Summer Job pitch, <nowiki>“In Marlboro Country, a land in which freedom and adventure are at home, hundreds of jobs wait for you” <nowiki> <ref> Sandra C. Jones, <nowiki>“Marlboro’s marketing in Western Europe: Is it ethical?”<nowiki>, “University of Wollongong Research Online” (2002): 3434-3435, accessed July 22, 2011.http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1526&context=hbspapers&sei-redir=1#search=%22marlboro%20marketing%20europe%22</ref> It has been Marlboro’s prowess in effectively advertising to various cultures that has played a major role in Marlboro’s significant impact on the world market.

http://adage.com/century/icon01.html- how this promoted a good image of cigarettes The Marlboro Man

- Very powerful brand image that featured an American cowboy to sell Marlboro brand cigarettes

- Transformed the image of smoking by promoting cigarette smoking as a lifestyle associated with being “cool”

- Same company also targeted women by promoting light cigarettes that were “as mild as may”

- 1972 Marlboro became the number one tobacco brand in the worl

<http://media.avclub.com/images/articles/article/28521/camelguy8_jpg_627x325_crop_upscale_q85.jpg>

by Keith Phipps May 28, 2009

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

<http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg>

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

<http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg>

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

<big><big><big><big>5. Scientists conclude that cigarettes are toxic and cause cancer</big></big> Matthew</big></big>

- US General’s report confirms that there is a link between smoking and lung cancer

- Cigarette boxes now must have a picture of a disease that smoking causes, cannot advertise on TV, have restrictions in magazines

- Now seen as a dangerous substance, although sales of cigarettes are still huge

<big><big><big><big>6. Conclusion</big></big></big></big>

- Finish off by talking about how tobacco originally was used for medicinal purpose by Amerindians, was adopted by Europeans and was mass distributed throughout the colonies, became popular around the world during WW1 and WW2, and transformed into an object that promoted a glamorous lifestyle, and then into something that has been concluded to be toxic and lethal to human health.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-21T17:39:20Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

Thanks Sam for the Ads in Section 4 and Nikita for the outline below :)

<big><big><big><big>1. Origins of Tobacco- original uses</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Nikita's Section</big></big>

- Begin by talking about the origins of tobacco, it goes back to 6,000 BC as Amerindians grew the plant on both American continents

- They associated it as being a medicinal plant

- would chew it to anesthetize tooth decay for example

- Also mixed it with other substances that were hallucinogens for spiritual and religious ceremonies

- Associated with upper class Aztecs, who ritually smoked it after dinner

- Smoked tobacco leaves were given to Columbus as a gift to take back to Europe, other tribes gave it to sailors as well

- Became popular in Europe only because physicians believed Amerindians were right about it being medicinal and they started asking for it to give out to patients. One doctor claimed it cured 20 diseases including cancer (oops

Here are some sources for who ever does this:

http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/sici?sici=1084-5453%282004%299%3A4%3C648%3ATTTISE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5&origin=serialsolutions

http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/2596867?&Search=yes&list=hide&searchUri=%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0013-0117%25281984%252937%253A1%253C157%253ATCLIEM%253E2.0.CO%253B2-E%26origin%3Dserialsolutions&prevSearch=&item=2&ttl=2&returnArticleService=showFullText

If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>2. Growing demand for tobacco around the world</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Adrian</big></big>

- Talk about its popularity in Europe and subsequently in North America in the colonies

- Skeptism beginning to show about cigarette’s adverse affects

- but the majority of the population still believes it is good for your health

Here's a source on the growth of Tobacco:

http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/sici?sici=0882-228X%282005%2919%3A1%3C59%3AATAAGC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B&origin=serialsolutions
http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790

If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>3. Emergence of mass producing cigarette companies</big></big></big></big>

- Talk about the beginning of Marlboro

- WW1 and WW2- cigarettes were included in soldier’s C-rations- companies promoting their brand and creating life-time customer

source:

http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790 (Same as the last one above , but it still has relevant info)
If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>4. Advertisement/ Marketing of Cigarettes</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Sam</big></big>

http://adage.com/century/icon01.html- how this promoted a good image of cigarettes The Marlboro Man

- Very powerful brand image that featured an American cowboy to sell Marlboro brand cigarettes

- Transformed the image of smoking by promoting cigarette smoking as a lifestyle associated with being “cool”

- Same company also targeted women by promoting light cigarettes that were “as mild as may”

- 1972 Marlboro became the number one tobacco brand in the worl

<http://media.avclub.com/images/articles/article/28521/camelguy8_jpg_627x325_crop_upscale_q85.jpg>

by Keith Phipps May 28, 2009

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

<http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg>

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

<http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg>

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

<big><big><big><big>5. Scientists conclude that cigarettes are toxic and cause cancer</big></big></big></big>

- US General’s report confirms that there is a link between smoking and lung cancer

- Cigarette boxes now must have a picture of a disease that smoking causes, cannot advertise on TV, have restrictions in magazines

- Now seen as a dangerous substance, although sales of cigarettes are still huge

<big><big><big><big>6. Conclusion</big></big></big></big>

- Finish off by talking about how tobacco originally was used for medicinal purpose by Amerindians, was adopted by Europeans and was mass distributed throughout the colonies, became popular around the world during WW1 and WW2, and transformed into an object that promoted a glamorous lifestyle, and then into something that has been concluded to be toxic and lethal to human health.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-20T00:50:41Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

Thanks Sam for the Ads in Section 4 and Nikita for the outline below :)

<big><big><big><big>1. Origins of Tobacco- original uses</big></big></big></big> <big><big>Nikita's Section</big></big>

- Begin by talking about the origins of tobacco, it goes back to 6,000 BC as Amerindians grew the plant on both American continents

- They associated it as being a medicinal plant

- would chew it to anesthetize tooth decay for example

- Also mixed it with other substances that were hallucinogens for spiritual and religious ceremonies

- Associated with upper class Aztecs, who ritually smoked it after dinner

- Smoked tobacco leaves were given to Columbus as a gift to take back to Europe, other tribes gave it to sailors as well

- Became popular in Europe only because physicians believed Amerindians were right about it being medicinal and they started asking for it to give out to patients. One doctor claimed it cured 20 diseases including cancer (oops

Here are some sources for who ever does this:

http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/sici?sici=1084-5453%282004%299%3A4%3C648%3ATTTISE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5&origin=serialsolutions

http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/2596867?&Search=yes&list=hide&searchUri=%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0013-0117%25281984%252937%253A1%253C157%253ATCLIEM%253E2.0.CO%253B2-E%26origin%3Dserialsolutions&prevSearch=&item=2&ttl=2&returnArticleService=showFullText

If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>2. Growing demand for tobacco around the world</big></big></big></big>

- Talk about its popularity in Europe and subsequently in North America in the colonies

- Skeptism beginning to show about cigarette’s adverse affects

- but the majority of the population still believes it is good for your health

Here's a source on the growth of Tobacco:

http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/sici?sici=0882-228X%282005%2919%3A1%3C59%3AATAAGC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B&origin=serialsolutions
http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790

If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>3. Emergence of mass producing cigarette companies</big></big></big></big>

- Talk about the beginning of Marlboro

- WW1 and WW2- cigarettes were included in soldier’s C-rations- companies promoting their brand and creating life-time customer

source:

http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790 (Same as the last one above , but it still has relevant info)
If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>4. Advertisement/ Marketing of Cigarettes</big></big></big></big>

http://adage.com/century/icon01.html- how this promoted a good image of cigarettes The Marlboro Man

- Very powerful brand image that featured an American cowboy to sell Marlboro brand cigarettes

- Transformed the image of smoking by promoting cigarette smoking as a lifestyle associated with being “cool”

- Same company also targeted women by promoting light cigarettes that were “as mild as may”

- 1972 Marlboro became the number one tobacco brand in the worl

<http://media.avclub.com/images/articles/article/28521/camelguy8_jpg_627x325_crop_upscale_q85.jpg>

by Keith Phipps May 28, 2009

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

<http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg>

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

<http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg>

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

<big><big><big><big>5. Scientists conclude that cigarettes are toxic and cause cancer</big></big></big></big>

- US General’s report confirms that there is a link between smoking and lung cancer

- Cigarette boxes now must have a picture of a disease that smoking causes, cannot advertise on TV, have restrictions in magazines

- Now seen as a dangerous substance, although sales of cigarettes are still huge

<big><big><big><big>6. Conclusion</big></big></big></big>

- Finish off by talking about how tobacco originally was used for medicinal purpose by Amerindians, was adopted by Europeans and was mass distributed throughout the colonies, became popular around the world during WW1 and WW2, and transformed into an object that promoted a glamorous lifestyle, and then into something that has been concluded to be toxic and lethal to human health.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-19T08:58:26Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

Thanks Sam for the Ads in Section 4 and Nikita for the outline below :)

<big><big><big><big>1. Origins of Tobacco- original uses</big></big></big></big>

- Begin by talking about the origins of tobacco, it goes back to 6,000 BC as Amerindians grew the plant on both American continents

- They associated it as being a medicinal plant

- would chew it to anesthetize tooth decay for example

- Also mixed it with other substances that were hallucinogens for spiritual and religious ceremonies

- Associated with upper class Aztecs, who ritually smoked it after dinner

- Smoked tobacco leaves were given to Columbus as a gift to take back to Europe, other tribes gave it to sailors as well

- Became popular in Europe only because physicians believed Amerindians were right about it being medicinal and they started asking for it to give out to patients. One doctor claimed it cured 20 diseases including cancer (oops

Here are some sources for who ever does this:

http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/sici?sici=1084-5453%282004%299%3A4%3C648%3ATTTISE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5&origin=serialsolutions

http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/2596867?&Search=yes&list=hide&searchUri=%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0013-0117%25281984%252937%253A1%253C157%253ATCLIEM%253E2.0.CO%253B2-E%26origin%3Dserialsolutions&prevSearch=&item=2&ttl=2&returnArticleService=showFullText

If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>2. Growing demand for tobacco around the world</big></big></big></big>

- Talk about its popularity in Europe and subsequently in North America in the colonies

- Skeptism beginning to show about cigarette’s adverse affects

- but the majority of the population still believes it is good for your health

Here's a source on the growth of Tobacco:

http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/sici?sici=0882-228X%282005%2919%3A1%3C59%3AATAAGC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B&origin=serialsolutions
http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790

If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>3. Emergence of mass producing cigarette companies</big></big></big></big>

- Talk about the beginning of Marlboro

- WW1 and WW2- cigarettes were included in soldier’s C-rations- companies promoting their brand and creating life-time customer

source:

http://es.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/8/4/790 (Same as the last one above , but it still has relevant info)
If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>4. Advertisement/ Marketing of Cigarettes</big></big></big></big>

http://adage.com/century/icon01.html- how this promoted a good image of cigarettes The Marlboro Man

- Very powerful brand image that featured an American cowboy to sell Marlboro brand cigarettes

- Transformed the image of smoking by promoting cigarette smoking as a lifestyle associated with being “cool”

- Same company also targeted women by promoting light cigarettes that were “as mild as may”

- 1972 Marlboro became the number one tobacco brand in the worl

<http://media.avclub.com/images/articles/article/28521/camelguy8_jpg_627x325_crop_upscale_q85.jpg>

by Keith Phipps May 28, 2009

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

<http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg>

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

<http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg>

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

<big><big><big><big>5. Scientists conclude that cigarettes are toxic and cause cancer</big></big></big></big>

- US General’s report confirms that there is a link between smoking and lung cancer

- Cigarette boxes now must have a picture of a disease that smoking causes, cannot advertise on TV, have restrictions in magazines

- Now seen as a dangerous substance, although sales of cigarettes are still huge

<big><big><big><big>6. Conclusion</big></big></big></big>

- Finish off by talking about how tobacco originally was used for medicinal purpose by Amerindians, was adopted by Europeans and was mass distributed throughout the colonies, became popular around the world during WW1 and WW2, and transformed into an object that promoted a glamorous lifestyle, and then into something that has been concluded to be toxic and lethal to human health.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-19T08:47:59Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

Thanks Sam for the Ads in Section 4 and Nikita for the outline below :)

<big><big><big><big>1. Origins of Tobacco- original uses</big></big></big></big>

- Begin by talking about the origins of tobacco, it goes back to 6,000 BC as Amerindians grew the plant on both American continents

- They associated it as being a medicinal plant

- would chew it to anesthetize tooth decay for example

- Also mixed it with other substances that were hallucinogens for spiritual and religious ceremonies

- Associated with upper class Aztecs, who ritually smoked it after dinner

- Smoked tobacco leaves were given to Columbus as a gift to take back to Europe, other tribes gave it to sailors as well

- Became popular in Europe only because physicians believed Amerindians were right about it being medicinal and they started asking for it to give out to patients. One doctor claimed it cured 20 diseases including cancer (oops

Adrian: Who ever does this section here are some helpful links (imo):

http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/sici?sici=1084-5453%282004%299%3A4%3C648%3ATTTISE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5&origin=serialsolutions

http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/2596867?&Search=yes&list=hide&searchUri=%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0013-0117%25281984%252937%253A1%253C157%253ATCLIEM%253E2.0.CO%253B2-E%26origin%3Dserialsolutions&prevSearch=&item=2&ttl=2&returnArticleService=showFullText

If you can't see these links email me @ adrianwaynechow@gmail.com and I'll send you the pdf.

<big><big><big><big>2. Growing demand for tobacco around the world</big></big></big></big>

- Talk about its popularity in Europe and subsequently in North America in the colonies

- Skeptism beginning to show about cigarette’s adverse affects

- but the majority of the population still believes it is good for your health

<big><big><big><big>3. Emergence of mass producing cigarette companies</big></big></big></big>

- Talk about the beginning of Marlboro

- WW1 and WW2- cigarettes were included in soldier’s C-rations- companies promoting their brand and creating life-time customer

<big><big><big><big>4. Advertisement/ Marketing of Cigarettes</big></big></big></big>

http://adage.com/century/icon01.html- how this promoted a good image of cigarettes The Marlboro Man

- Very powerful brand image that featured an American cowboy to sell Marlboro brand cigarettes

- Transformed the image of smoking by promoting cigarette smoking as a lifestyle associated with being “cool”

- Same company also targeted women by promoting light cigarettes that were “as mild as may”

- 1972 Marlboro became the number one tobacco brand in the worl

<http://media.avclub.com/images/articles/article/28521/camelguy8_jpg_627x325_crop_upscale_q85.jpg>

by Keith Phipps May 28, 2009

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

<http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg>

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

<http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg>

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

<big><big><big><big>5. Scientists conclude that cigarettes are toxic and cause cancer</big></big></big></big>

- US General’s report confirms that there is a link between smoking and lung cancer

- Cigarette boxes now must have a picture of a disease that smoking causes, cannot advertise on TV, have restrictions in magazines

- Now seen as a dangerous substance, although sales of cigarettes are still huge

<big><big><big><big>6. Conclusion</big></big></big></big>

- Finish off by talking about how tobacco originally was used for medicinal purpose by Amerindians, was adopted by Europeans and was mass distributed throughout the colonies, became popular around the world during WW1 and WW2, and transformed into an object that promoted a glamorous lifestyle, and then into something that has been concluded to be toxic and lethal to human health.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-19T08:46:20Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

Thanks Sam for the Ads in Section 4 and Nikita for the outline below :)

<big><big><big><big>1. Origins of Tobacco- original uses</big></big></big></big>

- Begin by talking about the origins of tobacco, it goes back to 6,000 BC as Amerindians grew the plant on both American continents

- They associated it as being a medicinal plant

- would chew it to anesthetize tooth decay for example

- Also mixed it with other substances that were hallucinogens for spiritual and religious ceremonies

- Associated with upper class Aztecs, who ritually smoked it after dinner

- Smoked tobacco leaves were given to Columbus as a gift to take back to Europe, other tribes gave it to sailors as well

- Became popular in Europe only because physicians believed Amerindians were right about it being medicinal and they started asking for it to give out to patients. One doctor claimed it cured 20 diseases including cancer (oops

<big><big><big><big>2. Growing demand for tobacco around the world</big></big></big></big>

- Talk about its popularity in Europe and subsequently in North America in the colonies

- Skeptism beginning to show about cigarette’s adverse affects

- but the majority of the population still believes it is good for your health

<big><big><big><big>3. Emergence of mass producing cigarette companies</big></big></big></big>

- Talk about the beginning of Marlboro

- WW1 and WW2- cigarettes were included in soldier’s C-rations- companies promoting their brand and creating life-time customer

<big><big><big><big>4. Advertisement/ Marketing of Cigarettes</big></big></big></big>

http://adage.com/century/icon01.html- how this promoted a good image of cigarettes The Marlboro Man

- Very powerful brand image that featured an American cowboy to sell Marlboro brand cigarettes

- Transformed the image of smoking by promoting cigarette smoking as a lifestyle associated with being “cool”

- Same company also targeted women by promoting light cigarettes that were “as mild as may”

- 1972 Marlboro became the number one tobacco brand in the worl

<http://media.avclub.com/images/articles/article/28521/camelguy8_jpg_627x325_crop_upscale_q85.jpg>

by Keith Phipps May 28, 2009

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

<http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg>

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

<http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg>

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

<big><big><big><big>5. Scientists conclude that cigarettes are toxic and cause cancer</big></big></big></big>

- US General’s report confirms that there is a link between smoking and lung cancer

- Cigarette boxes now must have a picture of a disease that smoking causes, cannot advertise on TV, have restrictions in magazines

- Now seen as a dangerous substance, although sales of cigarettes are still huge

<big><big><big><big>6. Conclusion</big></big></big></big>

- Finish off by talking about how tobacco originally was used for medicinal purpose by Amerindians, was adopted by Europeans and was mass distributed throughout the colonies, became popular around the world during WW1 and WW2, and transformed into an object that promoted a glamorous lifestyle, and then into something that has been concluded to be toxic and lethal to human health.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-19T08:20:14Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

<big><big><big><big>1. Origins of Tobacco- original uses</big></big></big></big>

- Begin by talking about the origins of tobacco, it goes back to 6,000 BC as Amerindians grew the plant on both American continents

- They associated it as being a medicinal plant

- would chew it to anesthetize tooth decay for example

- Also mixed it with other substances that were hallucinogens for spiritual and religious ceremonies

- Associated with upper class Aztecs, who ritually smoked it after dinner

- Smoked tobacco leaves were given to Columbus as a gift to take back to Europe, other tribes gave it to sailors as well

- Became popular in Europe only because physicians believed Amerindians were right about it being medicinal and they started asking for it to give out to patients. One doctor claimed it cured 20 diseases including cancer (oops

<big><big><big><big>2. Growing demand for tobacco around the world</big></big></big></big>

- Talk about its popularity in Europe and subsequently in North America in the colonies

- Skeptism beginning to show about cigarette’s adverse affects

- but the majority of the population still believes it is good for your health

<big><big><big><big>3. Emergence of mass producing cigarette companies</big></big></big></big>

- Talk about the beginning of Marlboro

- WW1 and WW2- cigarettes were included in soldier’s C-rations- companies promoting their brand and creating life-time customer

<big><big><big><big>4. Advertisement/ Marketing of Cigarettes</big></big></big></big>

http://adage.com/century/icon01.html- how this promoted a good image of cigarettes The Marlboro Man

- Very powerful brand image that featured an American cowboy to sell Marlboro brand cigarettes

- Transformed the image of smoking by promoting cigarette smoking as a lifestyle associated with being “cool”

- Same company also targeted women by promoting light cigarettes that were “as mild as may”

- 1972 Marlboro became the number one tobacco brand in the worl

<http://media.avclub.com/images/articles/article/28521/camelguy8_jpg_627x325_crop_upscale_q85.jpg>

by Keith Phipps May 28, 2009

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

<http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg>

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

<http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg>

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

<big><big><big><big>5. Scientists conclude that cigarettes are toxic and cause cancer</big></big></big></big>

- US General’s report confirms that there is a link between smoking and lung cancer

- Cigarette boxes now must have a picture of a disease that smoking causes, cannot advertise on TV, have restrictions in magazines

- Now seen as a dangerous substance, although sales of cigarettes are still huge

<big><big><big><big>6. Conclusion</big></big></big></big>

- Finish off by talking about how tobacco originally was used for medicinal purpose by Amerindians, was adopted by Europeans and was mass distributed throughout the colonies, became popular around the world during WW1 and WW2, and transformed into an object that promoted a glamorous lifestyle, and then into something that has been concluded to be toxic and lethal to human health.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-19T08:09:55Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

<big><big><big><big>Advertisement Section</big></big></big></big> Complements of Sam.

<http://media.avclub.com/images/articles/article/28521/camelguy8_jpg_627x325_crop_upscale_q85.jpg>

by Keith Phipps May 28, 2009

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

<http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg>

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

<http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg>

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-19T08:07:13Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

Advertisement Section

<http://media.avclub.com/images/articles/article/28521/camelguy8_jpg_627x325_crop_upscale_q85.jpg>

by Keith Phipps May 28, 2009

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

<http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg>

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

<http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg>

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-19T08:05:14Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

Advertisement Section

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

<http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg>

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

<http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg>

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-19T08:04:23Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

Advertisement Section

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

<http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg>

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-19T08:03:12Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

Advertisement Section

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

[[<"http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg">]]

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-19T08:02:54Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

Advertisement Section

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

[[<img src="http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg" >]]

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-19T08:02:14Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

Advertisement Section

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

[[<img src="http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg" id="il_fi" height="312" width="288" style="padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; padding-bottom: 8px; ">]]

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-19T08:01:27Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

Advertisement Section

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

[["http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg"]]

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-19T08:00:57Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

Advertisement Section

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

[[http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg]]

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?
[[http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg]]

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-19T07:59:34Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

Advertisement Section

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

[[<img src="http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg" id="il_fi" height="312" width="288" style="padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; padding-bottom: 8px; ">]]

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?
[[<img src="http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg" id="il_fi" height="312" width="241" style="padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; padding-bottom: 8px; ">]]

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-19T07:58:57Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

Advertisement Section

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

[[<img src="http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg" id="il_fi" height="312" width="288" style="padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; padding-bottom: 8px; ">]]

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?
[[http://a.onionstatic.com/images/articles/article/28521/marlboro65_jpg_300x1000_q85.jpg]]

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-19T07:58:05Z

AdrianChow:

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian

Advertisement Section

For over 50 years, the Marlboro Man has served as one of the most instantly recognizable advertising icons in the world. Created in 1954, he helped shift Marlboro’s image as a sweet little cigarette for moms:

[[<img src="http://www.quitsmokingpainlesslynow.com/img/Marlboro%20Mummy.jpg" id="il_fi" height="312" width="288" style="padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; padding-bottom: 8px; ">]]

To the preferred smoke of cowboys, the most masculine of American men:

The Marlboro Man lives on today, albeit in a diminished capacity now that cigarette ads are much less a part of everyday life than they used to be. And even if cigarette ads were to disappear entirely, he’d likely live on in memory for a while. But what of the cigarette men that labored in his shadow?

Like a lot of virile world travelers, the Marlboro Man sired his share of bastards over the years, most of them now only dimly remembered by those who grew up at a time when cigarette ads popped up on seemingly every third page or so everything from TV Guide to Ladies’ Home Journal. Paging through back issues of the Rolling Stone: Cover To Cover collection, a DVD set collecting every page of the magazine from 1967 to 2007, I was struck by some of these largely forgotten, would-be icons and found myself thinking about who they were designed to reach. Marlboro had the market sewed up on cowboy iconography and with it all those men who identified with the timeless vision of rugged individualism it represented. So who did that leave? Here’s a sample of Marlboro Man almost-weres taken from 1980s ads.

Course:HIST104/2011 Group A - Marlboro

2011-07-19T07:50:19Z

AdrianChow: Currently the wiki for Group A is in it's elementary stages

Hey Group A,

I just made this page as our new Wiki. So let's get this done and perform!

Adrian