Documentation:Open Case Studies/FRST522/2025/Exploring the Socio-Economic Importance of Non-Timber Forest Products in Senegal

	Theme: Exploring the Socio-Economic Importance of Non-Timber Forest Products
	Country: Senegal
	; This conservation resource was created by Anwulika Emmanuella Mordi.; It is shared under a CC-BY 4.0.

Positionality Statement

I am not Senegalese and do not speak Wolof or French. I do not speak on behalf of the people of Senegal. This page was completed as coursework and was not done in consultation with the community. This report is by no means comprehensive, and there are several data gaps, despite every effort being made to gather information from as many sources as possible, including the internet and additional materials. The information in this report is accurate and correct. However, I disclaim all duty and obligation regarding the use or interpretation of this report and do not guarantee the correctness of the data or content contained within it. Although I have never visited Senegal, as an undergraduate student at the African Leadership University, I had the chance to review the module on the country's wildlife economy. I wanted to use this chance to learn more because I didn't fully understand the idea of local governance structures and how communities manage, organise and safeguard NTFPs also pique my interest.

Abstract

This paper explores the socioeconomic importance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in Senegal. NTFPs account for the nation's yearly revenue according to valuation estimates. The median annual value of value added in the state is more than fourteen per cent of the value produced in the forest industry in 2000. The study looks at challenges to growth, such as the role of NTFPs in meeting economic and subsistence needs and in helping rural communities around cope with growing integration into market systems, and sustainable development dimensions, emphasising the disparities in views among various stakeholder groups about power dynamics and how it has affected fair benefit sharing. This is followed by massive success reported from NTFPs yet, the industry suffers from governance problems like excessive centralisation, ambiguous tenure and tax market regulation. Overharvesting and the exclusion of women and children, who are often the primary collectors, are among the risks related to commercialisation. Recommendations emphasise female mainstreaming, decentralised management, and support for BioTrade standards in order to guarantee sustainability and equitable benefit sharing.

Keywords

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs), Senegal, Baobab, Gum Arabic, Mangrove Restoration, Community-Based Tourism (CBT), Forest Governance, Rural Livelihoods, Colonial Legacies, Socio-Economic Development, Elite Capture, Charcoal, Mangroves

Acronyms

ANSD: Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie
ARR: Afforestation, Reforestation, and Revegetation
CBT: Community-Based Tourism
CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
DEFCCS: Direction des Eaux, Forêts, Chasses et de la Conservation des Sols
DPN: Direction des Parcs Nationaux
EEZ: Exclusive Economic Zone
IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature
MEDD: Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable
NTFP: Non-Timber Forest Product
REDD+: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
ZIC: Zones d’Intérêt Cynégétique

Introduction

A variety of resources or goods derived from forests that are different from timber or wood products are known as non-timber forest products (NTFPs) (Kaushik & Banik, 2020). This covers items made from plants and trees as well as non-wood-based products made from animals and fungi (Shrestha et al., 2020). Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have become increasingly popular among organisations from wildlife preservation and development over the last ten years (Arnold & Perez, 1998; Schreckenberg, 2025). The widespread increase in interest in NTFPs around the world can be attributed to several factors. Promoting the sustainable use of NTFPs is thought to have the potential to reduce poverty and conserve biodiversity (FAO 1995).

Senegal is a lower-middle-income country in West Africa that has maintained political stability since its independence in 1960 (ANSD, 2022). The country is characterised by three climatic regions: Sahelian in the north, Sudanese in the centre, and sub-Guinean in the south, leading to rich biodiversity with approximately 3,500 plant species. The environment, encompassing flora and fauna, is considered the leading socio-economic sector upon which most development activities rely. Senegal is 45.1% forested, about 8,673,000 hectares with 18.4% (roughly 1,598,000 hectares) classified as primary forest and 77.4% classified as modified natural forest (Forest Data, 2025).

This study focuses on NTFPs, which provide three categories of value: subsistence value, household income, and commercial/export potential. The study aims to provide an overview of the status and regulatory framework covering non timber forest products and raise the profile of NTFPs economy in Senegal and emphasise the importance of veiwing NTFPs as a critical asset to support livelihoods.

Tenure Arrangements

Senegal's forest and natural resource tenure arrangements are complex, unclear, and non-communal, deliberately restricting benefits to local populations (Sene-Harper, 2020). Laws pertaining to land tenure and concession rights are still mostly based on models of former French colonial governments (Sène-Harper & Réye, 2019; Sene-Harper, 2020). Any forest bigger than 20 hectares must have management plans approved by the Direction des Eaux, Forête, Chasses et de la Conservation des Sols (DEFCCS) (Decree No. 98-164, 1998; USAID, 2008), centralising decision-making under state control. Some of the main reasons local communities, particularly those close to national parks, receive few advantages is the lack of a common land tenure policy, rights for community investment and the military culture within the national governent (Sène-Harper & Türye, 2019; Sène-Harper, 2020).

Institutional/Administrative Arrangements.

According to Sene (2001), a national policy review of NTFPs (baobab, madd ditakh gum arabic medicinal plants, raffia) uncovers significant governance flaws in forest management, including excessive centralisation, unclear tenure, tax market regulation, and a dearth of extension services. and further stated that NTFPs are underappreciated despite helping millions of rural households. Studies found governance flaws such as over-centralisation, unclear tenure, and weak markets. Improved market data systems and processing technologies were highlighted; harvester rights were established; decentralised management and improvements were proposed; and women, who also lacked land and credit, dominated the industry. In responsibility is the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development (MEDD), which creates and implements national policies on ecology, environmental monitoring, and the conservation of nature, animals, and flora (Ministère de l'Environnement et du Développement Durable, 2015). One of the MEDD's main directorates is the Direction des Eaux Forête Chasses et de la Conservation des Sols (DEFCCS), the central state forestry agency responsible for creating and implementing national forestry policy, including soil conservation and managing forest ecosystems (Eaux‑Forets.sn, 2022). It grants the necessary permits and collects certain fees for the commercial harvesting of NTFPs (Sene 2001 and United States Agency for International Development 2008). The Direction des Parcs Nationaux (DPN) is in charge of protecting biodiversity in national parks and reserves and aims to advance the social and economic advancement of outlying communities (Ministère de l'Environnement et du Développement Durable 2015).

Affected Stakeholders

Senegal's forest industry is centered on local communities and primary producers, who, particularly in the poorest households, rely significantly on non-timber forest products for food security, income, and cultural survival. Due to their lack of access to markets, credit, and land, women and children dominate resource collecting but have little authority, rendering them susceptible to marginalization as commercialization increases. On the other hand, value networks, markets, and legal frameworks are controlled by international firms, traders, government agencies, and rural elites. Through livelihood assistance and conservation, NGOs act as a mediator, but structural inequality still exists.

Stakeholder Group	Stakeholder Type	Objectives	Relative Power	How Power Is Exercised
Rural forest-dependent households	Affected	Food security, income from NTFPs	Low	Labor contribution; limited market access (Diop, 2006; Sene, 2001).
Women NTFP collectors	Affected	Household nutrition, cash income	Low	Labor and ecological knowledge; restricted by lack of land/credit (Mujawamariya et al., 2013; Andel, 2009).
Local producer cooperatives	Interested	Improve prices, reduce losses, access markets	Medium	Collective organization, grading, processing facilities (Mujawamariya, 2012; Sahel, 2018).
Traders/intermediaries (Coxers/Banabana)	Interested	Maximise profits, control supply chains	High	Control of capital, labor, and information (Ribot, 1998; Diop, 2006).
Rural elites	Interested	Capture economic benefits locally	High (local)	Influence over local institutions and permits (Jusrut, 2021).
State institutions (MEDD, DEFCCS, DPN)	Interested	Regulation, conservation, permit control	High	Legal authority over access, licensing, enforcement (USAID, 2020; MEDD, 2015).
NGOs/development partners	Interested	Conservation, livelihood improvement	Medium	Funding, technical support, community facilitation (Gueye et al., 2014; Sahel, 2018).
International buyers/certification bodies	Interested	Quality, compliance, supply security	High	Global market standards; price control (McAllister, 2018; UNCTAD, 2022).

Discussion

Regulatory frameworks for NTFPs in Senegal

The core intention underlying reforms since the 1993 Participatory Forestry Code was to shift from a legacy of exclusion to participation (Ribot, 1995). Management aims to address severe resource degradation, caused by drought and timber overexploitation, by focusing on the socio-economic importance of NTFPs (Sene, 2001). Specific goals include:

Integrating local community needs into protected area management to alleviate poverty and promote conservation (Sène-Harper & Séye, 2019).
Encouraging community-based domestication and local processing facilities for wild fruits, such as those gathered by the Malinke ethnic group near Niokolo Koba Park, to reduce pressure on natural stocks (Gueye et al., 2014).
Channeling tourism benefits to local communities through mechanisms like the Djoudj CBT project (Sène-Harper & Séye, 2019).

A study by Ribot (1998), revealed that the 1993 participation code might not be fair or advantageous, and the Forest Service might take control of village work. Suggesting Local decision-making authority and locally responsible representation as enabling policies.

Sene (2020) claimed that although Senegal supported some land reforms following its independence, such as the decentralisation law of 1996, which enhanced several community nature reserves co-managed by the National Parks Directorate and local communities and granted authority to rural communities, it was completed at a relatively slow pace. Due to the lack of common land ownership and concession rights, communities are less able to benefit from CBT initiatives and are at a disadvantage when compared to corporate and state enterprises. The study further explains that Community-based conservation programs (like CBT surrounding Djoudj National Park) often fail to yield substantial benefits because of military management of parks and the lingering effects of colonial laws on land tenure. As a result, the community's power over private and governmental organizations is reduced. CBT surrounding Senegal's national parks must swiftly move away from the former colonial paradigm in order to move beyond participatory discourses, adopt co-management policies with the appropriate legal framework, and transfer the advantages of tourism to local communities.

Non -Timber Forest Products in Senegal

Non-timber forest products play a crucial role in Senegal's socio-economic development as evidenced by the quantities of products commercialised every year, the resultant direct and indirect jobs along the value chains, as well as the high demand for certain products and the tax receipts generated at the national level (Sene, 2001). Senegal's major non-timber forest products (NTFPs) include mbep gum, honey and wax, baobab, bushmeat, and tamarin, among others.

In the Tambacounda and Kolda regions non-timber forest products produced 1.19 billion CFA francs (about USD 2.16 million) in 2003. The most lucrative product was Mbep gum, which was mostly produced in Tambacounda. Kolda produced the majority of the palm oil, tamarind, honey, and wax. The contributions from baobab products were more equal in both areas. This demonstrates the significant economic contribution of NTFPs and the obvious regional specialization in their production (USAID, 2013).

In 2019, Senegal exported 1881 tons of gum arabic valued at USD 717,000. Over 75% of the country's gum Arabic exports went to Europe, which was its largest market (World Integrated Trade Solution 2022). Senegal's importance in the gum arabic trade has decreased (Mujawamariya 2012) due to a variety of issues, including limited tree regeneration, lower yields, and anthropogenic factors, including livestock overgrazing, bushfires, and antiquated production/tapping practices. Senegal is today one of the tiny producers whose exports make up less than 5% of global exports in gum arabica, and its market share has sharply declined in recent years (Mujawamariya 2012). Since most gum arabic trees are found in community or open-access zones, it is challenging to distribute and enforce ownership and usage rights.

The baobab (Adansonia digitata) tree is prized for its multiple uses, including medicine, food (leaves, pulp), and cultural materials. The citrussy pulp has recently gained massive international popularity as a "superfood". Exports have shown explosive growth, rising from 50 tonnes in 2013 to 450 tonnes in 2017. This growth trajectory leads to expectations of reaching 5,000 tonnes by 2025, projecting the industry to be worth USD 400 million (McAllister, 2018). The baobab fruit is also used to treat malaria and liver disease because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities.

The Oceanium mangrove restoration project achieved significant success and poverty reduction. The successful carbon sequestration of the Oceanium mangrove restoration project led to an increase in fish stocks and a rise in income for 43% of households. Reducing the food vulnerability of 80% of the poorest households following the results of the mangrove restoration was already noticeable in 2009, ten years into implementation. As a result of their restoration, mangrove populations have increased fish stocks reaching 4200 tons annually; an increase in the quantity of shellfish and crabs, mangrove salad fodder and honey. 95% of all households, reported at least one benefit from mangrove restoration and 43% of households saw a gain in income as a result of the mangrove restoration (Livelihoods, 2016).

Assessment

According to Sène-Harper & Séye, 2019, seven communities (7,094 persons) benefited from a crucial shift away from top-down management techniques with the creation of an advisory board made up of village heads and 35 "eco-guards" from the neighboring communities. The CBT project, which was carried out as part of the management plan in Djoudj National Park, provided the park with a tourist lodge with eighteen beds, three touring canoes, an artisanal boutique, an eco-museum, and a Moorish tent to serve traditional refreshments to visitors. It was run by community members and created jobs for tour guides, shopkeepers, housekeepers, and cooks. In 2007, the project generated FCFA 6,174,000 (roughly USD 9,909) in reinvested in local livelihoods. Locals, however, have a different opinion of this project and think it hasn't had much of an impact on their way of life because no money was placed in the community bank after the first two years. Since 2011, the advisory board has not participated actively in the decision-making process. The legislative framework and organizational structure of national parks have persisted from colonial policies and are incompatible with the contemporary social and political environment, which contributed to its failure (Sène-Harper & Séye, 2019). This institutional failure stemmed from the enduring colonial legal framework, the lack of communal land ownership, and the military culture in park administration, which restricted the channels through which communities could receive sustainable benefits (Sène-Harper & Séye, 2019).

Additionally, Mujawamariya (2012) shows how grading systems can be used by cooperatives to raise prices and reduce losses. The study identifies a lack of producers, export levies, and marketing restrictions as instances of policy distortions in lowering profitability. Cooperatives can raise their prices if they use suitable gum Arabic grading processes. Among the objectives for gum arabic are implementing productivity-boosting strategies and ensuring that market incentives are provided to encourage continuous collection and manufacture.

Jusrut (2021) further examined how decentralised forest governance strategies, particularly in the charcoal sector, encouraged a small group of rural elites to dominate access to forest resources resulting in new patterns of wealth accumulation in villages. Export taxes, the preference for economic possibilities, and other policy distortions are examples of equity and policy constraints. Only a small number of rural elites were able to control access to forest resources thanks to the strategy for creating equal access to charcoal-related economic opportunities concluding that given the widespread use of charcoal in Senegal, it is important to identify and encourage more sustainable charcoal manufacturing methods as well as other more efficient cooking and heating ways, even though the manufacture of charcoal is generally not sustainable or in line with conservation aims.

The assessment of governance indicates a system characterised by structural weaknesses and failures. According to Sene (2001), a national policy review of NTFPs (baobab, madd ditakh gum arabic medicinal plants, raffia) uncovers significant governance flaws in forest management, including excessive centralisation, unclear tenure, tax market regulation, and a dearth of extension services. The study further expantiated that NTFPs are underappreciated despite helping millions of rural households.

Recommendations

The Malinke ethnic group traditionally harvests wild fruits at the edge of Niokolo Koba Park (Senegal), focusing on the rural areas where the local population depends on various forest resources for survival, such as food and useful wild plants, which are severely threatened by various human activities, as identified by Gueye, A. et al. (2014). It also looks into the cultural and local applications of specific NTFPs. Strategies also focus on promoting community-based domestication and local wild fruit processing facilities to reduce the burden on natural supplies near protected areas such as Niokolo Koba Park. Andel (2009) specifically calls attention to the role of women and children as primary collectors, while warning that commercialisation often leads to male takeover and the exclusion of original users. Encourage nursery development, tapping-technique training for gum arabic, and implement local rules and domestication trials for wild plants to reduce destructive harvesting.

Sahel (2018) emphasises the substantial economic potential of non-timber forest products to bolster Sene's (2001) claim, pointing out that their promotion could improve food security for communities in isolated and desert regions of the Sahel. In particular, gum arabic made from Acacia seyal offers prospects that ought to be taken into account (Sahel, 2018). To give local decision-making authority, establish decentralised management structures, formalise harvesting rights, and guarantee locally accountable representation. Enhance processing technology, harmonise international trade, and reform market institutions. In particular, assist Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in meeting BioTrade criteria, which uphold conservation and equitable benefit-sharing, and connect producer groups with certified purchasers.

The Oceanium mangrove restoration project's success, which resulted in significant carbon sequestration and quantifiable socioeconomic benefits for 95% of participating households (Livelihoods Fund, 2020), shows the enormous potential of widespread community mobilisation when environmental action is directly linked to poverty reduction. On the other hand, the Djoudj CBT project's failure emphasises that involvement without real legal tenure and power transfer is bound to fail, underscoring the necessity of going beyond symbolic engagement (Sène-Harper & Münye, 2019; Sène-Harper, 2020). Theres is need for policy and legal feforms to envision a rapid change from the former colonial model to embracing co-management policies with the appropriate legal framework for community participation; and a national data collection system to gather consistent and up-to-date data on jobs, revenues, and conservation impacts related to non-timber forest products.

Research Gap

A major research gap in Senegal’s NTFPs sector is the lack of reliable, up-to-date, and consistent data to inform policy and decision-making (USAID, 2020; Sene, 2001). National reporting systems rely on outdated figures, and the sector’s contribution to GDP is underestimated because the value of illegal NTFP trade remains uncertain (USAID, 2007). Existing estimates, such as the USD 3 million valuation of NTFPs from 2009, are outdated and highlight the absence of current empirical data (Andel, 2009). Inadequate data systems also obscure the drivers of illicit trade, reinforcing the need for robust, comparable, and updated datasets to accurately assess the forest sector and community forestry outcomes.

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