UBC Wiki - User contributions [en]

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-09T19:51:17Z

ABELKOKA: /* 6.1 Reference */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
[[File:Map-mozambique.png|thumbnail|The Map of Mozambique]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==
Mozambique officially the Republic of Mozambique is a country in Southeast of Africa bordered by the Indian ocean to the east, Tanzania to the North, Malawi and Zambia to the Northwest, Zimbabwe to the West ans Swaziland and South Africa to the Southwest. The capital and largest city is Maputo.

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems can be categorized as economic, social and cultural.
=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref name="cite12">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community.<ref name="cite12"/> Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs.<ref name="cite12"/> Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .<ref name="cite12"/>

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref> Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage.<ref name="cite13"/> Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned.<ref name="cite13"/> Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== 4.1 Initiatives to combat illegal logging ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite14">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite14"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite14"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite14"/>

== 5.1 Recommendation ==
Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite15">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, the upcoming summit should involve chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries and to include the issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite16">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite17">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 6.1 References ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-09T18:55:35Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1 Implications */

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-09T01:52:19Z

ABELKOKA: /* 4.1 Initiatives */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
[[File:Map-mozambique.png|thumbnail|The Map of Mozambique]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==
Mozambique officially the Republic of Mozambique is a country in Southeast of Africa bordered by the Indian ocean to the east, Tanzania to the North, Malawi and Zambia to the Northwest, Zimbabwe to the West ans Swaziland and South Africa to the Southwest. The capital and largest city is Maputo.

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref name="cite12">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community.<ref name="cite12"/> Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs.<ref name="cite12"/> Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .<ref name="cite12"/>

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref> Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage.<ref name="cite13"/> Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned.<ref name="cite13"/> Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== 4.1 Initiatives to combat illegal logging ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite14">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite14"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite14"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite14"/>

== 5.1 Recommendation ==
Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite15">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, the upcoming summit should involve chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries and to include the issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite16">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite17">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 6.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-08T03:06:06Z

ABELKOKA: /* 5.1 Recommendation */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
[[File:Map-mozambique.png|thumbnail|The Map of Mozambique]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==
Mozambique officially the Republic of Mozambique is a country in Southeast of Africa bordered by the Indian ocean to the east, Tanzania to the North, Malawi and Zambia to the Northwest, Zimbabwe to the West ans Swaziland and South Africa to the Southwest. The capital and largest city is Maputo.

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref name="cite12">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community.<ref name="cite12"/> Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs.<ref name="cite12"/> Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .<ref name="cite12"/>

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref> Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage.<ref name="cite13"/> Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned.<ref name="cite13"/> Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== 4.1 Initiatives ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite14">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite14"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite14"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite14"/>

== 5.1 Recommendation ==
Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite15">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, the upcoming summit should involve chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries and to include the issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite16">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite17">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 6.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-08T03:04:33Z

ABELKOKA: /* 4.1 Initiatives */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
[[File:Map-mozambique.png|thumbnail|The Map of Mozambique]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==
Mozambique officially the Republic of Mozambique is a country in Southeast of Africa bordered by the Indian ocean to the east, Tanzania to the North, Malawi and Zambia to the Northwest, Zimbabwe to the West ans Swaziland and South Africa to the Southwest. The capital and largest city is Maputo.

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref name="cite12">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community.<ref name="cite12"/> Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs.<ref name="cite12"/> Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .<ref name="cite12"/>

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref> Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage.<ref name="cite13"/> Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned.<ref name="cite13"/> Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== 4.1 Initiatives ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite14">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite14"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite14"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite14"/>

== 5.1 Recommendation ==
Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite15">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, the upcoming summit should involve chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries and to include the issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite15"/>

== 6.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-08T03:03:10Z

ABELKOKA: /* 5.1 Recommendation */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
[[File:Map-mozambique.png|thumbnail|The Map of Mozambique]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==
Mozambique officially the Republic of Mozambique is a country in Southeast of Africa bordered by the Indian ocean to the east, Tanzania to the North, Malawi and Zambia to the Northwest, Zimbabwe to the West ans Swaziland and South Africa to the Southwest. The capital and largest city is Maputo.

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref name="cite12">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community.<ref name="cite12"/> Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs.<ref name="cite12"/> Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .<ref name="cite12"/>

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref> Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage.<ref name="cite13"/> Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned.<ref name="cite13"/> Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== 4.1 Initiatives ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite14">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite14"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite14"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite14"/> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite14"/>

== 5.1 Recommendation ==
Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite15">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, the upcoming summit should involve chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries and to include the issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite15"/>

== 6.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-08T02:58:28Z

ABELKOKA: /* 5.1 Recommendation */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
[[File:Map-mozambique.png|thumbnail|The Map of Mozambique]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==
Mozambique officially the Republic of Mozambique is a country in Southeast of Africa bordered by the Indian ocean to the east, Tanzania to the North, Malawi and Zambia to the Northwest, Zimbabwe to the West ans Swaziland and South Africa to the Southwest. The capital and largest city is Maputo.

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref name="cite12">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community.<ref name="cite12"/> Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs.<ref name="cite12"/> Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .<ref name="cite12"/>

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref> Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage.<ref name="cite13"/> Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned.<ref name="cite13"/> Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== 4.1 Initiatives ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite14">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite14"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite14"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite14"/> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite14"/>

== 5.1 Recommendation ==
Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite15">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite15"/>

== 6.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-08T02:52:16Z

ABELKOKA: /* 5.1 Recommendation */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
[[File:Map-mozambique.png|thumbnail|The Map of Mozambique]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==
Mozambique officially the Republic of Mozambique is a country in Southeast of Africa bordered by the Indian ocean to the east, Tanzania to the North, Malawi and Zambia to the Northwest, Zimbabwe to the West ans Swaziland and South Africa to the Southwest. The capital and largest city is Maputo.

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref name="cite12">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community.<ref name="cite12"/> Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs.<ref name="cite12"/> Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .<ref name="cite12"/>

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref> Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage.<ref name="cite13"/> Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned.<ref name="cite13"/> Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== 4.1 Initiatives ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite14">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite14"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite14"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite14"/> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite14"/>

== 5.1 Recommendation ==
Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite15">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite15"/>

== 6.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-08T02:26:52Z

ABELKOKA: /* 5.1 Reference */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
[[File:Map-mozambique.png|thumbnail|The Map of Mozambique]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==
Mozambique officially the Republic of Mozambique is a country in Southeast of Africa bordered by the Indian ocean to the east, Tanzania to the North, Malawi and Zambia to the Northwest, Zimbabwe to the West ans Swaziland and South Africa to the Southwest. The capital and largest city is Maputo.

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref name="cite12">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community.<ref name="cite12"/> Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs.<ref name="cite12"/> Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .<ref name="cite12"/>

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref> Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage.<ref name="cite13"/> Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned.<ref name="cite13"/> Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== 4.1 Initiatives ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite14">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite14"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite14"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite14"/> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite14"/>

== 5.1 Recommendation ==
Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite15">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite15"/>

== 6.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-08T02:26:21Z

ABELKOKA: /* 4.1 Initiatives */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
[[File:Map-mozambique.png|thumbnail|The Map of Mozambique]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==
Mozambique officially the Republic of Mozambique is a country in Southeast of Africa bordered by the Indian ocean to the east, Tanzania to the North, Malawi and Zambia to the Northwest, Zimbabwe to the West ans Swaziland and South Africa to the Southwest. The capital and largest city is Maputo.

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref name="cite12">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community.<ref name="cite12"/> Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs.<ref name="cite12"/> Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .<ref name="cite12"/>

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref> Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage.<ref name="cite13"/> Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned.<ref name="cite13"/> Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== 4.1 Initiatives ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite14">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite14"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite14"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite14"/> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite14"/>

== 5.1 Recommendation ==
Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite15">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite15"/>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-08T02:24:49Z

ABELKOKA: /* 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
[[File:Map-mozambique.png|thumbnail|The Map of Mozambique]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==
Mozambique officially the Republic of Mozambique is a country in Southeast of Africa bordered by the Indian ocean to the east, Tanzania to the North, Malawi and Zambia to the Northwest, Zimbabwe to the West ans Swaziland and South Africa to the Southwest. The capital and largest city is Maputo.

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref name="cite12">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community.<ref name="cite12"/> Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs.<ref name="cite12"/> Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .<ref name="cite12"/>

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref> Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage.<ref name="cite13"/> Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned.<ref name="cite13"/> Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== 4.1 Initiatives ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite14">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite14"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite14"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite14"/> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite14"/>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-07T17:22:11Z

ABELKOKA: /* 1.1 Introduction */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
[[File:Map-mozambique.png|thumbnail|The Map of Mozambique]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==
Mozambique officially the Republic of Mozambique is a country in Southeast of Africa bordered by the Indian ocean to the east, Tanzania to the North, Malawi and Zambia to the Northwest, Zimbabwe to the West ans Swaziland and South Africa to the Southwest. The capital and largest city is Maputo.

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref name="cite12">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community.<ref name="cite12"/> Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs.<ref name="cite12"/> Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .<ref name="cite12"/>

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref> Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage.<ref name="cite13"/> Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned.<ref name="cite13"/> Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite14">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite14"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite14"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite14"/> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite14"/>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite15">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite15"/>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

File:Map-mozambique.png

2016-11-07T17:18:53Z

ABELKOKA: User created page with UploadWizard

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Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T22:13:34Z

ABELKOKA: /* 1.1 Introduction */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==
Mozambique officially the Republic of Mozambique is a country in Southeast of Africa bordered by the Indian ocean to the east, Tanzania to the North, Malawi and Zambia to the Northwest, Zimbabwe to the West ans Swaziland and South Africa to the Southwest. The capital and largest city is Maputo.

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref name="cite12">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community.<ref name="cite12"/> Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs.<ref name="cite12"/> Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .<ref name="cite12"/>

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref> Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage.<ref name="cite13"/> Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned.<ref name="cite13"/> Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite14">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite14"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite14"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite14"/> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite14"/>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite15">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite15"/>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T21:11:03Z

ABELKOKA: /* Reference */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref name="cite12">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community.<ref name="cite12"/> Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs.<ref name="cite12"/> Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .<ref name="cite12"/>

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref> Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage.<ref name="cite13"/> Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned.<ref name="cite13"/> Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite14">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite14"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite14"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite14"/> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite14"/>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite15">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite15"/>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T20:57:06Z

ABELKOKA: /* 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref name="cite12">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community.<ref name="cite12"/> Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs.<ref name="cite12"/> Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .<ref name="cite12"/>

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref> Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage.<ref name="cite13"/> Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned.<ref name="cite13"/> Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite14">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite14"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite14"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite14"/> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite14"/>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite15">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite15"/>

== Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T20:55:30Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1.3 Cultural Impact */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref name="cite12">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community.<ref name="cite12"/> Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs.<ref name="cite12"/> Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .<ref name="cite12"/>

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref> Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage.<ref name="cite13"/> Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned.<ref name="cite13"/> Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite12">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite12"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite12"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite12"/> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite12"/>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T20:45:54Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1.2 Social Impact */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref name="cite12">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community.<ref name="cite12"/> Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs.<ref name="cite12"/> Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .<ref name="cite12"/>

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite12">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite12"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite12"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite12"/> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite12"/>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T20:42:51Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1.2 Social Impact */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite12">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite12"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite12"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite12"/> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite12"/>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T20:42:17Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1.2 Social Impact */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway<ref/> Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .

=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite12">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite12"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite12"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite12"/> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite12"/>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T20:38:41Z

ABELKOKA: /* 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite12">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite12"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite12"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite12"/> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite12"/>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref name="cite13">https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref name="cite13"/>

== Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T20:37:25Z

ABELKOKA: /* 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref name="cite12">https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref name="cite12"/> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref name="cite12"/> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref name="cite12"/> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref name="cite12"/>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T20:32:56Z

ABELKOKA: /* 2.1 Current situation */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Framing the Problem ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T20:31:42Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1 Implication */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implications ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T20:31:01Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1 Problem Analysis */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Implication ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T04:05:46Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1.1 Economic Impact */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway </ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T04:04:09Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1.1 Economic Impact */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway <ref/>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T04:03:26Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1.1 Economic Impact */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<refname="cite"11>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway <ref name"cite"11/>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T04:02:25Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1.1 Economic Impact */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<refname="cite"10>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway <ref name"cite"1o/>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T04:01:17Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1.1 Economic Impact */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<refname="cite"10>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway <ref/>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T03:51:46Z

ABELKOKA: Undo revision 426553 by ABELKOKA (talk)

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway <ref/>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T03:39:02Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1.1 Economic Impact */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway <ref/>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T03:38:22Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1.1 Economic Impact */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref name="cite10"Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway <ref name="cite10"/>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T03:37:23Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1.1 Economic Impact */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref name="cite10"Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway <ref/>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T03:35:34Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1.1 Economic Impact */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref name="cite11"/>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T03:34:34Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1.1 Economic Impact */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref name="cite10"/>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T03:33:10Z

ABELKOKA: /* 3.1 Problem Analysis */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref name="cite9">Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref name="cite9"/> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T03:31:09Z

ABELKOKA: /* 2.1 Current situation */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref name="cite8">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref name="cite8"/>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T03:28:34Z

ABELKOKA: /* 2.1 Current situation */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref name="cite7"> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref name="cite7"/> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref name="cite7"/> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref name="cite7"/> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T03:22:13Z

ABELKOKA: /* 2.1 Current situation */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref name="cite6"/> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T03:20:45Z

ABELKOKA: /* 2.1 Current situation */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref name="cite6">http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref name="cite6"/>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T03:12:58Z

ABELKOKA: /* 2.1 Current situation */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5">https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref name="cite5"/> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref name="cite5"/> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref name="cite5"/>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T03:09:58Z

ABELKOKA: /* 1.1 Introduction */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref name="cite4">http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref name="cite4"/>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T03:08:21Z

ABELKOKA: /* 1.1 Introduction */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref name="cite3">Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref>http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref>http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T03:06:33Z

ABELKOKA: /* 1.1 Introduction */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite2">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite2"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite2"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref>Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref>http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref>http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-04T03:05:34Z

ABELKOKA: /* 1.1 Introduction */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref name="cite1">FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref name="cite1"/> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref name ="cite1"/>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref>Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref>http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref>http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-03T19:41:08Z

ABELKOKA: /* 1.1 Introduction */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1"/>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref>FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref>FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref>FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref>Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref>http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref>http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-03T19:39:33Z

ABELKOKA: /* 1.1 Introduction */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref>http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref>FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref>FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref>FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref>Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref>http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref>http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-03T19:38:45Z

ABELKOKA: /* 1.1 Introduction */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref>http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref name="cite1">http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref>

About 50% of Mozambique land area<ref name="cite1></ref> is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref>FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref>FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref>FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref>Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref>http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref>http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>

Open Case Studies/FRST522/Mozambique

2016-11-03T19:35:47Z

ABELKOKA: /* Reference */

Illegal Logging: Detrimental to Mozambique Economy
[[File:Abel.jpg|thumb| The effect of illegal logging in Mozambique by Environmental Investigation Agency]]
== 1.1 Introduction ==

After emerging from 16 years of brutal civil war, Mozambique stands at crossroads between conservation and development, although when done properly both are possible.<ref>http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref> While one of the world’s poorest countries, Mozambique has tremendous potential area for eco-tourism with beautiful beaches, safari life and Lake Malawi diving opportunities.<ref>http://www.rainforest.mongabay.com/20mozambique.htm</ref>

About 50% of Mozambique land area is forested, none of the country’s primary forest remain.<ref>FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> Mozambique forest are state- owned, and about half area allocated for production.<ref>FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref> The annual rate of deforestation for the period of 2010- 2015 was 0.5%.<ref>FAO, (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment</ref>
However, there is widespread illegal logging in the country. In 2013, it was estimated that nearly half of the country’s timber export to china was illegal.<ref>Environmental Investigation Agency, (2013). Mozambique losses a fortune to illegal timber exports</ref> The cross-border smuggling of illegal timber between Tanzania is also a problem.<ref>http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref> In 2012 the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at improving management of forest and wildlife resources, including through improved cooperation on law enforcement to reduce the trade in illegal timber.<ref>http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/mozambique</ref>

== 2.1 Current situation ==
[[File:MOZAMBIQUE.jpg|thumbnail|Government officials in Mozambique measuring illegal timber seized in the Gile National Resrve]]

Despite the low rate of deforestation reported above, Mozambique is currently experiencing extreme rate of illegal logging. The increased rate of illegal logging is being accelerated by the demand of hardwood in China.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Insatiable Chinese demand for timber is driving a grossly and unsustainable illegal logging and timber smuggling crisis which threaten to undermine Mozambique’s forest resources.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) revealed that a staggering 93 per cent of logging in Mozambique during 2013 was illegal.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref> Research, undercover investigation and analysis conducted EIA 2013-2014 demonstrate that that the key driver of forest crime in Mozambique is ongoing demand of hardwood in China.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

The situation envisage that many Mozambican are embarking in illegal logging for Chinese companies. That often in the beginning, the Chinese lend them money to buy equipment such as chainsaw, locking them into dependency and forcing them to continue cutting to be able to pay off their debts.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> By buying from individual Mozambican, the Chines avoid the high costs of obtaining a logging licence and obligation to replant the trees.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

Moreover, corruption has trigged the increased rate of illegal logging. It was testified by one of the Chinese business person that “Whenever they get pulled over by police, they give them some money so they can continue with their journey”.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> That corruption and moving the logs at night when there are no inspector on road are the main methods used my logging companies.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> It is reported that there is extensive corruption, especially in the provincial forest services, police and customs.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> That cutting mostly done by small Mozambican operators who say they must pay bribes of US$ 400 to the forestry officials to obtain licence in the first place.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> They harvest more than they are required to, and pay bribes to police at check point.<ref> Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> As a result of corruption, several Mozambican politicians and officials are quickly becoming rich thanks to the chinese bribes, while the inhabitants of the forest remain desperately poor.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref> According to the Mozambican law, local communities should receive 20% of tax charged on timber harvesting but this money does not flow back to them at all.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-19-moz-will-be-stripped-of-its-forests-in-just-a-few-years</ref>

This veritable epidemic of crime and environmental mismanagement has deprived the world’s second least developed country of US $ 146 million in the lost tax revenue since 2007 and without major reforms, Mozambique’s forest and forest economy are staring down the barrel of very a bleak future.<ref>https://eia-international.org/chinas-illegal-timber-imports-ransack-mozambiques-forests</ref>

== 3.1 Problem Analysis ==
The central problem of the forest sector is identified as unsustainable and inequitable use of forest resources, characterized by excessive and poorly controlled harvesting and export of logs,. And capture of benefits from forestry by government staff, political and private sector elites and foreign buyers.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> This is caused by government failure, lack of enforcement laws and government actions actually contradicting their own policies and laws.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref> The problems are categorized as economic, social and cultural as follows;

=== 3.1.1 Economic Impact ===
There are several economic problem associated with the issue of illegal logging. To mention but few, loss of revenue and opportunities, loss of opportunities for employment, skills acquisition and industrial development, loss of opportunities for rural communities to manage and benefit from their own resources, loss of tax and other government revenues as a consequences of export of raw rather than processed materials, and unrecorded illegal harvest and export which in turn could be used for poverty alleviation.<ref>Catherine Mackenzie, (2006). Forest Governance in Zambezia, Mozambique: Chinese Takeaway</ref>

=== 3.1.2 Social Impact ===
The current regime for exploitation of hardwood is having significant social impact to the community. Loggers entering the community has caused social disruption, division and inequities by bribing local leaders in order to get their consent. Such corruption undermine local governance system as well as rule of law, in return affect all future development effort in the community. Moreover, most of the Mozambican lives in rural-based communities, practicing a subsistence form of agriculture, so they often depend on land for their most basic needs. Deforestation fundamentally affect local ecosystem as well as native community ties to the land .
=== 3.1.3 Cultural Impact ===
Communities are both formal and informal stakeholders in the forest sector. Formally they provide labour to concession and simple licence operator but jobs are few (in relation to the number of community members), seasonal and often pay below the minimum wage. Women rarely receive employment and are typically disadvantaged by loss of their spouses labour in agriculture and lack of control over the wages earned. Moreover, Mozambican have deep historical, cultural and social ties to the land, with current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambican will see their livelihood and ancestral claims vanish within generation.

== 4.1 Initiatives and Recommendations ==
Following the high rate of illegal logging in Mozambique, the government has entered into an agreement to combat illegal logging with Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda and Kenya.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration among the above mention countries were signed 10, September 2015 at the XIV World Forest Congress in Durban South Africa, take aim at burgeoning trade in illegal timber in the region.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Madagascar and Central African countries are generally the source of illicit timber, while Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are major transit point through which contraband is sent to overseas market.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> Mozambique is both a source and transit country. The declaration asked member states to develop monitoring and reporting system for their respective timber industries as well as implement bans on log export.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref> The declaration argued upcoming summit involving chief consumer countries including China, India, European and Middle Eastern countries to include issue of illegal timber as a priority agenda item.<ref>https://news.mongabay.com/2015/09/5-african-countries-agree-to-combat-illegal-timber-trade/</ref>

Also, Mozambique should immediately impose embargo on China and investigate the Environmental Investigation Agency account of internal corruption among Mozambique’s high-ranking officials.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

Moreover, the government should introduce the so called community-based forest management, to involve directly the community in the management of forest. This is due to the fact that, Mozambicans have deep historic, cultural and social ties to the land and with the current rate of deforestation, however, many Mozambicans will see their livelihood and ancestral claim vanish within generation.<ref>https://forcechange.com/58243/bring-an-end-to-the-illegal-mozambique-timber-trade/</ref>

== 5.1 Reference ==

<References/>